2012年全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语（）
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians Yet in several instances justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial
Justice Antonin Scalia for example appeared at political events That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code At the very least the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary
This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property When the court deals with social policy decisions the law it _16_ is inescapably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and _20_ convincing as law
1 [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize
2 [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless
3 [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated
4 [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted
5 [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded
6 [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone
7 [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies
8 [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle
9 [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict
10 [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards
11 [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though
12 [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace
13 [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer
14 [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied
15 [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions
16 [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls
17 [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted
18 [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore
19 [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable
20 [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Come on –Everybody’s doing it That whispered message half invitation and half forcing is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure It usually leads to no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex But in her new book Join the Club Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word
Rosenberg the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize offers a host of example of the social cure in action In South Carolina a statesponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool In South Africa an HIVprevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers
The idea seems promisingand Rosenberg is a perceptive observer Her critique of the lameness of many pubichealth campaigns is spoton they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology Dare to be different please don’t smoke pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers who desire nothing more than fitting in Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure Rosenberg is less persuasive Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior An emerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication This is a subtle form of peer pressure we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day
Far less certain however is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with betterbehaved classmates The tactic never really works And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside in the real world as in school we insist on choosing our own friends
21 According to the first paragraph peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
[C] an obstacle to school progress
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
22 Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
23 In the author’s view Rosenberg’s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
[D]produce a longlasting social effect
24 Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
[B] will mislead behavioral studies
[C] occurs without our realizing it
[D] can produce negative health habits
25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful
[B] desirable
[C] profound
[D] questionable
Text 2
A deal is a dealexcept apparently when Entergy is involved The company a major energy supplier in New England provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations
Instead the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running It’s a stunning move
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002 when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant an aging reactor in Vernon As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012 In 2006 the state went a step further requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval Then too the company went along
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next A string of accidents including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe Enraged by Entergy’s behavior the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues The legal issues in the case are obscure whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far those powers extend Certainly there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules But had Entergy kept its word that debate would be beside the point
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state But there should be consequences Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth Pledging to run Pilgrim safely the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth
26 The phrase reneging on(Line 3para1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning
[B] reaffirming
[C] dishonoring
[D] securing
27 By entering into the 2002 agreement Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature
[C] acquire an extension of its business license
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant
28 According to Paragraph 4 Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices
[B] technical innovativeness
[C] financial goals
[D] business vision
29 In the author’s view the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises
[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues
[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues
