2012年考研英语答案 详解
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians Yet in several instances justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial
Justice Antonin Scalia for example appeared at political events That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code At the very least the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary
This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property When the court deals with social policy decisions the law it _16_ is inescapably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and _20_ convincing as law
1 [A]emphasize
[B]maintain
[C]modify
[D] recognize
2 [A]when
[B]lest
[C]before
[D] unless
3 [A]restored
[B]weakened
[C]established
[D] eliminated
4 [A]challenged
[B]compromised
[C]suspected
[D] accepted
5 [A]advanced
[B]caught
[C]bound
[D]founded
6 [A]resistant
[B]subject
[C]immune
[D]prone
7 [A]resorts
[B]sticks
[C]loads
[D]applies
8 [A]evade
[B]raise
[C]deny
[D]settle
9 [A]line
[B]barrier
[C]similarity
[D]conflict
10 [A]by
[B]as
[C]though
[D]towards
11 [A]so
[B]since
[C]provided
[D]though
12 [A]serve
[B]satisfy
[C]upset
[D]replace
13 [A]confirm
[B]express
[C]cultivate
[D]offer
14 [A]guarded
[B]followed
[C]studied
[D]tied
15 [A]concepts
[B]theories
[C]divisions
[D]conceptions
16 [A]excludes
[B]questions
[C]shapes
[D]controls
17 [A]dismissed
[B]released
[C]ranked
[D]distorted
18 [A]suppress
[B]exploit
[C]address
[D]ignore
19 [A]accessible
[B]amiable
[C]agreeable
[D]accountable
20 [A]by all mesns
[B]atall costs
[C]in a word
[D]as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Come on –Everybody’s doing it That whispered message half invitation and half forcing is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure It usually leads to no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex But in her new book Join the Club Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word
Rosenberg the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize offers a host of example of the social cure in action In South Carolina a statesponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool In South Africa an HIVprevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers
The idea seems promisingand Rosenberg is a perceptive observer Her critique of the lameness of many pubichealth campaigns is spoton they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology Dare to be different please don’t smoke pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers who desire nothing more than fitting in Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure Rosenberg is less persuasive Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior An emerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication This is a subtle form of peer pressure we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day
Far less certain however is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with betterbehaved classmates The tactic never really works And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside in the real world as in school we insist on choosing our own friends
21 According to the first paragraph peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
[C] an obstacle to school progress
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
22 Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
23 In the author’s view Rosenberg’s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
[D]produce a longlasting social effect
24 Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
[B] will mislead behavioral studies
[C] occurs without our realizing it
[D] can produce negative health habits
25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful
[B] desirable
[C] profound
[D] questionable
Text 2
A deal is a dealexcept apparently when Entergy is involved The company a major energy supplier in New England provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations
Instead the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running It’s a stunning move
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002 when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant an aging reactor in Vernon As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012 In 2006 the state went a step further requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval Then too the company went along
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next A string of accidents including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe Enraged by Entergy’s behavior the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues The legal issues in the case are obscure whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far those powers extend Certainly there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules But had Entergy kept its word that debate would be beside the point
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state But there should be consequences Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth Pledging to run Pilgrim safely the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth
26 The phrase reneging on(Line 3para1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning
[B] reaffirming
[C] dishonoring
[D] securing
27 By entering into the 2002 agreement Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature
[C] acquire an extension of its business license
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant
28 According to Paragraph 4 Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices
[B] technical innovativeness
[C] financial goals
[D] business vision
29 In the author’s view the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises
[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues
[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues
30 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application
[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work But in the everyday practice of science discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route We aim to be objective but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience what we think our experiences mean and the subsequent actions we take Opportunities for misinterpretation error and selfdeception abound
Consequently discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience Similar to newly staked mining claims they are full of potential But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery This is the credibility process through which the individual researcher’s me here now becomes the community’s anyone anywhere anytime Objective knowledge is the goal not the starting point
