分词
1 构成特点
英语中分词两种：现分词(ing分词)分词(ed分词)
分词具形容词副词动词特征现分词带状语宾语分词带状语构成分词短语分词分词短语句中作定语表语补语状语
现分词表示正进行动意义分词表示已完成动意义be+现分词构成进行时be+物动词分词构成动语态havehas+分词构成现完成时had+分词构成完成时
1)分词否定式
分词否定式not+分词构成
Not daring to speakthey sat there silent敢说话坐里声吭
Not having found the wallet he dare not go home没找钱包敢回家
He escaped not being seen by anyone逃走没见
Not being includedhe had to attend another interview没录参加面试
2)分词般式
分词般式表示动作谓语动词表示动作时发生发生
Walking along the roadhe found a pen路走着时候发现支钢笔(时)
They sat there listening to the radio 坐里收听广播(时)
She went homefinding the door locked回家发现门锁着(She went home and found the door lockedfinding动作发生)
提示
果现分词动作发生谓语动作前分词定语句
He is the boy hitting his head against the door(误)
He is the boy who hit his head against the door(正)
头撞门男孩
The guests having arrived are having a chat in the garden (误)
The guests who have arrived are having a chat in the garden (正)
已达客正园子里闲谈
3)分词完成式
分词完成式表示动作谓语动词表示动作前已完成
Having finished supper he went out to have a walk吃完晚饭出散步(When he had finished supper··…)
Not having met her before I can＇t tell what she is like前没见告诉您什模样(As I haven＇t met her before···)
Having lived there for many years she knew the place well里住许年解方(As she had lived there for many years··)
4)分词语态
现分词动语态动语态分动语态般式完成式两种：般式表示动动作正进行谓语动词表示动作时进行完成式表示动动作谓语动词表示动作前已完成
The question being discussed is very important正讨问题非常重(The question which is being discussed··)
Having been shown around the museum we went back to the hotel参观完博物馆返回旅馆(After we had been shown···)
Not having been given enough moneythey could not carry out the experiment没足够钱进行项试验(As they had not been given···)
较：
I heard the song being sung next door听见隔壁唱首歌
提示
物动词分词身具动意义表示已完成动作没动式
The broken window fell down破窗子落(说 the window being brokenthe window having been broken)
5)现分词分词区
现分词分词区表现时间语态两方面
(1)时间区
般说现分词表示正进行动作分词表示已完成动作较：
falling flowers正飘落花
fallen flowers落花(已落花)
boiling water正沸腾水
boiled water 已烧开水(冷开水)
Ours is a developing country and theirs is a developed country国家发展中国家国家发达国家
He found the city changing every day发现座城市天变
He found the city greatly changed发现座城市改观
(2)语态区
现分词表示动意思修饰物分词动作执行者分词表示动意思修饰物分词动作承受者较：
an exciting speech激动心报告(a speech that excites people)
excited audiences 激动观众(audiences who are excited by·)
the surprising news 令吃惊消息(the news that surprises people)
the surprised boy受惊吓男孩(the boy who is surprised by·)
a moving film部感影片(a film that moves people)
the moved students受感动学生(the students who are moved by…)
aboring teacher学生感厌烦老师
a bored teacher学生感厌烦老师
She heard someone closing the door听见关门(动)
She heard the door closed听见门关(动)
提示
少数物动词分词作前置定语表示完成意义表示动意义
the returned students国留学生
a sunken ship沉船(a ship which has sunk)
2 法
1)作定语
(1) the rising sun
分词作定语般放修饰名词前
The young are like the rising sun青年初升太阳
It is a fastmoving factory家发展迅速工厂
The fallen leaves covered the path落叶覆盖路
A watched pot never boils心急水难开
：
boiling water 开水
the coming year 年
faded flowers凋零花
a lost child 迷路孩子
a barking dog狂吠狗
falling leaves落叶
the setting sun落日
a developing country发展中国家
a sleeping baby熟睡婴
the hardworking people勤劳民族
a retired worker退休工
a developed country发达国家
the lost time失时间
the changed situation改变形势
