英语翻译基础讲义
LIUYONGQUAN
第章翻译基原
1Nature of Translation(翻译性质 )
Translation is a science
Translation is an art
Translation is a craft
Translation is a skill
Translation is an operation
Translation is a language activity
Translation is communication
2Principles of Translation(翻译原 )
Three characters 信达雅（faithfulness expressiveness and elegance）
———严复天演
Three characters 信达切 (faithfulness expressiveness and closeness)
———刘重德翻译十讲
Summary 忠实通
(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译忠实 )
Strictly speaking faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation
That ’s to say true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content
language and style of the original at the same time
Eg 1War pestilence and famine consumed one million people
战争瘟疫饥馑毁掉百万
该句译文三方面原文致容措辞完全应形式
中英文陈述句语序相
2The prize winner wears his honours modestly
1）荣获者带着荣誉谦逊
2）获奖者谦逊荣誉
3）获奖者尊傲
三种译文中 第种完全译 读起扭 意义费解 第二种译法关键
词 wear 词义稍引申词序作定调整合汉语表达惯基
表达原文意义第三句形式脱离原文单词义未原文相应
句子整体意义 更原文 更全面 准确传递原文信息 汉语更精
练达
1Avoid translating word by word(词词译 )
Eg Milky Way(误译牛奶路 )The pale white band of stars and clouds of gas that
can be seen across the sky at night
例两问句回答
A) Did you go to see the film last night B) Didn ’t you go to see the film last night
EgNo I didn ’t（A 句应没 B 句应没 ）
试较列译法优劣：
Eg Greatest compensation for wrongful imprisonment
1错误监禁数额赔偿
2数额冤狱赔偿金
EgThe chief criminals shall be punished without fail
1罪犯绝受惩罚
2首恶必办
显然两例子第二种译法较
2Avoid the cultural misunderstanding（避免文化误解）
Eg Love me love my dog （爱屋乌）
Eg Every dog has its day（意时）
Eg Talk horse （吹牛）
Eg Lock the stable door after the horse is stolen（亡羊补牢）
EgLike a cat on hot bricks（象热锅蚂蚁）
时甚创造新词
Eg He became dissatisfied with modern life and man ’s selfish wish for private wealth
so he went and joined a Hippie commune
出现代生活满私财富占欲反感 加入 嬉皮士
群居社
3Avoid the misunderstanding of idioms （避免误解英语成语）
Spill the beans (泄露机密 )
E g You can ’t trust him to keep a secret he is sure to spill the beans before long
切勿相信会保守秘密 久 肯定会泄露
Eg Who wears the trousers in your family
句话译 家谁穿着裤子 显然通里 wear the trousers
家意思应译家谁家
4convey the implied meaning(注意握原文容 善细腻传递原作弦
外音 )
Eg You hold the office but you don ’t govern
句话意思讲 接中文中句俗话 占着茅坑拉屎 句
话美国总统里根卡特电视辩中句话译出会觉粗俗
堪应译占着总统职位 治理国家
Eg Go & Come 作系动词 形容词连表示变成某种状态情况 ：
Go bad(变坏) go deaf(变聋)&come loose(松动 )come true(成现实 ) 两者
词义细微差两句子中：
Look it has come green(瞧液体 已 变绿 )
Look it has gone green(瞧液体 竟然 变绿 ) (2)Faithful to the structure（忠原文形式）
Eg I hope you have a happy future before you
希幸福未
How do you have the face to say such things
脸说出等话
两句译文原文形式完全致
1)表面形式 句子起作
Have you had your breakfastWhere are you going
中文中表达种问候英文中应 hello good morning代
2)追求形式致犯形式义错误
Eg In New York it is referred to as Saint John the Unfinished
1纽约 认未完成圣约翰
2纽约 称未竣工圣约翰教堂
然第举译文形式原文致 实际第二句意义更接忠实原文
Eg Pieces of stained glass dated before AD 850 some possibly even to the 7th
century were excavated by Professor Rosemary Cramp which were placed into a
window of that date in the nearby St Paul ’s Church
原文结构译出：
罗斯马利·克兰普教授挖掘出 追溯公元 850 年甚追溯
七世纪数块色玻璃 时装圣保罗教堂附玻璃
实际应该原句拆开译：
罗斯马利·克兰普教授挖掘数片彩色玻璃 制造公元 850 年甚
造七世纪 玻璃时装饰离发掘远圣保罗教堂窗户
Come well here there 加强语气
Come John don ’t be so cross啦 约翰 怒气
Come cheer up
喂振作起吧
Well well I should never have guessed it
哎呀 永远猜出
My friend here was a witness of the accident
朋友事见证
(3)Faithful to the style（忠实原文风格）
风格分 Formal&informal
分 Positivenegative deepplain humorous rigid
分 (1)冷淡演说性 (2)正式慎重 (3) 商量 (4)便 (5)亲
密等 谈话方式分修养文化讲标准语 口语 未受教
育说粗话 俗话 正式场合语言非正式场合语言
For all the tea in China(表示强烈拒绝 )
That man was so rude to me I wouldn ’t go back to that job for all the tea in China
1太礼 做份工作
2家伙太礼 十八抬轿请 做分工作 种译法更口语更直接
第二章 翻译程
The process of translation
Three stages
1Understanding
2Reexpressing
3Editing
Understanding
1Understanding the meanings of dictions in the context(文中理解词义 )
A) Draw a line from A to B(线)
B)The ship crossed the line(赤道 )
C) Cooking is more in your line than mine(某长 )
D) They were given their marriage lines after the registration(结婚证书 )
E)She bought an overcoat lined with silk( 衬里 )
Eg Interrupted only briefly by the swearingin of a new senator Senator Strom
Thurmond spoke against the Civil Right Bill for 24 hr 19 min on 2829th1957
参议员斯特洛姆·瑟曼德 1957 年 8 月 28 日 29 日做反民权法案演说
长达 24 时 19 分钟仅新参议员咒骂 短时间断
样译法显然没理解 swearin意思 swear咒骂意思 swearin意
宣誓职 应译
参议员斯特洛姆· 瑟曼德 1957 年 8 月 28 日 29 日做反民权法案演说
长达 24 时 19 分钟期间仅新议员 宣誓职 短暂中断
2Understanding the background(解原文涉事物原文关背景 )