Once a discovery claim becomes public the discoverer receives intellectual credit But unlike with mining claims the community takes control of what happens next Within the complex social structure of the scientific community researchers make discoveries editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes and finally the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology As a discovery claim works it through the community the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process First scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed The goal is newsearch not research Not surprisingly newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers Second novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert AzentGyorgyi once described discovery as seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated
In the end credibility happens to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind We reason together challenge revise and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason
31 According to the first paragraph the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity
[B] misconception and deceptiveness
[C] logicality and objectivity
[D] systematicness and regularity
32 It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection
[B]shared efforts
[C] individual wisdom
[D]persistent innovation
33Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
[B]has been examined by the scientific community
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
34 Albert SzentGyörgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges
[B]discoveries today inspire future research
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified
[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind
35Which of the following would be the best title of the test
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today he would probably represent civil servant When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960 only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector In Britain more than half of publicsector workers but only about 15 of privatesector ones are unionized
There are three reasons for the publicsector unions’ thriving First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences Second they are mostly bright and welleducated A quarter of America’s publicsector workers have a university degree Third they now dominate leftofcentre politics Some of their ties go back a long way Britain’s Labor Party as its name implies has long been associated with trade unionism Its current leader Ed Miliband owes his position to votes from publicsector unions
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one But the real gains come in benefits and work practices Politicians have repeatedly backloaded publicsector pay deals keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous
Reform has been vigorously opposed perhaps most egregiously in education where charter schools academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer politicians have begun to clamp down In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker the hardline Republican governor But many within the public sector suffer under the current system too
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers The only American publicsector workers who earn well above 250000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America
36 It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
37 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
38 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured
[B] indirectly augmented
[C] excessively increased
[D]fairly adjusted
39 The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often run against the current political system
[B]can change people’s political attitudes
[C]may be a barrier to publicsector reforms
[D]are dominant in the government
40 John Donahue’s attitude towards the publicsector system is one of
[A]disapproval
[B]appreciation
[C]tolerance
[D]indifference
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(10 points)
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying higher than a bird Now think of your laptop thinner than a brownpaper envelope or your cellphone in the palm of your hand Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses warriors entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press studio and theatre paintbrush and gallery piano and radio the mail as well as the mail carrier (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device the first media machine that serves as the mode of production means of distribution site of reception and place of praise and critique The computer is the 21st century＇s culture machine
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer we must also tread with caution (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons First most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode Second the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing
All animals download but only a few upload Beavers build dams and birds make nests Yet for the most part the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods paintings sculpture and architecture and superfluous experiences music literature religion and philosophy (43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines most people are still stuck in download mode Even after the advent of widespread social media a pyramid of production remains with a small number of people uploading material a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume (44)
Television is a oneway tap flowing into our homes The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness creations and experiences to which others adhere
[A] Of course it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity
[B] Applications like tumblrcom which allow users to combine pictures words and other media in creative ways and then share them have the potential to add stickiness by amusing entertaining and enlightening others
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading between passive consumption and active creation whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past halfcentury much of the world＇s media culture has been defined by a single medium television and television is defined by downloading
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow to encourage thoughtful downloading and even more importantly meaningful uploading
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise In some ways this quest for commonalities defines science Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work
(46)In physics one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we seeIt is becoming less clear however that such a theory would be a simplification given the dimensions and universes that it might entail nonetheless unification of sorts remains a major goal
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too (47)Here Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection perhaps the world’s languages music social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms
That at least is the hope But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language which is why children can learn it so quickly
