2013年考研英语二真题答案
Section I Use of English
Directions Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Given the advantage of electronic money you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically _1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner Indeed predictions have been 2_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition For example Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon revolutionize the very 3_ of money itself only to 4_ itself several years later Why has the movement to cashless society been so 5_ in coming
1 A moreover B however C therefore D otherwise
2 A off B back C over D around
3 A power B history C concept D sole
4 A reverse B resist C resume D reward
5 A silent B slow C sudden D steady
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions Read the following fourtexts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
In an essay entitled Making It in America in the latest issue of The Atlantic the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated The average mill has only two employees today a man and a dog The man is there to feed the dog and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middleclass incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers
In the past workers with average skills doing an average job could earn an
average lifestyle But today average is officially over Being average just won’t earn you what it used to It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor cheap robotics cheap software cheap automation and cheap genius Therefore everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment Average is over
Yes new technology has been eating jobs forever and always will As they say if horses could have voted there never would have been cars But there’s been an acceleration As Davidson notes In the 10 years ending in 2009 [US] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total — disappeared
And you ain’t seen nothin’ yet Last April Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a startup called E la Carte that is out to shrink the need for waiters and waitresses The company has produced a kind of soupedup iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table The brainchild of a bunch of MIT engineers the nifty invention known as the Presto might be found at a restaurant near you soon You select what you want to eat and add items to a cart Depending on the restaurant’s preferences the console could show you nutritional information ingredients lists and photographs You can make special requests like dressing on the side’ or quintuple bacon’ When you’re done the order zings over to the kitchen and the Presto tells you how long it will take for your items to come out Bored with your companions Play games on the machine When you’re through with your meal you pay on the console splitting the bill item by item if you wish and paying however you want And you can have your receipt emailed to you Each console goes for 100 per month If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day seven days a week it works out to 42 cents per hour per table — making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter
What the iPad won’t do in an above average way a Chinese worker will Consider this paragraph from Sunday’s terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple does so much of its manufacturing in China Apple had redesigned the iPhone’s screen at the last minute forcing an assemblyline overhaul New screens began arriving at the [Chinese] plant near midnight A foreman immediately roused 8000 workers inside the company’s dormitories according to the executive Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a 12hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames Within 96 hours the plant was producing over 10000 iPhones a day The speed and flexibility is breathtaking’ the executive said There’s no American plant that can match that’
And automation is not just coming to manufacturing explains Curtis Carlson the chief executive of SRI International a Silicon Valley idea lab that invented the Apple
iPhone program known as Siri the digital personal assistant Siri is the beginning of a huge transformation in how we interact with banks insurance companies retail stores health care providers information retrieval services and product services
There will always be change — new jobs new products new services But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the IT revolution the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Americans over 25 years old those with less than a high school degree 138 percent those with a high school degree and no college 87 percent those with some college or associate degree 77 percent and those with bachelor’s degree or higher 41 percent
In a world where average is officially over there are many things we need to do to buttress employment but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of GI Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to posthigh school education
亚戴维森(Adam Davidson)美国制造文中提南部种棉区笑话容涉现代纺织厂动化程度：普通工厂两雇员外加条狗负责喂狗狗机器
失业率居高中产阶级收入降实部分衰退造成需求幅降中全球化信息科技革命巨进步推动：机器者外国工取代劳力速度空前量文章讨戴维森文章中篇已
般手艺做份普通工作工生活凑合拥般水行出众没法样活着现越越雇机会接触错外国廉价劳动力便宜机器廉价软件低廉动化设备价低需外价值：异常独特价值够雇佣市场脱颖出庸日子时代结束
新技术直吞噬工作会继续吞噬吞噬速度加快俗话说果马会投票永远会轿车戴维森言2009年前十年美国工厂裁撤工速度快基等70年新增工数量概三工作岗位岗位消失总约600万
戏呢年四月Slate 杂志安妮洛瑞(Annie Lowrey)写篇初创公司E la Carte文章目标减少服务生需：家公司已生产出种增强版iPad您桌边点菜买单许快身边餐馆里会见麻省理工工程师杰作时髦发明 Presto选择想吃放进推车里根餐馆选择控制设备会显示营养信息成分
清单图片等具体需求说调料放边’者五倍熏肉’决定订单立马会传厨房Presto会告诉点东西花长时间出 伴等耐烦iPad玩玩游戏吧吃完饭控制设备付款果愿意菜菜分割账单付款选择付款方式求收发邮件 控制设备月需100美金果家餐馆天营业8时周营业7天张餐桌时成42美分：Presto廉价服务员便宜
iPad超常方式做中国工做查尔斯杜赫(Charles Duhigg) 基斯布拉德舍(Keith Bradsher)周日报(纽约时报)篇美文吧文中段讲述苹果公司什生产环节放中国：刻苹果公司重新设计iPhone 屏幕装配线需全部调整午夜时分左右新屏幕开始达中国工厂根位执行官叙述名领班立醒公司宿舍8000名工领份饼干杯茶带车间半时开始12时轮班玻璃屏幕装斜面框架中96时家工厂天生产1万台iPhone种速度灵活性令目瞪口呆’位执行官说美国找样工厂’
