2014年考研英语真题答案
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark ABC or D on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)
As many people hit middle age they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago or an old acquaintance’s name or the name of an old band we used to love As the brain ___2___ we refer to these occurrences as senior moments ___3___ seemingly innocent this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional social and personal ___5___
Neuroscientists experts who study the nervous system are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___ Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain To a certain extent our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited ___11___ because these connections are made through effort and practice scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort
Now a new Webbased company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___
The Webbased program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement Most importantly it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use
1 [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why
2 [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses
3 [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While
4 [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure
5 [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook
6 [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures
7 [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations
8 [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion
9 [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process
10 [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature
11 [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However
12 [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of
13 [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around
14 [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility
15 [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows
16 [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace
17 [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on
18 [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually
19 [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take
20 [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
In order to change lives for the better and reduce dependency George Osborne Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced the upfront work search scheme Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly What could be more reasonable
More apparent reasonableness followed There will now be a sevenday wait for the jobseeker’s allowance Those first few days should be spent looking for work not looking to sign on he claimed We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster Help Really On first hearing this was the socially concerned chancellor trying to change lives for the better complete with reforms to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work and subsidises laziness What motivated him we were to understand was
his zeal for fundamental fairness— protecting the taxpayer controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits
Losing a job is hurting you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get You are now not wanted you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get You are now not wanted you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life Worse the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always a job
But in Osborneland your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood It is as though 20 years of evertougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a jobseeker who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions Instead the claimant receives a timelimited allowance conditional on actively seeking a job no entitlement and no insurance at £7170 a week one of the least generous in the EU
21 George Osborne’s scheme was intended to
[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits
[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking
[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily
[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits
22 The phrase to sign on (Line 3 Para 2) most probably means
[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre
[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance
[C]to register for an allowance from the government
[D]to attend a governmental jobtraining program
23 What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme
[A]A desire to secure a better life for all
[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed
[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants
[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers
24 According to Paragraph 3 being unemployed makes one feel
[A]uneasy
[B]enraged
[C]insulted
[D]guilty
25 To which of the following would the author most probably agree
[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness
[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment
[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs
[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional
Text 2
All around the world lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America
During the decade before the economic crisis spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation The best lawyers made skyscrapersfull of money tempting ever more students to pile into law schools But most law graduates never get a bigfirm job Many of them instead become the kind of nuisancelawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare
There are many reasons for this One is the excessive costs of a legal education There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states a fouryear undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject then a threeyear law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam This leaves today’s average lawschool graduate with 100000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts Lawschool debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or nonprofit work and that they have to work fearsomely hard
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers Sensible ideas have been around for a long time but the statelevel bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree Another is to let students sit for
the bar after only two years of law school If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a wouldbe lawyer those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to
do so Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guildlike ownership structure of the business Except in the District of Columbia nonlawyers may not own any share of a law firm This keeps fees high and innovation slow There is pressure for change from within the profession but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically
In fact allowing nonlawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency After all other countries such as Australia and Britain have started liberalizing their legal professions America should follow
26a lot of students take up law as their profession due to
[A]the growing demand from clients
[B]the increasing pressure of inflation
[C]the prospect of working in big firms
[D]the attraction of financial rewards
27Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states
[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies
[B]Admissions approval from the bar association
[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major
[D]Receiving training by professional associations
28Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance
[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession
[C]the stem exam for wouldbe lawyers
[D]nonprofessionals’ sharp criticism
29The guildlike ownership structure is considered restrictivepartly because it
[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession
[B]keeps lawyers from holding lawfirm shares
[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade
[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits
30In this text the author mainly discusses
[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes
[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America
[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it
[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education
Text 3
