2009年考研英语真题答案
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are 1 the fruitfly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright
Intelligence it 5 out is a highpriced option It takes more upkeep burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct Plenty of other species are able to learn and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8
Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence That’s the question behind this new research I like it Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust IQwise it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met
Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance Every cat with an owner 14 is running a smallscale study in operant conditioning we believe that 15 animals ran the labs they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience our faithfulness our memory for terrain They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 not merely how much of it there is 18 they would hope to study a 19 question Are humans actually aware of the world they live in 20 the results are inconclusive
1 [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
2 [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened
3 [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4 [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
5 [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward
6 [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along
7 [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual
8 [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
9 [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
10 [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward
11 [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs
12 [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across
13 [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
14 [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
15 [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest
16 [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach
17 [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with
18 [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
19 [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
20 [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text1
Habits are a funny thing We reach for them mindlessly setting our brains on autopilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine Not choice but habit rules the unreflecting herd William Wordsworth said in the 19th century In the everchanging 21st century even the word habit carries a negative connotation
So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits we create parallel synaptic paths and even entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new innovative tracks
But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus they’re there to stay Instead the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads
The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder says Dawna Markova author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners But we are taught instead to decide’ just as our president calls himself the Decider’ She adds however that to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities
All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware she says Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways analytically procedurally relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively At puberty however the brain shuts down half of that capacity preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything explains M J Ryan author of the 2006 book This Year I Will and Ms Markova’s business partner That’s a lie that we have perpetuated and it fosters commonness Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence This is where developing new habits comes in
21 The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being
A casual B familiar C mechanical D changeable
22 The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be
A predicted B regulated C traced D guided
23 ruts(in line one paragraph 3) has closest meaning to
A tracks B series C characteristics D connections
24 Ms Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing
A prevents new habits form being formed
B no longer emphasizes commonness
C maintains the inherent American thinking model
D complies with the American belief system
25 Ryan most probably agree that
A ideas are born of a relaxing mind
B innovativeness could be taught
C decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas
D curiosity activates creative minds
Text 2
It is a wise father that knows his own child but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad All he needs to do is shell our 30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another 120 to get the results
More than 60000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years according to Doug Fog chief operating officer of Identigene which makes the overthecounter kits More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than 2500
Among the most popular paternity and kinship testing which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA
But some observers are skeptical There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing says Trey Duster a New York University sociologist He notes that each individual has many ancestorsnumbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA which a passed down only from mothers This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors even though for example just three generations back people also have six other greatgrandparents or four generations back 14 other greatgreatgrandparents
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results In addition the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation
26In paragraphs 1 and 2 the text shows PTK’s ___________
[A]easy availability
[B]flexibility in pricing
[C] successful promotion
[D] popularity with households
27 PTK is used to __________
[A]locate one’s birth place
[B]promote genetic research
[C] identify parentchild kinship
[D] choose children for adoption
28 Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________
[A]trace distant ancestors
[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines
[C] fully use genetic information
[D] achieve the claimed accuracy
29 In the last paragraph a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________
[A]disorganized data collection
[B] overlapping database building
30 An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________
[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing
[B] DNA testing and It’s problems
[C]DNA testing outside the lab
[D] lies behind DNA testing
Text 3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social political and intellectual development of these and all other societies however the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong We are fortunate that is it because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and as a result radically higher standards of living
Ironically the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States Not long ago with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its prebubble peak The US workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor US economic performance Japan was and remains the global leader in automotiveassembly productivity Yet the research revealed that the US factories of Honda Nissan and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that US workers received on the job
More recently while examing housing construction the researchers discovered that illiterate nonEnglish speaking Mexican workers in Houston Texas consistently met bestpractice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work
What is the real relationship between education and economic development We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it After all that’s how education got started When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10000 years ago they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things
As education improved humanity’s productivity potential they could in turn afford more education This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education A lack of formal education however doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future On the contrary constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is
31 The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________
[A] is subject groundless doubts
[B] has fallen victim of bias
[C] is conventional downgraded
[D] has been overestimated
32 It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________
[A]challenges economists and politicians
[B]takes efforts of generations
[C] demands priority from the government
[D] requires sufficient labor force
33A major difference between the Japanese and US workforces is that __________
[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined
[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive
[C]the US workforce has a better education
[D] ]the US workforce is more organize
34 The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________