30 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application
[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work But in the everyday practice of science discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route We aim to be objective but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience what we think our experiences mean and the subsequent actions we take Opportunities for misinterpretation error and selfdeception abound
Consequently discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience Similar to newly staked mining claims they are full of potential But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery This is the credibility process through which the individual researcher’s me here now becomes the community’s anyone anywhere anytime Objective knowledge is the goal not the starting point
Once a discovery claim becomes public the discoverer receives intellectual credit But unlike with mining claims the community takes control of what happens next Within the complex social structure of the scientific community researchers make discoveries editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes and finally the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology As a discovery claim works it through the community the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process First scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed The goal is
newsearch not research Not surprisingly newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers Second novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert AzentGyorgyi once described discovery as seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated
In the end credibility happens to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind We reason together challenge revise and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason
31 According to the first paragraph the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity
[B] misconception and deceptiveness
[C] logicality and objectivity
[D] systematicness and regularity
32 It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection
[B]shared efforts
[C] individual wisdom
[D]persistent innovation
33Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
[B]has been examined by the scientific community
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
34 Albert SzentGyörgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges
[B]discoveries today inspire future research
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified
[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind
35Which of the following would be the best title of the test
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today he would probably represent civil servant When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960 only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector In Britain more than half of publicsector workers but only about 15 of privatesector ones are unionized
There are three reasons for the publicsector unions’ thriving First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences Second they are mostly bright and welleducated A quarter of America’s publicsector workers have a university degree Third they now dominate leftofcentre politics Some of their ties go back a long way Britain’s Labor Party as its name implies has long been associated with trade unionism Its current leader Ed Miliband owes his position to votes from publicsector unions
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one But the real gains come in benefits and work practices Politicians have repeatedly backloaded publicsector pay deals keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous
Reform has been vigorously opposed perhaps most egregiously in education where charter schools academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer politicians have begun to clamp down In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker the hardline Republican governor But many within the public sector suffer under the current system too
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers The only American publicsector workers who earn well above 250000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America
36 It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
37 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
38 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured
[B] indirectly augmented
[C] excessively increased
[D]fairly adjusted
39 The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often run against the current political system
[B]can change people’s political attitudes
[C]may be a barrier to publicsector reforms
[D]are dominant in the government
40 John Donahue’s attitude towards the publicsector system is one of
[A]disapproval
[B]appreciation
[C]tolerance
[D]indifference
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1（10 points）
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying higher than a bird Now think of your laptop thinner than a brownpaper envelope or your cellphone in the palm of your hand Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses warriors entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press studio and theatre paintbrush and gallery piano and radio the mail as well as the mail carrier (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device the first media machine that serves as the mode of production means of distribution site of reception and place of praise and critique The computer is the 21st century＇s culture machine
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer we must also tread with caution (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons First most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode Second the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing
All animals download but only a few upload Beavers build dams and birds make nests Yet for the most part the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods paintings sculpture and architecture and superfluous experiences music literature religion and philosophy (43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines most people are still stuck in download mode Even after the advent of widespread social media a pyramid of production remains with a small number of people uploading material a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume (44)
Television is a oneway tap flowing into our homes The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness creations and experiences to which others adhere
[A] Of course it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity
[B] Applications like tumblrcom which allow users to combine pictures words and other media in creative ways and then share them have the potential to add stickiness by amusing entertaining and enlightening others
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading between passive consumption and active creation whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past halfcentury much of the world＇s media culture has been defined by a single medium television and television is defined by downloading
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow to encourage thoughtful downloading and even more importantly meaningful uploading
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise In some ways this quest for commonalities defines science Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work
(46)In physics one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we seeIt is becoming less clear however that such a theory would be a simplification given the dimensions and universes that it might entail nonetheless unification of sorts remains a major goal
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too (47)Here Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection perhaps the world’s languages music social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms
That at least is the hope But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language which is why children can learn it so quickly
(49)The second by Joshua Greenberg takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2000 languages(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong codependencies between particular types of wordorder relations Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire agespecific and not governed by universals
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Some internationals students are coming to your university Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2Do not sign your name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address(10 points)
Part B
52 Directions write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2（20 points）
1答案B
解析空信息出句表达_ _法官表现政治家情况法庭保持作法律法规合法卫士形象应该选Cmaintain维持保持显然语义通
2答案A
解析第三段出文章认法院政治间应该界限里应该法官政治家样行事模糊二者间区时失作法律卫士合法性Bwhen表示意思
3答案B
解析第二段具体事例说明法官出现政治活动中会法官形象受损影响独立公正名声Bweaken表示意思
4答案D
解析空前信息显示法官出席政治活动会法院审判收影响会认审判公正选Dbe accepted as认
5答案C
解析空语境：产生样问题部分原法官没_ _道德规范句话说少法院应该遵守行规范显然进步说明句话句说法官没受道德规范约束选Cbound
6答案B
解析根解析5出里应该说遵守行规范subjectto连表示服某物受…支配题选B
7答案D
解析分析句子结构知里that引导定语句修饰说明前面行规范说法院应遵守适联邦司法部行规范apply to 适符合题意resort to 求助stick to 坚持(原等)语意通
8答案B
解析空语境类似样案例提出样问题：法院政治间否存着界限提出问题产生问题选raise
9答案A
解析根第8题知空应填line界限 barrier 障碍similarity相似性conflict突合题意
10答案B
解析根句意宪法起草者预想司法政治中分出享独立权力envision as …想象成…选B
11答案A
解析题考察逻辑搭配选项答案确定需结合前句意思制宪者旨法律受政治影响样法官免受掌权者影响空考察带结果选[A]
12答案C
解析题承接题知法律受政治影响法官担心掌权者(those in power)
13答案C
解析题承接题 结合句意 知该半句表达法官需政治支持选项C符题意
14答案D
解析题考察词意辨析原句表达法律体系法律完全受政治影响两者紧密结合句意思[D]合题意
15答案A
解析题考察词意辨析文中说宪法具政治性选择植根诸财产类基社会中财产西方社会基社会理念概念选[A]
16答案C
解析题考察词意辨析首先分析该句知空白处添加动词构成定语句限定the law次文中语境表达法律处理社会政策决策问题时法律避免具政治性四选项中[C]佳答案
17答案A
解析题考察词意辨析文中语境知该半句表达解释背离思想路线决策作公正轻易…结合语境四选项意思知[A]佳
18答案C
解析题考察词意辨析文中语境知该句表达法官必须关法庭(裁决)公正合理质疑四选项中仅[C]符合题意
19答案D
解析题考察短语搭配相似短语辨析四选项均连中
accessible to 易接属
amiable to亲指蔼亲易接
agreeable to欣然意适合适宜
accountable to…负责
题理解需承接整句 首先空半句方式状语承接前半句说明法官样解决关法庭(裁决)公正合理质疑四选项分代入出正确答案[D]法官行准负责遵循定行准确保裁决公正合理
20答案D
解析题考察逻辑搭配句承接句旨说明带结果文中说裁决起完全受政治影响法律般令信服 结合四选项意思知选[D]
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21答案D
解析文章首段包含两方面容作者先简单介绍Peer pressure引出Tina Rosenberg新书Join the Club中peer pressure法篇文章篇书评形式出现题目根第段伴压力出现常常…问仅仅伴压力涉Tina Rosenberg者新书答案应涉文章peer pressure介绍非Tinapeer pressure法首段第三句说(伴压力)通常引起事情酗酒嗑药乱交答案选D说明伴压力出现导致结果里答案义换方式
22答案B
解析根题干关键词publichealth advocates定位第三段句话Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure应该广告商学里短语take a page from理解答案选B
23答案A
解析根题干作者Rosenberg书没…选答案找出作者书缺点什文章第四段第句话说…方面Rosenberg太说服力紧接着说Join the Club中太关细节伴压力产生作社会生物素未做足够探究句话充分说明作者心目中书足答案选A
24答案C
解析道细节题文章第五段首句告诉peer groups确实会行产生影响第二句具体说明影响容惯惯会通社会交际朋友圈中传递句种影响进行总结伴压力细微表现意识模仿日常见行分析题干选项发现该题imitation of behavior进行纳回原文找意识模仿日常见行答案刻清晰里unconsciously词进行释义C选项正确
25答案D
解析道题考查作者peer pressure带影响态度作者通段第句话首先表明专家官方员否成功选择伴引导行方发展肯定接教师指导学生例子说明出结The tactic never really works(策略没真正起作)通作者样番描述出作者peer pressure否效果质疑答案选D
Text 2
26答案C
解析
reneging 原形renege议食言否认意反意义词四选项中A 中condemning 意谴责处刑B中reaffirming 意重申肯定断言C中dishonoring意拒付兑付意思方符合D中securing 意保证保险含义文说Entergy公司兑现诺言应选C项
27答案D
解析
题答案定位文中第三段二句话As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012 as a condition of理解D 项中purchase 词文中sale换
28答案A
解析
题干：根第四段Entergy公司似····存着问题题目中已清晰答案范围确定第四段通阅读第四段Entergy公司出现系列事a string of accidents面句raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management题答案中 managerial management单词变形
29答案D
解析
首先题干知道考查作者观点 佛蒙特州事件will test文章中定位第5段第5句话Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far those powers extend意思佛蒙特州事件会检验权利延伸远先例句话legal scholars观点重点理解certainlybut面意思然作者承认担忧果周行果合理But面虚拟语气事实相反作者真正态度支持legal scholars观点佛蒙特州事件州法规权限考验How far those power extendedD选项the limits of states’ power选项D州核问题权限相匹配正确答案D选项佛蒙特州事件带检验文中未直接提
30答案A
解析
段讲Entergy公司名誉已严重受创该公司联邦申请：许Pilgrim核电站获外20年开放权作者认核理委员会审核该公司申请时候务必考虑该公司信誉问题A选项Entergy公司方生意会受影响段第句话Entergy公司名誉已严重受创推断出B核理委员会权威会藐视段没出藐视核理委员会暗含信息B选项错误C Entergy公司会撤回关Pilgrim核电站申请段样没出类似暗含信息D Vermont名声会受破坏 样段根法推断出佳答案A
Text 3
31答案A
解析
篇文章选The Scientist文章题目The Evolution of Credibility文章第段第二句话提But in the everyday practice of science discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route天科学实践中发现遵循规律模棱两复杂A项uncertainty and complexity 文中ambiguous and complicated义换正确答案