newly laid eggs新蛋
a returned overseas Chinese 国华侨
untold sufferings说苦难
a threelegged table 3条腿桌子
a blueeyed girl蓝眼睛女孩
warmhearted people 热心
提示
1少数分词作定语时前置置含义相较：
All the broken windows are being repaired All the windows broken are being repaired坏窗户正修理
She has a large quantity of used clothes量旧衣服
She put the pot used for cooking eggs on the table煮鸡蛋锅放桌子
②单分词偶尔置修饰词起
逻辑谓语作相定语句
Things seen are mightier than things heard眼见实耳听虚
(2) the book written by him
分词短语作定语般放修饰名词相定语句
The book written by him is very popular写书受欢迎
Most of the students standing there are from our class站边部分学生班级
(3) nothing inspiring
分词修饰 somethingeverythinganything nothing nobody等定代词指示代词those时放词面
There is nothing inspiring in his words话中没什令鼓舞东西
He is one of those invited邀请
提示
果两动作时间时发生先分现分词作定语复合句表示较：
电影学生正电影院出
The students seeing the film are coming out of the cinema(误)
The students who have seen the film are coming out of the cinema (正)
认识刚吸烟？
Do you know the man smoking just now (误)
Do you know the man who smoked just now(正)
2)作表语
分词作表语表示语状态性质
The news is encouraging 条消息令鼓舞
She felt very tired感累
The book is well written书写
The water is boiled水开
He looked worried忧心忡忡
Winter is gone and spring is come 冬天春天
These windows remained shut all day窗户整天关着
The moon is already set月亮落
3)作宾语补足语
动词 hear see watch find have get feel keep notice smell observe leave set send listen tolook at等常分词作宾语补足语
I found him lying on the grass 发现躺草
I watched her watering the trees着树浇水
He saw the ground covered with snow覆盖着雪
He left the children standing in the rain孩子站雨中
The traveller found himself lost in the valley游发现山谷中迷路
He had all the letters mailed yesterday昨天信寄
提示
表示做做haveget sthdone表示遭受某种损失愉快幸have sth done
I＇ll haveget this the dead branch cut枯枝砍掉(砍找砍)
He had his bag stolen on his way to town进城路包偷
4)作语补足语
The path was seen covered with leaves见径落满树叶
She was never heard singing that song again没听见唱首歌
5)作状语
分词分词短语作状语表示时间原条件结果行方式伴情况程度等表示时
间原条件分词分词短语相应状语句外注意表示结果时现分词分词
Asked to show his school record the boy began to cry (时间)
The boy asked to show his school record began to cry
The boy began to cry asked to show his school record
学校成绩报告单出时男孩开始哭起
The old lady is taking a walk on the river bank followed by her pet dog (正)
The old lady followed by her pet dog is taking a walk on the river bank (正)
Followed by her pet dogthe old lady is taking a walk on the river bank (正)
老太太正河岸散步身着宠物狗(伴情况)
Passing by the house he saw a girl playing the piano路房子时见女孩弹钢琴(时间：When he was passing by···)
The boy asked about his family made no answer问家庭情况时男孩没回答(时间)
The child learns fast well brought up by his parents父母教育孩子学快(原)Being illhe can＇t attend the meeting病参加会议(原：As he is ill···)
Having been praised too much he became proud夸奖变骄傲(原：As he had been praised too much···)
Surrounded by hills from all sidesthe village is little known to the outside world村庄四周环山鲜知(原)
Turning to the rightyou will see the post office右转会邮局(条件：If you turn to the right…)
Given another chance he will succeed 次机会会成功(条件：If he is given another chance…)
Not having found the wallethe still had some money with him然没找钱包身钱(步：Though he didn＇t find the wallet…)
