绝缘子抗拉强度检验设备设计
绝缘子抗拉强度检验设备设计
摘
次毕业设计象液压绝缘子抗拉强度检验装置套装置实现功检验绝缘子抗拉强度次性检验12XMPP70型绝缘子抗拉强度中设计换位装置工机器检验绝缘子强度时装置装载绝缘子者卸载绝缘子该液压抗拉强度检验装置两部分液压部分完成拉力检测部分电机完成绝缘子装载工位拉力检测工位卸载工位间移动设计中选择机械零件结构进行应力分析验证时检查否符合求液压系统设计中先重整体出发第步设定总体计划设计液压控制回路时较速度控制回路认进口节流调速回路控制更适合设计卸油回路选择选择带三位四通电磁换阀卸油回路压力保持回路选择利液控单阀特性完成压力保持动作确定基回路选择液压系统传动系统开放系统液压系统相简单散热力十分优点液压系统选择开式系统绘制完液压原理图设计选择检查液压组件进计算液压缸选定80mm液压缸液压泵选定KCB333(2CY1452)型齿轮泵根系统工作功率设计选Y90S2型电动机液压系统保持运行设计换位装置时换位装置制定位置运动停止装置中加入行程开关工位转换程中绝缘子会掉落存放槽中两边加装轴承考虑轴承承受载荷径载荷存储槽会变形导致轴重力角轴承座孔中心线存角度误差选择 具动调心性轴承 根换位装置工作功率处选机型号： Y112M4三相异步电动机
关键词： 绝缘子抗拉强度检验设计液压液压拉力机行程开关
Design of tensile strength inspection of insulator
Abstract
The object of this graduation project is a hydraulic insulator tensile strength testing machine This device is used for the tensile strength testing of insulators It can test the tensile strength of 12 XMPP70 insulators at one time and a transposition device is designed so that when the machine checks the strength of the insulator the worker can load or unload the insulator on the device The hydraulic tensile strength inspection machine is mainly composed of two parts one is the tensile test completed by the hydraulic part and the other part is completed by the motor which moves the insulator between the loading station the tensile testing station and the unloading station In this design the mechanical part and structure are selected and the force analysis and verification are carried out while checking whether it meets the requirements In the design of the hydraulic system the overall plan was first designed When designing the hydraulic control circuits after comparing several speed control circuits I used an imported throttle speed control circuit for the unloading circuit I chose a unloading circuit with a twoposition twoway electromagnetic directional valve For the pressureholding circuit I chose to use a hydraulic control check valve to complete the pressureholding action After the basic circuit is determined the transmission system of the hydraulic