动化仅仅发生生产领域硅谷科技公司孵化器斯坦福国际研究院(SRIInternational)首席执行官柯蒂斯卡尔森(CurtisCarlson)说该公司发明苹果iPhone数字助理服务Siri程序改变银行保险公司零售商店医疗保健提供商信息检索服务公司产品生产公司关系方面Siri巨转变开始
变化总会存新工作新产品新服务会出现确信疑全球化科学技术前进步工作会求工接收更更优质教育样会超常面美国劳工局美国25岁群新失业率统计：高中学历没失业率138高中学历没学学历87学专学历77学士甚更高学位41
庸者已法生存时代需做促进业事情没通退伍军权利法案类法案重样保证21世纪美国接受高中教育
Text 2
Imagine a new immigration policy
A century ago the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay and who would make some money and then go home Between 1908 and 1915 about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed About a quarter of all Italian immigrants for example eventually returned to Italy for good They even had an affectionate nickname
uccelli di passaggio birds of passage
Today we are much more rigid about immigrants We divide newcomers into two categories legal or illegal good or bad We hail them as Americans in the making or brand them as aliens fit for deportation That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it
We don＇t need more categories but we need to change the way we think about categories We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal To start we can recognize the new birds of passage those living and thriving in the gray areas We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges
Crop pickers violinists construction workers entrepreneurs engineers home healthcare aides and particle physicists are among today＇s birds of passage They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work money and ideas They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another
With or without permission they straddle laws jurisdictions and identities with ease We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably
Imagine life with a radically different immigration policy The Jamaican woman who came as a visitor and was looking after your aunt until she died could try living in Canada for a while You could eventually ask her to come back to care for your mother
The Indian software developer could take some of his Silicon Valley earnings home to join friends in a little startup knowing that he could always work in California again Or the Mexican laborer who busts his back on a Wisconsin dairy farm for wages that keep milk cheap would come and go as needed because he could decide which dairy to work for and a binational bank program was helping him save money to build a better life for his kids in Mexico
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system
A new system that encourages both sojourners and settlers would not only help ensure that our society receives the human resources it will need in the future it also
could have an added benefit Changing the rigid framework might help us resolve the status of the estimated 11 million unauthorized migrants who are our shared legacy of policy failures
Currently we do not do gray zones well Hundreds of thousands of people slosh around in indeterminate status because they＇re caught in bureaucratic limbo or because they have been granted temporary stays that are repeatedly extended President Barack Obama created a paler shade of gray this summer by exercising prosecutorial discretion not to deport some young people who were brought to this country illegally as children But these are exceptions not rules
The basic mechanism for legal immigration today apart from the special category of refugee is the legal permanent resident visa or green card Most recipients are people sponsored by close relatives who live in the United States As the name implies this mechanism is designed for immigrants who are settling down The visa can be revoked if the holder does not show intent to remain by not maintaining a US address going abroad to work full time or just traveling indefinitely Legal residents are assumed to be on their way to becoming Americans physically culturally and legally After five years of living here they become eligible for citizenship and a chance to gain voting rights and full access to the social safety net
This is a fine way to deal with people who arrive with deep connections to the country and who resolve to stay That can and should be most immigrants But this mechanism has two problems The nation is not prepared to offer citizenship to every migrant who is offered a job And not everyone who comes here wants to stay forever
It may have once made sense to think of immigrants as sodbusters who were coming to settle empty spaces But that antique reasoning does not apply when the country is looking at a long steep race to remain competitive in the world economy particularly not when innovation and entrepreneurship are supposed to be our comparative advantage To succeed we need modern birds of passage
The challenges differ depending on whether you are looking at the high end of the skills spectrum the information workers or at lowskilled laborers
A frequent proposal for highly skilled workers comes with the slogan Staple a green card to the diploma That is supposed to ensure that a greater share of brainy international students remain in the United States after earning degrees in science and technology But what if they are not ready for a longterm commitment No one would suggest that investment capital or design processes need to reside permanently in one nation Talent today yearns to be equally mobile Rather than try to oblige smart young people from abroad to stay here we should allow them to think of the United States as a place where they can always return a place where they will spend
part not all of their lives one of several places where they can live and work and invest
Temporaryworker programs are a conventional approach to meeting lowskilled labor needs without illegal immigration That＇s what President George W Bush proposed in 2004 saying the government should match willing foreign workers with willing American employers An immigrant comes to do a particular job for a limited period of time and then goes home But such programs risk replacing one kind of rigidity with another The relatively small programs currently in place don＇t manage the matchmaking very well
