9. 标题的长度标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等
1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2
2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0
3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3
4) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2
5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2
6) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4
英语科技论文中,标题不宜过长,大多为8—12个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。
10. 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计(一)标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等
7) On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2
8) Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures: A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4
9) Acoustics of Long Spaces: Theory and Application 7 4 l 2
10) Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0
11) Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2
12) High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2
13 ) Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l
14) The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3.
15) Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3
平均(约) 9 5.5 1.5 2
来源:中国第三届青年学术会议论文集,材料科学与工程技术。北京:中国科学技术出版社,1998。
表中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题,平均9个单词。
11. 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计(二)标 题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等
1) Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2
2) Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2
3) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l
4) Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3
5) Heavy Weight Contenders:a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2
6) A1uminutn:Is It Hazardous to YourHealth? 7 3 1 3
7) The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey 11 5 2 4
8) Sustaining the Discussion:Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3
9) Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l
10) Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6
11) Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14851
12) Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents: the College Experience 8503
13) Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7
14) Impact of Cancer:Coping Process and Quality of Life 9522
15) Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14635
平均(约) 9.5 5 1.5 3
来源:The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96(2)
表2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题,平均9.5个单词。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨,用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲,选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。
12. 标题的用词 从表1和表2可以看出,标题中用得最多的是名词(包括动名词),平均占总单词数的50%~60%之高。其中有的标题中80%以上的词为名词。除名词外,用得较多的是介词,有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。
标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括,因此用词要贴切、中肯,不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索,标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词,下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。例1
a. 标题:On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components
b. 关键词:fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction •
疲劳 点焊 汽车 寿命预测
b.标题:Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling
关键词:mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting
铸件充型 计算机模拟 冷隔 铸造
c.标题:Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant
关键词:air bag out-of-position occupant
安全气囊 离位乘员
c. 标题:New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions
关键词:fatigue test statistical method test specimens
疲劳实验 统计方法 试样分析:
15. 标题的结构(1)名词性词组
名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语,有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时,往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。
例2
a.Severe Weather and the Automobile
(名词词组) (名词词组)
b.Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics
(名词词组) (名词词组)
c.High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling
(名词词组) (名词词组)
d.Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students: the College
(名词词组) (名词词组)
Experience
(2)介词词组
介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话,一般这个介词是“on”,意思是“对……的研究”。
16. 标题的结构例3
a. On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor
b. On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures
(3)名词/名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。
例4
a.Fundamentals of Flow Measurement .
(名词) (介词词组)
b.Scattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels
(名词词组) (介词词组)
c.Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students
(名词词组) (名词词组) (介词词组)
d.Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students
(名词) (介词词组) (介词词组)
e.Diversity in the Future Work Force
(名词) (介词词组)
17. 标题的结构f.Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials
(名词) (介词词组)
g.Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy
(名词词组) (介词词组)
h.Acoustics of Long Spaces:Theory and Application
(名词) (介词词组) (名词词组)
i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces
(名词) (介词词组)
on Out-of-Position Occupant
(介词词组)
j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development
(名词) (介词词组) in an Urban Environment
(介词词组)
标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名词或名词词组,从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的“的”字结构相似,区别是中文标题中修饰语在前,中心词在后。英文正好相反,名词在前,而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。
18. 标题的结构例5
a. Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials
燃料电池及其材料进展
b. Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling
铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究
c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components
点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测
c. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant
安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究
(4)其他形式
对于值得争议的问题,偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题,以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。
19. 标题的结构例6
a. Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow?
b. Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function?
c.130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water?
有的标题由两部分组成,用冒号(:)隔开。一般来说,冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题,比较笼统,冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。
模式1 研究课题:具体内容
20. 标题的结构例7
a. Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology:Barriers and Needs
b. Fire Resistant Steels for Construction:Design,Properties and Microchemistry
c.Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application
d.Impact of Cancer:Coping Process and Quality of Life
21. 标题的结构模式2 研究课题:方法/性质
例8
a. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell:A Survey
b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study
c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey
d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance:
22. Two Case Studies 模式 3 研究课题:问题焦点
a. Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health?
b. Noise: Good? Bad? Maybe Both?
c. Manure: Friend or Foe?
23. 思考题下面这写论文标题是否合适?如果不合适,请修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music
2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans
3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land
4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education
5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education
6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered
7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices
8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce
9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science
10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University
11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability
to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis
24. 参考答案下面这写论文标题是否合适?如果不合适,请修改。
1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music (合适)
2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans (不合适)
改为:Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans
3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land(不合适)
改为:Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land
4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education( 不合适)
改为:Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education
5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education (合适 )
6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered(不合适)
改为:Physics and Art: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages
7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices(不合适)
改为:Use of Diamond for Electric Devices
8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce (合适)
9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science(不合适)
改为:The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science
10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University (合适)
11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis ( 不合适)
改为:The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations: A Statistical Analysis
25. 英语学术论文写作的几个细节A. 时态:当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时,而不用一般过去时。This paper describes ……The focus of this paper is ……Figure 1 shows ……Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.