B项利文中句话干扰Opportunities for misinterpretation error and selfdeception abound句话说误解欺骗导致科学发现模棱两复杂性C项D项受文章第句话干扰第句时提出理想中(in the idealized version of )科学发现够客观
32答案B
解析
第二段第二句中提But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to中it指科学发现获公众信度程接第四句话具体讲程：through which the individual researcher＇s me here now becomes the community＇s anyone anywhere anytime历集体程需努力答案B
33答案B
解析
段第三句话中提Within the complex social structure of the scientific community researchers make discoveries研究者需科学团体复杂社会结构中实现科学发现句话面分号分号面三短句分解释科学团体中身份做工作新闻编辑者评家需控制科学发现公开程外科学家需新发现证明已发现等外句话transform an individual＇s discovery claim into the community＇s credible discovery发现转换集体信科学发现答案B科学发现获公众信度需集体努力验证
答案A利段首句设置干扰属观臆断答案C干扰项目偏概全答案D文中没提
34答案D
解析
第四段讲科学发现获众信度程中面两矛盾Albert SzentGyorygi观点针第二矛盾创新身常会引起怀疑时认科学发现需seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought已想没想句话暗示科学发现程需评判性思维应该探求事物答案D
答案A段中讲第矛盾关答案B渡推断段句话句话意思真正创新发现需时间验证公众认答案C文中没提属观臆断
35答案C
解析
题考察全文旨意准确纳整文章脉络文章第段指出发现终目标客观化然程少会受生活环境影响第二段指出程需公众努力第三段具体述程中需完成工作第四段提出科学发现获信度程中遇两矛盾段Annette Baier句话总结程知C项统领全文正确答案答案A项原文符答案B 第二段中提部分答案D第四段概括
Text 4
36答案C
解析
根题干定位第段When …were in their prime in 1960 only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do 意思1960年时美国政府部门110工会成员现例36C选项正确：工会增加政府部门成员A选项：Teamster 然拥成员文中提例没讲具体数B：吉米公仆文中第句虚拟语气句子果活着话天代表名公仆曲解文意D：政府改善社团关系文中未提
37答案D
解析
该题容易根题干定位第二段第二段中明显first second third词属典型列举处容易出细节题需选项三点仔细A 公部门组织采取行动时谨慎文中示提they now dominate leftofcentre politics句话设置干扰项左派激进派谨慎B错教育需公务员社团成员受教育程度普遍偏高非必需C工长期公务员社团争斗该段倒数第二句指出工会社团直联系句讲工会领导Miliband荣登宝座正公务员社团力支持原文相悖D选项First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences句话义改写意思息事宁遭受果
38答案B
解析
该题容易定位文章第四段题干国家部门员工资状况做道题第四段整体理解注意But面容尤keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous意公部门员工工资涨幅节假日福利津贴B选项indirectly augment意思间接增加原文意思公部门员收入源福利等间接收入非正常工资收入符合A 通非法文中提国家部门员工资私企业高整段未提源该选项属度推理C 度增长文中未提增长幅度提通暗厢操作方式容易考生产生误解D 公正调整backloaded符
39答案C
解析
题干意思举威斯康辛社团例表明社团_______该题根题干中专名词Wisconsin定位倒数第二段题干知例证题需文章第五段第五段首句Reform has been vigorously opposed第六段Wisconsin例子出工会集合众反领导Scott Walker正反改革知道工会公部门改革障碍C正确选项A 常前政治体系抗文中未反映often程度B 够改变政治态度文中示提D 政府中占统治位文中第二句讲社团成千万支持付强硬州长推出该选项意
40答案A
解析
文中物观点态度题该题定位段第句话指出John认西方公服务中文化准适想维持原状较高成利明显持否定态度次指出造福高成公服务系统美国更麻烦次证实作者观点支持A选项disapproval反appreciation欣赏tolerance宽容indifference冷漠
Part B
41答案C
解析略读第然段知篇文章题科技生活带便利重点述媒介题空末尾通读空前容找特征词者中心词creat a fabulous machine浏览七选项C项中develop such a device刚应
42答案D
解析题空段落中间需空前空找关联词空前出现reason特征词空出现war特征词浏览七选项D项becausewar刚应答案选D
43答案A
解析题空段末空前然段段首找关联词浏览空前找superfluous material goods 浏览然段句首找download词浏览七选项答案A出现these superfluous things接提download锁定答案A
44答案F
解析题空句末需浏览空前前然段句首通读空前容找关联词a pyramid of production remains然段段首提television浏览七选项关联两项EF继续分析E项television词空应F项仅出现television词出现this pyramid of production特征词答案F
45答案G
解析题空段末需浏览空前句子寻找关联词BG间进行选择通读知空前flowG项the flow相应B项applications文中没提题锁定答案G
Part C
46 解析句结构较简单简单句句子干结构one approach takes…and seeks…破折号面部分前面提理进步解释
1)take …to extreme………发挥极致推极限
2)theory of everything万理者短语翻译出适事物理
3)generative equation生成等式生成方程
参考译文物理学中理种动发挥极致探寻种万理关切生成方程式
解析：
47 解析句话理解关键for引导句子正确理解两逗号学考场较紧急时间紧张状态容易两逗号间部分理解插入语句话难理解
1)for 引导句子表原前句列关系for原列句中包含if引导条件状语句
2)it seems reasonable to suppose that句话翻译翻译成长句分开翻译成假设文化差异够追溯更限源头 种假设便合理
3) cultural diversit理解容易受前备考中常遇cultural diversity影响直接翻译成文化样性文前文次提性里翻译文化差异更合适
参考译文里达尔文义似提供力理果全类起源假设文化差异够追溯更限源头合理
48 解析句话结构三what句理解题三what引导句第what引导宾语句做filter out 宾语第二what介词from宾语from 固定搭配中介词filter out A from B第三whatunderstand宾语how列
1)句子干做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D
A指what is contingent and unique
B指what is shared how complex cultural behaviour arose
C指how complex cultural behaviour arose
D指what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms
2)Filter out词组意滤掉单词学会熟悉果句结构理解清楚from介词加前文意理解猜出词意思者理解区分等影响全句理解避免学第单词认识立马生出胆怯情绪影响文判断
参考译文差异性独特性性中滤出许理解复杂文化行产生什进化认知领域指导着
49 解析句结构较明朗关键句子前部分单独难理解需结合前文恰恰说明考研英语中翻译首先阅读理解部分单独翻译已
1)里the second文The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky里里应该翻译成第二种理句话需根文逻辑解释清楚单纯翻译成第二
2)括号部处理直接放括号中
参考译文约书亚格林伯格寻找语言性付出努力提出第二种理采更实性理做法辨认出众语言特征(尤词序排列)特征认代表认知局限导致偏差
50 解析句话结构较简单复杂中量术语熟悉词汇词汇根直译
句结构：Chomsky’s grammar should show… whereas Greenbergian…
1)That引导定语句修饰patterns
2)里grammar指文生成语法里生成语法翻译出
3)codependencies 词需根词义加词根词缀猜测出词义文指出两者关系翻译存性
参考译文乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化模式模式独立族谱贯穿中路径然格林伯格性理预测词序关系特殊类间()着强烈存性
Section III Writing
51作文
参考范文
Dear international students
I am the chairman of the Students’ Union I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you will come to our university Firstly I’d like to show our warm welcome On behalf of our university and all the students here I really look forward to your coming
In order to make all of you feel at home here are some conductive suggestions Firstly you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing Secondly I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class
I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful And I’m looking forward to your coming
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
52作文
参考范文
As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture in front of a toppled bottel of which most water in it has flowed out a man says there is none left how unlucky I am looking rather upset while another man quickly picked this bottle up saying I’m such a lucky dog there is still some left How vivid the cartoon it is The two men show quite different perspectives toward the same situation
The implication conveyed in this cartoon is that different perspectives we take to exam problems we confront lead to different attitutes or answers to these problems In the first place we’ll find the problem is very difficult to handle from the pessimistic perspective However if we change our way of observing problems we may find that we can make some remedial work even to turn something bad into good In this way we can find solutions for any difficulties Every coin has two sides So why not change an angel to observe the problem we encounter
Whenever we face with the situation like the cartoonwhat we should do is to observe it positively especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks only if we have the optimistic attitude can we be bound to live a life of happiness