The US3million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March And it is far from the only one of its type As a News Feature article in Nature discusses a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years Many like the Fundamental Physics Prize are funded from the telephonenumbersized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields they say and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science
What’s not to like Quite a lot according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature You cannot buy class as the old saying goes and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels The new awards are an exercise in selfpromotion for those behind them say scientists They could distort the achievementbased system of peerreviewled research They could cement the status quo of peerreviewed research They do not fund peerreviewed research They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius
The goals of the prizegivers seem as scattered as the criticism Some want to shock others to draw people into science or to better reward those who have made their careers in research
As Nature has pointed out before there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences launched this year takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize each of whom must still be living has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson The Nobels were of course themselves set up by a very rich individual who had
decided what he wanted to do with his own money Time rather than intention has given them legitimacy
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards two things seem clear First most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one Second it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research after all—but it is the prizegivers’ money to do with as they please It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace
31 The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as
[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth
[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes
[C]an example of bankers’ investments
[D]a handsome reward for researchers
32 The critics think that the new awards will most benefit
[A]the profitoriented scientists
[B]the founders of the new awards
[C]the achievementbased system
[D]peerreviewled research
33 The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves
[A]controversies over the recipients’ status
[B]the joint effort of modern researchers
[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes
[D]the demonstration of research findings
34 According to Paragraph 4which of the following is true of the Nobels
[A]Their endurance has done justice to them
[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute
[C]They are the most representative honor
[D]History has never cast doubt on them
35The author believes that the now awards are
[A]acceptable despite the criticism
[B]harmful to the culture of research
[C]subject to undesirable changes
[D]unworthy of public attention
Text 4
The Heart of the Matter the justreleased report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America Regrettably however the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good
In 2010 leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by federal state and local governments universities foundations educators individual benefactors and others to maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education In response the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences Among the commission’s 51 members are toptieruniversity presidents scholars lawyers judges and business executives as well as prominent figures from diplomacy filmmaking music and journalism
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry the report supports full literacy stresses the study of history and government particularly American history and American government and encourages the use of new digital technologies To encourage innovation and competition the report calls for increased investment in research the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs
Unfortunately despite 2½ years in the making The Heart of the Matter never gets to the heart of the matter the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities The commission ignores that for several decades America＇s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits Sadly the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing progressive or leftliberal propaganda
Today professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying
conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and selfreliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine and sometimes legitimate intellectual investigation
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate
36 According to Paragraph 1 what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report
[A] Critical
[B] Appreciative
[C] Contemptuous
[D] Tolerant
37 Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to
[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education
[B] define the government’s role in education
[C] keep a leading position in liberal education
[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education
38 According to Paragraph 3 the report suggests
[A] an exclusive study of American history
[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects
[C] the application of emerging technologies
[D] funding for the study of foreign languages
39 The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are
[A] supportive of free markets
[B] cautious about intellectual investigation
[C] conservative about public policy
[D] biased against classical liberal ideas
40 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] Ways to Grasp The Heart of the Matter
[B] Illiberal Education and The Heart of the Matter
[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education
[D] Progressive Policy vs Liberal Education
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 4145 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list AG and filling them into the numbered boxes Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example the Parthenon in Athens Greece the pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England But these sites are exceptions to the norm Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching while many others have been discovered by accident Olduvai Gorge an early hominid site in Tanzania was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911 Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s
[B]In another case American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City At its peak around AD 600 this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground Typically they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes In one case many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan Honduras have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850 when Copan collapsed
[E] To find their sites archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of hightechnology tools and techniques Airborne technologies such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath
the ground without digging Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features such as ancient buildings or fields
[F] Most archaeological sites however are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them Such searches can take years British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922 In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens Greece He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete in 1900
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar magneticfield recording and metal detectors Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites Two and threedimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations illustrating how sites look and presenting the results of archaeological research
41C → A →42F → E →43G→ 44D →45B
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life It might be poetic philosophical sensual or mathematical but in any case it must in my view have something to do with the soul of the human being Hence it is metaphysical but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical sound I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music (46)It is also the reason why when we try to
describe music with words all we can do is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself
Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected as in the last piano sonata In musical expression he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person and a courageous one and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding let alone the performance of his works