<水浒 >中东京 日东京 (Tokyo)两概念
Understanding
澹澹长江水
悠悠远客情
落花相恨
声
韦承庆 <南行弟 >
Mournfully mournfully roles the long River
Saddened ah saddened the stranger ’s breast
The flowers as they fall his fate recall
As each flutters down in the earth to rest
Fletcher
诗中长江非 Yangtze River Long River
Countryhouse定 乡村住宅 钱乡间墅
问题 词译作 Question problem trouble point issue究竟恰译法
需根情况斟酌 时正长征路 天 行军 百里
译 We were on the Long March Every day we marched a hundred li or more
<高级英汉双解词典 >march walk as soldiers do with regular and measured steps
〈朗曼代英语词典〉 to walk with regular esp forceful steps like a soldier
显然 March walk准确
Reexpressing
1improving Chinese ability(注意提高中文修养 )
Cotton fells soft
棉花感柔软
棉花摸柔软
第二句佳
2getting rid of the bound of original words(表达时忠原文跳出原文 )
EgThey hoped to free themselves from the degraded position
1希堕落位中
2希摆脱江河日境况
第二句佳
EgThe cathedral was built in Spanish Gothic style
1教堂西班牙哥德式建筑风格建造
2该教堂属西班牙哥德式建筑
第二句佳
EgHe was weak and old
1衰弱 老
2身体衰弱 年纪老
3年老体弱
第三句佳
3mastering some skills
掌握定技巧
Editing
1第遍应原文句句复审重点查容注意发现解决原文理解
问题
2第二遍脱离原文细读译文重点译文文字润色句子结构调整
译文语言关
3次译文 通读遍 做进步检查
Skills of Translation
1Extension(引申法 )
2Conversion(转译法 )
3Addition(增词法 ) 4repetition(重复法 )
5Omission(减词法 )
6Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions(正反反正译
法 )
7 Translation of Clause and Passive Voice(分句法动语态译法 )
8Translation of Attributive Clause(定语句译法 )
第三章 词类引申转译
Extension(引申法 )
Eg Mr Smith is one of the most durable teachers at this university
史密斯先生该 学教时间长 教师
The maximum dimensions of the Church of StPeter are overall length 115mbreadth
6186mand height 3098m
圣彼教堂外围尺寸分 长 115米宽 6187 米高 3098 米
词义抽象化
EgThe ancient tower tells us stories of the past 2000 years
古塔诉说着两千 风风雨雨
As a boy I hated going to school
孩子 时候 喜欢学
EgHe(Ghandhi) gave our modern world an electrifying vision of the potential of
peaceful resistance and young men like Martin Luther KingJr took him as their
model Albert Einstein said Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one
as this ever in flesh and bloodwalked upon this earth
现代 (甘 )身反抗潜力 象马丁 路德 金等青年效法
榜样 爱斯坦说 代子孙恐怕难相信 世界 真 样

二 词义具体化
EgHe found a losing battle
败仗
Eg The Earth is a wonderful place It is full of great beauty
球奇妙方 奇观美景 处
Eg Bertiem you must marry Aunt Agatha had said you want somebodystrong
and sensible
阿加莎姑妈说 伯提 定结婚 该 娶健壮懂事 姑娘
第四章 句子成分转译 Conversion(转译法 )
名词转译动词 (nounverb)
Eg One of the leading newspapers called for the severest punishment of all who had been concerned in the conspiracy
家报纸求 严惩 该阴谋关员
We are looking forward to the early arrival of our guests
期着客早日
The enemies hastened their preparations for an attack
敌加紧 准备进攻
二介词转译成动词
Eg Without a word the general rose spread his huge bear ’s hand against the man’s
chest and expelled him into the corridor
军 言发 站起 伸出熊掌似手男胸口 推 推
甬道
EgI went outside ran around the corner up the alley into the back yard and wormed
through the cellar window
走出门外 跑步 拐 弯 奔巷 进院 蜷着身窗口 钻入 窖
I voted for Reagan because I think he can lead us out of this terrible economic slump
投里根票 觉领导 摆脱 济萧条
三形容词转译成动词 (prepv)
Eg I ’m sure he’ll be here on time
肯定 时达
How many people were present at the meeting
少 出席 会议
Eg We are very anxious about his health
非常 担心 健康
四副词转译成动词 (adv— v)
EgThe meeting will be over before we arrive if we don’t hurry
假快点话 等达会议 结束
He was already up when I called him
时 已 起床
Puck removed the harmful charm from Lyander and so led the lover about in the
woods
帕克里斯兰解害魔力 领着两情林中 兜兜
五动词转译成名词 (v— n)
EgMy car has been behaving well since it was repaired
修理 汽车 状态 良
I aim to be a writer
目标 作家
Who heads the government the Queen or the Prime Minister
谁政府 首脑 女王首相
We nearly forgot to tip the taxidriver
差点忘出租车司机 费 Don’t forgot to date your letters
忘信 填写 日期
The mosque is now largely ruined
清真寺现沦 废墟
The scores of air aces in both wars are still hotly disputed
两次世界战中王牌飞行员击落飞机数目 存争议
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience
登台 观众报 热烈掌声
六形容词转译名词（ adj— n）
Eg He wanted nothing but ill to all men to rich and poor men and women young
and old alike
什降祸切分 贫富贵贱男女老少
The Chinese worked long hours for low wages and were essential in the completion
of the Central Pacific Line from Sacramento to Promontory Point
华工劳作时间长挣工资低修筑中太洋铁路萨 普中坚力量
七名词转译形容词 (n— adj)
I know her very well by sight and have long felt an interest in her because of her
beauty
认 漂亮 早感兴趣
It is no use regretting your past mistakes
悔恨错误
In some countries refusing presents from others is an impropriety