B. 数:在学术论文里,有时很难顾及数的逻辑。但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误。只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可。单、复数的选用有一些非定性、但可供参考的趋向:
26. ◆当含意上强调复数时建议用复数。The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different. Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures. The physical and chemical properties of this compound have been studied. The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different.
◆当含意上不强调复数时可用单数或复数。Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates. The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the property of the compounds in group 2.The chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time.
27. ◆在标题、小标题中或描述一类事物、现象等,提到具体物质时常用复数。【Polyesters】Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.在标题、小标题或描述一类事物、现象等,提到抽象概念时可用单数、也可用复数。【Step Copolymerization】Newer Types of Step Polymerizations. This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail.
28. ◆学术论文、有关学术的科普文章中的名词的可数或不可数特性的划分区别于非学术文章《非学术文章中的可数或不可数特性可从字典查到》。以下是在学术文章中通常视为可数名词的单词:《但在一般字典中它们或它们做某种含义解时可能被划归不可数名词》。
application development consideration
composition concentration distribution
structure length weight
29. ◆当同时提及几个图、表、方程式时要用复数(分别单个地提及则不用):The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3. The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3. Figs. 4 and 5 show ……
C. 冠词:
◆单数名词前一般要加冠词:a , the等; 但以下情况可不加:表示不特指的、较抽象的概念:
This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources. Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm..但需注意这些单词前加冠词也是经常见到的,这是由它在句中的含义决定的(如有一定的特指意义):Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer – it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73°C) and a high Tm (14°C).
30. ◆目录、标题中通常省略冠词:
1 Introduction
1-1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations
…
1-4 Molecular Weight
1-5 Physical State
图、表的题目中有时可省略冠词:Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 °C.……Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.化学药品、化学物质前通常不加冠词:The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalysts such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be used.图中的横、纵坐标的名称前不加冠词。
31. D. 大小写:请注意以下结构的大、小写:当提及具体第几章、节;图、表;方程式时,首个字母通常要大写。As discussed in Chapter 2, ……In Section 1.2, we ……As shown in Figure 1, ……The results are listed in Table 3.当不指明是第几章、节;图、表;方程式时,首个字母如在句中通常用小写。In the previous chapter, ……As shown in this figure, ……
E. 缩写:以下全名和缩写在文中通常视为同等,可以互换。
Figure Fig. Figures Figs.
Table Tab.
Chapter Chap.
Section Sec.
Equation Eq. Equations Eqs.
32. F. 一些常用词汇用法
◆research, study, investigate:research可做名词、动词,但通常做名词用,很少见到动词的用法。句中需要动词时常用study或investigate来表达。
◆detail/detailed:The properties of this compound were studied in detail.//The detailed properties of this compound were studied.//The details of the properties of this compound were studied.
◆follows/following:The results are as follows: ……//We got following results: ……
33. ◆increase, decrease:均可做名词和动词,We can observe an increase in the reaction rate.//The reaction rate increases.
◆focus, concentrate:focus: n. , v. The focus of this paper is ……This paper focuses on ……Our study focuses on ……We focus our study on ……Our study is focused on ……concentrate: v. We concentrate our study on ……Our study is concentrated on ……
◆effect, affect:effect: n. //affect: v.
◆compose, consist:A is composed of B and C.//A consists of B and C.