Locked in the jailhe didn＇t lose heart 然关监狱里灰心(步：Though he was locked in the jail··)
They walked along the lake talking and laughing着湖畔走着谈着笑着(方式)
She sat on the beach facing the sea坐海滩面海(伴情况)
There was a big bright moon hanging in the sky giving off a magic glow轮明月挂天空撒着令思议清辉(伴情况)
He came running and shouting边跑边喊(伴情况)
His father died leaving him nothing父亲世什没留(结果)
She started off in a hurryleaving a lot of work
undone匆忙走留工作未做(结果)
The car broke down on the way making it impossible for me to get there on time车子路出障没时赶里(结果)
Lucy is an amazing beautiful girl露茜非常漂亮女孩(程度相very语气更强)
It is freezing cold today天天气极度寒冷(程度)
It is burning hot in the open户外热极(程度)
提示
强调时间概念时分词前加连词whenwhile before afterwithout 动概念必须being done结构较：
While passing by the garden he saw a girl watering flowers路院子时见女孩浇花
When asked why he was absenthe said he was ill问什缺席时说病
Before being asked say nothing问前什说
She tiptoed out of the house without being seen蹑手蹑脚走出房子没见
3 分词独立格结构
分词意义逻辑语通常名词代词格充置分词前种结构称分词独立格结构分词独立格结构句子没实际语谓语分词独立格结构般放句首句尾作状语表示时间原方式等参见第二十四章
The meeting being overthey went home 会议结束回家(时间)
My homework having been done I listened to the music做完家庭作业听音乐(时间)
Winter having come it＇s getting colder and colder冬天天气越越冷(时间)
Mother being ill in bed he couldn＇t go to work母亲卧病床班(原)
There having been no bus thenhe had to walk home时没公汽车步行回家(原)
Time permittingI shall stay here for another two days果时间允许里两天(条件)
Other things considered I prefer the first plan考虑事情选择第计划(条件)
She lay against the wallthe sun shining upon her face背着墙太阳脸(伴情况)
He guiding the blind girl they walked slowly across the street 领着失明女孩两慢慢穿街道(方式)
提示
1表示伴情况分词独立格结构前时加with without构成withwithout+名词代词+分词结构
She sat still in the chair with her eyes closed动动坐椅子里双眼紧闭
She went out of the room without a word spoken走出房间句话没说
②独立格结构名词代词+定式形容词副词介词短语构成分词
He stood at the window his hands in his pockets站窗前手插衣袋里(名词+介词短语)
The boy rushed into the classroom cap in hand男孩手里着帽子跑进教室(名词+介词短语)
He stared at her with his mouth open盯着嘴张着(名词+形容词)
He is a very diligent man always the first to come and the last to leave勤奋总早离开(名词+定式)
4 现分词动名词作定语区
1)谓关系非谓关系
现分词作定语时修饰词逻辑谓关系动名词作定语时表示修饰词性质途等表示谓关系表示动作
a sleeping boy正熟睡男孩(a boy who is sleeping表示动作)
A sleeping bag睡袋(a bag for sleeping表示途)
a singing bird正鸣鸟(a bird that is singing表示动作)
a singing competition 歌咏赛(a competition of singing表示性质)
the walking people 散步
A walking dictionary 活词典
A dancing girl正跳舞女孩
a dancing hall舞厅
2)时间概念非时间概念
现分词作定语时表示动作正进行动名词作定语时表示时间概念
She saw someone walking towards the library见图书馆走(分词：正走)
She held a walking stick in her hand手里着
根手杖(a stick for walking：动名词)
3)修饰词
现分词作定语时前面形容词副词修饰动名词作定语时前面副词形容词该形容词修饰动名词修饰动名词+名词
A hardworking student功学生(副词hard 修饰现分词working作状语)
a long running track条长跑道(形容词long修饰动名词running名词 track作定语)
5 分词定式法
1)正进行已结束
seewatchhearnotice 等动词分词定式作宾语补足语区分词表示动作正进行强调动作持续性定式表示动作开始结束全程某已结束行动作较：
I saw her going downstairs见正楼(动作进行中)
I saw her go downstairs 见楼(动作已完成)
We saw a car running into the street见辆汽车街驶
We saw a cat run into the street and disappear见辆汽车驶入街消失
She sat in the yard and watched her daughter water flowers for half an hour坐院子里着女花浇半时水(表示全程半时直)