[A] when people had enough time
[B] prior to better ways of finding food
[C] when people on longer went hung
[D] as a result of pressure on government
35 According to the last paragraph development of education __________
[A] results directly from competitive environments
[B] does not depend on economic performance
[C] follows improved productivity
[D] cannot afford political changes
Text 4
The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenthcentury New England According to the standard history of American philosophy nowhere else in colonial America was So much important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the churchimportant subjects that we may not neglect But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629There were political leaders like John Winthrop an educated gentleman lawyer and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston There men wrote and published extensively reaching both New World and Old World audiences and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness
We should not forget however that most New Englanders were less well educated While few crafts men or farmers let alone dependents and servants left literary compositions to be analyzed The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality A tailor named John Dane who emigrated in the late 1630s left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs sexual confusion economic frustrations and religious hopeall name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate and read the magical words come out from among them touch no unclean thing and I will be your God and you shall be my people One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched
Mean while many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion Our main end was to catch fish
36 The author notes that in the seventeenthcentury New England___________
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged
[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment
37 It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________
[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life
[D] were obsessed with religious innovations
38 The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
39 The story of John Dane shows that less welleducated New Englanders were often __________
[A] influenced by superstitions
[B] troubled with religious beliefs
[C] puzzled by church sermons
[D] frustrated with family earnings
40 The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________
[A] were mostly engaged in political activities
[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect
[C] came from different backgrounds
[D] left few formal records for later reference
Part B
Directions
Directions In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions (4145) choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gapsMark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena including human societies changed over time advancing toward perfection 41____________
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s Morgan along with Tylor was one of the founders of modern anthropology In his work he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies42_____________
In the early 1900s in North America Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism Historical particularism which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures gave new direction to anthropology 43_____________
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture 44_______________
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology largely through the influence of many students of Boas But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few especially gifted peoples that according to diffusionists then spread to other cultures 45________________
Also in the early 1900s French sociologist mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European and especially British anthropology
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations such as inventions had a single origin and passed from society to society This theory was known as diffusionism
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible Boas became skilled in linguistics the study of languages and in physical anthropology the study of human biology and anatomy
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the survival of the fittest in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger more advanced races and societies
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood
[E] Thus in his view diverse aspects of culture such as the structure of families forms of marriage categories of kinship ownership of property forms of government technology and systems of food production all changed as societies evolved
[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning
[G] For example British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W J Perry incorrectly suggested on the basis of inadequate information that farming pottery making and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world In fact all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young In the former case the education is incidental it is natural and important but it is not the express reason of the association46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive Religious associations began for example in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity systematic labor for the most part because of enslavement to others etc 47Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution Even today in our industrial life apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world＇s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output
But in dealing with the young the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact gains in importance48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition it is not so easy as in dealing with adults The need of training is too evident the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this abilityIf humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young
50 We are thus led to distinguish within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling In undeveloped social groups we find very little formal teaching and training These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions White pollution is still going on Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1) give your opinions briefly and
2) make two or three suggestions
You should write about 100 words Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead You do not need to write the address
Part B
52 Directions
In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and then
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
答案
Section I Use of English
1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD
11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAAC
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB
31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDAC
Part B
41—45 CEABG
Part C
46 说社会制度价值扩改进验方面影响种影响原动机部分
47 种制度副产品逐步注意种效果视实施种制度指导性素更加缓慢
48 接触时候然容易忽略行动倾影响成年交道简单
49 然务年轻参生活禁住考虑否形成获种力力量
50 面考虑广阔教育程区出种较正规教育直接教导学校教育
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 应文参考范文
Dear editor
I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now As we know being accustomed to using plastic bag in our daily life some of us still take the white pollution for granted Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life and the white pollution now is a ubiquitous phenomenon which greatly worsens our environment
To save the situation from further aggravating I would like to suggest that firstly our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment secondly new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials thirdly the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people’s awareness of environment
I hope that my suggestions are helpful thank you for your attention
Sincerely yours
Li Ming
Part B
52 短文写作参考范文
In the drawing what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web on which innumerable people are attached like the catch of the owner of the web What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face
There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience However it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world The following reasons may be contribute to the phenomenon To begin with people in mounting numbers who are vividly called netters indulge in online activities because science and technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it The Internet in particular moving forward with an unimaginable speed provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others which lacks weighing its correctness Moreover the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation which results in people’s habit of wallowing in the unreal world
Hence it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative of facetoface communication between people The joint efforts of the specialists the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are 1 the fruitfly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright
Intelligence it 5 out is a highpriced option It takes more upkeep burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct Plenty of other species are able to learn and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8
Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence That’s the question behind this new research I like it Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust IQwise it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met
Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance Every cat with an owner 14 is running a smallscale study in operant conditioning we believe that 15 animals ran the labs they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience our faithfulness our memory for terrain They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 not merely how much of it there is 18 they would hope to study a 19 question Are humans actually aware of the world they live in 20 the results are inconclusive
1 [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
2 [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened
3 [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4 [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
5 [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward
6 [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along
7 [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual
8 [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
9 [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
10 [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward
11 [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs
12 [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across
13 [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
14 [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
15 [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest
16 [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach
17 [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with
18 [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
19 [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
20 [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text1
Habits are a funny thing We reach for them mindlessly setting our brains on autopilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine Not choice but habit rules the unreflecting herd William Wordsworth said in the 19th century In the everchanging 21st century even the word habit carries a negative connotation
So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits we create parallel synaptic paths and even entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new innovative tracks
But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus they’re there to stay Instead the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads
The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder says Dawna Markova author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners But we are taught instead to decide’ just as our president calls himself the Decider’ She adds however that to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities
All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware she says Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways analytically procedurally relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively At puberty however the brain shuts down half of that capacity preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything explains M J Ryan author of the 2006 book This Year I Will and Ms Markova’s business partner That’s a lie that we have perpetuated and it fosters commonness Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence This is where developing new habits comes in
21 The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being
A casual B familiar C mechanical D changeable
22 The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be
A predicted B regulated C traced D guided
23 ruts(in line one paragraph 3) has closest meaning to
A tracks B series C characteristics D connections
24 Ms Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing
A prevents new habits form being formed
B no longer emphasizes commonness
C maintains the inherent American thinking model
D complies with the American belief system
25 Ryan most probably agree that
A ideas are born of a relaxing mind
B innovativeness could be taught
C decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas
D curiosity activates creative minds
Text 2
It is a wise father that knows his own child but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad All he needs to do is shell our 30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another 120 to get the results
More than 60000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years according to Doug Fog chief operating officer of Identigene which makes the overthecounter kits More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than 2500
Among the most popular paternity and kinship testing which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA
But some observers are skeptical There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing says Trey Duster a New York University sociologist He notes that each individual has many ancestorsnumbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA which a passed down only from mothers This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors even though for example just three generations back people also have six other greatgrandparents or four generations back 14 other greatgreatgrandparents
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results In addition the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation
26In paragraphs 1 and 2 the text shows PTK’s ___________
[A]easy availability
[B]flexibility in pricing
[C] successful promotion
[D] popularity with households
27 PTK is used to __________
[A]locate one’s birth place
[B]promote genetic research
[C] identify parentchild kinship
[D] choose children for adoption
28 Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________
[A]trace distant ancestors
[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines
[C] fully use genetic information
[D] achieve the claimed accuracy
29 In the last paragraph a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________
[A]disorganized data collection
[B] overlapping database building
30 An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________
[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing
[B] DNA testing and It’s problems
[C]DNA testing outside the lab
[D] lies behind DNA testing
Text 3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social political and intellectual development of these and all other societies however the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong We are fortunate that is it because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and as a result radically higher standards of living
Ironically the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States Not long ago with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its prebubble peak The US workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor US economic performance Japan was and remains the global leader in automotiveassembly productivity Yet the research revealed that the US factories of Honda Nissan and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that US workers received on the job
More recently while examing housing construction the researchers discovered that illiterate nonEnglish speaking Mexican workers in Houston Texas consistently met bestpractice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work
What is the real relationship between education and economic development We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it After all that’s how education got started When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10000 years ago they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things
As education improved humanity’s productivity potential they could in turn afford more education This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education A lack of formal education however doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future On the contrary constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is
31 The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________
[A] is subject groundless doubts
[B] has fallen victim of bias
[C] is conventional downgraded
[D] has been overestimated
32 It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________
[A]challenges economists and politicians
[B]takes efforts of generations
[C] demands priority from the government
[D] requires sufficient labor force
33A major difference between the Japanese and US workforces is that __________
[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined
[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive
[C]the US workforce has a better education
[D] ]the US workforce is more organize
34 The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________
[A] when people had enough time
[B] prior to better ways of finding food
[C] when people on longer went hung
