2008年全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway He is that bird a scientist who works independently any institution He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested
he however might tremble at the of what he is about to do Together with another two scientists he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others but explains the process that has brought this about The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe The process is natural selection
This group generally do well in IQ test 1215 points above the value of 100 and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West as the of their elites including several worldrenowned scientists They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases such as breast cancer These facts have previously been thought unrelated The former has been to social effects such as a strong tradition of education The latter was seen as a (an) of genetic isolation Dr Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs
1 [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased
2 [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
3 [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
4 [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
5 [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
6 [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
7 [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
8 [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
9 [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
10 [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total
11 [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately
[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably
12 [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers
13 [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
14 [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
15 [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down
16 [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
17 [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument
18 [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined
19 [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed
20 [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
While still catchingup to men in some spheres of modern life women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men according to Dr Yehuda chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions In several of the studies when stressedout female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed their chemical responses became equal to those of the males
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased opportunities for stress It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well It’s just that they have so much more to cope with says Dr Yehuda Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s she observes it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner
Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations by unfortunately parents or other family members and they tend not to be oneshot deals The wearandtear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son but was determined to finish college I struggled a lot to get the college degree I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape to go to school and get ahead and do better Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager have a job pay the rent pay the car payment and pay the debt I lived from paycheck to paycheck
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations with few breaks and feeling the strain Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function
21 Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress
22 Dr Yehuda’s research suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress
[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress
[D] are exposed to more stress
23 According to Paragraph 4 the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary
[B] irregular and violent
[C] durable and frequent
[D] trivial and random
24 The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck (Line 6 Para 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money
[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check
25 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] Strain of Stress No Way Out
[B] Responses to Stress Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality Women Under Stress
Text 2
It used to be so straightforward A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review Depending on the comments received the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it Copyright rested with the journal publisher and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal
No longer The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from governmentfunded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the farreaching consequences of this The report by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD makes heavy reading for publishers who have so far made handsome profits But it goes further than that It signals a change in what has until now been a key element of scientific endeavor
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends in part upon wide distribution and ready access It is big business In America the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between 7 billion and 11 billion The International Association of Scientific Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects They publish more than 12 million articles each year in some 16000 journals
This is now changing According to the OECD report some 75 of scholarly journals are now online Entirely new business models are emerging three main ones were identified by the report’s authors There is the socalled big deal where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through sitelicensing agreements There is openaccess publishing typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published Finally there are openaccess archives where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories Other models exist that are hybrids of these three such as delayed openaccess where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it All this could change the traditional form of the peerreview process at least for the publication of papers
26 In the first paragraph the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers
[D] the traditional process of journal publication
27 Which of the following is true of the OECD report
[A] It criticizes governmentfunded research
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication
[C] It upsets profitmaking journal publishers
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably
28 According to the text online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research
29 With the openaccess publishing model the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely
[D] complete the peerreview before submission
30 Which of the following best summarizes the text
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet If he had played last season however he would have been one of 42 The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger longer frames
The trend in sports though may be obscuring an unrecognized reality Americans have generally stopped growing Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the US for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s And they aren’t likely to get any taller In the general population today at this genetic environmental level we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University In the case of NBA players their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world
Growth which rarely continues beyond the age of 20 demands calories and nutrients – notably protein – to feed expanding tissues At the start of the 20th century undernutrition and childhood infections got in the way But as diet and health improved children and adolescents have on average increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years a pattern known as the secular trend in height Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention average height – 5′9″ for men 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960
Genetically speaking there are advantages to avoiding substantial height During childbirth larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal Moreover even though humans have been upright for millions of years our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University
Genetic maximums can change but don’t expect this to happen soon Claire C Gordon senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick Mass ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration She says that unlike those for basketball the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment Gordon says that by and large you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident
31 Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the US
[C] compare different generations of NBA players
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players
32 Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text
[A] Genetic modification
[B] Natural environment
[C] Living standards
[D] Daily exercise
33 On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree
[A] NonAmericans add to the average height of the nation
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood
34 We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged
[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable
35 The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable
[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered
Text 4
In 1784 five years before he became president of the United States George Washington 52 was nearly toothless So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves
That’s a far different image from the cherrytreechopping George most people remember from their history books But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998 which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy More significantly they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it
More than anything the historians say the founders were hampered by the culture of their time While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create
For one thing the South could not afford to part with its slaves Owning slaves was like having a large bank account says Wiencek author of An Imperfect God George Washington His Slaves and the Creation of America The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery The threefifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College Once in office Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 the new land was carved into 13 states including three slave states