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians Yet in several instances justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial
Justice Antonin Scalia for example appeared at political events That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code At the very least the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary
This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property When the court deals with social policy decisions the law it _16_ is inescapably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and _20_ convincing as law
1 [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize
2 [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless
3 [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated
4 [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted
5 [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded
6 [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone
7 [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies
8 [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle
9 [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict
10 [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards
11 [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though
12 [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace
13 [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer
14 [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied
15 [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions
16 [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls
17 [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted
18 [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore
19 [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable
20 [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Come on –Everybody’s doing it That whispered message half invitation and half forcing is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure It usually leads to no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex But in her new book Join the Club Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word
Rosenberg the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize offers a host of example of the social cure in action In South Carolina a statesponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool In South Africa an HIVprevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers
The idea seems promisingand Rosenberg is a perceptive observer Her critique of the lameness of many pubichealth campaigns is spoton they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology Dare to be different please don’t smoke pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers who desire nothing more than fitting in Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure Rosenberg is less persuasive Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior An emerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication This is a subtle form of peer pressure we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day
Far less certain however is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with betterbehaved classmates The tactic never really works And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside in the real world as in school we insist on choosing our own friends
21 According to the first paragraph peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
[C] an obstacle to school progress
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
22 Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
23 In the author’s view Rosenberg’s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
[D]produce a longlasting social effect
24 Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
[B] will mislead behavioral studies
[C] occurs without our realizing it
[D] can produce negative health habits
25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful
[B] desirable
[C] profound
[D] questionable
Text 2
A deal is a dealexcept apparently when Entergy is involved The company a major energy supplier in New England provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations
Instead the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running It’s a stunning move
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002 when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant an aging reactor in Vernon As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012 In 2006 the state went a step further requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval Then too the company went along
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next A string of accidents including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe Enraged by Entergy’s behavior the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues The legal issues in the case are obscure whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far those powers extend Certainly there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules But had Entergy kept its word that debate would be beside the point
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state But there should be consequences Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth Pledging to run Pilgrim safely the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth
26 The phrase reneging on(Line 3para1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning
[B] reaffirming
[C] dishonoring
[D] securing
27 By entering into the 2002 agreement Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature
[C] acquire an extension of its business license
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant
28 According to Paragraph 4 Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices
[B] technical innovativeness
[C] financial goals
[D] business vision
29 In the author’s view the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises
[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues
[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues
30 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application