某国家 拒绝礼物 礼貌
八副词转译形容词 (advadj)
Antanctica became permanently occupied by relays of scientists from October 1956
1956 年 10 月 南极洲已成批批轮流里考察科学家 永久
居住
九形容词转译副词 (adjadv)
His plans are utter impossibilities
计划 完全 实现
Man should make best use of the natural resources in this world
类应 充分 利球然资源
He took a stern but sad farewell of his family and friends
坚定 悲哀 告家朋友
十词转译成副词
I crept close to a tree in an empty corner lot and fell into the sleep exhaustion
爬荒僻空棵树旁 筋疲力 倒睡着 Conversion of sentence structure
In those days after school and on Saturdays I worked as delivery boy for Olsen the
florist The job paid only three dollars a week but that was a lot for a teenage then
日子里 放学星期六奥森老爹花店送花 周薪 三元
时候十岁孩子说 已少
语转译
语转译谓语 (subjectverb)
Ghandhi ’s treatment of his family was not heartwarming His moral demands were so
harsh that they alienated his four sons
甘 家亲切 道德标准甚苛 四子疏远
Day by Day in his apparent march to death by starvation the world ’s excitement
mounted
天天 象绝食死 世界民情绪越越 激昂
There be 句型译法
There is nothing new in this article
篇文章 言物
There is a movement on my left leg
左腿东西 移动
Heavy steps were approaching the house there was a single commanding knock
沉重脚步声渐渐逼屋子 接着门威严 敲
二语转译定语
The discovery of the new continent by Columbus stimulated the desire for worldwide
exploration in Europe
哥伦布 发现新陆 消息欧洲激发全球探险热情
His calls began to increase in frequency
呼唤 频率开始升高
But I realized suddenly that sadness was out of place
突然意识 伤感 时候
三语转译状语
The 1980 ’s saw the great improvement of the people ’s housing conditions in China
十九世纪八十年代 中国居住条件长足改善
His face told me clearly that he was connected with Bardfield
面孔 清楚知道巴德菲尔德联系
The cold smile on his face made me guess that he considered himself to be superior to
others
脸冷笑 猜想高等
四语转译成宾语
Light was pouring into the sky now
时天空开始泛出 亮光 As we played some of the tricks of the game slowly returned to me
着着 逐渐记起棋 妙着
英语中动语态汉语 英语动语态译成汉语动句时 常常原文中
做语名词代词等转译成宾语
When dinner was ended and they sat by the fire
吃 晚饭 便壁炉旁坐
Three girls were saved by her But she herself laid down her life
救 三姑娘 牺牲
The news was spread soon by those women
女快 消息 传开
谓语转译
谓语转译成语
Nylon differs from silk as to origin and cost
尼龙丝绸 区 源成
Perhaps she had loved Karl so long that she was unable to stop
许卡尔 爱已历时太久 时已欲罢
The speakers focused on the problem of homeless people in London
发言者谈 重点 伦敦家者问题
二谓语转译成状语
英语中某谓语动词合成谓语难译成相应谓语形式 翻译时常常转译成
状语 宾语成译文中谓语 样动词 tend insist on persist in
used to keep doing appear happen to seem to do succeed in doing hasten to do
remain+分词等
If you persist in breaking the law you will suffer severe punishment
果 总 违法 必受严惩
They tend to ask dull questions such as What kind of games do you play
问聊问题 喜欢项运动
三谓语转译成宾语
My memory for faces helps me a lot in business
记忆面孔领做生意颇 裨益
Heavy smoking harmed his health mortally
吸烟健康产生致命 伤害
宾语转译
宾语转译语
He has always enjoyed very good health
体格 直
It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch
something 修长叶子 风中摇动 象伸出纤细手指触摸什东西
When Zhou Enlai ’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height
with gleaming eyes
周恩门开 身材瘦长 普通略高 两眼闪着光辉 出现面
前
二宾语转译谓语
Air pollution has great influence on people ’s health
空气污染极 影响 着类健康
As for Karl he gave every appearance of a in love with his wife
卡尔呢 处处 显 太太十分恩爱
三宾语转译状语
Cambell had already a successful career
坎贝尔 事业 已成
She had a poor capacity for work than he
工作力方面
四 宾语转译定语
General MacArthur has the strongest claim to the title of most highly decorated
American soldier
麦克阿瑟军获功勋卓著 美国军称号 呼声高
定语转译
定语转译语
英语中做语名词转译动词 该名词前名词格代词格构成
定语常常转译语
Her devotion to the cause of education won her the respect of all the teachers and the
pupils in the school
忠诚教育事业 受学校教师学生尊敬
Darden’s sudden decision to marry Juana made people believe that he had gone mad
达登 突然决定娶朱安娜妻 认定疯
时定语转译语
It is a beautiful moonlight night
晚 月色 极
She was hurt and indignant at what she thought was his derision and scorn
作弄 嘲笑 感伤心
二定语转译谓语
They had a delicate way of behaving
行 审慎
There is not a man woman or child here in Bardfield that I don ’t know by sight巴德费尔德男女老少 知
三定语转译成状语
The next step was complete exclusion of the Chinese from entering the United States
采取步骤便 彻底 禁止华移入美国
I gave serious consideration to becoming a bush pilot
认真 考虑作专门荒野区飞行技师
少数情况定语转译宾语
They hurried to their father’s rescue
匆匆救 父亲
She has come to sing his praise
赞美
状语转译
状语转译成语
What is the weather like in Denmark
丹麦 天气样
The air service to Normanton and Willstown ran weekly on a Wednesday