Still Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves Washington who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will Only a decade earlier such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia
36 George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days
[C] stress the role of slaves in the US history
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life
37 We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research
[B] in its early days the US was confronted with delicate situations
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the US history
38 What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige
39 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution
40 Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his
[A] moral considerations
[B] military experience
[C] financial conditions
[D] political stand
Part B
Directions
In the following article some sentences have been removed For Questions 41—45 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The time for sharpening pencils arranging your desk and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit stand up or lie down to write (41)家网原创出品
Be flexible Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next but do not permit it to railroad you If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now work it into the draft (42) 家网原创出品 Grammar punctuation and spelling can wait until you revise Concentrate on what you are saying Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors
(43) 家网原创出品 Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way and if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere you will not lose any writing on the other side
If you are working on a word processor you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing (44) 家网原创出品 These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions
Once you have a first draft on paper you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing The student who wrote The A & P as a State of Mind wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women (45) 家网原创出品
Remember that your initial draft is only that You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper Rewrite The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape
[A] To make revising easier leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words sentences and corrections Write on only one side of the paper
[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs It’s probably best to write the introduction last after you know precisely what you are introducing Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression
[C] It’s worth remembering however that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems
[D] It makes no difference how you write just so you do Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made
[E] Although this is an interesting issue it has nothing to do with the thesis which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job Instead of including that paragraph she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P policy he enforces
[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in A & P the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies
[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
In his autobiography Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit such as distinguished Huxley (47) He asserted also that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics His memory too he described as extensive but hazy So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry (48) On the other hand he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning This he thought could not be true because the Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end and has convinced many able men No one he submits could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning He was willing to assert that I have a fair share of invention and of common sense or judgment such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have but not I believe in any higher degree (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention and in observing them carefully
Writing in the last year of his life he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure Formerly too pictures had given him considerable and music very great delight In 1881 however he said Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect and more probably to the moral character
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob your landlord there Write him a letter to
1) make an apology and
2) suggest a solution
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and then
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
2008年考研英语真题答案
Section I Use of English (10 points)
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 C
5 C
6 A
7 B
8 D
9 B
10 C
11 B
12 D
13 A
14 C
15 D
16 D
17 C
18 A
19 B
20 A
Section II Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21 A
22 D
23 C
24 B
25 D
26 D
27 C
28 A
29 A
30 B
31 A
32 C
33 B
34 D
35 C
36 D
37 B
38 C
39 A
40 B
Part B (10 points)
41 D
42 G
43 A
44 C
45 E
Part C (10 points)
46 认许正（语言表达）种困难说句话长时间认真思考发现推理观察中错误结果反成优点
47 坚持认进行长时间纯抽象思维力十分限认定数学方面根作
48 方面某批评然善观察具备推理力认种说法缺乏根
49 谦说许注意容易忽略事物加仔细观察方面优常
50 达尔文确信没爱少乐趣会损思维力更导致道德品质降
Section III Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51 参考范文
（略）
Part B (20 points)
52 参考范文
（略）
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway He is that bird a scientist who works independently any institution He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested
he however might tremble at the of what he is about to do Together with another two scientists he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others but explains the process that has brought this about The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe The process is natural selection
This group generally do well in IQ test 1215 points above the value of 100 and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West as the of their elites including several worldrenowned scientists They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases such as breast cancer These facts have previously been thought unrelated The former has been to social effects such as a strong tradition of education The latter was seen as a (an) of genetic isolation Dr Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs
1 [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased
2 [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
3 [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
4 [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
5 [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
6 [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
7 [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
8 [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
9 [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
10 [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total
11 [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately
[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably
12 [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers
13 [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
14 [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
15 [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down
16 [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
17 [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument
18 [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined
19 [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed
20 [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
While still catchingup to men in some spheres of modern life women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men according to Dr Yehuda chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions In several of the studies when stressedout female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed their chemical responses became equal to those of the males
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased opportunities for stress It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well It’s just that they have so much more to cope with says Dr Yehuda Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s she observes it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner
Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations by unfortunately parents or other family members and they tend not to be oneshot deals The wearandtear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son but was determined to finish college I struggled a lot to get the college degree I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape to go to school and get ahead and do better Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager have a job pay the rent pay the car payment and pay the debt I lived from paycheck to paycheck
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations with few breaks and feeling the strain Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function
21 Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress
22 Dr Yehuda’s research suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress
[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress
[D] are exposed to more stress
23 According to Paragraph 4 the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary
[B] irregular and violent
[C] durable and frequent
[D] trivial and random
24 The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck (Line 6 Para 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money
[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check
25 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] Strain of Stress No Way Out
[B] Responses to Stress Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality Women Under Stress
Text 2
It used to be so straightforward A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review Depending on the comments received the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it Copyright rested with the journal publisher and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal
No longer The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from governmentfunded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the farreaching consequences of this The report by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD makes heavy reading for publishers who have so far made handsome profits But it goes further than that It signals a change in what has until now been a key element of scientific endeavor
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends in part upon wide distribution and ready access It is big business In America the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between 7 billion and 11 billion The International Association of Scientific Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects They publish more than 12 million articles each year in some 16000 journals