Competing domestic workers need to be protected as do the migrant workers and the process must be nimble enough to meet labor market demand Nobody really has pulled that off and there is no reason to believe it can be done on a grand scale Rather than trying to link specific migrants to specific jobs different types of temporary work visas could be pegged to industries to places or to time periods You could get an engineering visa not only a visa to work at Intel
Both shortterm visas and permanent residence need to be part of the mix but they are not the whole answer Another valuable tool is the provisional visa which Australia uses as a kind of intermediary stage in which temporary immigrants spend several years before becoming eligible for permanent residency The US system practically obliges visitors to spend time here without authorization when they＇ve married a citizen gotten a job or done something else that qualifies them to stay legally
We also could borrow from Europe and create longterm permission to reside for certain migrants that is contingent on simply being employed not on having a specific job And legislation could loosen the definitions of permanent residency so that migrants could gain a lifetime right to live and work in the United States without having to be here (and pay taxes here) more or less continuously
The idea that newcomers are either saints or sinners is not written indelibly either in our hearts or in our laws As the size of the unauthorized population has grown over the past 20 years or so the political response has dictated seeing immigration policy through the stark lens of law enforcement
Whom do we lock up kick out fence off Prominent politicians of both parties including both presidential candidates have engaged in macho oneupmanship when it comes to immigration So President Obama broke records for deportations Mitt Romney meanwhile vows to break records for border security
Breaking out of the eitheror mentality opens up many avenues for managing future immigration It could also help break the stalemate over the current population of
unauthorized migrants No election result will produce a Congress that offers a path to citizenship for everybody but there is no support for total deportation either
If we accept that there are spaces between legal and illegal then options multiply
Citizenship could be an eventual outcome for most not all people here illegally but everyone would get some kind of papers and we can engineer a way for people to work their way from one status to another The newly arrived and least attached could be granted status for a limited time and receive help with returning to their home countries Others might be offered lifelong privileges to live and work here but not citizenship We＇d give the fullest welcome to those with homes children or long time jobs
By insisting that immigrants are either Americans or aliens we make it harder for some good folks to come and we oblige others to stay for the wrong reasons Worse we ensure that there will always be people living among us who are outside the law and that is not good for them or us
Text 3
Beyond the Blink
When the Supreme Court announced its decision on the Affordable Care Act last month the media went wild The rush to judgment took seconds CNN and Fox News initially described the decision incorrectly saying five justices had struck down the law Even after corrections the snap analysis that followed wasn’t very helpful The multipart decision is complex and its ramifications will take months or even years to understand
The blink response to this case is only the latest example of a troubling increase in the speed of our reactions Email social media and the 24hour news cycle are informational amphetamines a cocktail of pills that we pop at an increasingly fast pace — and that lead us to make mistaken splitsecond decisions Economists label the problem present bias： we are vulnerable to fast salient stimulation
Fortunately there is an antidote the conscious pause Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick hardwired responses
For example countless studies have shown that physicians’ immediate unconscious reactions to racial minorities lead them to undertreat black patients In
one study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine in 2007 researchers asked several hundred doctors about a hypothetical 50yearold male patient who showed up with chest pain The researchers gave the doctors a photograph of the man randomly varying his race Half saw him as white half saw him as black
Sure enough although the doctors insisted they were not racially biased they were more likely to prescribe thrombolysis an antibloodclotting procedure for the white patient while giving the black patient a lessaggressive prescription The doctors didn’t appear racist yet their unconscious snap reactions led them to treat blacks differently — the very definition of racism
However about one in four of the doctors guessed that the study was designed to test racial bias They stopped for a moment and considered how they might react differently depending on race The researchers found that this aware subgroup did not treat patients differently Once they paused to consider whether race was an issue race was no longer an issue
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms if we are judging whether someone is dangerous our brains and bodies are hardwired to react very quickly within milliseconds But we need more time to assess other factors To accurately tell whether someone is sociable studies show we need at least a minute preferably five It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality like neuroticism or openmindedness If we need to understand how nine justices resolved a difficult legal issue we need even more time