周 星期三次航班飞诺尔曼顿威尔斯汤
二状语转译谓语
Emma was quick and decided in her ways and she lost no time in making friends with
Harriet
爱玛 做事 敏捷果断 失时机哈丽特交朋友
You became Zinner in every action
举动 象辛纳
No girl who respected herself would go out dressed like that
重姑娘出门时会样 穿着扮
三状语转译宾语
I felt for the notes They were damp from the rain
摸摸 钞票 雨淋湿
Such friendships demand an investment of time and a willingness to reveal oneself
and to be receptive to new ideas
种友谊需时间培植坦诚相 接受 新观点
四状语转译成定语
Damn you he said in a low controlled voice Keep your distance I am not done
yet
低沉抑制 声调说道 离远点 没完蛋呢
Outside the air was cool and clean
外面 空气凉爽洁净
表语转译表语转译语
That ’s rather an unusual request
求 太分
My two best friends from college days are Hugh and Charlie
学起 休查理 两朋友
They were older than I by two years and seemed vastly more knowledgeable
长两岁 知识 似渊博
二表语转译谓语
作表语形容词名词时转译动词 时句中作谓语
At the present rate of extinction we will know nothing of the vast majority of all
species before they become extinct
目前物种灭绝速度 绝数物种解前 灭绝
The birds are busy celebrating the new day and have eagerly been in search of food
鸟 忙着 庆祝新天 已迫觅食
三表语转译成状语
形容词介词短语充表语时转译成状语
The Nobel Prizes for physics chemistry physiology or medicine literature and
economics take place in Stockholm Sweden and that for peace is in Oslo Norway
诺贝尔物理奖 化学奖 生物奖 文学奖济学奖瑞典斯德哥尔摩颁奖
奖 挪威奥斯陆 颁奖
讲情况外 表语转译宾语
The youngest who was not in the least ambitious took no part in their argument
子丝毫没 野心 参加辩
句子成分换译法
语表语换
I was brought up in Denmark by my grandmother and educated in Danish schools so
that Danish is really my native language
丹麦祖母抚养 丹麦学校受教育 真正 母语丹麦语
The world ’s coldest continent and the most difficult to reach is Antarctica
南极洲 世界 冷陆 难达洲
二语宾语换
We were both sick on the journey and a fine drizzle met us as we disembarked
旅途中 俩晕船 船时 碰 蒙蒙细雨
Her keen eye missed nothing and she specialized in discovering other people ’s
secrets
东西 逃脱 敏锐眼睛 尤善发现秘密
第五章 增词法重复法1 Addition （增词法）
Session1 意义词间搭配需增词
英语汉语句法结构 表达惯词间搭配关系等方面差异决定
翻译时 时必须增加原文中没词 译文意义明确 语
句通
Under the rule of Pol Pot townsmoney and property were abolished
布尔布特统治城镇 毁弃 货币 废 财产 破坏
Both the bank’s chairman Nerio Nessi and its director general Giacomo Pedde
resigned following the revelation
银行董事长尼利奥·西总理贾科莫·佩迪 事件 披露双双辞职
增加动词
These weeks’ events in the Soviet Union captured head lines all across the United
States
星期苏联 发生 事件成美国报头条新闻
二动词分译
动词分译指动词译做汉语两动词 适应动词宾语搭配关
系
The Soviet Union was capable of constructing a 100megaton bomb Such a device
could make a crater in rock 107m deep and 29km wide and a fireball 139km in
diameter
苏联力制造梯恩梯量亿吨炸弹 种炸弹石头 炸出
107 米深29 公里宽弹坑 产生 直径 139 公里火球
When he woke Lysander came to his old self and his old love again
莱桑德醒 恢复常态 回原爱身边
She played the piano the violin and in her later years the recorder
弹钢琴 拉提琴 晚年 吹八孔直笛
三增加名词
The whole town worried about her being alone
城里 担心孤独生活
He is a legend the very incarnation of compassion
传奇性 物 慈悲化身
Edith had known it would be hard at 54 to be mother to a threeyear old and a
fiveyear old
伊迪丝早知道 五十四岁 三岁五岁 两孩子 妈妈艰苦

四名词分译
翻译时必须两中文词表达原文中名词意义 名词分译
The destruction of habitats spells extinction for millions of species within the life time of children
动物栖息 植物生长 毁灭致千百万种动植物现娃娃生
年灭绝
She is a famous singer and actress Her performances always carry the audiences
away
位著名歌唱家演员 表演常常 观众 听众 倾倒
五某物动词增加名词
When he learned it was to borrow and not to give that the messenger had come His
tone changed
知信钱 送礼 说话语气马变
The horse is in the fields eating
马牧场里吃 草
When we finished late in the afternoon I had paint up above both wrists and had to
wash in gasoline
傍晚完 工 时两腕沾油漆必须汽油清洗
六形容词前形容词增加名词
She was pale and fat
面色 苍白 身体 肥胖
The British Army ’s tallest soldier was Benjamin Crow who was signed on at Lichfield
in November 1947 when he was 215m tall
英国陆军中 身材 高士兵杰明·克劳 1947 年 11 月里奇菲尔德入
伍时 身高 215 米
七形容词派生名词原
英文中形容词派生名词译汉语时常常名词原形容词 时
根文增加名词
Imagine my excitement when I saw that it was a real boat
想象 条真正船 心情 兴奋
I knew what Anli ’s face when he discovered the theft would show only a touch of
sadness Not for the loss of money but for the loss of trust
心里明白 安尼尔发现失窃 脸会显示出抹 痛心神情 丢
钱 失间信
时形容词派生名词翻译时增加助词 合起成具名词功
字结构
Joy it was to be for a few hours together and sadness that they had so soon to part and
for so long perhaps for ever
欢喜聚首片刻 悲伤 马分离 许会期
八抽象名词增加名词
英文中抽象名词翻译时需增加适名词意思明确 The old man ’s hands shook constantly and he explained to my father how his shaking
had begun two years before and how he had been forced to give up his teaching