She passed by the window and saw her daughter watering flowers窗前见女浇花(时正进行动作)
2)have+宾语+分词结构have+宾语+定式结构
(1)语意志→动意义
have+宾语+现分词结构表示允许等指语宾语做某事处某种状态中表达语意志
He had her working ten hours a day天工作10时
She had them all crying弄哭
I can＇t have you doing that允许做种事
(2)语遭受→动意义
have+宾语+分词结构中have 表示受遭受分词表示动作语意志关语遭受种动作影响
He had his bike stolen行车偷
She had her arm broken胳膊折
提示
1种结构表示……做
He had his shoes mended 鞋子补
She had the tree cut down棵树砍倒
He will have his hair cut理发
②种结构表示某事做结果语该动作行者
I will have my homework done first before going out with you出前先家庭作业做完
较：
He had her criticized by the teacher老师批评
Mother had me scolded by Father母亲父亲训顿
(3)语意志→动意义
have+宾语+定式结构表示想
What would you have me say说什呢？
She had Tom sweep the floor汤姆扫板
3)定式表示目分词表示目
(1)定式(短语)放句首句尾表示目作目状语相in order to+动词原形so as to+动词原形so that+句子
To finish the work before the end of the month they worked day and night月底前完成工作夜继日工作着
They got up early in the morning to watch the sunrise日出早早起床
(2)分词(短语)作时间状语原状语条件状语方式状语等作目状语
Watching TV he heard someone knock at the door电视时听见敲门(分词短语作时间状语)
Feeling tiredshe went to bed early感疲劳早早床(分词短语作原状语)
进城买书
He had gone downtown for buying books(误)
He has gone downtown to buy books(正)
考 he will be successful
A To give another chance
B Giving another chance
C Having been given another chance
D Given another chance
[答案]D句意：次机会会成功分词短语作条件状语相 f引导句
4)分词动式定式动式
现分词动式表示正进行动作分词动式表示已完成动作定式动式表示发生动作
The well being dug will be 100 meters deep正挖口井深达100米(that is being dug)
The tower built stands on a hill已建成座塔位山(which has been built)
The book to be published is on English study出版书关英语学(that is to be published)
6 generally speaking等独立作状语分词短语
分词短语已成惯语修饰整句子作状语generally speaking(般说)strictly speaking (严格说)roughly speaking(粗略说)frankly speaking(坦率说)narrowly speaking (狭义说)broadly speaking(广义说)judging fromby(·…·…判断)taking all into consideration (方面说)considering everything(切考虑)等
Judging from her face she must be ill脸色定病
Considering everythingit is worth trying通盘考虑值试
Frankly speaking I don＇t like the picture坦率说喜欢幅画
7 very excited much excited
very修饰形容词化分词very pleasedvery satisfied 等果分词动作意味强verymuchgreatly
They got very excited when hearing the news听消息激动
They were muchgreatly excited by the news消息激动(very)
8 垂悬分词问题
(1)般说分词应逻辑语通常句中语宾语
The man sat by the firereading a book坐火炉旁读着书
She saw some children playing on the grass见童草玩
(2)果分词逻辑语句中语宾语分词前加逻辑语通常名词代词格种结构称分词独立格结构参见文
The work done they went home做完工作回家(表示时间)
It being very cold outside she put on her overcoat外面冷穿衣(表示原)
(3)果分词逻辑语句中语宾语独立格结构成垂悬分词种病句应予避免较：
站海岸船远处航行
Standing on the seashorethe ship was sailing in the distance(误)
(Standing逻辑语the ship)
Standing on the seashorewe saw the ship sailing in the distance (正)
河宽游
Being very wide we can＇t swim across the river(误)
(Being逻辑语we)
The river being very wide we can＇t swim across it(正)
9 现分词动名词
判断be动词ing形式现分词动名词放句首果句子成立动名词果成立现分词较：
Her work is making shoes工作制鞋
(动名词改：Making shoes is her work)
She is making shoes正做鞋子
(现分词改：Making shoes is she)
What she did yesterday was drawing a picture on the wall
昨天做墙画幅画(动名词)
She was drawing a picture on the wall when I came in
进时正墙画幅画(现分词)
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1 构成特点