[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work But in the everyday practice of science discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route We aim to be objective but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience what we think our experiences mean and the subsequent actions we take Opportunities for misinterpretation error and selfdeception abound
Consequently discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience Similar to newly staked mining claims they are full of potential But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery This is the credibility process through which the individual researcher’s me here now becomes the community’s anyone anywhere anytime Objective knowledge is the goal not the starting point
Once a discovery claim becomes public the discoverer receives intellectual credit But unlike with mining claims the community takes control of what happens next Within the complex social structure of the scientific community researchers make discoveries editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes and finally the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology As a discovery claim works it through the community the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process First scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed The goal is
newsearch not research Not surprisingly newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers Second novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert AzentGyorgyi once described discovery as seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated
In the end credibility happens to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind We reason together challenge revise and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason
31 According to the first paragraph the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity
[B] misconception and deceptiveness
[C] logicality and objectivity
[D] systematicness and regularity
32 It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection
[B]shared efforts
[C] individual wisdom
[D]persistent innovation
33Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
[B]has been examined by the scientific community
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
34 Albert SzentGyörgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges
[B]discoveries today inspire future research
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified
[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind
35Which of the following would be the best title of the test
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today he would probably represent civil servant When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960 only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector In Britain more than half of publicsector workers but only about 15 of privatesector ones are unionized
There are three reasons for the publicsector unions’ thriving First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences Second they are mostly bright and welleducated A quarter of America’s publicsector workers have a university degree Third they now dominate leftofcentre politics Some of their ties go back a long way Britain’s Labor Party as its name implies has long been associated with trade unionism Its current leader Ed Miliband owes his position to votes from publicsector unions
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one But the real gains come in benefits and work practices Politicians have repeatedly backloaded publicsector pay deals keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous
Reform has been vigorously opposed perhaps most egregiously in education where charter schools academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer politicians have begun to clamp down In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker the hardline Republican governor But many within the public sector suffer under the current system too
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers The only American publicsector workers who earn well above 250000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America
36 It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
37 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
38 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured
[B] indirectly augmented
[C] excessively increased
[D]fairly adjusted
39 The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often run against the current political system
[B]can change people’s political attitudes
[C]may be a barrier to publicsector reforms
[D]are dominant in the government
40 John Donahue’s attitude towards the publicsector system is one of
[A]disapproval
[B]appreciation
[C]tolerance
[D]indifference
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1（10 points）
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying higher than a bird Now think of your laptop thinner than a brownpaper envelope or your cellphone in the palm of your hand Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses warriors entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press studio and theatre paintbrush and gallery piano and radio the mail as well as the mail carrier (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device the first media machine that serves as the mode of production means of distribution site of reception and place of praise and critique The computer is the 21st century＇s culture machine
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer we must also tread with caution (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons First most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode Second the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing
All animals download but only a few upload Beavers build dams and birds make nests Yet for the most part the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods paintings sculpture and architecture and superfluous experiences music literature religion and philosophy (43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines most people are still stuck in download mode Even after the advent of widespread social media a pyramid of production remains with a small number of people uploading material a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume (44)