(49)The second by Joshua Greenberg takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2000 languages(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong codependencies between particular types of wordorder relations Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire agespecific and not governed by universals
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Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Some internationals students are coming to your university Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2Do not sign your name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address(10 points)
Part B
52 Directions write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2(20 points)
Section Ⅰ Use of English
2012年完型填空关美国司法官伦理政治关系篇文章出New York Times June 30th 2011Ethics Politics and the Law文选材回2000年完型出法律类文章年样包含段落文章三段者四段脉络较清晰结构容易握较年较易文章篇法律类文章背定背景知识较关注时事者块解学会相应心应手外20道题目中达13题考查动词然选项中基存干扰项15题道考查两词辨析外选项含义差甚远理说值高兴考查动词题目中许考查熟词僻义掌握情况年08年出现3处年出现3处仅2道题考查逻辑词两道题送分题需考虑太命题偏爱able作缀形容词然出现(19题)面真题作详细解析
样第句话设空帮助学理解全文探讨话题： 美国高等法庭司法官伦理道德问题
题1选Bmaintain 空赖文理解直接体现作完型整体思路首先通读全文尤段直接出提议：希法官政治划清界限保证权威性全文导逻辑非常清晰时题2答案(when)势出：果法官政治家样法庭捍卫作法律卫道士权威
题2选A里when实表示条件关系果……
题3选择 weakened文语义题+词义辨析选项含义差较求文逻辑关系掌握清楚Yet表示转折：样法官样做损害法庭独立公正名声 题果导握准定位BD两项D项eliminated 绝排
题4 选D accepted 文语义然通文逻辑关系段精度解题段两法官参政治事件例子说明行法院裁决偏倚认变太A选项challenged C项suspected意义相反旨矛盾肯定法官参政治行B项compromised 调停 题关
题5 选C文语义题段属总分形式首先提出法官参政治导致问题然分析问题原：种情况部分法官受伦理道德准约束 三项合逻辑均具干扰性
题 6 选B完型填空历史subject词情独钟04年05年08年10年选项中出现05年落选3年考查意思致易遭受……考查形式is subjected to is subject to subject sb to sth(某容易遭受)年然subject入选次取家熟悉意思服受…制法院应该行准办事选项A resistant C immune两选项subject 三词04年第8道题时出现Be immune to指…免疫起作见时候命题总容基础设置干扰选项提醒家重视历年真题复
题7 选 D applied文语义题选项句子定语句修饰前面code of conduct 法院应该服样应联邦法院行准A项resort to：诉诸求助 B项sticks to 坚持两项语code属搭配C项lead to导致意义符直接排
题8 选B raise文语义+固定搭配raise the question of 提出……问题句承启段全文导法官法庭应该政治分离开然引出负面例子紧接着引出句话：案件提出问题：究竟法庭政治间否存界限 言意法官法庭政治总撇清关系符合全文导A evade 规避逃避 D项处理解决符合文逻辑 C项否决面 question whether… 构成搭配
题 9 选 A line文语义+固定搭配a line between…：…存划清界限
题10选B as介词法envision…as… ……预想成…
题11选 A so逻辑关系词前句明显果关系so 引导结果状语句
题12选 C upset 文语义题法官赋予永恒位顾忌惩戒权力三选项均符合文逻辑
题13 选 C cultivate 文语义题种位做保障需花心思培养发展政治支持
题14 选 D tied文语义题法制系统旨政治法律相分隔彼联系太紧三项完全构成干扰
题15 选 A concepts词义辨析题libertyproperty属社会基理念 theories (理) divisions (分支)D项conception 常指具体理念非笼统意义理念
题16 选 C shapes考查熟词僻义Shape a plan 作出计划词句子省略that 定语句法院处理社会政策决议问题时制定出法律避免政治化
题17 选 A dismissed 考查熟词僻义Dismiss 里意拒绝考虑遭拒解释什意识形态导致决议分歧总认公正予考虑
题18 选 C address 然考查熟词僻义段提出建议希法官必须处理法庭合法性质疑address 词作处理解决意思完型中第次出现06年完型中段address the needs of the homeless 解决家者需求年里没设空三项均符合逻辑
题19 选D accountable 考查点：义复现+熟词僻义题第二段题6构成义复现be accountable to…解释指义务…负责be agreeable to 愉快意然适合符合品位意思题中to面接code合逻辑 agreeable to everybody 适合A项 be accessible to…接… B项amiable 蔼亲题关
题20 选D as a result考查逻辑关系词A项 by all means B 项at all costs 法致切含义相首先排C项in a word 总总结全文结时句首里and连接词前面容法律法规政治分离开面容更服显然两者果关系
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21 According to the first paragraph peer pressure often emerges as
根第段龄压力通常什样状态出现：
[A] a supplement to the social cure社会治疗补充
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics团队活力刺激
[C] an obstacle to school progress学校进步阻碍
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors良行原
解析：答案D细节题：选项：a cause of undesirable behaviors应文中It usually leads to no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex题干中often应原文中usually选项中undesirable behaviors应no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex leadcause义换难度
22 Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
罗森博格认公支持者应该：
[A] recruit professional advertisers 招募职业广告
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience广告里学验
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers 远离商业广告
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements认识广告局限性
解析：答案B细节题首先根题干中关键词public advocates should 定位：三段句：Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure分应句中publichealth advocatesought to 四选项中课出正确选项advertiser者advertisement关目光锁定take a page from advertisers学知道什意思文so skilled at applying(熟练运)四选项难选出正确答案B学运啊
23 In the author’s view Rosenberg’s book fails to
作者认Rosenberg书未：
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors 足够探究社会生物素
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure效逃避社会治疗缺
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding 例证出国家基金功
[D]produce a longlasting social effect产生长期社会影响
解析：答案A考查作者观点题干中出题目问Rosenberg’s book(样)问足通book应第四段第二句斜体书名应题干中book 指出足面句中语Join the Club 写面表述观点：not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful： explorationprobe义换not enough explorationfails to adequately应题难度明确定位找应句子答案中probe 引起考试敢选择A答案关键09年第三篇第四题中时学选择错误答案B答案B选项中prior单词认识外刚文中定位处义换学达成样识：文章中某句话相似度高选项会正确选项选项A第四段第二句话相似度高基两方面原认识probe词考生敢选择A答案
24 Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors
第五段表明行模仿：
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends 朋友网络害
[B] will mislead behavioral studies 会误导行研究
[C] occurs without our realizing it 没意识时候出现
[D] can produce negative health habits 会产生良健康惯
解析：答案C细节题通题干中imitationbehaviors定位第五段句This is a subtle form of peer pressure we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day unconsciouslysubtle词04年第二篇文章第二题答案中出现04年第二篇文章关社会中字母排序现象篇文章时应该印象27题答案选择D答案：Some form of discrimination is to subtle to recognize家道题前考题出现相似性
25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
作者段中认龄压力效果：
[A] harmful 害
[B] desirable 令满意
[C] profound 意义深远
[D] questionable 值怀疑
解析：答案D态度题 考查作者龄压力效果态度应Far less certain however is…第句中in virtuous(正直效)directions 家认识会影响句子理解紧接着第二句举例 老师排捣乱学生分开表现学生安排块 The tactic never really works…(策略(方法)真正起作)表明作者认龄压力效果确定
Text 2
2012年考研英语阅读Text2文章源Bostoncom篇评性文章题Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises 文章题材属信息科技类文章讲述关New England 家公司购买核电站遵守核源相关规定引起争议文章身言放置Reading第二篇难度算行文中专业性术语词汇基影响考生文章总体理解篇文章中出现相较生僻词汇：renege on aging reaction 等通文揣摩推测判断出生词意思应该较容易整体言Text2难度系数中等题材合理旧开篇直接引出问题第段应该家应该加留心关注焦点助家理解全文握文章中心意
26 C
语义题考词汇文章中特定含义Reneging on 出现文章中第段 先选项入手A condemning 谴责 B reaffirming 重申肯定 C dishonoring 拒付丢脸光彩 D securing 保卫保护 文中公司种行激起公愤…长期坚持遵守承诺关遵守严格核源惯例根常识判断：处定贬义词导致引起群众愤怒需commitment构成动宾关系综合考虑先排AD选项B选项重申中性词句话意思：公司违反惯例正确选项：C
27 A
事实细节题加入2002年协议Entergy算需信息定位文章第3段第四行…the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012公司意2012年运营需征州相关理规定允许前提条件判断出：正确选项A：算Vermont 理规定保护应该原文属义换B选项错 Federal词扩范围C选项意思：延长商业执效期误解原文意思D选项提获购买电厂许原文中已购买唯核电站描述符排
28 A
推断性实施细节题文章第四段讲：公司出现外道泄露等等问题公司造成定影响判断出仅仅违背核源惯例项进入困境中公司身部存系列问题观选项：A理实践 B技术创新
C 财务目标 D 商业前景 属公司问题部终选项A 理实践方面出现问题财务前景技术方面没直接关联
29B
事实细节题作者认Vermont 案例检验出 信息定位文章第5段第45行：…legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far these powers extend… 种权力检测检测州拥种权利底延伸远象应该针州公司首先排A C 余B选项D选项中B意思州较杂乱制度成熟程度D选项指核问题州权力局限性结合文章终选择B选项文章更指州运权利非强调局限性
30 B
推断题提关键词：NRC 需定位文章段落文章句提：But as the NRC reviews the company’s application it should keep it mind what from Entergy are worth 排法先排选项D 名誉会损坏原文符原文说道 is already damaged 接文章中公司提出申请关年限延长申请非Plymouth 申请排选项C A选项中提公司方生意会受影响恰恰文章描述相反综述正确 选项B 说系列事件已NRC 权威构成种挑战
Text 3
文章解析：
文摘The Scientist(科学家)2011年2月1日刊出题The Evolution of Credibility文章文章围绕信度演变话题展开述科学造成理想化版中关世界事实客观科研员展开收集工作实际科研工作中科学探索通常确定复杂程固生活验知识兴趣偏影响科研程结果通常说研究成果称前科学处假说完善阶段验证理完善成熟成科学呢首先需接受相关领域知识界验证研究成果发表需编辑评家关然科研者会引文章会应科技会出现新研究成果互动享竞争程单研究成果演变公众信度检测