英语中分词两种：现分词(ing分词)分词(ed分词)
分词具形容词副词动词特征现分词带状语宾语分词带状语构成分词短语分词分词短语句中作定语表语补语状语
现分词表示正进行动意义分词表示已完成动意义be+现分词构成进行时be+物动词分词构成动语态havehas+分词构成现完成时had+分词构成完成时
1)分词否定式
分词否定式not+分词构成
Not daring to speakthey sat there silent敢说话坐里声吭
Not having found the wallet he dare not go home没找钱包敢回家
He escaped not being seen by anyone逃走没见
Not being includedhe had to attend another interview没录参加面试
2)分词般式
分词般式表示动作谓语动词表示动作时发生发生
Walking along the roadhe found a pen路走着时候发现支钢笔(时)
They sat there listening to the radio 坐里收听广播(时)
She went homefinding the door locked回家发现门锁着(She went home and found the door lockedfinding动作发生)
提示
果现分词动作发生谓语动作前分词定语句
He is the boy hitting his head against the door(误)
He is the boy who hit his head against the door(正)
头撞门男孩
The guests having arrived are having a chat in the garden (误)
The guests who have arrived are having a chat in the garden (正)
已达客正园子里闲谈
3)分词完成式
分词完成式表示动作谓语动词表示动作前已完成
Having finished supper he went out to have a walk吃完晚饭出散步(When he had finished supper··…)
Not having met her before I can＇t tell what she is like前没见告诉您什模样(As I haven＇t met her before···)
Having lived there for many years she knew the place well里住许年解方(As she had lived there for many years··)
4)分词语态
现分词动语态动语态分动语态般式完成式两种：般式表示动动作正进行谓语动词表示动作时进行完成式表示动动作谓语动词表示动作前已完成
The question being discussed is very important正讨问题非常重(The question which is being discussed··)
Having been shown around the museum we went back to the hotel参观完博物馆返回旅馆(After we had been shown···)
Not having been given enough moneythey could not carry out the experiment没足够钱进行项试验(As they had not been given···)
较：
I heard the song being sung next door听见隔壁唱首歌
提示
物动词分词身具动意义表示已完成动作没动式
The broken window fell down破窗子落(说 the window being brokenthe window having been broken)
5)现分词分词区
现分词分词区表现时间语态两方面
(1)时间区
般说现分词表示正进行动作分词表示已完成动作较：
falling flowers正飘落花
fallen flowers落花(已落花)
boiling water正沸腾水
boiled water 已烧开水(冷开水)
Ours is a developing country and theirs is a developed country国家发展中国家国家发达国家
He found the city changing every day发现座城市天变
He found the city greatly changed发现座城市改观
(2)语态区
现分词表示动意思修饰物分词动作执行者分词表示动意思修饰物分词动作承受者较：
an exciting speech激动心报告(a speech that excites people)
excited audiences 激动观众(audiences who are excited by·)
the surprising news 令吃惊消息(the news that surprises people)
the surprised boy受惊吓男孩(the boy who is surprised by·)
a moving film部感影片(a film that moves people)
the moved students受感动学生(the students who are moved by…)
aboring teacher学生感厌烦老师
a bored teacher学生感厌烦老师
She heard someone closing the door听见关门(动)
She heard the door closed听见门关(动)
提示
少数物动词分词作前置定语表示完成意义表示动意义
the returned students国留学生
a sunken ship沉船(a ship which has sunk)
2 法
1)作定语
(1) the rising sun
分词作定语般放修饰名词前
The young are like the rising sun青年初升太阳
It is a fastmoving factory家发展迅速工厂
The fallen leaves covered the path落叶覆盖路
A watched pot never boils心急水难开
：
boiling water 开水
the coming year 年
faded flowers凋零花
a lost child 迷路孩子
a barking dog狂吠狗
falling leaves落叶
the setting sun落日
a developing country发展中国家
a sleeping baby熟睡婴
the hardworking people勤劳民族
a retired worker退休工
a developed country发达国家
the lost time失时间
the changed situation改变形势