Television is a oneway tap flowing into our homes The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness creations and experiences to which others adhere
[A] Of course it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity
[B] Applications like tumblrcom which allow users to combine pictures words and other media in creative ways and then share them have the potential to add stickiness by amusing entertaining and enlightening others
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading between passive consumption and active creation whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past halfcentury much of the world＇s media culture has been defined by a single medium television and television is defined by downloading
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow to encourage thoughtful downloading and even more importantly meaningful uploading
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise In some ways this quest for commonalities defines science Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work
(46)In physics one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we seeIt is becoming less clear however that such a theory would be a simplification given the dimensions and universes that it might entail nonetheless unification of sorts remains a major goal
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too (47)Here Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection perhaps the world’s languages music social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms
That at least is the hope But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language which is why children can learn it so quickly
(49)The second by Joshua Greenberg takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2000 languages(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong codependencies between particular types of wordorder relations Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire agespecific and not governed by universals
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Some internationals students are coming to your university Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2Do not sign your name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address(10 points)
Part B
52 Directions write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2（20 points）
1答案B
解析空信息出句表达_ _法官表现政治家情况法庭保持作法律法规合法卫士形象应该选Cmaintain维持保持显然语义通
2答案A
解析第三段出文章认法院政治间应该界限里应该法官政治家样行事模糊二者间区时失作法律卫士合法性Bwhen表示意思
3答案B
解析第二段具体事例说明法官出现政治活动中会法官形象受损影响独立公正名声Bweaken表示意思
4答案D
解析空前信息显示法官出席政治活动会法院审判收影响会认审判公正选Dbe accepted as认
5答案C
解析空语境：产生样问题部分原法官没_ _道德规范句话说少法院应该遵守行规范显然进步说明句话句说法官没受道德规范约束选Cbound
6答案B
解析根解析5出里应该说遵守行规范subjectto连表示服某物受…支配题选B
7答案D
解析分析句子结构知里that引导定语句修饰说明前面行规范说法院应遵守适联邦司法部行规范apply to 适符合题意resort to 求助stick to 坚持(原等)语意通
8答案B
解析空语境类似样案例提出样问题：法院政治间否存着界限提出问题产生问题选raise
9答案A
解析根第8题知空应填line界限 barrier 障碍similarity相似性conflict突合题意
10答案B
解析根句意宪法起草者预想司法政治中分出享独立权力envision as …想象成…选B
11答案A
解析题考察逻辑搭配选项答案确定需结合前句意思制宪者旨法律受政治影响样法官免受掌权者影响空考察带结果选[A]
12答案C
解析题承接题知法律受政治影响法官担心掌权者(those in power)
13答案C
解析题承接题 结合句意 知该半句表达法官需政治支持选项C符题意
14答案D
解析题考察词意辨析原句表达法律体系法律完全受政治影响两者紧密结合句意思[D]合题意
15答案A
解析题考察词意辨析文中说宪法具政治性选择植根诸财产类基社会中财产西方社会基社会理念概念选[A]
16答案C
解析题考察词意辨析首先分析该句知空白处添加动词构成定语句限定the law次文中语境表达法律处理社会政策决策问题时法律避免具政治性四选项中[C]佳答案
17答案A
解析题考察词意辨析文中语境知该半句表达解释背离思想路线决策作公正轻易…结合语境四选项意思知[A]佳
18答案C
解析题考察词意辨析文中语境知该句表达法官必须关法庭(裁决)公正合理质疑四选项中仅[C]符合题意
19答案D
解析题考察短语搭配相似短语辨析四选项均连中
accessible to 易接属
amiable to亲指蔼亲易接
agreeable to欣然意适合适宜
accountable to…负责
题理解需承接整句 首先空半句方式状语承接前半句说明法官样解决关法庭(裁决)公正合理质疑四选项分代入出正确答案[D]法官行准负责遵循定行准确保裁决公正合理
20答案D
解析题考察逻辑搭配句承接句旨说明带结果文中说裁决起完全受政治影响法律般令信服 结合四选项意思知选[D]
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21答案D
解析文章首段包含两方面容作者先简单介绍Peer pressure引出Tina Rosenberg新书Join the Club中peer pressure法篇文章篇书评形式出现题目根第段伴压力出现常常…问仅仅伴压力涉Tina Rosenberg者新书答案应涉文章peer pressure介绍非Tinapeer pressure法首段第三句说(伴压力)通常引起事情酗酒嗑药乱交答案选D说明伴压力出现导致结果里答案义换方式
22答案B
解析根题干关键词publichealth advocates定位第三段句话Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure应该广告商学里短语take a page from理解答案选B
23答案A
解析根题干作者Rosenberg书没…选答案找出作者书缺点什文章第四段第句话说…方面Rosenberg太说服力紧接着说Join the Club中太关细节伴压力产生作社会生物素未做足够探究句话充分说明作者心目中书足答案选A
24答案C
解析道细节题文章第五段首句告诉peer groups确实会行产生影响第二句具体说明影响容惯惯会通社会交际朋友圈中传递句种影响进行总结伴压力细微表现意识模仿日常见行分析题干选项发现该题imitation of behavior进行纳回原文找意识模仿日常见行答案刻清晰里unconsciously词进行释义C选项正确
25答案D
解析道题考查作者peer pressure带影响态度作者通段第句话首先表明专家官方员否成功选择伴引导行方发展肯定接教师指导学生例子说明出结The tactic never really works(策略没真正起作)通作者样番描述出作者peer pressure否效果质疑答案选D
Text 2
26答案C
解析
reneging 原形renege议食言否认意反意义词四选项中A 中condemning 意谴责处刑B中reaffirming 意重申肯定断言C中dishonoring意拒付兑付意思方符合D中securing 意保证保险含义文说Entergy公司兑现诺言应选C项
27答案D
解析
题答案定位文中第三段二句话As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012 as a condition of理解D 项中purchase 词文中sale换
28答案A
解析
题干：根第四段Entergy公司似····存着问题题目中已清晰答案范围确定第四段通阅读第四段Entergy公司出现系列事a string of accidents面句raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management题答案中 managerial management单词变形
29答案D
解析
首先题干知道考查作者观点 佛蒙特州事件will test文章中定位第5段第5句话Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far those powers extend意思佛蒙特州事件会检验权利延伸远先例句话legal scholars观点重点理解certainlybut面意思然作者承认担忧果周行果合理But面虚拟语气事实相反作者真正态度支持legal scholars观点佛蒙特州事件州法规权限考验How far those power extendedD选项the limits of states’ power选项D州核问题权限相匹配正确答案D选项佛蒙特州事件带检验文中未直接提
30答案A
解析
段讲Entergy公司名誉已严重受创该公司联邦申请：许Pilgrim核电站获外20年开放权作者认核理委员会审核该公司申请时候务必考虑该公司信誉问题A选项Entergy公司方生意会受影响段第句话Entergy公司名誉已严重受创推断出B核理委员会权威会藐视段没出藐视核理委员会暗含信息B选项错误C Entergy公司会撤回关Pilgrim核电站申请段样没出类似暗含信息D Vermont名声会受破坏 样段根法推断出佳答案A
Text 3
31答案A
解析
篇文章选The Scientist文章题目The Evolution of Credibility文章第段第二句话提But in the everyday practice of science discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route天科学实践中发现遵循规律模棱两复杂A项uncertainty and complexity 文中ambiguous and complicated义换正确答案