第四段描述信度演变程存两悖首先科研工作者致力研究完善错误领域极少已验证东西兴趣新研究成果会成聚焦目标接受未科研工作断挑战否定者新研究成果身会引起质疑研究成果定说服时候项正确新研究成果需年十年家接受项研究成果终具备信度
31 A答案文章第段第四行ambiguous and complicated 选项A uncertainty and complexity义词转换正确选项
32 B 第二段第三句 it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to …选项B表达相意思义句者第二段承启段面第三段观点进行详细述
33 B段落概括考察A关选项文中没提选项CD干扰项文中说方面概念偷换概念考研英语干扰项常见模式
34 D题较难容易选错首先选项AB排AB第悖观点Albert话属第二悖英语文章具强逻辑性非常清晰标点符号识标志外根句子意思选项C段落关联D佳答案
35 C 题全文旨题较容易
Text 4
出济学杂志2011年3月11号篇文章题：
Enemies of progress ：The biggest barrier to public sector reform are the unions
36 It can be learned from the first paragraph that 第段推出什
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members Teamsters然量会员
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant Jimmy Hoffa名公务员
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership 工会已增加公行业会员
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
政府已提升工会会员间关系
解析：段落推理题 优先应题转折没逐排：
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members Teamsters然量会员
文中没提
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant Jimmy Hoffa名公务员
he would probably represent civil servant会代表公务员意味着公务员
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership工会已增加公行业会员
only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do
现36确实增加正解
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
政府已提升工会会员间关系
没提政府工会会员间关系排
37 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2根第二段面答案正确
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
公行业工会采取行动会更加谨慎
[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
公行业工会会员需教育
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
工公行业工会长期斗争
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
公行业工会少行惹麻烦
解析：细节题中which 题排：
先[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
公行业工会会员需教育
文中说Second they are mostly bright and welleducated A quarter of America’s publicsector workers have a university degree没说需教育
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
工公行业工会长期斗争
Britain’s Labor Party as its name implies has long been associated with trade unionism
选项原文间表述相反
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
公行业工会少行惹麻烦
First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences
首先罢工遭受果
义换成功
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
公行业工会采取行动会更加谨慎
强烈干扰项文中没提工会谨慎原文选项A选项B
答案选A选BB 未提选项
38 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
第四段推知公行业收入
[A] illegally secured非法安全
[B] indirectly augmented间接增加
[C] excessively increased度增加
[D]fairly adjusted公调整
解析：细节题 应keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous保持收入幅涨增加假期特已慷慨补助
单词家认识augmented出题开始耍赖考研词汇纲中单词根外副词推出答案
39 The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
威斯康辛州工会例子表明工会
[A]often run against the current political system
通常现行政治系统相违背
[B]can change people’s political attitudes
够改变政治态度
[C]may be a barrier to publicsector reforms
公领域改革障碍
[D]are dominant in the government
受政府导
解析：例证题 找观点 Reform has been vigorously opposed例子应该围绕改革讲
40 John Donahue’s attitude towards the publicsector system is one of
John Donahue公行业系统态度：
[A]disapproval赞
[B]appreciation欣赏
[C]tolerance容忍
[D]indifference漠关心
解析：局部态度题转折方but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America出现bigger problem 表明态度disapproval
Part B
41 C 复现结构定位法+代词指代定位法
41题出现段尾复现结构The second half of the 20th century20世纪半期the turn of the millennium千年交代词 such a device指代fabulous machinetypewriter and printing press等设备正确答案C
42 D 复现结构定位法
42题出现段中根原线索 a secret war场秘密战争正确答案D
43 A 逻辑关系定位法+复现结构定位法+代词指代定位法
43题出现文章段尾前句中提superfluous material goods余材料选项A中宾语these superfluous things余东西43题前句中找指前两句话形成果逻辑关系连接词Of course 正确答案A
44 F 代词指代定位法+复现结构定位法
44题出现段尾起承启作第复现点44题前句语a pyramid of production 选项F中宾语this pyramid of production复现第二复现点television 段落语F选项正确答案
45 G 复现结构定位法
45题出现段尾起承启作前文提电视oneway tap flowing单流动互联网reverse the flow 逆转流动the flow指oneway tap flowing单流动第二复现结构启45题段特殊疑问句中心词meaningful uploading意义传选项G提meaningful uploading信息选项G正确答案
Part C
文选2011年4月14日出版然杂志篇文社科类文章涉语言学方面词汇角度涉考生难握较具专业性词语语法角度题目句间关系复杂考查定语句宾语句形式语非谓语动词等
46 解析题语法结构复杂关键概念陌生unification正确握unification动词unify名词形式意统元化然结合段句：Newton＇s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework句列结构半部分握文中意：致解释理外句定语句考查：we seeall定语句
参考译文物理学种方法种追求致解释理愿发挥极致试图找种万物理——唯生成等式解释事物
47解析句语法结构复杂for连词意半句涉形式语考查
参考译文达尔文义似提供种合理解释果整类着相起源认文化样性追溯类更局限性开端似理
48解析句语定式短语to filter out what is unique from what is shared谓语部分enable sb to do sth中考查4宾语句语法结构方面较两句复杂句中代词it指代complex cultural behaviorterm词考生联想短语in terms of(…言…方面)选择恰词义filter out意：滤掉筛淘汰
参考译文果性中性许够理解复杂文化行产生种素进化认识角度引导种复杂文化行
49解析题考点涉代词原现分词做状语分词做置定语非限制性定语句动句首the second回文寻找段第句找The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky中initiate发起创始推知处the second effort文two previous attemptsshared by many language修饰traitswhich引导定语句样修饰traits定语句中动语态采动译法添加语
参考译文做出第二次努力乔舒亚·格林伯雷采更加验方法研究种普遍性发现种语言特征(特词序特征)认种特征体现认识认知局限产生偏见
50解析语法结构方面句考查定语句分词做置定语列结构等词汇方面family tree词义选择助文by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2000 languages判断语言谱系文代词it指代family tree
参考译文乔姆斯基语法应该表明语言变化模式种模式独立语言谱系者独立该谱系产生路径格林伯格普遍性理认特定种类词序关系间着紧密相互赖关系
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
详解：年英语应文2007年2009年两次考察建议信第三次考察建议信传达信息考察类型会反复考察外关外国华留学生写信某种程度反映2年汉语热社会热点具体集体思路：表达欢迎第二点提出具体建议第三点次表达欢迎留学生展开跨求学旅进行美祝愿
范文：
Dear All
I am writing on behalf of our Student’s Association to send our warm welcome And in order to make you adjust life in China I am making some constructive advices with regard to the life in our university
To begin with you’d better grasp the basic communicating vocabulary as much as possible so as to freely express yourself In addition you can read some books on Chinese customs and daily life style in case you feel uneasy once join a completely strange context Finally relax yourself and feel confident toward your future life
I hope you will find these proposals useful and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details
Sincerely yours
Li Ming
Part B
详解： 认真分析图画两针掉酒瓶作出完全反应洒酒唉声叹气时候剩酒瓶里酒觉情况尚没糟糕图中信息难出出题者意图反映面困境时两类态度前者悲观眼中悲剧者乐观总喜剧知文写作中心应该围绕态度导致生写作程中文中心较抽象佐例证
范文：
In recent years there have been great concerns over the life attitude of the youngsters As is depicted in the picture above facing a bottle with most the wine spilled out on the ground one man is sighing the tragedy whereas the other rejoices over the remained wine in the bottle
The real implications of the picture lies in that different attitude leads to completely diverse results For optimistic people they could find the happiness even facing the most difficult situation And life is a comedy Conversely for people with pessimistic attitude troubles are everywhere and always exist Their lives is filled with one after another tragedies
To my best understanding the story of Den Yaping could be the best illustration of this point If she kept upset by her stature she could not have achieved so much in table tennis All in all young people should bear in mind that better to light a candle than to curse the darkness
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians Yet in several instances justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial
Justice Antonin Scalia for example appeared at political events That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code At the very least the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary
This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property When the court deals with social policy decisions the law it _16_ is inescapably politicalwhich is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and _20_ convincing as law
1 [A]emphasize
[B]maintain
[C]modify
[D] recognize
2 [A]when
[B]lest
[C]before
[D] unless
3 [A]restored
[B]weakened
[C]established
[D] eliminated
4 [A]challenged
[B]compromised
[C]suspected
[D] accepted
5 [A]advanced
[B]caught
[C]bound
[D]founded
6 [A]resistant
[B]subject
[C]immune
[D]prone
7 [A]resorts
[B]sticks
[C]loads
[D]applies
8 [A]evade
[B]raise
[C]deny
[D]settle
9 [A]line
[B]barrier
[C]similarity
[D]conflict
10 [A]by
[B]as
[C]though
[D]towards
11 [A]so
[B]since
[C]provided
[D]though
12 [A]serve
[B]satisfy
[C]upset
[D]replace
13 [A]confirm
[B]express
[C]cultivate
[D]offer
14 [A]guarded
[B]followed
[C]studied
[D]tied
15 [A]concepts
[B]theories
[C]divisions
[D]conceptions
16 [A]excludes
[B]questions
[C]shapes
[D]controls
17 [A]dismissed
[B]released
[C]ranked
[D]distorted
18 [A]suppress
[B]exploit
[C]address
[D]ignore
19 [A]accessible
[B]amiable
[C]agreeable
[D]accountable
20 [A]by all mesns
[B]atall costs
[C]in a word
[D]as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Come on –Everybody’s doing it That whispered message half invitation and half forcing is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure It usually leads to no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex But in her new book Join the Club Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word
Rosenberg the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize offers a host of example of the social cure in action In South Carolina a statesponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool In South Africa an HIVprevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers
The idea seems promisingand Rosenberg is a perceptive observer Her critique of the lameness of many pubichealth campaigns is spoton they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology Dare to be different please don’t smoke pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers who desire nothing more than fitting in Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure Rosenberg is less persuasive Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior An emerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication This is a subtle form of peer pressure we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day
Far less certain however is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with betterbehaved classmates The tactic never really works And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside in the real world as in school we insist on choosing our own friends
21 According to the first paragraph peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
[C] an obstacle to school progress
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
22 Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
23 In the author’s view Rosenberg’s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
[D]produce a longlasting social effect
24 Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
[B] will mislead behavioral studies
[C] occurs without our realizing it
[D] can produce negative health habits
25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful
[B] desirable
[C] profound
[D] questionable
Text 2
A deal is a dealexcept apparently when Entergy is involved The company a major energy supplier in New England provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations
Instead the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running It’s a stunning move
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002 when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant an aging reactor in Vernon As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012 In 2006 the state went a step further requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval Then too the company went along
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next A string of accidents including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe Enraged by Entergy’s behavior the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues The legal issues in the case are obscure whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far those powers extend Certainly there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules But had Entergy kept its word that debate would be beside the point
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state But there should be consequences Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth Pledging to run Pilgrim safely the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth
26 The phrase reneging on(Line 3para1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning
[B] reaffirming
[C] dishonoring
[D] securing
27 By entering into the 2002 agreement Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature
[C] acquire an extension of its business license
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant
28 According to Paragraph 4 Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices
[B] technical innovativeness
[C] financial goals
[D] business vision
29 In the author’s view the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises
[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues
[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues
30 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application
[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work But in the everyday practice of science discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route We aim to be objective but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience what we think our experiences mean and the subsequent actions we take Opportunities for misinterpretation error and selfdeception abound
Consequently discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience Similar to newly staked mining claims they are full of potential But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery This is the credibility process through which the individual researcher’s me here now becomes the community’s anyone anywhere anytime Objective knowledge is the goal not the starting point
Once a discovery claim becomes public the discoverer receives intellectual credit But unlike with mining claims the community takes control of what happens next Within the complex social structure of the scientific community researchers make discoveries editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes and finally the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology As a discovery claim works it through the community the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process First scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed The goal is newsearch not research Not surprisingly newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers Second novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert AzentGyorgyi once described discovery as seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated
In the end credibility happens to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind We reason together challenge revise and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason
31 According to the first paragraph the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity
[B] misconception and deceptiveness
[C] logicality and objectivity
[D] systematicness and regularity
32 It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection
[B]shared efforts
[C] individual wisdom
[D]persistent innovation
33Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
[B]has been examined by the scientific community
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
34 Albert SzentGyörgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges
[B]discoveries today inspire future research
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified
[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind
35Which of the following would be the best title of the test
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today he would probably represent civil servant When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960 only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector In Britain more than half of publicsector workers but only about 15 of privatesector ones are unionized
There are three reasons for the publicsector unions’ thriving First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences Second they are mostly bright and welleducated A quarter of America’s publicsector workers have a university degree Third they now dominate leftofcentre politics Some of their ties go back a long way Britain’s Labor Party as its name implies has long been associated with trade unionism Its current leader Ed Miliband owes his position to votes from publicsector unions
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one But the real gains come in benefits and work practices Politicians have repeatedly backloaded publicsector pay deals keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous
Reform has been vigorously opposed perhaps most egregiously in education where charter schools academies and merit pay all faced drawnout battles Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer politicians have begun to clamp down In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker the hardline Republican governor But many within the public sector suffer under the current system too
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers The only American publicsector workers who earn well above 250000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America
36 It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
37 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
38 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured
[B] indirectly augmented
[C] excessively increased
[D]fairly adjusted
39 The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often run against the current political system
[B]can change people’s political attitudes
[C]may be a barrier to publicsector reforms
[D]are dominant in the government
40 John Donahue’s attitude towards the publicsector system is one of
[A]disapproval
[B]appreciation
[C]tolerance
[D]indifference
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(10 points)
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying higher than a bird Now think of your laptop thinner than a brownpaper envelope or your cellphone in the palm of your hand Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses warriors entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press studio and theatre paintbrush and gallery piano and radio the mail as well as the mail carrier (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device the first media machine that serves as the mode of production means of distribution site of reception and place of praise and critique The computer is the 21st century＇s culture machine
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer we must also tread with caution (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons First most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode Second the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing
All animals download but only a few upload Beavers build dams and birds make nests Yet for the most part the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods paintings sculpture and architecture and superfluous experiences music literature religion and philosophy (43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines most people are still stuck in download mode Even after the advent of widespread social media a pyramid of production remains with a small number of people uploading material a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume (44)
Television is a oneway tap flowing into our homes The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading My definition revolves around the concept of stickiness creations and experiences to which others adhere
[A] Of course it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity
[B] Applications like tumblrcom which allow users to combine pictures words and other media in creative ways and then share them have the potential to add stickiness by amusing entertaining and enlightening others
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading between passive consumption and active creation whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past halfcentury much of the world＇s media culture has been defined by a single medium television and television is defined by downloading
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow to encourage thoughtful downloading and even more importantly meaningful uploading
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise In some ways this quest for commonalities defines science Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work
(46)In physics one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we seeIt is becoming less clear however that such a theory would be a simplification given the dimensions and universes that it might entail nonetheless unification of sorts remains a major goal
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too (47)Here Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection perhaps the world’s languages music social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms
That at least is the hope But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language which is why children can learn it so quickly