newly laid eggs新蛋
a returned overseas Chinese 国华侨
untold sufferings说苦难
a threelegged table 3条腿桌子
a blueeyed girl蓝眼睛女孩
warmhearted people 热心
提示
1少数分词作定语时前置置含义相较：
All the broken windows are being repaired All the windows broken are being repaired坏窗户正修理
She has a large quantity of used clothes量旧衣服
She put the pot used for cooking eggs on the table煮鸡蛋锅放桌子
②单分词偶尔置修饰词起
逻辑谓语作相定语句
Things seen are mightier than things heard眼见实耳听虚
(2) the book written by him
分词短语作定语般放修饰名词相定语句
The book written by him is very popular写书受欢迎
Most of the students standing there are from our class站边部分学生班级
(3) nothing inspiring
分词修饰 somethingeverythinganything nothing nobody等定代词指示代词those时放词面
There is nothing inspiring in his words话中没什令鼓舞东西
He is one of those invited邀请
提示
果两动作时间时发生先分现分词作定语复合句表示较：
电影学生正电影院出
The students seeing the film are coming out of the cinema(误)
The students who have seen the film are coming out of the cinema (正)
认识刚吸烟？
Do you know the man smoking just now (误)
Do you know the man who smoked just now(正)
2)作表语
分词作表语表示语状态性质
The news is encouraging 条消息令鼓舞
She felt very tired感累
The book is well written书写
The water is boiled水开
He looked worried忧心忡忡
Winter is gone and spring is come 冬天春天
These windows remained shut all day窗户整天关着
The moon is already set月亮落
3)作宾语补足语
动词 hear see watch find have get feel keep notice smell observe leave set send listen tolook at等常分词作宾语补足语
I found him lying on the grass 发现躺草
I watched her watering the trees着树浇水
He saw the ground covered with snow覆盖着雪
He left the children standing in the rain孩子站雨中
The traveller found himself lost in the valley游发现山谷中迷路
He had all the letters mailed yesterday昨天信寄
提示
表示做做haveget sthdone表示遭受某种损失愉快幸have sth done
I＇ll haveget this the dead branch cut枯枝砍掉(砍找砍)
He had his bag stolen on his way to town进城路包偷
4)作语补足语
The path was seen covered with leaves见径落满树叶
She was never heard singing that song again没听见唱首歌
5)作状语
分词分词短语作状语表示时间原条件结果行方式伴情况程度等表示时
间原条件分词分词短语相应状语句外注意表示结果时现分词分词
Asked to show his school record the boy began to cry (时间)
The boy asked to show his school record began to cry
The boy began to cry asked to show his school record
学校成绩报告单出时男孩开始哭起
The old lady is taking a walk on the river bank followed by her pet dog (正)
The old lady followed by her pet dog is taking a walk on the river bank (正)
Followed by her pet dogthe old lady is taking a walk on the river bank (正)
老太太正河岸散步身着宠物狗(伴情况)
Passing by the house he saw a girl playing the piano路房子时见女孩弹钢琴(时间：When he was passing by···)
The boy asked about his family made no answer问家庭情况时男孩没回答(时间)
The child learns fast well brought up by his parents父母教育孩子学快(原)Being illhe can＇t attend the meeting病参加会议(原：As he is ill···)
Having been praised too much he became proud夸奖变骄傲(原：As he had been praised too much···)
Surrounded by hills from all sidesthe village is little known to the outside world村庄四周环山鲜知(原)
Turning to the rightyou will see the post office右转会邮局(条件：If you turn to the right…)
Given another chance he will succeed 次机会会成功(条件：If he is given another chance…)
Not having found the wallethe still had some money with him然没找钱包身钱(步：Though he didn＇t find the wallet…)