system is selected Because the hydraulic system of the open system is relatively simple the heat dissipation capacity is also very good and other advantages so I chose the open system for the hydraulic system After drawing up the hydraulic schematic diagram the hydraulic components are also designed selected and checked After calculation the hydraulic cylinder is selected as the 80mm hydraulic cylinder and the hydraulic pump is selected as theKCB333(2CY1452) type vane pump According to the maximum power of the system this design uses Y90S2 motor to keep my hydraulic system running When designing the transposition device the transposition device can move and stop at the specified position I added a travel switch to the device and in order to prevent the insulator from falling during the conversion of the station the storage slot Bearings are installed on both sides of the center Considering that the main load received by the bearing is radial load and the storage groove will be deformed the center of gravity line of the shaft will not coincide with the center line of the bearing hole and there is an angle error so the bearing with selfaligning performance is selected According to the maximum working power of the transposition device here I chose the threephase asynchronous motor with the model of the machine Y112M4
Keywords Insulator tensile strength inspection design hydraulic pressure hydraulic tension machine travel switch
目 录
目录
1 前言 1
11设计目意义技术求 1
111设计目 1
112 设计意义 1
113设计应达技术求 3
12设计应解决问题 3
2设计 4
3液压系统设计 6
32液压系统图拟定 10
321液压回路选择 10
322确定液压系统类型 15
323 液压原理图拟定 16
33 液压辅助元件计算选择 16
331 确定液压泵型号运行电动机功率 16
4总体装置设计 18
41 总体框架设想 18
42 单存放槽设计 18
421轴承选择 20
422三角转盘参数确定 24
43 输出功率计算 25
44 选择电动机 26
441减速器选型 26
442 选择电动机容量 29
45 联轴器选择 31
46 行程开关选择 32
5结 34
1 前言
设计检验绝缘子属低电压低吨位型号目前国型号检验性较高设计更注重检测绝缘子效率
确保够高效稳定运行选择高效低投入流水线方式绝缘子进行抗拉强度检测
单绝缘子进行拉伸检验节约时间成采原件串接起试验装置检验绝缘子抗拉强度整程需花费少10s时间段中工等机器完成动作检验完绝缘子卸载卸载完成需新绝缘子装载样工装载卸载绝缘子程中机器直处停滞状态设计装置意机器工作提高效率
时设计程中装置总体布置融入定学确保实性
11设计目意义技术求
111设计目