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid even subliminal stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm Sanford DeVoe and ChenBo Zhong psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fastfood logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster even though reading has little to do with eating We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing Subjects exposed to fastfood flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long
Yet we can reverse such influences If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling) we can take a moment before buying If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants as a study by the economists Bradley Ruffle and Ze’ev Shtudiner shows we can help screeners understand their biases — or hire outside screeners
John Gottman the marriage guru made famous in Malcolm Gladwell’s bestselling book Blink explains that we quickly thin slice information reliably only after we
ground such snap reactions in thick sliced longterm study When Dr Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation two days not two seconds
Our ability to mute our hardwired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals primates and dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term
The beginning of summer is supposed to be the time for us to slow down and take a breath Go to the beach with a few books Spend downtime with family Tune out But instead of jumping into the swimming pool we have leapt into a whirlpool of news
Still although technology might change the way we react it hasn’t changed our nature We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend There are a couple of summer months left and no time to waste
Frank Partnoy is a law professor at the University of San Diego and the author of Wait The Art and Science of Delay
Text 4
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick hardwired responses
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1（10 points）
Part C
Directions Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
46 I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was what happened in the news and even the day of the week I’ve been able to do this since I was 4
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly When I think of a sad memory I do what everybody doestry to put it to one side I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before I also remember that the musical play hair opened on Broodway on the same daythey both just pop into my mind in the same way
Section III Writing
47 Writing
suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help write your classmates an email to
(1) inform them about the details and
(2)encourage them to participate 100 words use LiMing Don＇t write your address
48 Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing you should
(1)interpret the chart and
(2)give your comments
You should write about 150 words
参考答案
1A however
2D around
3B concept
4D reverse
5C slow
6B against
7B expensive
8D dominant
9B provide
10A give up
11A before
12D withdrawn
13C Because
14C raise
15C stored
16C uncommon
17A steal
18B prevention
19A cope with
20D trail
21 A the impact of technological advances
22 C contribute something unique
23 B job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
24 B to ensure more education for people
25D Average Is Over
26 D stay in a foreign country temporarily
27 C should be adapted to meet challenges
28 D the freedom to stay and leave
29 B with legal tolerance
30C Legal or Illegal Big Mistake
31 D predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
32 A can be associative
33 C think before we act
34 D adequate information
35C optimistic
36B men have the final say
37B a reluctant choice
38A get top business positions
39D approval
40C suitable public policies
41D Planning is everything
42C Stick to what you need
43E Waste not want not
44A Shopkeepers are your friend
45B Remember to treat yourself
46 翻译：
五十三年中挑日子然快反应出天什
新闻甚星期四岁起种力
会脑吸收信息量庞感难承受脑似力应信息储存条理伤心事家样——量搁边认记越清越难忘记惊记忆力没情绪变更敏感者更加细腻够记祖父世天前天医院时难记音乐剧毛发天首登百老汇——两件事情样方式迅速收入脑海
47 作文：
Dear Classmates
I am writing to inform all of you that a charity sale is to be held on Jan 8th at the West Academy Hall of the Hong Wen Building of our university The charity sale is to help the kids from disadvantaged families in a povertystricken mountain village in the West of China
Many of the kids have to drop out of school because their parents fail to afford the educational fee Therefore all of us have the responsibility to give our hands to them In this way we can create a warm social atmosphere for them in which we can live with more happiness and appreciation So let’s make our joint efforts to favor them
Any volunteer who is willing to participate will be warmly welcomed
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
48 作文
As is accurately presented in front of us the proportion of college students taking part in parttime jobs is increasing from freshmen to seniors Although the participation percentage of parttime jobs from freshmen to juniors almost remains constant changing from 6777 to 7193 we can see that the percentage of seniors has increased sharply to 8824
There are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon For the part of students themselves the necessity for them to put what they have learned into practice is so obvious that they try hard to find some parttime jobs to get themselves professionally trained From the perspective of the universities in order to make students adapt to the society more smoothly they encourage them to participate in some social
practices
As is discussed above it is no surprise to see this change And I firmly believe that this established trend will continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years