Locked in the jailhe didn＇t lose heart 然关监狱里灰心(步：Though he was locked in the jail··)
They walked along the lake talking and laughing着湖畔走着谈着笑着(方式)
She sat on the beach facing the sea坐海滩面海(伴情况)
There was a big bright moon hanging in the sky giving off a magic glow轮明月挂天空撒着令思议清辉(伴情况)
He came running and shouting边跑边喊(伴情况)
His father died leaving him nothing父亲世什没留(结果)
She started off in a hurryleaving a lot of work
undone匆忙走留工作未做(结果)
The car broke down on the way making it impossible for me to get there on time车子路出障没时赶里(结果)
Lucy is an amazing beautiful girl露茜非常漂亮女孩(程度相very语气更强)
It is freezing cold today天天气极度寒冷(程度)
It is burning hot in the open户外热极(程度)
提示
强调时间概念时分词前加连词whenwhile before afterwithout 动概念必须being done结构较：
While passing by the garden he saw a girl watering flowers路院子时见女孩浇花
When asked why he was absenthe said he was ill问什缺席时说病
Before being asked say nothing问前什说
She tiptoed out of the house without being seen蹑手蹑脚走出房子没见
3 分词独立格结构
分词意义逻辑语通常名词代词格充置分词前种结构称分词独立格结构分词独立格结构句子没实际语谓语分词独立格结构般放句首句尾作状语表示时间原方式等参见第二十四章
The meeting being overthey went home 会议结束回家(时间)
My homework having been done I listened to the music做完家庭作业听音乐(时间)
Winter having come it＇s getting colder and colder冬天天气越越冷(时间)
Mother being ill in bed he couldn＇t go to work母亲卧病床班(原)
There having been no bus thenhe had to walk home时没公汽车步行回家(原)
Time permittingI shall stay here for another two days果时间允许里两天(条件)
Other things considered I prefer the first plan考虑事情选择第计划(条件)
She lay against the wallthe sun shining upon her face背着墙太阳脸(伴情况)
He guiding the blind girl they walked slowly across the street 领着失明女孩两慢慢穿街道(方式)
提示
1表示伴情况分词独立格结构前时加with without构成withwithout+名词代词+分词结构
She sat still in the chair with her eyes closed动动坐椅子里双眼紧闭
She went out of the room without a word spoken走出房间句话没说
②独立格结构名词代词+定式形容词副词介词短语构成分词
He stood at the window his hands in his pockets站窗前手插衣袋里(名词+介词短语)
The boy rushed into the classroom cap in hand男孩手里着帽子跑进教室(名词+介词短语)
He stared at her with his mouth open盯着嘴张着(名词+形容词)
He is a very diligent man always the first to come and the last to leave勤奋总早离开(名词+定式)
4 现分词动名词作定语区
1)谓关系非谓关系
现分词作定语时修饰词逻辑谓关系动名词作定语时表示修饰词性质途等表示谓关系表示动作
a sleeping boy正熟睡男孩(a boy who is sleeping表示动作)
A sleeping bag睡袋(a bag for sleeping表示途)
a singing bird正鸣鸟(a bird that is singing表示动作)
a singing competition 歌咏赛(a competition of singing表示性质)
the walking people 散步
A walking dictionary 活词典
A dancing girl正跳舞女孩
a dancing hall舞厅
2)时间概念非时间概念
现分词作定语时表示动作正进行动名词作定语时表示时间概念
She saw someone walking towards the library见图书馆走(分词：正走)
She held a walking stick in her hand手里着
根手杖(a stick for walking：动名词)
3)修饰词
现分词作定语时前面形容词副词修饰动名词作定语时前面副词形容词该形容词修饰动名词修饰动名词+名词
A hardworking student功学生(副词hard 修饰现分词working作状语)
a long running track条长跑道(形容词long修饰动名词running名词 track作定语)
5 分词定式法
1)正进行已结束
seewatchhearnotice 等动词分词定式作宾语补足语区分词表示动作正进行强调动作持续性定式表示动作开始结束全程某已结束行动作较：
I saw her going downstairs见正楼(动作进行中)
I saw her go downstairs 见楼(动作已完成)
We saw a car running into the street见辆汽车街驶
We saw a cat run into the street and disappear见辆汽车驶入街消失
She sat in the yard and watched her daughter water flowers for half an hour坐院子里着女花浇半时水(表示全程半时直)