设计目设计套高效率检验绝缘子抗拉强度装置次检验12相型号例行拉伸负荷35kN 绝缘子配合组员设计出条完成绝缘子抗拉强度检验电检流水线完成检验时提高效率条流水线合理化日够投入工厂中
112 设计意义
改革开放中国国民济飞速发展益济发展中国行业肉眼见发展中电力工业部分
种发展体现发电设备发电量输电线路十九世纪八十年代二十世纪初发电设备总装机容量六千万kW提高五亿kW三峡坝建成电网发展更三峡中心周边辐射种速度形成全国统电网局面指日截2003年末中国66 kV输电线路总长更增长386万千米中194万千米110 kV输电线路 136万千米220 kV输电线路 13万千米330 kV输电线路500 kV输电线路39万千米±500 kV直流输电线路035万千米电路中高达5 700万片绝缘子数十分惊实际发电设备装机容量全国发电量增长速度然追社会电飞速增长线路绝缘子输变电设备中十分意义组成部分快速发展电力系统绝缘子发展越越快
绝缘子结构入手致够分成两类两类分盘型悬式棒型悬式电介质材料分类瓷玻璃机合成绝缘子3种类型
中着新材料断出现机复合绝缘子年发展十分迅速机复合绝缘子十分轻盈检验零值材质特殊污秽耐受电压材料绝缘子高出少相瓷绝缘子十分耐酸性耐热性瓷绝缘子基会老化瓷绝缘子承受机械负荷十分观市场中新型号瓷绝缘子雨春笋般断出现总体言瓷绝缘子制造商没变化太反激烈市场竞争制造商陆续收购重新整合导致总体数量滑
零值爆玻璃绝缘子引瞩目优点面片严重污染电网时候会想应玻璃绝缘子子着良销售市场 然生产玻璃绝缘子门槛劝退许企业生产制造条件起般绝缘子求更苛刻 国目前仅3家企业够产出拉伸强度300～530kN玻璃绝缘子 述种常见绝缘子外市场中直流电绝缘子 种绝缘子应直流输电线路然目前应数量妨碍续研究累计验国开展方面研发工作制造厂研究根消息国规划条直流输电工程已开始投入建设直流绝缘子说发展机会 外长棒形瓷绝缘子种绝缘子国应较少欧美区较实悬式绝缘子分支包含悬式绝缘子优点：老化慢轻盈电气性维护容易耐运行维护费低等
综述绝缘子发展前景十分电力系统关发展会长久衰绝缘子数量质量求未会越越高绝缘子检验程着时代变化达求更高效率更快成更低
113设计应达技术求
设计绝缘子检验中抗拉强度检验设定检验绝缘子型号XMP70需设计出满足检测额定机械拉伸负荷35Kn拉力机中包括拉力机结构控制动作液压系统
1 液压系统需迅速达工作位置缓缓施加拉力直35KN保持10s10s卸荷
2 换位系统达指定位置停止定时间转位置
12设计应解决问题
1液压缸快进拉力逐渐升35kN保持10s动卸荷
2换位装置配合换位程中工位发生碰撞
3换位装置没换工位便停止等工激活次运转
4液压站换位装置电机等间配合符合学
3装置应组电检装置配合
2设计
设计总图
图21
检验绝缘子型号：XMP70
图21 XMP70
图22 XMP70实物图
表21 绝缘子技术参数
产品型号
Type
工频击穿电压
Power frequency puncture voltage（kV）
例行拉伸负荷
Routine tensile load（kN）
结构高度
Unit Spacing（mm）
公称爬电距离
Creepage distance（mm）
公盘称径
Nominal diameter（mm）
额定机电破坏负荷
Rated F&M failing load
(Kn)
雷电击附受电压
Power frequency withstand voltage（kV）
重量
Net weight（kg）
XMP70
120
35
146
300
350
200
105
60
3液压系统设计
根绝缘子拉伸负荷试验程序总结出装置需完成动作
拉力机工作循环式：先快进工进拉力达35kN保压10s快退位
余参数性求：
1） XMPP70例行拉伸负荷：35kN
2） 移动部件总重力G9810 N
3） 快进快退速度 v1v36mmin
4） 工进速度 v2005mmin
5） 快进快退时间02s
根拉力机工作循环画出位移循环图
图31位移循环图
负载分析
1）工作负载
Ft35kN
2） 惯性负载
FmG∆vg∆t9810×6981×60×02500N
3） 阻力负载
4） 静摩擦力
FfaμaG02×98101962N
动摩擦力
FfdμdG01×9810981N
液压缸机械效率ƞm09根机械效率倒推出液压缸阶段负载值
表31
工况
计算公式
总负载
缸推力
启动
FFfa
1962
2180
加速
FFfd+Fm
1481
1645
快进
FFfd
981
1090
工进
FFfd+FL
35981
39979
快退
F﹣Ffd
981
1090
确定液压系统参数
液压系统参数非两压力二流量出两参数数够根通计算出
表列出执行元件运动种类性质决定表32示
表32
运动形式
直线返运动