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Section I Use of English
Directions Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
Given the advantage of electronic money you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically _1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner Indeed predictions have been 2_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition For example Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon revolutionize the very 3_ of money itself only to 4_ itself several years later Why has the movement to cashless society been so 5_ in coming
1 A moreover B however C therefore D otherwise
2 A off B back C over D around
3 A power B history C concept D sole
4 A reverse B resist C resume D reward
5 A silent B slow C sudden D steady
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions Read the following fourtexts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
In an essay entitled Making It in America in the latest issue of The Atlantic the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated The average mill has only two employees today a man and a dog The man is there to feed the dog and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middleclass incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers
In the past workers with average skills doing an average job could earn an
average lifestyle But today average is officially over Being average just won’t earn you what it used to It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor cheap robotics cheap software cheap automation and cheap genius Therefore everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment Average is over
Yes new technology has been eating jobs forever and always will As they say if horses could have voted there never would have been cars But there’s been an acceleration As Davidson notes In the 10 years ending in 2009 [US] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total — disappeared
And you ain’t seen nothin’ yet Last April Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a startup called E la Carte that is out to shrink the need for waiters and waitresses The company has produced a kind of soupedup iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table The brainchild of a bunch of MIT engineers the nifty invention known as the Presto might be found at a restaurant near you soon You select what you want to eat and add items to a cart Depending on the restaurant’s preferences the console could show you nutritional information ingredients lists and photographs You can make special requests like dressing on the side’ or quintuple bacon’ When you’re done the order zings over to the kitchen and the Presto tells you how long it will take for your items to come out Bored with your companions Play games on the machine When you’re through with your meal you pay on the console splitting the bill item by item if you wish and paying however you want And you can have your receipt emailed to you Each console goes for 100 per month If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day seven days a week it works out to 42 cents per hour per table — making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter
What the iPad won’t do in an above average way a Chinese worker will Consider this paragraph from Sunday’s terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple does so much of its manufacturing in China Apple had redesigned the iPhone’s screen at the last minute forcing an assemblyline overhaul New screens began arriving at the [Chinese] plant near midnight A foreman immediately roused 8000 workers inside the company’s dormitories according to the executive Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a 12hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames Within 96 hours the plant was producing over 10000 iPhones a day The speed and flexibility is breathtaking’ the executive said There’s no American plant that can match that’
And automation is not just coming to manufacturing explains Curtis Carlson the chief executive of SRI International a Silicon Valley idea lab that invented the Apple
iPhone program known as Siri the digital personal assistant Siri is the beginning of a huge transformation in how we interact with banks insurance companies retail stores health care providers information retrieval services and product services
There will always be change — new jobs new products new services But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the IT revolution the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Americans over 25 years old those with less than a high school degree 138 percent those with a high school degree and no college 87 percent those with some college or associate degree 77 percent and those with bachelor’s degree or higher 41 percent
In a world where average is officially over there are many things we need to do to buttress employment but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of GI Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to posthigh school education
亚戴维森(Adam Davidson)美国制造文中提南部种棉区笑话容涉现代纺织厂动化程度：普通工厂两雇员外加条狗负责喂狗狗机器
失业率居高中产阶级收入降实部分衰退造成需求幅降中全球化信息科技革命巨进步推动：机器者外国工取代劳力速度空前量文章讨戴维森文章中篇已
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戏呢年四月Slate 杂志安妮洛瑞(Annie Lowrey)写篇初创公司E la Carte文章目标减少服务生需：家公司已生产出种增强版iPad您桌边点菜买单许快身边餐馆里会见麻省理工工程师杰作时髦发明 Presto选择想吃放进推车里根餐馆选择控制设备会显示营养信息成分
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iPad超常方式做中国工做查尔斯杜赫(Charles Duhigg) 基斯布拉德舍(Keith Bradsher)周日报(纽约时报)篇美文吧文中段讲述苹果公司什生产环节放中国：刻苹果公司重新设计iPhone 屏幕装配线需全部调整午夜时分左右新屏幕开始达中国工厂根位执行官叙述名领班立醒公司宿舍8000名工领份饼干杯茶带车间半时开始12时轮班玻璃屏幕装斜面框架中96时家工厂天生产1万台iPhone种速度灵活性令目瞪口呆’位执行官说美国找样工厂’
动化仅仅发生生产领域硅谷科技公司孵化器斯坦福国际研究院(SRIInternational)首席执行官柯蒂斯卡尔森(CurtisCarlson)说该公司发明苹果iPhone数字助理服务Siri程序改变银行保险公司零售商店医疗保健提供商信息检索服务公司产品生产公司关系方面Siri巨转变开始