She passed by the window and saw her daughter watering flowers窗前见女浇花(时正进行动作)
2)have+宾语+分词结构have+宾语+定式结构
(1)语意志→动意义
have+宾语+现分词结构表示允许等指语宾语做某事处某种状态中表达语意志
He had her working ten hours a day天工作10时
She had them all crying弄哭
I can＇t have you doing that允许做种事
(2)语遭受→动意义
have+宾语+分词结构中have 表示受遭受分词表示动作语意志关语遭受种动作影响
He had his bike stolen行车偷
She had her arm broken胳膊折
提示
1种结构表示……做
He had his shoes mended 鞋子补
She had the tree cut down棵树砍倒
He will have his hair cut理发
②种结构表示某事做结果语该动作行者
I will have my homework done first before going out with you出前先家庭作业做完
较：
He had her criticized by the teacher老师批评
Mother had me scolded by Father母亲父亲训顿
(3)语意志→动意义
have+宾语+定式结构表示想
What would you have me say说什呢？
She had Tom sweep the floor汤姆扫板
3)定式表示目分词表示目
(1)定式(短语)放句首句尾表示目作目状语相in order to+动词原形so as to+动词原形so that+句子
To finish the work before the end of the month they worked day and night月底前完成工作夜继日工作着
They got up early in the morning to watch the sunrise日出早早起床
(2)分词(短语)作时间状语原状语条件状语方式状语等作目状语
Watching TV he heard someone knock at the door电视时听见敲门(分词短语作时间状语)
Feeling tiredshe went to bed early感疲劳早早床(分词短语作原状语)
进城买书
He had gone downtown for buying books(误)
He has gone downtown to buy books(正)
考 he will be successful
A To give another chance
B Giving another chance
C Having been given another chance
D Given another chance
[答案]D句意：次机会会成功分词短语作条件状语相 f引导句
4)分词动式定式动式
现分词动式表示正进行动作分词动式表示已完成动作定式动式表示发生动作
The well being dug will be 100 meters deep正挖口井深达100米(that is being dug)
The tower built stands on a hill已建成座塔位山(which has been built)
The book to be published is on English study出版书关英语学(that is to be published)
6 generally speaking等独立作状语分词短语
分词短语已成惯语修饰整句子作状语generally speaking(般说)strictly speaking (严格说)roughly speaking(粗略说)frankly speaking(坦率说)narrowly speaking (狭义说)broadly speaking(广义说)judging fromby(·…·…判断)taking all into consideration (方面说)considering everything(切考虑)等
Judging from her face she must be ill脸色定病
Considering everythingit is worth trying通盘考虑值试
Frankly speaking I don＇t like the picture坦率说喜欢幅画
7 very excited much excited
very修饰形容词化分词very pleasedvery satisfied 等果分词动作意味强verymuchgreatly
They got very excited when hearing the news听消息激动
They were muchgreatly excited by the news消息激动(very)
8 垂悬分词问题
(1)般说分词应逻辑语通常句中语宾语
The man sat by the firereading a book坐火炉旁读着书
She saw some children playing on the grass见童草玩
(2)果分词逻辑语句中语宾语分词前加逻辑语通常名词代词格种结构称分词独立格结构参见文
The work done they went home做完工作回家(表示时间)
It being very cold outside she put on her overcoat外面冷穿衣(表示原)
(3)果分词逻辑语句中语宾语独立格结构成垂悬分词种病句应予避免较：
站海岸船远处航行
Standing on the seashorethe ship was sailing in the distance(误)
(Standing逻辑语the ship)
Standing on the seashorewe saw the ship sailing in the distance (正)
河宽游
Being very wide we can＇t swim across the river(误)
(Being逻辑语we)
The river being very wide we can＇t swim across it(正)
9 现分词动名词
判断be动词ing形式现分词动名词放句首果句子成立动名词果成立现分词较：
Her work is making shoes工作制鞋
(动名词改：Making shoes is her work)
She is making shoes正做鞋子
(现分词改：Making shoes is she)
What she did yesterday was drawing a picture on the wall
昨天做墙画幅画(动名词)
She was drawing a picture on the wall when I came in
进时正墙画幅画(现分词)
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