◆increase, improve:increase: 主要指数值上的增加。improve: 主要指性质的增加、改善。
34. G. 名词修饰:在学术文章中,很多时候会用到直接用名词做修饰,而不用’s 或 …… of …… 的形式。常见的这类词有:reaction rate;reaction rate constant;reaction temperature;reaction condition molecular weight distribution……
H. 分词修饰:the reaction we studied;the temperature used;the nonlinearity observed。所有格:非人的所有格用……of……, 而不用……’s 。
35. 关于英语学术论文写作的要求 英文学术论文首先是研究论文,当然要满足对研究论文的共同要求:反映自己的研究成果、创新性、学术性等等。学术水平是论文质量的关键。
文字水平是好论文的基础。表达不好的文章决不是好文章。同中文论文一样,首先要讲究文章的合理结构、条理性、逻辑性、表达力等,然后才是英语问题(last but not least)。
38. 3. 采用严谨的书面文体。避免口语化,例如kind of ...,can’t,nowadays等。
4. 长句和短句,简单句和复合句配合使用。一连串的简单句令人感到单调甚至局促紧张。表达方式要有所变化。避免多次重复同一表达方式,特别是连续的重复。对得意的用语要舍得割爱。
39. 5. 避免复杂的长句子。这对新手尤为重要。不要卖弄语法知识。对于作者而言,长句子写到后来会忘记前后关系,顾此失彼产生混乱,出错比例高。对于读者,过分长的句子令人抓不住要点。建议将长句分解成几个短句子。词语可长可短时,坚决取短的,删除多余部分。例如in so far as中in是多余的。all of the reactions中of是多余的。
40. 6. 避免生僻单词。尽量选用常用词。克服用词不当:不可直接使用汉英词典中查到的单词。一定要使用有详细用法解释和例句的英语词典和英汉词典。
7. 避免繁琐。例:this kind of method,何不直截了当用this method?very essential ...(very多余)。又如,at the present time应改为at present。due to the fact that ...可改为because ...;the results that were obtained ... 宜改为the results obtained。
41. 8. 避免使用过多的无人称代词it作引词。(分散力量,主句使用平淡无力的存在动词be,使原来强有力的行为动词退居从句之中。使文字显得迂回,似乎在回避责任,容易使读者怀疑论据的力量。)例:It is concluded that a new method be devised.宜改为A new method must be devised. 又如,It is evident that ... (Evidently ...); It would appear that ... (Apparently ...); It is then clear that ... (Clearly ...)。
42. 9. 避免太多的层次(of层次:... of ... of ... of ...,定语从句层次等)。不要滥用大写。(组成缩写的首字母并不需要大写。)不要滥用定冠词。(近来的趋势是省去不必要的the。标题中一般省略the。)
10. 关于人称:有不同的主张。本人主张正文可用第一人称,但不宜过多。语气要客观、要令人信服。可用we,决不用I。不要反复使用our results, our method之类,过度使用有使读者不悦的倾向。摘要中不可用第一人称。
43. 11. 时态:过去的工作可用过去时或完成时。实验用过去时。一般陈述和讨论用现在时(许多人滥用过去时)。结论部分可根据情况用现在时或过去时。
12. 努力克服中文式的表达。这也许是最难的。尽量直接用英文写作,摆脱中文束缚。如一定要由中文翻译,必须大胆突破中文用语和表达方式的约束(对自己写的文章应该能做到这一点)。例如The calculation formulas according to equal accuracy distribution law are obtained as follows. 是典型的洋泾浜,受中文“计算公式”和“根据”的束缚。容易导致中文式英文的表达举例:this kind of ... (滥用kind,口语的影响),according to ...(同上),play an important role,at home and abroad(科学不分国籍),our country(同上),developing countries(妄自菲薄),滥用时下中文文章里的八股和时髦套话(大忌)。
44. 13. 再强调一下用心阅读对于提高写作水平的作用。如果在阅读时多留意,就会了解到哪些用语是母语作者常用的,哪些不是。例如上面说的play an important role,外国人使用的频度远远低于中国作者。还可以举出许多例子。正确的表达不一定是可以经常用的,这些用语使一部分人的文章脱不了洋泾浜的腔调。我认为这是我们中小学教材误导的结果。
最后,要提高文字质量必须要认真,稿子写成后必须反复多看几遍,五遍十遍决不嫌多,每一遍都会有修改提高。仔细推敲语法和用词,直到自己读来顺口。要遵照鲁迅提倡的原则尽量删繁就简,将可有可无之处删去,特别要简化无把握的复杂表达形式。如无把握一定要请人帮助把关。
80. 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:
The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
81. 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
82. 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:
Dr. Beaman points out that “he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。
83. 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:
Mary Shelley hated tyranny and “looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).
84. 5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:
Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers “a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).
圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。
85. 6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:
Bacon condemned Platoas “an obstacle to science” (Farrington, Philosophy 35).
Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine (Aristotle 15).
这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。
86. 7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。
When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface, “The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).
这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。
87. 五、英语论文的文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
89. 现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供参考。Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.
引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。
90. An Author with an EditorShakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.
本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:Blackmur, Richard P. Introduction. The Art of the Novel:Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's,1962.vii-xxxix.
91. 如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.A Multivolume WorkBrowne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.
第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。
92. A Selection from an AnthologyAbram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.
被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。Articles in Journals, Magazines, and NewspapersOtto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.
报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。
93. Arnold, Marilgn. “Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in Ambivalance.” Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.
月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。Gorney, Cynthia. “When the Gorilla Speaks.” Washington Post 31 July,1985:B1.
引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)