This is now changing According to the OECD report some 75 of scholarly journals are now online Entirely new business models are emerging three main ones were identified by the report’s authors There is the socalled big deal where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through sitelicensing agreements There is openaccess publishing typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published Finally there are openaccess archives where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories Other models exist that are hybrids of these three such as delayed openaccess where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it All this could change the traditional form of the peerreview process at least for the publication of papers
26 In the first paragraph the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers
[D] the traditional process of journal publication
27 Which of the following is true of the OECD report
[A] It criticizes governmentfunded research
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication
[C] It upsets profitmaking journal publishers
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably
28 According to the text online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research
29 With the openaccess publishing model the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely
[D] complete the peerreview before submission
30 Which of the following best summarizes the text
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet If he had played last season however he would have been one of 42 The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger longer frames
The trend in sports though may be obscuring an unrecognized reality Americans have generally stopped growing Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the US for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s And they aren’t likely to get any taller In the general population today at this genetic environmental level we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University In the case of NBA players their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world
Growth which rarely continues beyond the age of 20 demands calories and nutrients – notably protein – to feed expanding tissues At the start of the 20th century undernutrition and childhood infections got in the way But as diet and health improved children and adolescents have on average increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years a pattern known as the secular trend in height Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention average height – 5′9″ for men 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960
Genetically speaking there are advantages to avoiding substantial height During childbirth larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal Moreover even though humans have been upright for millions of years our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University
Genetic maximums can change but don’t expect this to happen soon Claire C Gordon senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick Mass ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration She says that unlike those for basketball the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment Gordon says that by and large you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident
31 Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the US
[C] compare different generations of NBA players
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players
32 Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text
[A] Genetic modification
[B] Natural environment
[C] Living standards
[D] Daily exercise
33 On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree
[A] NonAmericans add to the average height of the nation
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood
34 We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged
[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable
35 The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable
[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered
Text 4
In 1784 five years before he became president of the United States George Washington 52 was nearly toothless So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves
That’s a far different image from the cherrytreechopping George most people remember from their history books But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998 which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy More significantly they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it
More than anything the historians say the founders were hampered by the culture of their time While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create
For one thing the South could not afford to part with its slaves Owning slaves was like having a large bank account says Wiencek author of An Imperfect God George Washington His Slaves and the Creation of America The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery The threefifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College Once in office Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 the new land was carved into 13 states including three slave states
Still Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves Washington who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will Only a decade earlier such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia
36 George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days
[C] stress the role of slaves in the US history
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life
37 We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research
[B] in its early days the US was confronted with delicate situations
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the US history
38 What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige
39 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution
40 Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his
[A] moral considerations
[B] military experience
[C] financial conditions
[D] political stand
Part B
Directions
In the following article some sentences have been removed For Questions 41—45 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The time for sharpening pencils arranging your desk and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit stand up or lie down to write (41)家网原创出品
Be flexible Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next but do not permit it to railroad you If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now work it into the draft (42) 家网原创出品 Grammar punctuation and spelling can wait until you revise Concentrate on what you are saying Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors
(43) 家网原创出品 Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way and if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere you will not lose any writing on the other side
If you are working on a word processor you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing (44) 家网原创出品 These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions
Once you have a first draft on paper you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing The student who wrote The A & P as a State of Mind wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women (45) 家网原创出品
Remember that your initial draft is only that You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper Rewrite The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape
[A] To make revising easier leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words sentences and corrections Write on only one side of the paper
[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs It’s probably best to write the introduction last after you know precisely what you are introducing Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression
[C] It’s worth remembering however that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems
[D] It makes no difference how you write just so you do Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made
[E] Although this is an interesting issue it has nothing to do with the thesis which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job Instead of including that paragraph she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P policy he enforces
[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in A & P the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies
[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
In his autobiography Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit such as distinguished Huxley (47) He asserted also that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics His memory too he described as extensive but hazy So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry (48) On the other hand he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning This he thought could not be true because the Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end and has convinced many able men No one he submits could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning He was willing to assert that I have a fair share of invention and of common sense or judgment such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have but not I believe in any higher degree (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention and in observing them carefully
Writing in the last year of his life he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure Formerly too pictures had given him considerable and music very great delight In 1881 however he said Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect and more probably to the moral character
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob your landlord there Write him a letter to
1) make an apology and
2) suggest a solution
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and then
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
2008年考研英语真题答案
Section I Use of English (10 points)
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 C
5 C
6 A
7 B
8 D
9 B
10 C
11 B
12 D
13 A
14 C
15 D
16 D
17 C
18 A
19 B
20 A
Section II Reading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40 points)
21 A
22 D
23 C
24 B
25 D
26 D
27 C
28 A
29 A
30 B
31 A
32 C
33 B
34 D
35 C
36 D
37 B
38 C
39 A
40 B
Part B (10 points)
41 D
42 G
43 A
44 C
45 E
Part C (10 points)
46 认许正（语言表达）种困难说句话长时间认真思考发现推理观察中错误结果反成优点
47 坚持认进行长时间纯抽象思维力十分限认定数学方面根作
48 方面某批评然善观察具备推理力认种说法缺乏根
49 谦说许注意容易忽略事物加仔细观察方面优常
50 达尔文确信没爱少乐趣会损思维力更导致道德品质降
Section III Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51 参考范文
（略）
Part B (20 points)
52 参考范文
（略）
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