B项利文中句话干扰Opportunities for misinterpretation error and selfdeception abound句话说误解欺骗导致科学发现模棱两复杂性C项D项受文章第句话干扰第句时提出理想中(in the idealized version of )科学发现够客观
32答案B
解析
第二段第二句中提But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to中it指科学发现获公众信度程接第四句话具体讲程：through which the individual researcher＇s me here now becomes the community＇s anyone anywhere anytime历集体程需努力答案B
33答案B
解析
段第三句话中提Within the complex social structure of the scientific community researchers make discoveries研究者需科学团体复杂社会结构中实现科学发现句话面分号分号面三短句分解释科学团体中身份做工作新闻编辑者评家需控制科学发现公开程外科学家需新发现证明已发现等外句话transform an individual＇s discovery claim into the community＇s credible discovery发现转换集体信科学发现答案B科学发现获公众信度需集体努力验证
答案A利段首句设置干扰属观臆断答案C干扰项目偏概全答案D文中没提
34答案D
解析
第四段讲科学发现获众信度程中面两矛盾Albert SzentGyorygi观点针第二矛盾创新身常会引起怀疑时认科学发现需seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought已想没想句话暗示科学发现程需评判性思维应该探求事物答案D
答案A段中讲第矛盾关答案B渡推断段句话句话意思真正创新发现需时间验证公众认答案C文中没提属观臆断
35答案C
解析
题考察全文旨意准确纳整文章脉络文章第段指出发现终目标客观化然程少会受生活环境影响第二段指出程需公众努力第三段具体述程中需完成工作第四段提出科学发现获信度程中遇两矛盾段Annette Baier句话总结程知C项统领全文正确答案答案A项原文符答案B 第二段中提部分答案D第四段概括
Text 4
36答案C
解析
根题干定位第段When …were in their prime in 1960 only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do 意思1960年时美国政府部门110工会成员现例36C选项正确：工会增加政府部门成员A选项：Teamster 然拥成员文中提例没讲具体数B：吉米公仆文中第句虚拟语气句子果活着话天代表名公仆曲解文意D：政府改善社团关系文中未提
37答案D
解析
该题容易根题干定位第二段第二段中明显first second third词属典型列举处容易出细节题需选项三点仔细A 公部门组织采取行动时谨慎文中示提they now dominate leftofcentre politics句话设置干扰项左派激进派谨慎B错教育需公务员社团成员受教育程度普遍偏高非必需C工长期公务员社团争斗该段倒数第二句指出工会社团直联系句讲工会领导Miliband荣登宝座正公务员社团力支持原文相悖D选项First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences句话义改写意思息事宁遭受果
38答案B
解析
该题容易定位文章第四段题干国家部门员工资状况做道题第四段整体理解注意But面容尤keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous意公部门员工工资涨幅节假日福利津贴B选项indirectly augment意思间接增加原文意思公部门员收入源福利等间接收入非正常工资收入符合A 通非法文中提国家部门员工资私企业高整段未提源该选项属度推理C 度增长文中未提增长幅度提通暗厢操作方式容易考生产生误解D 公正调整backloaded符
39答案C
解析
题干意思举威斯康辛社团例表明社团_______该题根题干中专名词Wisconsin定位倒数第二段题干知例证题需文章第五段第五段首句Reform has been vigorously opposed第六段Wisconsin例子出工会集合众反领导Scott Walker正反改革知道工会公部门改革障碍C正确选项A 常前政治体系抗文中未反映often程度B 够改变政治态度文中示提D 政府中占统治位文中第二句讲社团成千万支持付强硬州长推出该选项意
40答案A
解析
文中物观点态度题该题定位段第句话指出John认西方公服务中文化准适想维持原状较高成利明显持否定态度次指出造福高成公服务系统美国更麻烦次证实作者观点支持A选项disapproval反appreciation欣赏tolerance宽容indifference冷漠
Part B
41答案C
解析略读第然段知篇文章题科技生活带便利重点述媒介题空末尾通读空前容找特征词者中心词creat a fabulous machine浏览七选项C项中develop such a device刚应
42答案D
解析题空段落中间需空前空找关联词空前出现reason特征词空出现war特征词浏览七选项D项becausewar刚应答案选D
43答案A
解析题空段末空前然段段首找关联词浏览空前找superfluous material goods 浏览然段句首找download词浏览七选项答案A出现these superfluous things接提download锁定答案A
44答案F
解析题空句末需浏览空前前然段句首通读空前容找关联词a pyramid of production remains然段段首提television浏览七选项关联两项EF继续分析E项television词空应F项仅出现television词出现this pyramid of production特征词答案F
45答案G
解析题空段末需浏览空前句子寻找关联词BG间进行选择通读知空前flowG项the flow相应B项applications文中没提题锁定答案G
Part C
46 解析句结构较简单简单句句子干结构one approach takes…and seeks…破折号面部分前面提理进步解释
1)take …to extreme………发挥极致推极限
2)theory of everything万理者短语翻译出适事物理
3)generative equation生成等式生成方程
参考译文物理学中理种动发挥极致探寻种万理关切生成方程式
解析：
47 解析句话理解关键for引导句子正确理解两逗号学考场较紧急时间紧张状态容易两逗号间部分理解插入语句话难理解
1)for 引导句子表原前句列关系for原列句中包含if引导条件状语句
2)it seems reasonable to suppose that句话翻译翻译成长句分开翻译成假设文化差异够追溯更限源头 种假设便合理
3) cultural diversit理解容易受前备考中常遇cultural diversity影响直接翻译成文化样性文前文次提性里翻译文化差异更合适
参考译文里达尔文义似提供力理果全类起源假设文化差异够追溯更限源头合理
48 解析句话结构三what句理解题三what引导句第what引导宾语句做filter out 宾语第二what介词from宾语from 固定搭配中介词filter out A from B第三whatunderstand宾语how列
1)句子干做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D
A指what is contingent and unique
B指what is shared how complex cultural behaviour arose
C指how complex cultural behaviour arose
D指what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms
2)Filter out词组意滤掉单词学会熟悉果句结构理解清楚from介词加前文意理解猜出词意思者理解区分等影响全句理解避免学第单词认识立马生出胆怯情绪影响文判断
参考译文差异性独特性性中滤出许理解复杂文化行产生什进化认知领域指导着
49 解析句结构较明朗关键句子前部分单独难理解需结合前文恰恰说明考研英语中翻译首先阅读理解部分单独翻译已
1)里the second文The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky里里应该翻译成第二种理句话需根文逻辑解释清楚单纯翻译成第二
2)括号部处理直接放括号中
参考译文约书亚格林伯格寻找语言性付出努力提出第二种理采更实性理做法辨认出众语言特征(尤词序排列)特征认代表认知局限导致偏差
50 解析句话结构较简单复杂中量术语熟悉词汇词汇根直译
句结构：Chomsky’s grammar should show… whereas Greenbergian…
1)That引导定语句修饰patterns
2)里grammar指文生成语法里生成语法翻译出
3)codependencies 词需根词义加词根词缀猜测出词义文指出两者关系翻译存性
参考译文乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化模式模式独立族谱贯穿中路径然格林伯格性理预测词序关系特殊类间()着强烈存性
Section III Writing
51作文
参考范文
Dear international students
I am the chairman of the Students’ Union I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you will come to our university Firstly I’d like to show our warm welcome On behalf of our university and all the students here I really look forward to your coming
In order to make all of you feel at home here are some conductive suggestions Firstly you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing Secondly I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class
I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful And I’m looking forward to your coming
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
52作文
参考范文
As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture in front of a toppled bottel of which most water in it has flowed out a man says there is none left how unlucky I am looking rather upset while another man quickly picked this bottle up saying I’m such a lucky dog there is still some left How vivid the cartoon it is The two men show quite different perspectives toward the same situation
The implication conveyed in this cartoon is that different perspectives we take to exam problems we confront lead to different attitutes or answers to these problems In the first place we’ll find the problem is very difficult to handle from the pessimistic perspective However if we change our way of observing problems we may find that we can make some remedial work even to turn something bad into good In this way we can find solutions for any difficulties Every coin has two sides So why not change an angel to observe the problem we encounter
Whenever we face with the situation like the cartoonwhat we should do is to observe it positively especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks only if we have the optimistic attitude can we be bound to live a life of happiness
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