旋转运动
复摆动
短行程
长行程
高速
低速
建议采执行元件形式
活塞缸
柱塞缸
高速液压马达
低速液压马达
高速液压马达减速机构
摆动马达
根情况液压拉力机做复直线运动行程较短设计液压系统执行元件采活塞缸
执行元件形式确认完进行执行元件工作压力初选
执行元件工作压力负载决定外需考虑执行元件体积装配空间成供货周期等情况执行元件工作压力根负载基表33选取
表33
负载FKn
<5
5~10
10~20
20~30
30~50
>50
工作压力pMPa
<08~10
15~20
25~30
3~4
4~5
>5~7
已知绝缘子XMPP70额定机械负荷35kN根表33活塞缸工作压力p14Mpa
必麻烦设计快进速度设置快退速度相选单杆活塞式液压缸样种处便液压系统快进时做差动连接做差动连接时杆腔工作面积A2液压缸杆腔工作面积A1半根面积公式逆推导轻易出活塞杆直径d缸筒直径D关系关系：
d0707D
保护液压缸防止液压缸工作程中活塞缸壁发生碰撞液压缸回油路需背压p2根验取08Mpa考虑油中压差∆p存杆腔压力须杆腔压力估算时∆p概取05Mpa快退时回油腔背压时p206估算
液压缸面积：
FƞmA1p1−A2p2A1p1−A12p2
A1Fƞm(p1−p22) 39979[(4082）×106]0011105m2
D4A1π01149md0707D00841m
GBT23481993直径圆整成标准值
表34 液压缸径活塞杆直径标准系列（GBT2348—1993） mm
液压缸径D
40506380（90）100（110）125（140）160
活塞杆直径d
32364045505663708090100110
根表格D110mmd80mm
计算出液压缸两腔实际效面积
A1πD249503×10−3m2
A2π(D2−d2)44477×10−3m2
验算活塞杆强度稳定性均符合求
Dd估算出液压缸工作阶段压力流量功率表35示
表35
工况
负载F＇N
回油腔压力p2MPa
进油腔压力p1MPa
输入流量q(L∙min−1)
输入功率PkW
计算式
快进
启动
2180
0
0433
—
—
p1（Fƞm+A2∆p）(A1−A2)
q(A1−A2)v1
Pp1q
加速
1645
p2p1+∆p
(∆p05Mpa)
0773
—
—
恒速
1090
0662
30156
03328
工进
39979
08
4584
0475
0036
p1（Fƞm+A2p2）A1
qA1v2
Pp1q
快退
启动
2180
0
0487
—
—
p1（Fƞm+A1p2）A2
qA2v3
Pp1q
加速
1645
06
166
—
—
恒速
1090
1517
2507
0634
32液压系统图拟定
321液压回路选择
1）调速回路选择
液压基回路三种：节流调速容积调速容积调速
节流调速优点结构简成低易维护易调速调速广缺点：耗高效率低总说较适合运功率场合
调速回路分种：旁路节流进口节流出口节流进出口节流等
（1）进口节流调速回路（图22示）
图32进口节流调速回路
(2)出口节流调速回路
节流安装回油路控制油腔流出油量控制进入液压缸流量进步影响液压缸速度
(3)旁路节流调速回路（图33示）
图33节流阀放液压缸相联支路组成旁路节流调速回路节流阀调节流量时起溢出余流量回路中溢流阀起安全保护作
1) 节流面积变情况负载速度刚性成正
2) 负载变情况节流阀通流面积速度速度刚性成反
3) 活塞面积变时提高速度刚性两种办法减节流阀指数减泄露系数
图33
(4)容积节流调速回路
容积节流调速回路变量泵节流阀组合保留容积调速回路溢流损失效率高等优点
表26知该系统功率超0634Kw功率较知系统发热量较时运动速度低工作负载变化中等容积调速般功率负载高速度中高压系统容积调速适系统果处采容积节流调速较适合需变量泵价格较昂贵容积节流调速35Kw系统中投入系统容积节流调速合理确实采进口节流调速形式
保压回路确定
保压回路种：
（1） 液压单阀进行保压（图34）
液压缸杆腔油路安装液控单阀液控单阀十分密封性利特点完成保压般适合工作压力20MPa液压系统保压时间宜超10min
图34
(2)辅助液压泵保压回路
液压回路中增加辅助液压泵
工作完成程系统保压——压力继电器控——辅助液压泵供油——系统压力变
(3) 蓄器保压回路(图35)
重锤式蓄器保压程中a点供油保压时蓄器充入高压油重锤升触限位开关时电液换阀电磁铁1Y断电液压泵卸载蓄器保持系统压力种保压回路缺点保持压力超0102MP
图35
（2） 已知液压缸工作压力4Mpa选第种方法液压单阀进行保压
卸荷回路
卸荷回路够液压系统电动机熄火情况完成液压油卸荷
种形式：
图36采换阀卸荷换阀中位接油箱通控制换阀位置液压泵接回油箱中液压泵卸荷种卸荷方式适低压流量（P25MpaQp≦40Lmin）液压系统系统压力流量较时种方法系统击较稳定