because of this
老手直颤停 告诉父亲颤抖毛病两年前
缘放弃 教学工作
When the exploration was completed the two astronauts on the moon would blast off
in the landing craft to join the moonship once more
勘查工作 完成 月球两位宇航员便引发登月舱火箭重新回宇宙
飞船
常抽象名词译法
Necessity 必 性 preparation准备工作
Madness 疯狂行 arrogance傲慢态度
Readability 读 性 jealousy嫉妒心理
Relativity 相 backwardness
Pessimism 悲观情绪 落状态
九增加量词
A lesson 堂课
A table 张 桌子
A song 首歌
A dog 狗
A machine 台机器
A meal 顿 饭
In previous fights Caius Marcius had met and beaten their leader Tullus Aufidius
and knew his for a valiant and skillful soldier
先前战斗中 凯斯·马西斯首领塔拉斯·奥菲狄斯交手败
知道 位 智勇双全战士
十某动词增加 + 动量词 结构 表示动作试试 者某动词
增加表示方位词
I must get a rest before I go on
必须休息 走
She tried a smile It came out rather peculiar
试着笑 笑 笑容样怪诞
One night years ago I was here alone when all the fish surfaced
许年前晚 独里 突然海中鱼全浮
十 增加表示名词复数词
数英语名词通词尾加 s表示复数 翻译时根具体情况 分
名词前增加数词词 增加重迭词
He has been running a fever for days发烧已 天
A bloody sacrifice might appease the madmen of the SS
牺牲生命许满足秘密警察部门里 狂
Storms of snow threatened to bury the trail
阵阵雪暴 预示着路径埋没
十二 增加语气词
中文里语气词较 翻译时语气词 增加译文生动性
Be quiet The baby ’s sleeping
吵 啦孩子睡觉
He thought and thought but could not come out with an answer
想 啊想啊想出答案
十三 增加词
He wanted to make her answer for her treatment of him
说明理 什 样 (增加副词 )
I have my orders said Dexter
德斯达说 命令 身 (增加介词短语 )
Posthumus was a youth of character and culture versed in the learning of the time
波斯丘莫斯位品格 教养青年 时学问造诣 (增加形容
词)
修辞需增词
She took a taste of her drink and then leaned back comfortably with her cigarette
品口饮料 然适意面 嘴里叼着 烟卷
Since she was Hermia ’s bosom friend the two of them told her their plot
赫米亚 心腹密友 俩计划告诉
Small cottages and farm building grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church
whose pointed tower pointed high into the cold winter air to welcome the morning
村舍农宅象群群熟睡牛 偎 村教堂周围 教堂尖塔高高耸
入充满冬季寒气 高空 迎接早晨
句法需增词
增加表达时态词
英语中时态表达通加助动词动词词型变化实现 译汉语时
必须增加时态助词表示时间词
She often came to help us
常常帮忙
The agreement will come into force next spring
协定 明年春天生效
He had pressed the button before we could stop him
没阻止 已 电钮 This is the second game They ’ve won the first
第二场赛 已 赢第场
She makes a good teacheras she was a good student
原先 学生 现 老师
二增补原文中省略部分
英文中省略部分 汉语中省略汉语中必须增补出合表
达惯
Fifteen years passed Hugh became a successful novelist I a publisher
十五年 修已成名说家 做 出版商
But Aufidius beaten repeatedly by his rival in the field determined to get the better of
Cauis if not by fair means then by foul
战场次败手奥狄斯决心凯斯点颜色瞧瞧 果正手段达
目 正 手段
三增补关系代词关系副词指代名词
A Father had a family of sons who were perpetually quarreling among themselves
父亲许子 子 时常相口角
He went to the library everyday where he met Mary who was to become his wife later
时天天阅览室 里 结识玛丽 成妻子
重复法
翻译中 重复法运译文更明确 更生动 更符合汉语文法
表达惯 重复词动词 名词 代词等
重复部分 原文中出现词时词存结构关系时 名词
两两定语 动词带两宾语等 核心词需重复
译出
Five marines received both the Army and Navy Medals of Honor
五名海军陆战队士兵时获陆军 荣誉勋章 海军 荣誉勋章
What are the perspectives of the national liberation movement and the relations
between China and the Third World countries
民族解放运动 前 途 中国第三世 界国家间关 系 前 途 样
呢(重复名词 )
Histories make men wise mathematics subtle logic and rhetoric able to contend
读史 明智 数学 周密 逻辑学修辞学 善辩
(重复动词 )
Moved by his mother and Menenius Coriolanus consented though it was against his
nature to go before the people and to try to win them over even if he had to flatter
and to humour them
卡利奥兰斯母亲曼耐涅斯话动 违背性 答应面
群众 设法争取 恭维 迁 (重复代
词) 译文生动重复
翻译时 译文生动 意识重复某词句 构成排句列结
构运叠词
Timon told them to set their minds at ease for he had clean forgotten the matter
泰门放心 说已事情忘 干干净净
The earth is a wonderful and aweinspiring place It is full of great beauty that
inspired some people to create wonderful works of art and it gives others the insight
to believe in a supreme being For these reasons alone surely this our only planet is
worth our care our thoughtfulness and our attention
唯球 值 爱护值 体贴 值 关心
第六章 减译法正反 反正译法
1Omission
(减词法 )
减词法指翻译中避免容重复文字繁琐原文中某词省略
译翻译技巧样 减译目译文流畅通 更符合汉语表
达惯
代词减译
1称代词减译 2物代词减译 3反身代词减译
1称代词减译
While he was staying in England he made a study of old castles
英国时 专门事古堡研究
I saw him several times while I was in New York
纽约时 见次
做语代词外 时做宾语代词省略
If you want the job go ask for it Dad encouraged her
果想做份工作 申请吧 爸爸鼓励
He might put the big fish in a big glassbox and make people pay to see it
条鱼放玻璃缸 付款观
2物代词减译
Don’t put your hands in your pockets
手揣口袋里
He entered the room his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold
进屋 衣雪 鼻子冻通红
3反身代词减译
He did himself behind a tree
躲棵树面
Did he hurt himself when he fell
摔倒时伤着 二冠词减词
Down came the ceiling
天花板掉
The pen is mightier than the sword
文笔胜刀剑
The love of money is the root of all evil
爱财切罪恶根源
三动词减译
The elephant stood ten feet tall and weighed more than four tons
头象身高十尺 重四吨
四词减译
Juliet was torn between desire to keep him near her and fear for his life should his
presence be detected
朱丽叶想留身边 怕发觉会丢掉性命 感进退两难
(减译名词 )
He joined the Red Army in the winter of that year
年冬天参加红军 (减译介词 )
It is in studying as in eating he who does it gets the benefits and not he who sees it
done
读书吃饭样 利益实际吃 旁观 (减译连接词 )
2Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions(正反反正译
法 )
正反 反正译法指原文中正面表达词句子 译文反面表达 者原文
中反面表达词句子 译文中正面表达 里应指出 反面表达指句子
中 含 否 定 词 具 否 定 意 义 包 括 英 文 中 notnonever 带
inundedisimilirless等表示否定词缀 汉语中非
未 否 勿等字
I could see that her excitement was gone (正面表达 )
出 兴奋劲 见 (反面表达 )
All this is between ourselves (正面表达 )
告诉 (反面表达 )
词类采正反 反正译法
动词
Keep him inside here
出
Moved and you ’re dead
动否死 二介词
Everyone stay off the phone so they can call to tell me I won
谁 电话 便电话通知奖
三副词
Most of the men of his class are not able to earn enough for marriage until they are
thirty
象阶层男 三十岁 攒足够钱结婚
Yet they could easily have learned that there are over a hundred registered
correspondents in Beijing
然 难 知道北京现 100 位常驻记者
四形容词
EasyLiu you ’ll have a heart attack
紧张 刘会发心脏病
Wet paint
油漆 未干
The light in the classroom is poor
教室里光线 足
五短语
Perhaps more than that but there are facts to be faceda town and its people and
you and me
许 简单 面现实 面镇镇
六定代词
He knew that nothing was ever going to be the same again
清楚 切
Nothing that he could do to calm the calm the storm of anger was of any avail
息愤慨情绪做 切努力 失败
词反义翻译
英文中样种现象 短语中 词具意义恰通常意义相
反例 riot 词通常暴乱 骚乱意思 短语 riot police 中riot 防
暴意思 决译成暴乱警察 样 riot gun 暴乱枪 防暴
枪 种现象做词反义 称正词反译
Fraud investigation
欺骗行 调查
Fire brigade
消防队
Narcotics squads
缉 毒队
Pornography campaign反黄运动第七章分句法动语态译法
分句法 翻译时 时会遇结构复杂 长句子 果原文结构译出 译
文会繁琐堪 意义清楚 时必须采分句法 复杂句子拆
译两单独句子 拆出组成句子部分原文中语 位语
定语 状语 表语 等等
语分译
The night was chillyit was early November A light drizzle added t my discomfort
夜里凉风飕飕 十月初 天起毛毛细雨 令倍加难受
All this talk and no action made Slim impatient
谈着 采取行动 瘦子耐住
His opposition to the plan is known to everybody
反项计划 众周知
二状语分译
She was famous as much for her learning as for her goodness and beauty
闻名遐迩 品格良纯容貌艳绝学识
The constable booked the motorist for failing to stop at Halt sign
警察开摩托车记次 停车标志前没停车
He should be criticized for his carelessness
粗心意 应受批评
三定语分译
American friends were obviously quite disturbed by the attitude of those here (in the
US) who sought to misrepresent the arguments of the Chinese and reject them out of
hand
里 (美国 )企图歪曲中国观点 轻易加驳斥 美国朋友
种态度显然深感安
动语态译法
英语汉语中动语态 两种语言中动语态惯 场合频率
相 较起 英语中较广泛 形式 英语动语态系动词
be’形式分词联合构成 汉语中分加 受
结构 英语动语态句子译成汉语时 译成动
句改译动语态句子 译做汉语中独特结构 句
The University of StAndrew ’s was established as a university in 1410 theology and
medicine may have been taught there since AD 900
圣· 安德烈学 1410 年改学 公元 900 年起 里 开设神学医
学课程
译成汉语动句
英语动语态句子译成汉语动句时 根具体情况 分构成种形式
1谓语前加 句中出现施事者
She was elected Chairman of the Students ’ Union
选学生会席
2谓语前加受 予 加 等词
The problem must be dealt with first at the meeting
问题必须会首先 予 讨
3行动体前加 受 等字
These heroes are respected by everybody in the country
英雄物 受 全国民尊敬
The committee is made up of 21 members
委员会 21 名委员组成
4译成 结构
结构汉语中种动句结构 常强调施事者
说明件事样做什时候 什点做
History is made by the people
历史 民创造
二译成汉语句
句汉语中种特殊句子结构 翻译英语动句时 果知道必
说出施事者时 译汉语句
I know why he was appointed
知道 什委派
If he is given way to he will only make further demands
果作出步 会提出进步求
三译成汉语动句
1直接译动句
句子英文中惯动语态 汉语直接译成动句 必改变句子结构
表示 动 语态 词 必说 出动 作施 事者 英 文中 He was greatly
surprised汉语惯说吃惊说惊 汉语中
然没表示动词 动义言喻
He was suddenly aware that Frey ’s eyes were fixed on his face
忽然发觉 福雷眼睛 正盯 脸
Complaints should be made to a responsible person
意见应 提 负责
2更换语
翻译时原文语 (受施者 )译成宾语 by 介词宾语 者状语译语
My father ’s scream could be heard in the next town
爸爸喊声 邻城 听见
If he would but take command hours and riches would be heaped upon him and
absolute power
愿意统帅军队作战 数荣华富贵绝权力
3增译语
原文语译成宾语 增译泛指性语 家
等
He was expected to give up evil and return to good
希改邪正
More than that we have to be and be seen to be a component part of the struggle
仅必须成功必须 场战争组成部分
it 做形式语句子翻译
英语中常 it 作形式语动语态句子 旧译动语态 符
合中文惯 翻译类句子时 根文 做灵活处理 时
增加适语 等时增加 般通常
等词
1加语翻译
This claim is patently exaggerated but it is accepted that she may have been 104
种说法显然夸许 般认 活 104 岁