(49)The second by Joshua Greenberg takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2000 languages(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong codependencies between particular types of wordorder relations Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire agespecific and not governed by universals
[NxtPage]
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions
Some internationals students are coming to your university Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2Do not sign your name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address(10 points)
Part B
52 Directions write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2(20 points)
Section Ⅰ Use of English
2012年完型填空关美国司法官伦理政治关系篇文章出New York Times June 30th 2011Ethics Politics and the Law文选材回2000年完型出法律类文章年样包含段落文章三段者四段脉络较清晰结构容易握较年较易文章篇法律类文章背定背景知识较关注时事者块解学会相应心应手外20道题目中达13题考查动词然选项中基存干扰项15题道考查两词辨析外选项含义差甚远理说值高兴考查动词题目中许考查熟词僻义掌握情况年08年出现3处年出现3处仅2道题考查逻辑词两道题送分题需考虑太命题偏爱able作缀形容词然出现(19题)面真题作详细解析
样第句话设空帮助学理解全文探讨话题： 美国高等法庭司法官伦理道德问题
题1选Bmaintain 空赖文理解直接体现作完型整体思路首先通读全文尤段直接出提议：希法官政治划清界限保证权威性全文导逻辑非常清晰时题2答案(when)势出：果法官政治家样法庭捍卫作法律卫道士权威
题2选A里when实表示条件关系果……
题3选择 weakened文语义题+词义辨析选项含义差较求文逻辑关系掌握清楚Yet表示转折：样法官样做损害法庭独立公正名声 题果导握准定位BD两项D项eliminated 绝排
题4 选D accepted 文语义然通文逻辑关系段精度解题段两法官参政治事件例子说明行法院裁决偏倚认变太A选项challenged C项suspected意义相反旨矛盾肯定法官参政治行B项compromised 调停 题关
题5 选C文语义题段属总分形式首先提出法官参政治导致问题然分析问题原：种情况部分法官受伦理道德准约束 三项合逻辑均具干扰性
题 6 选B完型填空历史subject词情独钟04年05年08年10年选项中出现05年落选3年考查意思致易遭受……考查形式is subjected to is subject to subject sb to sth(某容易遭受)年然subject入选次取家熟悉意思服受…制法院应该行准办事选项A resistant C immune两选项subject 三词04年第8道题时出现Be immune to指…免疫起作见时候命题总容基础设置干扰选项提醒家重视历年真题复
题7 选 D applied文语义题选项句子定语句修饰前面code of conduct 法院应该服样应联邦法院行准A项resort to：诉诸求助 B项sticks to 坚持两项语code属搭配C项lead to导致意义符直接排
题8 选B raise文语义+固定搭配raise the question of 提出……问题句承启段全文导法官法庭应该政治分离开然引出负面例子紧接着引出句话：案件提出问题：究竟法庭政治间否存界限 言意法官法庭政治总撇清关系符合全文导A evade 规避逃避 D项处理解决符合文逻辑 C项否决面 question whether… 构成搭配
题 9 选 A line文语义+固定搭配a line between…：…存划清界限
题10选B as介词法envision…as… ……预想成…
题11选 A so逻辑关系词前句明显果关系so 引导结果状语句
题12选 C upset 文语义题法官赋予永恒位顾忌惩戒权力三选项均符合文逻辑
题13 选 C cultivate 文语义题种位做保障需花心思培养发展政治支持
题14 选 D tied文语义题法制系统旨政治法律相分隔彼联系太紧三项完全构成干扰
题15 选 A concepts词义辨析题libertyproperty属社会基理念 theories (理) divisions (分支)D项conception 常指具体理念非笼统意义理念
题16 选 C shapes考查熟词僻义Shape a plan 作出计划词句子省略that 定语句法院处理社会政策决议问题时制定出法律避免政治化
题17 选 A dismissed 考查熟词僻义Dismiss 里意拒绝考虑遭拒解释什意识形态导致决议分歧总认公正予考虑
题18 选 C address 然考查熟词僻义段提出建议希法官必须处理法庭合法性质疑address 词作处理解决意思完型中第次出现06年完型中段address the needs of the homeless 解决家者需求年里没设空三项均符合逻辑
题19 选D accountable 考查点：义复现+熟词僻义题第二段题6构成义复现be accountable to…解释指义务…负责be agreeable to 愉快意然适合符合品位意思题中to面接code合逻辑 agreeable to everybody 适合A项 be accessible to…接… B项amiable 蔼亲题关
题20 选D as a result考查逻辑关系词A项 by all means B 项at all costs 法致切含义相首先排C项in a word 总总结全文结时句首里and连接词前面容法律法规政治分离开面容更服显然两者果关系
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21 According to the first paragraph peer pressure often emerges as
根第段龄压力通常什样状态出现：
[A] a supplement to the social cure社会治疗补充
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics团队活力刺激
[C] an obstacle to school progress学校进步阻碍
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors良行原
解析：答案D细节题：选项：a cause of undesirable behaviors应文中It usually leads to no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex题干中often应原文中usually选项中undesirable behaviors应no gooddrinking drugs and casual sex leadcause义换难度
22 Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
罗森博格认公支持者应该：
[A] recruit professional advertisers 招募职业广告
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience广告里学验
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers 远离商业广告
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements认识广告局限性
解析：答案B细节题首先根题干中关键词public advocates should 定位：三段句：Rosenberg argues convincingly that publichealth advocates ought to take a page from advertisers so skilled at applying peer pressure分应句中publichealth advocatesought to 四选项中课出正确选项advertiser者advertisement关目光锁定take a page from advertisers学知道什意思文so skilled at applying(熟练运)四选项难选出正确答案B学运啊
23 In the author’s view Rosenberg’s book fails to
作者认Rosenberg书未：
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors 足够探究社会生物素
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure效逃避社会治疗缺
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding 例证出国家基金功
[D]produce a longlasting social effect产生长期社会影响
解析：答案A考查作者观点题干中出题目问Rosenberg’s book(样)问足通book应第四段第二句斜体书名应题干中book 指出足面句中语Join the Club 写面表述观点：not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful： explorationprobe义换not enough explorationfails to adequately应题难度明确定位找应句子答案中probe 引起考试敢选择A答案关键09年第三篇第四题中时学选择错误答案B答案B选项中prior单词认识外刚文中定位处义换学达成样识：文章中某句话相似度高选项会正确选项选项A第四段第二句话相似度高基两方面原认识probe词考生敢选择A答案
24 Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors
第五段表明行模仿：
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends 朋友网络害
[B] will mislead behavioral studies 会误导行研究
[C] occurs without our realizing it 没意识时候出现
[D] can produce negative health habits 会产生良健康惯
解析：答案C细节题通题干中imitationbehaviors定位第五段句This is a subtle form of peer pressure we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day unconsciouslysubtle词04年第二篇文章第二题答案中出现04年第二篇文章关社会中字母排序现象篇文章时应该印象27题答案选择D答案：Some form of discrimination is to subtle to recognize家道题前考题出现相似性
25 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
作者段中认龄压力效果：
[A] harmful 害
[B] desirable 令满意
[C] profound 意义深远
[D] questionable 值怀疑
解析：答案D态度题 考查作者龄压力效果态度应Far less certain however is…第句中in virtuous(正直效)directions 家认识会影响句子理解紧接着第二句举例 老师排捣乱学生分开表现学生安排块 The tactic never really works…(策略(方法)真正起作)表明作者认龄压力效果确定
Text 2
2012年考研英语阅读Text2文章源Bostoncom篇评性文章题Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises 文章题材属信息科技类文章讲述关New England 家公司购买核电站遵守核源相关规定引起争议文章身言放置Reading第二篇难度算行文中专业性术语词汇基影响考生文章总体理解篇文章中出现相较生僻词汇：renege on aging reaction 等通文揣摩推测判断出生词意思应该较容易整体言Text2难度系数中等题材合理旧开篇直接引出问题第段应该家应该加留心关注焦点助家理解全文握文章中心意
26 C
语义题考词汇文章中特定含义Reneging on 出现文章中第段 先选项入手A condemning 谴责 B reaffirming 重申肯定 C dishonoring 拒付丢脸光彩 D securing 保卫保护 文中公司种行激起公愤…长期坚持遵守承诺关遵守严格核源惯例根常识判断：处定贬义词导致引起群众愤怒需commitment构成动宾关系综合考虑先排AD选项B选项重申中性词句话意思：公司违反惯例正确选项：C
27 A
事实细节题加入2002年协议Entergy算需信息定位文章第3段第四行…the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012公司意2012年运营需征州相关理规定允许前提条件判断出：正确选项A：算Vermont 理规定保护应该原文属义换B选项错 Federal词扩范围C选项意思：延长商业执效期误解原文意思D选项提获购买电厂许原文中已购买唯核电站描述符排
28 A
推断性实施细节题文章第四段讲：公司出现外道泄露等等问题公司造成定影响判断出仅仅违背核源惯例项进入困境中公司身部存系列问题观选项：A理实践 B技术创新
C 财务目标 D 商业前景 属公司问题部终选项A 理实践方面出现问题财务前景技术方面没直接关联
29B
事实细节题作者认Vermont 案例检验出 信息定位文章第5段第45行：…legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedentsetting test of how far these powers extend… 种权力检测检测州拥种权利底延伸远象应该针州公司首先排A C 余B选项D选项中B意思州较杂乱制度成熟程度D选项指核问题州权力局限性结合文章终选择B选项文章更指州运权利非强调局限性
30 B
推断题提关键词：NRC 需定位文章段落文章句提：But as the NRC reviews the company’s application it should keep it mind what from Entergy are worth 排法先排选项D 名誉会损坏原文符原文说道 is already damaged 接文章中公司提出申请关年限延长申请非Plymouth 申请排选项C A选项中提公司方生意会受影响恰恰文章描述相反综述正确 选项B 说系列事件已NRC 权威构成种挑战
Text 3
文章解析：
文摘The Scientist(科学家)2011年2月1日刊出题The Evolution of Credibility文章文章围绕信度演变话题展开述科学造成理想化版中关世界事实客观科研员展开收集工作实际科研工作中科学探索通常确定复杂程固生活验知识兴趣偏影响科研程结果通常说研究成果称前科学处假说完善阶段验证理完善成熟成科学呢首先需接受相关领域知识界验证研究成果发表需编辑评家关然科研者会引文章会应科技会出现新研究成果互动享竞争程单研究成果演变公众信度检测