图36 换阀卸荷回路
图37溢流阀卸荷回路先导式溢流阀控制路通三位二通电磁换阀 接回油箱时液压泵输出油液低压力溢流阀回油箱完成液压泵卸荷
图37 溢流阀卸荷回路
图38较特殊卸荷回路液压缸3活塞左运动返回终点时缸体带单阀2旁通油口开启液压泵油液液压缸杆腔油口流回油箱液压泵卸荷
图38 特殊液压缸泵卸荷
根卸荷回路特点场合成等素设计采第种卸荷方式电磁换阀卸荷
322确定液压系统类型
液压系统类型两种分开式系统闭式系统两种
开式系统结构较简单油箱体积较油箱定体积散热较沉淀杂质作较优异油泵吸性较油液空气接触机会较空气杂质容易进入系统导致机构运行稳等果闭式系统结构紧凑空气接触少空气中杂质较难进入系统传动较稳工作机构速度变化方转变赖马达变量机构者调节泵实现避免开式系统中出现液压击量损耗闭式系统较复杂没油箱液压系统工作时产生热量较难散发出滤条件相较差外闭式系统般会选择液压马达做执行元件
设计液压系统较简单综合面两种液压系统特点选开式系统
323 液压原理图拟定
图39 液压系统原理图
基回路确定基础拟定液压系统原理图图39示
33 液压辅助元件计算选择
331 液压泵选型运行电动机选型
1）计算液压泵压力
估算压力损失验数：
验路简单液压系统压力损失取∆p102~05 MPa果路较复杂液压系统∆p105~15 MPa
系统十分简单取∆p105 MPa
液压缸整工作循环中工作压力39979 MPa系统调速阀路简单取压力损失∆p08 MPa压力继电器工作调速压力高出系统高工作压力08Mpa算出液压泵工作压力
pp1p+∆p1+0839979+05+0852979Mpa
知道快退时液压缸工作压力快进时取进油路压力损失05MPa液压泵高工作压力
pp252979+0557979MpaMpa
表知液压泵液压缸提供流量2507Lmin系统简单取泄露系数105液压泵实际流量
pq105×2507263235Lmin
根面计算压力流量差产品样选KCB333(2CY1452)型齿轮泵该泵额定压力7MPa高转速1420rmin流量333Lmin
液压泵快退阶段功率取液压缸进油路压力损失05MPa液压泵输出压力pp1517+052017MPa取液压泵总效率ηp08液压泵驱动电机需功率
P(1517+05）×3166308×601331kW
数值查阅电动机产品样选取Y90S2型电动机功率15kW转速2840rmin
根双联叶片泵泵额定流量309Lmin查表（JB82766）根推荐路通流量40Lmin径18mm路通309Lmin径14mm选取公称直径D14mm钢钢外径18mm接头连接螺纹M18x15
标准件选择
根液压系统工作压力通阀元件流量查产品目录选择标注元件型号规格
表36
序号
元件
流量
型号规格
1
单阀
2507
I26
2
三位四通电磁换阀
3016
34D163BY
3
压力表开关
—
K6B
4
溢流阀
74
Y25B
4总体装置设计
41 总体框架设想
阶段绝缘子抗拉强度检验动作工绝缘子放装置装置绝缘子进行拉伸检测工通检测绝缘子装置中卸三动作分三工位绝缘子需工位间移动拉伸液压系统外需移动装置
单绝缘子进行拉伸检验节约时间成采原件串接起试验进行检验时应均匀击升高负荷规定检验负荷规定负荷保持规定时间检验期间试验品应破坏胶合剂裂开者金属附件产生明显永久变形部件明显位移现象原件串接检验时果试验品检验程中破坏检验中断应剔破坏试品然述程序重新检验直试验品发生破坏
考虑完成拉伸检验直接卸载电检区中进行检验传送时组员考虑绝缘子传送时3组进行拉伸检测时次拉伸绝缘子数量3倍数佳保证拉伸检验效率设定次拉伸绝缘子数目12
图41 工位装换装置简图
42 单存放槽设计
单存放槽需放置12XMP70绝缘子单XMP70绝缘子结构高度146mm121752mm考虑绝缘子连接时终端金具首尾相接实际第1绝缘子首端第12绝缘子末端实际1752mm存放槽长度直接取1752mm
存放槽功放置绝缘子强度硬度等求高节约成直接采等边角钢查表41
表41 常型钢理重表面积表
名称
规格
理重量（kgm）
截面面积（m2）
等边角钢
L20*3
089
113
等边角钢
L20*4
115
146
等边角钢
L25*3
112
143
等边角钢
L25*4
146
186
…
…
…
…
考虑换位装置输出功率处选规格L25*3等边角钢作存放槽图42
图42 单存放槽示意图
换位装置旋转时存放槽会倾侧导致绝缘子掉落存放槽两侧需加轴承存放槽开口始终考虑绝缘子较脆产品避免工工作程中心破坏绝缘子设计槽中加入厚度15mm宽度250mm木板保护绝缘子图43
图43 改进槽
421轴承选择
滑动轴承滚动轴承
处轴承精度求低转速度低载荷高选滚动轴承常滚动轴承见表42