变化总会存新工作新产品新服务会出现确信疑全球化科学技术前进步工作会求工接收更更优质教育样会超常面美国劳工局美国25岁群新失业率统计：高中学历没失业率138高中学历没学学历87学专学历77学士甚更高学位41
庸者已法生存时代需做促进业事情没通退伍军权利法案类法案重样保证21世纪美国接受高中教育
Text 2
Imagine a new immigration policy
A century ago the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay and who would make some money and then go home Between 1908 and 1915 about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed About a quarter of all Italian immigrants for example eventually returned to Italy for good They even had an affectionate nickname
uccelli di passaggio birds of passage
Today we are much more rigid about immigrants We divide newcomers into two categories legal or illegal good or bad We hail them as Americans in the making or brand them as aliens fit for deportation That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it
We don＇t need more categories but we need to change the way we think about categories We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal To start we can recognize the new birds of passage those living and thriving in the gray areas We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges
Crop pickers violinists construction workers entrepreneurs engineers home healthcare aides and particle physicists are among today＇s birds of passage They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work money and ideas They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another
With or without permission they straddle laws jurisdictions and identities with ease We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably
Imagine life with a radically different immigration policy The Jamaican woman who came as a visitor and was looking after your aunt until she died could try living in Canada for a while You could eventually ask her to come back to care for your mother
The Indian software developer could take some of his Silicon Valley earnings home to join friends in a little startup knowing that he could always work in California again Or the Mexican laborer who busts his back on a Wisconsin dairy farm for wages that keep milk cheap would come and go as needed because he could decide which dairy to work for and a binational bank program was helping him save money to build a better life for his kids in Mexico
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system
A new system that encourages both sojourners and settlers would not only help ensure that our society receives the human resources it will need in the future it also
could have an added benefit Changing the rigid framework might help us resolve the status of the estimated 11 million unauthorized migrants who are our shared legacy of policy failures
Currently we do not do gray zones well Hundreds of thousands of people slosh around in indeterminate status because they＇re caught in bureaucratic limbo or because they have been granted temporary stays that are repeatedly extended President Barack Obama created a paler shade of gray this summer by exercising prosecutorial discretion not to deport some young people who were brought to this country illegally as children But these are exceptions not rules
The basic mechanism for legal immigration today apart from the special category of refugee is the legal permanent resident visa or green card Most recipients are people sponsored by close relatives who live in the United States As the name implies this mechanism is designed for immigrants who are settling down The visa can be revoked if the holder does not show intent to remain by not maintaining a US address going abroad to work full time or just traveling indefinitely Legal residents are assumed to be on their way to becoming Americans physically culturally and legally After five years of living here they become eligible for citizenship and a chance to gain voting rights and full access to the social safety net
This is a fine way to deal with people who arrive with deep connections to the country and who resolve to stay That can and should be most immigrants But this mechanism has two problems The nation is not prepared to offer citizenship to every migrant who is offered a job And not everyone who comes here wants to stay forever
It may have once made sense to think of immigrants as sodbusters who were coming to settle empty spaces But that antique reasoning does not apply when the country is looking at a long steep race to remain competitive in the world economy particularly not when innovation and entrepreneurship are supposed to be our comparative advantage To succeed we need modern birds of passage
The challenges differ depending on whether you are looking at the high end of the skills spectrum the information workers or at lowskilled laborers
A frequent proposal for highly skilled workers comes with the slogan Staple a green card to the diploma That is supposed to ensure that a greater share of brainy international students remain in the United States after earning degrees in science and technology But what if they are not ready for a longterm commitment No one would suggest that investment capital or design processes need to reside permanently in one nation Talent today yearns to be equally mobile Rather than try to oblige smart young people from abroad to stay here we should allow them to think of the United States as a place where they can always return a place where they will spend
part not all of their lives one of several places where they can live and work and invest
Temporaryworker programs are a conventional approach to meeting lowskilled labor needs without illegal immigration That＇s what President George W Bush proposed in 2004 saying the government should match willing foreign workers with willing American employers An immigrant comes to do a particular job for a limited period of time and then goes home But such programs risk replacing one kind of rigidity with another The relatively small programs currently in place don＇t manage the matchmaking very well