第四段描述信度演变程存两悖首先科研工作者致力研究完善错误领域极少已验证东西兴趣新研究成果会成聚焦目标接受未科研工作断挑战否定者新研究成果身会引起质疑研究成果定说服时候项正确新研究成果需年十年家接受项研究成果终具备信度
31 A答案文章第段第四行ambiguous and complicated 选项A uncertainty and complexity义词转换正确选项
32 B 第二段第三句 it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to …选项B表达相意思义句者第二段承启段面第三段观点进行详细述
33 B段落概括考察A关选项文中没提选项CD干扰项文中说方面概念偷换概念考研英语干扰项常见模式
34 D题较难容易选错首先选项AB排AB第悖观点Albert话属第二悖英语文章具强逻辑性非常清晰标点符号识标志外根句子意思选项C段落关联D佳答案
35 C 题全文旨题较容易
Text 4
出济学杂志2011年3月11号篇文章题：
Enemies of progress ：The biggest barrier to public sector reform are the unions
36 It can be learned from the first paragraph that 第段推出什
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members Teamsters然量会员
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant Jimmy Hoffa名公务员
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership 工会已增加公行业会员
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
政府已提升工会会员间关系
解析：段落推理题 优先应题转折没逐排：
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members Teamsters然量会员
文中没提
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant Jimmy Hoffa名公务员
he would probably represent civil servant会代表公务员意味着公务员
[C] unions have enlarged their publicsector membership工会已增加公行业会员
only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union now 36 do
现36确实增加正解
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists
政府已提升工会会员间关系
没提政府工会会员间关系排
37 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2根第二段面答案正确
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
公行业工会采取行动会更加谨慎
[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
公行业工会会员需教育
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
工公行业工会长期斗争
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
公行业工会少行惹麻烦
解析：细节题中which 题排：
先[B] Education is required for publicsector union membership
公行业工会会员需教育
文中说Second they are mostly bright and welleducated A quarter of America’s publicsector workers have a university degree没说需教育
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publicsector unions
工公行业工会长期斗争
Britain’s Labor Party as its name implies has long been associated with trade unionism
选项原文间表述相反
[D]Publicsector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions
公行业工会少行惹麻烦
First they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences
首先罢工遭受果
义换成功
[A] Publicsector unions are prudent in taking actions
公行业工会采取行动会更加谨慎
强烈干扰项文中没提工会谨慎原文选项A选项B
答案选A选BB 未提选项
38 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
第四段推知公行业收入
[A] illegally secured非法安全
[B] indirectly augmented间接增加
[C] excessively increased度增加
[D]fairly adjusted公调整
解析：细节题 应keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous保持收入幅涨增加假期特已慷慨补助
单词家认识augmented出题开始耍赖考研词汇纲中单词根外副词推出答案
39 The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
威斯康辛州工会例子表明工会
[A]often run against the current political system
通常现行政治系统相违背
[B]can change people’s political attitudes
够改变政治态度
[C]may be a barrier to publicsector reforms
公领域改革障碍
[D]are dominant in the government
受政府导
解析：例证题 找观点 Reform has been vigorously opposed例子应该围绕改革讲
40 John Donahue’s attitude towards the publicsector system is one of
John Donahue公行业系统态度：
[A]disapproval赞
[B]appreciation欣赏
[C]tolerance容忍
[D]indifference漠关心
解析：局部态度题转折方but a publicsector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America出现bigger problem 表明态度disapproval
Part B
41 C 复现结构定位法+代词指代定位法
41题出现段尾复现结构The second half of the 20th century20世纪半期the turn of the millennium千年交代词 such a device指代fabulous machinetypewriter and printing press等设备正确答案C
42 D 复现结构定位法
42题出现段中根原线索 a secret war场秘密战争正确答案D
43 A 逻辑关系定位法+复现结构定位法+代词指代定位法
43题出现文章段尾前句中提superfluous material goods余材料选项A中宾语these superfluous things余东西43题前句中找指前两句话形成果逻辑关系连接词Of course 正确答案A
44 F 代词指代定位法+复现结构定位法
44题出现段尾起承启作第复现点44题前句语a pyramid of production 选项F中宾语this pyramid of production复现第二复现点television 段落语F选项正确答案
45 G 复现结构定位法
45题出现段尾起承启作前文提电视oneway tap flowing单流动互联网reverse the flow 逆转流动the flow指oneway tap flowing单流动第二复现结构启45题段特殊疑问句中心词meaningful uploading意义传选项G提meaningful uploading信息选项G正确答案
Part C
文选2011年4月14日出版然杂志篇文社科类文章涉语言学方面词汇角度涉考生难握较具专业性词语语法角度题目句间关系复杂考查定语句宾语句形式语非谓语动词等
46 解析题语法结构复杂关键概念陌生unification正确握unification动词unify名词形式意统元化然结合段句：Newton＇s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework句列结构半部分握文中意：致解释理外句定语句考查：we seeall定语句
参考译文物理学种方法种追求致解释理愿发挥极致试图找种万物理——唯生成等式解释事物
47解析句语法结构复杂for连词意半句涉形式语考查
参考译文达尔文义似提供种合理解释果整类着相起源认文化样性追溯类更局限性开端似理
48解析句语定式短语to filter out what is unique from what is shared谓语部分enable sb to do sth中考查4宾语句语法结构方面较两句复杂句中代词it指代complex cultural behaviorterm词考生联想短语in terms of(…言…方面)选择恰词义filter out意：滤掉筛淘汰
参考译文果性中性许够理解复杂文化行产生种素进化认识角度引导种复杂文化行
49解析题考点涉代词原现分词做状语分词做置定语非限制性定语句动句首the second回文寻找段第句找The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky中initiate发起创始推知处the second effort文two previous attemptsshared by many language修饰traitswhich引导定语句样修饰traits定语句中动语态采动译法添加语
参考译文做出第二次努力乔舒亚·格林伯雷采更加验方法研究种普遍性发现种语言特征(特词序特征)认种特征体现认识认知局限产生偏见
50解析语法结构方面句考查定语句分词做置定语列结构等词汇方面family tree词义选择助文by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2000 languages判断语言谱系文代词it指代family tree
参考译文乔姆斯基语法应该表明语言变化模式种模式独立语言谱系者独立该谱系产生路径格林伯格普遍性理认特定种类词序关系间着紧密相互赖关系
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
详解：年英语应文2007年2009年两次考察建议信第三次考察建议信传达信息考察类型会反复考察外关外国华留学生写信某种程度反映2年汉语热社会热点具体集体思路：表达欢迎第二点提出具体建议第三点次表达欢迎留学生展开跨求学旅进行美祝愿
范文：
Dear All
I am writing on behalf of our Student’s Association to send our warm welcome And in order to make you adjust life in China I am making some constructive advices with regard to the life in our university
To begin with you’d better grasp the basic communicating vocabulary as much as possible so as to freely express yourself In addition you can read some books on Chinese customs and daily life style in case you feel uneasy once join a completely strange context Finally relax yourself and feel confident toward your future life
I hope you will find these proposals useful and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details
Sincerely yours
Li Ming
Part B
详解： 认真分析图画两针掉酒瓶作出完全反应洒酒唉声叹气时候剩酒瓶里酒觉情况尚没糟糕图中信息难出出题者意图反映面困境时两类态度前者悲观眼中悲剧者乐观总喜剧知文写作中心应该围绕态度导致生写作程中文中心较抽象佐例证
范文：
In recent years there have been great concerns over the life attitude of the youngsters As is depicted in the picture above facing a bottle with most the wine spilled out on the ground one man is sighing the tragedy whereas the other rejoices over the remained wine in the bottle
The real implications of the picture lies in that different attitude leads to completely diverse results For optimistic people they could find the happiness even facing the most difficult situation And life is a comedy Conversely for people with pessimistic attitude troubles are everywhere and always exist Their lives is filled with one after another tragedies
To my best understanding the story of Den Yaping could be the best illustration of this point If she kept upset by her stature she could not have achieved so much in table tennis All in all young people should bear in mind that better to light a candle than to curse the darkness
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