类短语
It is believed that 相信
It is claimed that 宣称
It is considered that 认
It is expected that 希
It is found that 发现
It is felt that 感
It will be said that 会说
It has been pointed out that 指出
It is held that 认
It is noted that 注意
It is suggested that 建议
2加语翻译
It is announced that 宣布 称
It is reported that 报道
It is generally believed that 普遍认
It is said that 说It must be admitted that 必须承认
五英语动句译汉语动句
然英语动语态结构汉语 少数情况 英语动语态句子译
汉语动句情况
So they decided to go together but to wear masks so as to escape recognition
决定起 戴面具 免 认出
Someone is bound to find me
肯定会 发现
Translation of Attributive Clauses
My plan which I have used many times is very simple
1已次方案简单
2方案 已次 简单
第二句佳
Toward evening we stopped at an inn where we passed the night
1傍晚 停家里夜旅店
2傍晚 停留家旅店 里夜
第二句佳
But there are still people who have failed to memorize the lessons of the past
1然没记取教训
2然没记取教训
第二句佳
How many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside
班少学家乡
班家乡学少
第二句佳
Premier Zhou who was busy all day long never knew what fatigue was
周总理然整天忙 知疲倦 (concession)
My unclewho will be seventy tomorrow is still a keen sportsman
伯父然明天满七十岁 爱运动 (concession)
Envoys were sent who should strengthen our international position
派节 便 加强国际位 (purpose)
Anybody who should do that would be laughed at
谁 做种事情 定会受嘲笑 (condition)
About final exam
期末复重点：1教材重点章节：
英汉互译常技巧
英语三态气翻译点
三句译法
英语特殊句型翻译
汉语基句型翻译
题型结构
．列句子翻译成汉语 （20题 2 分）
二．列句子翻译成英语 （20题 2 分）
三 ．翻译谚语 （ 20题 2 分）
四 ．选择佳译文 （10题 2 分）
五．语篇翻译 （30）
附样题：
英语翻译基础样题
．列句子翻译成汉语 （20题 2 分）
1 I ’ve been hoping I ’ d have a chance to see the film
2 In another month ’s time she ’ll have been studying here for three years
3 May you continue in your efforts and achieve new and greater success
4 He must always have his own way
5 Much is left to be desired
6 I wish I hadn’t come
7 How I wish it wasn ’t raining
8 That ’ where we differ
9 That was how they were defeated
10 Not that I dislike the work but I have no time for it
二．列句子翻译成英语 （20题 2 分）
11 什光阴更贵东西
12 越细心越
13 象点头14 做件事费吹灰力
15 春天树绿
16 言喻永远会相信
17 件事足轻重
18 处理事情应该讲轻重缓急
19 点意思
20 昨天电影没买票
三翻译谚语 （20题 2 分）
21 More haste less speed
22 Nothing venture nothing have
23 Where there is a will there is a way
24 Look before you leap
25 Strike while the iron is hot
26 Practice makes perfect
27 One stone two birds
28 Have a card up one ’s sleeve
29 Speak of angles and you will hear their wings 30 Time is money
四选择佳译文 （20题 2 分）
31 You are being stupid
(A) 意装傻
(B) 愚蠢
(C) 正愚蠢
32 You’re being merely childish
1 样做简直孩子气
2 孩子气
3 正孩子气
33 I hope we ’ll have got the instructions ready before you come tomorrow
(A) 希明天前已说明书准备
(B) 希明天前说明书准备
(C) 希明天时已说明书备齐
34 Of many thousand spare parts does not come up to the standard but one
(A) 成千万备件中备件合格没合格
(B) 成千万备件中发现合格
(C) 成千万备件中合格
35 It was quite a few years before he finally finished his novels
(A) 年终写完说
(B) 完成说前已年
(C) 终完成说前年
36 Don’t turn your back on friends who are down and out
(A) 背着倒失败朋友
(B) 理睬穷困潦倒朋友
(C) 失意落魄朋友拒千里外
37 商品质量漫天讨价
(A) Even quality goods must have a price ceiling
(B) You should not demand too high a price with quality goods
(C) The owner of quality goods should not demand too high a price
38 切考虑进建议似更切实行
(A) Everything is taken into consideration her proposal seems more practicable
(B) Everything taken into consideration her proposal seems more practicable
(C) Everything is taken into consideration her proposal seems more practicable
39 工篮球热心观众
(A) These worker are avid watchers of basketball matches
(B) These worker are avid watchers of basketball
(C) These worker are warmhearted watchers of basketball
40 俗话说怕识货怕货货
(A) Inferior goods can ’t stand comparison as the saying goes
(B) As an old saying goes we are not afraid that you do not know all about the goods but we are afraid that you compare the goods
(C) As an old saying goes don ’t worry about not knowing about the goods just
compare and you will see which is better
五语篇翻译 （30）
ACURIOUS DECISION
A poor chimneysweep who had not enough money to buy a meal stopped one hot
summer day at noon before an eatinghouse and remained regaling his nose with the
smell of the victuals The master of the shop told him several times to go away but
the sweep could not leave the savory smell though unable to purchase the taste of the
food At last the cook came out of the shop and taking hold of the sweep declared
that as he had been feeding upon the smell of his victuals he should not go away