Competing domestic workers need to be protected as do the migrant workers and the process must be nimble enough to meet labor market demand Nobody really has pulled that off and there is no reason to believe it can be done on a grand scale Rather than trying to link specific migrants to specific jobs different types of temporary work visas could be pegged to industries to places or to time periods You could get an engineering visa not only a visa to work at Intel
Both shortterm visas and permanent residence need to be part of the mix but they are not the whole answer Another valuable tool is the provisional visa which Australia uses as a kind of intermediary stage in which temporary immigrants spend several years before becoming eligible for permanent residency The US system practically obliges visitors to spend time here without authorization when they＇ve married a citizen gotten a job or done something else that qualifies them to stay legally
We also could borrow from Europe and create longterm permission to reside for certain migrants that is contingent on simply being employed not on having a specific job And legislation could loosen the definitions of permanent residency so that migrants could gain a lifetime right to live and work in the United States without having to be here (and pay taxes here) more or less continuously
The idea that newcomers are either saints or sinners is not written indelibly either in our hearts or in our laws As the size of the unauthorized population has grown over the past 20 years or so the political response has dictated seeing immigration policy through the stark lens of law enforcement
Whom do we lock up kick out fence off Prominent politicians of both parties including both presidential candidates have engaged in macho oneupmanship when it comes to immigration So President Obama broke records for deportations Mitt Romney meanwhile vows to break records for border security
Breaking out of the eitheror mentality opens up many avenues for managing future immigration It could also help break the stalemate over the current population of
unauthorized migrants No election result will produce a Congress that offers a path to citizenship for everybody but there is no support for total deportation either
If we accept that there are spaces between legal and illegal then options multiply
Citizenship could be an eventual outcome for most not all people here illegally but everyone would get some kind of papers and we can engineer a way for people to work their way from one status to another The newly arrived and least attached could be granted status for a limited time and receive help with returning to their home countries Others might be offered lifelong privileges to live and work here but not citizenship We＇d give the fullest welcome to those with homes children or long time jobs
By insisting that immigrants are either Americans or aliens we make it harder for some good folks to come and we oblige others to stay for the wrong reasons Worse we ensure that there will always be people living among us who are outside the law and that is not good for them or us
Text 3
Beyond the Blink
When the Supreme Court announced its decision on the Affordable Care Act last month the media went wild The rush to judgment took seconds CNN and Fox News initially described the decision incorrectly saying five justices had struck down the law Even after corrections the snap analysis that followed wasn’t very helpful The multipart decision is complex and its ramifications will take months or even years to understand
The blink response to this case is only the latest example of a troubling increase in the speed of our reactions Email social media and the 24hour news cycle are informational amphetamines a cocktail of pills that we pop at an increasingly fast pace — and that lead us to make mistaken splitsecond decisions Economists label the problem present bias： we are vulnerable to fast salient stimulation
Fortunately there is an antidote the conscious pause Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick hardwired responses
For example countless studies have shown that physicians’ immediate unconscious reactions to racial minorities lead them to undertreat black patients In
one study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine in 2007 researchers asked several hundred doctors about a hypothetical 50yearold male patient who showed up with chest pain The researchers gave the doctors a photograph of the man randomly varying his race Half saw him as white half saw him as black
Sure enough although the doctors insisted they were not racially biased they were more likely to prescribe thrombolysis an antibloodclotting procedure for the white patient while giving the black patient a lessaggressive prescription The doctors didn’t appear racist yet their unconscious snap reactions led them to treat blacks differently — the very definition of racism
However about one in four of the doctors guessed that the study was designed to test racial bias They stopped for a moment and considered how they might react differently depending on race The researchers found that this aware subgroup did not treat patients differently Once they paused to consider whether race was an issue race was no longer an issue
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms if we are judging whether someone is dangerous our brains and bodies are hardwired to react very quickly within milliseconds But we need more time to assess other factors To accurately tell whether someone is sociable studies show we need at least a minute preferably five It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality like neuroticism or openmindedness If we need to understand how nine justices resolved a difficult legal issue we need even more time