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music His compositions demand the performer to show courage for example in the use of dynamics (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word He was not interested in daily politics but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom which for him was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression
Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence For him order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence order is a necessary development an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony but the second so that suffering does not have the last word (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable but the courage to fight it renders life worth living
46 It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words all we can do is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself
什尝试语言描述音乐时表达出音乐感受法领会音乐身
47 By all accounts he was a freethinking person and a courageous one and I find
courage an essential quality for the understanding let alone the performance of his works
家说思想勇气十足作品理解方面认勇气质更说作品演奏方面
48 Beethoven＇s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him
贝芬惯限度增加音量然突然转柔乐段前音乐家中少
49Especially significant was his view of freedom which for him was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression
尤重关观点种观点权利义务相关联宣扬思想表达
50One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable but the courage to fight it renders life worth living
通断诠释贝芬许作品：苦难避免正种苦难作斗争勇气生命价值
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition
You should include the details you think necessary
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) interpret its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)
范文：
Part A
Dear Mr President
I am writing to put forward some suggestions concerning the ways to improve student＇s physical condition in your university My proposals are as the following
First and foremost I propose that we should take advantages of physical education classes on our campus and not only educate students to realize the significance of the classes but also to encourage students to take an active part in the classes More importantly we should attach importance to the role played by extracurricular activates For example we could plan and organize a large number of such ball games as football games basketball games and so on
It＇s my honor to share my opinions concerned with you If you could take my advice into consideration I will be highly grateful
Sincerely yours
Li Ming
Part B
As is shown above in the first picture along the road walked a young and vigorous mother leading her girl hand in hand with smile on her face three decades ago while nowadays the daughter in the prime of her life guided her aged mother through the road arm in arm in the second picture Recently there is a heated discussion about these pictures on Wei bo Simple as they are the meaning behind is as deep as ocean
The meaningful drawing mirrors a common phenomenon in contemporary
society that there is the positive influence of fealty It is universally acknowledged that supporting the aged is the responsibility of the sons and daughters of the Chinese people First of all emphases should be given to the cultivation of young children on respecting and loving the elders which is undoubtedly an essential factor of this phenomenon In addition our government should take joint efforts to carry out effective measures on how to punish those who abuse the elders Last but not the least every individuals should keep deep in mind that it is the elders that contributed a lot to the rapid development of our society
Given all the above arguments I take the attitude that first of all we should show filial piety to parents who bring us to maturity More importantly the public should embrace and promote the awareness of filial duty which is importance for a more active and healthy society In conclusion filial piety as a traditional Chinese virtue is indispensable for us living a more valuable and fulfilling life
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark ABC or D on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)
As many people hit middle age they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago or an old acquaintance’s name or the name of an old band we used to love As the brain ___2___ we refer to these occurrences as senior moments ___3___ seemingly innocent this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional social and personal ___5___
Neuroscientists experts who study the nervous system are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___ Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain To a certain extent our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited ___11___ because these connections are made through effort and practice scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort
Now a new Webbased company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___
The Webbased program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement Most importantly it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use
1 [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why
2 [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses
3 [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While
4 [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure
5 [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook
6 [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures
7 [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations
8 [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion
9 [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process
10 [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature
11 [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However
12 [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of
13 [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around
14 [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility
15 [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows
16 [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace
17 [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on
18 [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually
19 [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take
20 [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
In order to change lives for the better and reduce dependency George Osborne Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced the upfront work search scheme Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly What could be more reasonable
More apparent reasonableness followed There will now be a sevenday wait for the jobseeker’s allowance Those first few days should be spent looking for work not looking to sign on he claimed We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster Help Really On first hearing this was the socially concerned chancellor trying to change lives for the better complete with reforms to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work and subsidises laziness What motivated him we were to understand was
his zeal for fundamental fairness— protecting the taxpayer controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits
Losing a job is hurting you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state It is financially terrifying psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get You are now not wanted you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get You are now not wanted you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life Worse the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always a job
But in Osborneland your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood It is as though 20 years of evertougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens Even the very phrase jobseeker’s allowance — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a jobseeker who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions Instead the claimant receives a timelimited allowance conditional on actively seeking a job no entitlement and no insurance at £7170 a week one of the least generous in the EU
21 George Osborne’s scheme was intended to
[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits
[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking
[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily
[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits
22 The phrase to sign on (Line 3 Para 2) most probably means
[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre
[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance
[C]to register for an allowance from the government
[D]to attend a governmental jobtraining program
23 What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme
[A]A desire to secure a better life for all
[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed
[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants
[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers
24 According to Paragraph 3 being unemployed makes one feel
[A]uneasy
[B]enraged
[C]insulted
[D]guilty
25 To which of the following would the author most probably agree
[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness
[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment
[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs
[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional
Text 2
All around the world lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America
During the decade before the economic crisis spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation The best lawyers made skyscrapersfull of money tempting ever more students to pile into law schools But most law graduates never get a bigfirm job Many of them instead become the kind of nuisancelawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare
There are many reasons for this One is the excessive costs of a legal education There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states a fouryear undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject then a threeyear law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam This leaves today’s average lawschool graduate with 100000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts Lawschool debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or nonprofit work and that they have to work fearsomely hard
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers Sensible ideas have been around for a long time but the statelevel bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree Another is to let students sit for
the bar after only two years of law school If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a wouldbe lawyer those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to
do so Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guildlike ownership structure of the business Except in the District of Columbia nonlawyers may not own any share of a law firm This keeps fees high and innovation slow There is pressure for change from within the profession but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically
In fact allowing nonlawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency After all other countries such as Australia and Britain have started liberalizing their legal professions America should follow
26a lot of students take up law as their profession due to
[A]the growing demand from clients
[B]the increasing pressure of inflation
[C]the prospect of working in big firms
[D]the attraction of financial rewards
27Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states
[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies
[B]Admissions approval from the bar association
[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major
[D]Receiving training by professional associations
28Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance
[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession
[C]the stem exam for wouldbe lawyers
[D]nonprofessionals’ sharp criticism
29The guildlike ownership structure is considered restrictivepartly because it
[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession
[B]keeps lawyers from holding lawfirm shares
[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade
[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits
30In this text the author mainly discusses
[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes
[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America
[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it
[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education
Text 3
The US3million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March And it is far from the only one of its type As a News Feature article in Nature discusses a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years Many like the Fundamental Physics Prize are funded from the telephonenumbersized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields they say and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science
What’s not to like Quite a lot according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature You cannot buy class as the old saying goes and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels The new awards are an exercise in selfpromotion for those behind them say scientists They could distort the achievementbased system of peerreviewled research They could cement the status quo of peerreviewed research They do not fund peerreviewed research They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius
The goals of the prizegivers seem as scattered as the criticism Some want to shock others to draw people into science or to better reward those who have made their careers in research
As Nature has pointed out before there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences launched this year takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize each of whom must still be living has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson The Nobels were of course themselves set up by a very rich individual who had
decided what he wanted to do with his own money Time rather than intention has given them legitimacy
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards two things seem clear First most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one Second it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research after all—but it is the prizegivers’ money to do with as they please It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace
31 The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as
[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth
[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes
[C]an example of bankers’ investments
[D]a handsome reward for researchers
32 The critics think that the new awards will most benefit
[A]the profitoriented scientists
[B]the founders of the new awards
[C]the achievementbased system
[D]peerreviewled research
33 The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves
[A]controversies over the recipients’ status
[B]the joint effort of modern researchers
[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes
[D]the demonstration of research findings
34 According to Paragraph 4which of the following is true of the Nobels
[A]Their endurance has done justice to them
[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute
[C]They are the most representative honor
[D]History has never cast doubt on them
35The author believes that the now awards are
[A]acceptable despite the criticism
[B]harmful to the culture of research
[C]subject to undesirable changes
[D]unworthy of public attention
Text 4
The Heart of the Matter the justreleased report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America Regrettably however the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good
In 2010 leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by federal state and local governments universities foundations educators individual benefactors and others to maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education In response the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences Among the commission’s 51 members are toptieruniversity presidents scholars lawyers judges and business executives as well as prominent figures from diplomacy filmmaking music and journalism
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry the report supports full literacy stresses the study of history and government particularly American history and American government and encourages the use of new digital technologies To encourage innovation and competition the report calls for increased investment in research the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs
Unfortunately despite 2½ years in the making The Heart of the Matter never gets to the heart of the matter the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities The commission ignores that for several decades America＇s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits Sadly the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing progressive or leftliberal propaganda