without paying half the price of a dinner The poor fellow said that he neither could
nor would pay and that he would ask the first person who should pass whether it was
not an unreasonable and unjust demand
The case was referred to a policeman who happened to pass at that moment He
said to the sweep As you have been feasting one of your senses with the odor of this
man’s meat it is but just you should make him some recompense therefore you shall
in your turn regale one of his senses which seems to be more insatiable than your
appetite How much money have you
I have but two pence in all the world sir and I must buy me some bread
Never mind answered the officer take your two pence between your hands
now rattle them loudly
The sweep did so and the officer turning to the cook said Now sir I think he
has paid you the smell of your victuals regaled his nostrils the sound of his money
has tickled your ears
This decision gave more satisfaction to the bystanders than to the cook but it was
the only payment he could obtain
—— By anonymous
英语翻译基础样题答案
三．列句子翻译成汉语 （20题 2 分）
1 I ’ve been hoping I ’ d have a chance to see the film
直盼着机会部电影
2 In another month ’s time she ’ll have been studying here for three years
月里学满三年
3 May you continue in your efforts and achieve new and greater success
祝继续努力取新更胜利
4 He must always have his own way
总行
5 Much is left to be desired
许需改进方
6 I wish I hadn’t come
真悔该7 How I wish it wasn ’t raining
现雨该
8 That ’ where we differ
分歧
9 That was how they were defeated
样败
10 Not that I dislike the work but I have no time for it
喜欢工作现忙
四．列句子翻译成英语 （10题 2 分）
11什光阴更贵东西
Nothing is more precious than time
12 越细心越
You cannot be too careful
13象点头
There seems something wrong about it
14做件事费吹灰力
It is very easy for you to do such a thing
15春天树绿
Spring coming on the trees turned green
16 言喻永远会相信
It goes without saying that he will never believe you
17 件事足轻重
This is a matter of no consequence
18 处理事情应该讲轻重缓急
Matters should be handled according to priority
19 点意思
It ’s our little gift as a token of our appreciation
20 昨天电影没买票
I did not buy a good seat for yesterday ’s film
三 翻译谚语 （20题 2 分）
21 16More haste less speed 欲速达
22 17Nothing venture nothing have 入虎穴焉虎子23 18Where there is a will there is a way 志者事竟成
24 19Look before you leap 三思行
25 Strike while the iron is hot 趁热铁
26 Practice makes perfect 熟生巧
27 One stone two birds箭双雕
28 Have a card up one ’s sleeve胸成竹
29 Speak of angles and you will hear their wings 说曹操曹操
30 Time is money 寸光阴寸金
四选择佳译文 （20题 2 分）（划线正确答案）
31 You are being stupid
(A) 意装傻
(B) 愚蠢
(C) 正愚蠢
32 You’re being merely childish
(A) 样做简直孩子气
(B) 孩子气
(C) 正孩子气
33 I hope we ’ll have got the instructions ready before you come tomorrow
(A) 希明天前已说明书准备
(B) 希明天前说明书准备
(C) 希明天时已说明书备齐
34 Of many thousand spare parts does not come up to the standard but one
(A) 成千万备件中备件合格没合格
(B) 成千万备件中发现合格
(C) 成千万备件中合格
35 It was quite a few years before he finally finished his novels
(A) 年终写完说
(B) 完成说前已年
(C) 终完成说前年
36 Don’t turn your back on friends who are down and out
(A) 背着倒失败朋友
(B) 理睬穷困潦倒朋友
(C) 失意落魄朋友拒千里外
37 商品质量漫天讨价
(A) Even quality goods must have a price ceiling
(B) You should not demand too high a price with quality goods
(C) The owner of quality goods should not demand too high a price
38 切考虑进建议似更切实行(A) Everything is taken into consideration her proposal seems more practicable
(B) Everything taken into consideration her proposal seems more practicable
(C) Everything is taken into consideration her proposal seems more practicable
39 工篮球热心观众
(A) These worker are avid watchers of basketball matches
(B) These worker are avid watchers of basketball
(C) These worker are warmhearted watchers of basketball
40 俗话说怕识货怕货货
(A) Inferior goods can ’t stand comparison as the saying goes
(B) As an old saying goes we are not afraid that you do not know all about the
goods but we are afraid that you compare the goods
(C) As an old saying goes don ’t worry about not knowing about the goods just
compare and you will see which is better
五语篇翻译 （30）
奇异裁决
佚名作者
贫穷扫烟囱工 穷连顿饭买起 炎热夏中午
家餐馆前停 站鼻子贪婪嗅着食物味 餐馆老板次
走开然没力买食物尝尝 舍离开令馋涎欲滴香味
厨师店堂走出 抓扫烟囱工 说闻饱菜肴香味
硬付半饭钱然放走穷汉子说付起愿意付
提出请第路评评样求否公道合理
时候 警察碰巧旁边 事告里 警察扫烟囱工
说：然感官享受烹调食物香味应该定
报酬公合理 现该轮感官享受
感官胃口更难满足身少钱？
总两便士买面包吃呢先生
紧警察回答道两便士双手捂着 现劲咔
嗒咔嗒摇出声音
扫烟囱工样做警察转身厨师说： 先生想现
报酬食物香味鼻子享受寻钱币响声饱耳
福
裁决旁观者满意 厨师然满意 样报酬


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