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid even subliminal stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm Sanford DeVoe and ChenBo Zhong psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fastfood logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster even though reading has little to do with eating We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing Subjects exposed to fastfood flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long
Yet we can reverse such influences If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling) we can take a moment before buying If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants as a study by the economists Bradley Ruffle and Ze’ev Shtudiner shows we can help screeners understand their biases — or hire outside screeners
John Gottman the marriage guru made famous in Malcolm Gladwell’s bestselling book Blink explains that we quickly thin slice information reliably only after we
ground such snap reactions in thick sliced longterm study When Dr Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation two days not two seconds
Our ability to mute our hardwired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals primates and dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term
The beginning of summer is supposed to be the time for us to slow down and take a breath Go to the beach with a few books Spend downtime with family Tune out But instead of jumping into the swimming pool we have leapt into a whirlpool of news
Still although technology might change the way we react it hasn’t changed our nature We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend There are a couple of summer months left and no time to waste
Frank Partnoy is a law professor at the University of San Diego and the author of Wait The Art and Science of Delay
Text 4
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick hardwired responses
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1（10 points）
Part C
Directions Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
46 I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was what happened in the news and even the day of the week I’ve been able to do this since I was 4
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly When I think of a sad memory I do what everybody doestry to put it to one side I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before I also remember that the musical play hair opened on Broodway on the same daythey both just pop into my mind in the same way
Section III Writing
47 Writing
suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help write your classmates an email to
(1) inform them about the details and
(2)encourage them to participate 100 words use LiMing Don＇t write your address
48 Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing you should
(1)interpret the chart and
(2)give your comments
You should write about 150 words
参考答案
1A however
2D around
3B concept
4D reverse
5C slow
6B against
7B expensive
8D dominant
9B provide
10A give up
11A before
12D withdrawn
13C Because
14C raise
15C stored
16C uncommon
17A steal
18B prevention
19A cope with
20D trail
21 A the impact of technological advances
22 C contribute something unique
23 B job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
24 B to ensure more education for people
25D Average Is Over
26 D stay in a foreign country temporarily
27 C should be adapted to meet challenges
28 D the freedom to stay and leave
29 B with legal tolerance
30C Legal or Illegal Big Mistake
31 D predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
32 A can be associative
33 C think before we act
34 D adequate information
35C optimistic
36B men have the final say
37B a reluctant choice
38A get top business positions
39D approval
40C suitable public policies
41D Planning is everything
42C Stick to what you need
43E Waste not want not
44A Shopkeepers are your friend
45B Remember to treat yourself
46 翻译：
五十三年中挑日子然快反应出天什
新闻甚星期四岁起种力
会脑吸收信息量庞感难承受脑似力应信息储存条理伤心事家样——量搁边认记越清越难忘记惊记忆力没情绪变更敏感者更加细腻够记祖父世天前天医院时难记音乐剧毛发天首登百老汇——两件事情样方式迅速收入脑海
47 作文：
Dear Classmates
I am writing to inform all of you that a charity sale is to be held on Jan 8th at the West Academy Hall of the Hong Wen Building of our university The charity sale is to help the kids from disadvantaged families in a povertystricken mountain village in the West of China
Many of the kids have to drop out of school because their parents fail to afford the educational fee Therefore all of us have the responsibility to give our hands to them In this way we can create a warm social atmosphere for them in which we can live with more happiness and appreciation So let’s make our joint efforts to favor them
Any volunteer who is willing to participate will be warmly welcomed
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
48 作文
As is accurately presented in front of us the proportion of college students taking part in parttime jobs is increasing from freshmen to seniors Although the participation percentage of parttime jobs from freshmen to juniors almost remains constant changing from 6777 to 7193 we can see that the percentage of seniors has increased sharply to 8824
There are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon For the part of students themselves the necessity for them to put what they have learned into practice is so obvious that they try hard to find some parttime jobs to get themselves professionally trained From the perspective of the universities in order to make students adapt to the society more smoothly they encourage them to participate in some social
practices
As is discussed above it is no surprise to see this change And I firmly believe that this established trend will continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years
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