Today professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying
conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and selfreliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine and sometimes legitimate intellectual investigation
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate
36 According to Paragraph 1 what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report
[A] Critical
[B] Appreciative
[C] Contemptuous
[D] Tolerant
37 Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to
[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education
[B] define the government’s role in education
[C] keep a leading position in liberal education
[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education
38 According to Paragraph 3 the report suggests
[A] an exclusive study of American history
[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects
[C] the application of emerging technologies
[D] funding for the study of foreign languages
39 The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are
[A] supportive of free markets
[B] cautious about intellectual investigation
[C] conservative about public policy
[D] biased against classical liberal ideas
40 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] Ways to Grasp The Heart of the Matter
[B] Illiberal Education and The Heart of the Matter
[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education
[D] Progressive Policy vs Liberal Education
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 4145 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list AG and filling them into the numbered boxes Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example the Parthenon in Athens Greece the pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England But these sites are exceptions to the norm Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching while many others have been discovered by accident Olduvai Gorge an early hominid site in Tanzania was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911 Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s
[B]In another case American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City At its peak around AD 600 this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground Typically they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes In one case many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan Honduras have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850 when Copan collapsed
[E] To find their sites archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of hightechnology tools and techniques Airborne technologies such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath
the ground without digging Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features such as ancient buildings or fields
[F] Most archaeological sites however are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them Such searches can take years British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922 In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens Greece He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete in 1900
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar magneticfield recording and metal detectors Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites Two and threedimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations illustrating how sites look and presenting the results of archaeological research
41C → A →42F → E →43G→ 44D →45B
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life It might be poetic philosophical sensual or mathematical but in any case it must in my view have something to do with the soul of the human being Hence it is metaphysical but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical sound I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music (46)It is also the reason why when we try to
describe music with words all we can do is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself
Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected as in the last piano sonata In musical expression he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person and a courageous one and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding let alone the performance of his works
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music His compositions demand the performer to show courage for example in the use of dynamics (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word He was not interested in daily politics but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom which for him was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression
Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence For him order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence order is a necessary development an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony but the second so that suffering does not have the last word (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable but the courage to fight it renders life worth living
46 It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words all we can do is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself
什尝试语言描述音乐时表达出音乐感受法领会音乐身
47 By all accounts he was a freethinking person and a courageous one and I find
courage an essential quality for the understanding let alone the performance of his works
家说思想勇气十足作品理解方面认勇气质更说作品演奏方面
48 Beethoven＇s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him
贝芬惯限度增加音量然突然转柔乐段前音乐家中少
49Especially significant was his view of freedom which for him was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression
尤重关观点种观点权利义务相关联宣扬思想表达
50One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable but the courage to fight it renders life worth living
通断诠释贝芬许作品：苦难避免正种苦难作斗争勇气生命价值
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition
You should include the details you think necessary
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) interpret its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)
范文：
Part A
Dear Mr President
I am writing to put forward some suggestions concerning the ways to improve student＇s physical condition in your university My proposals are as the following
First and foremost I propose that we should take advantages of physical education classes on our campus and not only educate students to realize the significance of the classes but also to encourage students to take an active part in the classes More importantly we should attach importance to the role played by extracurricular activates For example we could plan and organize a large number of such ball games as football games basketball games and so on
It＇s my honor to share my opinions concerned with you If you could take my advice into consideration I will be highly grateful
Sincerely yours
Li Ming
Part B
As is shown above in the first picture along the road walked a young and vigorous mother leading her girl hand in hand with smile on her face three decades ago while nowadays the daughter in the prime of her life guided her aged mother through the road arm in arm in the second picture Recently there is a heated discussion about these pictures on Wei bo Simple as they are the meaning behind is as deep as ocean
The meaningful drawing mirrors a common phenomenon in contemporary
society that there is the positive influence of fealty It is universally acknowledged that supporting the aged is the responsibility of the sons and daughters of the Chinese people First of all emphases should be given to the cultivation of young children on respecting and loving the elders which is undoubtedly an essential factor of this phenomenon In addition our government should take joint efforts to carry out effective measures on how to punish those who abuse the elders Last but not the least every individuals should keep deep in mind that it is the elders that contributed a lot to the rapid development of our society
Given all the above arguments I take the attitude that first of all we should show filial piety to parents who bring us to maturity More importantly the public should embrace and promote the awareness of filial duty which is importance for a more active and healthy society In conclusion filial piety as a traditional Chinese virtue is indispensable for us living a more valuable and fulfilling life
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