[D] as a result of pressure on government
35 According to the last paragraph development of education __________
[A] results directly from competitive environments
[B] does not depend on economic performance
[C] follows improved productivity
[D] cannot afford political changes
Text 4
The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenthcentury New England According to the standard history of American philosophy nowhere else in colonial America was So much important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the churchimportant subjects that we may not neglect But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629There were political leaders like John Winthrop an educated gentleman lawyer and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston There men wrote and published extensively reaching both New World and Old World audiences and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness
We should not forget however that most New Englanders were less well educated While few crafts men or farmers let alone dependents and servants left literary compositions to be analyzed The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality A tailor named John Dane who emigrated in the late 1630s left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs sexual confusion economic frustrations and religious hopeall name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate and read the magical words come out from among them touch no unclean thing and I will be your God and you shall be my people One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched
Mean while many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion Our main end was to catch fish
36 The author notes that in the seventeenthcentury New England___________
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged
[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment
37 It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________
[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life
[D] were obsessed with religious innovations
38 The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
39 The story of John Dane shows that less welleducated New Englanders were often __________
[A] influenced by superstitions
[B] troubled with religious beliefs
[C] puzzled by church sermons
[D] frustrated with family earnings
40 The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________
[A] were mostly engaged in political activities
[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect
[C] came from different backgrounds
[D] left few formal records for later reference
Part B
Directions
Directions In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions (4145) choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gapsMark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena including human societies changed over time advancing toward perfection 41____________
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s Morgan along with Tylor was one of the founders of modern anthropology In his work he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies42_____________
In the early 1900s in North America Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism Historical particularism which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures gave new direction to anthropology 43_____________
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture 44_______________
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology largely through the influence of many students of Boas But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few especially gifted peoples that according to diffusionists then spread to other cultures 45________________
Also in the early 1900s French sociologist mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European and especially British anthropology
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations such as inventions had a single origin and passed from society to society This theory was known as diffusionism
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible Boas became skilled in linguistics the study of languages and in physical anthropology the study of human biology and anatomy
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the survival of the fittest in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger more advanced races and societies
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood
[E] Thus in his view diverse aspects of culture such as the structure of families forms of marriage categories of kinship ownership of property forms of government technology and systems of food production all changed as societies evolved
[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning
[G] For example British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W J Perry incorrectly suggested on the basis of inadequate information that farming pottery making and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world In fact all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young In the former case the education is incidental it is natural and important but it is not the express reason of the association46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience but this effect is not a part of its original motive Religious associations began for example in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity systematic labor for the most part because of enslavement to others etc 47Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution Even today in our industrial life apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world＇s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output
But in dealing with the young the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact gains in importance48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition it is not so easy as in dealing with adults The need of training is too evident the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this abilityIf humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young
50 We are thus led to distinguish within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering a more formal kind of education that of direct tuition or schooling In undeveloped social groups we find very little formal teaching and training These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions White pollution is still going on Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1) give your opinions briefly and
2) make two or three suggestions
You should write about 100 words Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead You do not need to write the address
Part B
52 Directions
In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and then
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
答案
Section I Use of English
1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD
11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAAC
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB
31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDAC
Part B
41—45 CEABG
Part C
46 说社会制度价值扩改进验方面影响种影响原动机部分
47 种制度副产品逐步注意种效果视实施种制度指导性素更加缓慢
48 接触时候然容易忽略行动倾影响成年交道简单
49 然务年轻参生活禁住考虑否形成获种力力量
50 面考虑广阔教育程区出种较正规教育直接教导学校教育
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 应文参考范文
Dear editor
I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now As we know being accustomed to using plastic bag in our daily life some of us still take the white pollution for granted Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life and the white pollution now is a ubiquitous phenomenon which greatly worsens our environment
To save the situation from further aggravating I would like to suggest that firstly our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment secondly new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials thirdly the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people’s awareness of environment
I hope that my suggestions are helpful thank you for your attention
Sincerely yours
Li Ming
Part B
52 短文写作参考范文
In the drawing what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web on which innumerable people are attached like the catch of the owner of the web What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face
There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience However it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world The following reasons may be contribute to the phenomenon To begin with people in mounting numbers who are vividly called netters indulge in online activities because science and technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it The Internet in particular moving forward with an unimaginable speed provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others which lacks weighing its correctness Moreover the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation which results in people’s habit of wallowing in the unreal world
Hence it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative of facetoface communication between people The joint efforts of the specialists the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals
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