表42 常滚动轴承表
考虑轴承承受载荷径载荷存放槽会发生形变导致轴重心线轴承座孔中心线重合角度误差选具调心性轴承般情况球轴承价格滚子轴承低里选择调心球轴承
图44 调心球轴承
滚动轴承载荷计算
径作滚动轴承半圈受载滚动体受载根力衡条件求出受载滚动体载荷
F0437zFr≈5zFr
式中：Fr——轴承受径力存放槽两边轴承木板重力忽略单轴承受载荷存放槽绝缘子重力总半
Fr12（089×1752+6×12）×9836044
z滚动体数选12
F015018
般轴承径载荷Fr作中心O位置轴承宽度中点a轴承载荷中心轴承外侧端面距离查表43
表43 轴承选表
处轴承载荷较选型号1204轴承
轴承转速较慢（n≤10rmin）失效形式表面塑性形变静强度计算
单量静载荷
P0Fr+Y0∙Fa
P036044
式中X0径系数
Y0径系数
静强度选择轴承条件
C0≥S0P0
式中S0——静强度安全系数查表选S015
验算条件满足
滚动轴承寿命计算
轴承量动载荷
P0＇fpFr
fp载荷系数查手册取12
P0＇40371
温度系数f1查手册取1 1204调心球轴承寿命指数ε3
Lℎ16667n(f1Cfp P0＇)ε
1666748(1×995×10312× 404)3
16987×106
表44推荐轴承预期寿命值
表中预算寿命满足求
422三角转盘参数确定
图43知槽绝缘子轴承中心旋转防止转盘运作程中工位发生碰撞三角转盘需定考虑图难发现绝缘子顶部达槽底部距离远两木板间距离更需关注绝缘子碰撞问题知道两工位里轴承距离变三角形边垂直面时两工位间距离时距离绝缘子顶部达槽底部距离相等三角板长度46491mm考虑轴承应距离顶角定距离处取120mm三角形边长800mm
时两工位间距离d根例关系
31d8003−120
d62693
62693>46491 考虑装置安装维修等情况工位间需预留定位置处距离约15cm三角转盘选800mm
图44 三角转板估算
43 输出功率计算
输出轴需转矩：
TJ∙β
中J转动惯量α角加速度设定均加速运动
βωt
中ω角速度设转速ng48rmin
ω2πn
ω30159 rads设时间t40s
β754 rads2
三存放槽轴转动惯量
Ji1i∆miri2
单存放槽质量
m1089×1752
m1156 kg
存放槽中12绝缘子总质量
m212×672 kg
单槽转中心物体质心工位变换程中r会发生变化变化十分然r做固定值量取点面计算r465mm三角形板边长d800mm设厚度ℎ135mm材料选40号钢密度7850kgm3三角板质量
m308×0834×0035×78507614 kg
J3(m1r2+m2r2)+2m363d2
[(156+72)×04652]×3+16×7614×082
4772+812
5584 kg∙m2
Tg5572×75442012 N∙m
工作机轴功率
Pgng×Tg955048×420129550211 kW
44 选择电动机
441减速器选型
选减速器应该考虑减速类型安装形式承载力输出转速工作条件等素
减速器规格确定：减速器承载力定转速天工作10时时启动数少10次稳击条件出应步骤选型
（） 检查选配置时启停次数预期工作寿命确定系数fs
表44系数表
处选择fs160
根面计算需扭矩Tg35084计算扭矩
TcTg∙fs
42012×16
67219
需输出转速n输入转速n1出传动
in1n
142048
2958
确定Tci根行星减速机额定值表选择接计算值传动满足额定输出扭矩Tn>Tc
表45PL行星减速器技术参数
根表45选行星减速器型号PL160减速32额定输出扭矩680
减速器外形尺寸
图45 PL行星减速器外形尺寸
442 选择电动机容量
工作机需功率
Pg211kW
实际需总效率
ƞaƞd∙ƞ1∙ƞw
094×099×096
0893
式中ƞd行星减速器满载效率表45查094ƞ1099联轴器效率ƞw096工作机效率
电动机需额定功率
PdPgƞa2110893236kW
工作机转速
ng48rmin
电动机转速选行星减速器时选1500rmin综合考虑电动机传动装置尺寸价格重量减速器传动等素选定电机型号：Y112M4三相异步电动机额定功率Pen4kW满载转速nm1440rmin步转速nt1500rmin
方方案
电电机型号
额额定功率(kW)
步转速(rmin)
满满载转速(rmin)
11
CY100L1−4
722
71500
71420
22
Y Y100L2−4
73
11500
91440
33
YY132S4
55
11500
11440
44
YY132M4
775
31500
21440
图46电机外形尺寸
中心高
外形尺寸
脚安装尺寸
脚螺栓孔直径
轴伸尺寸
键部位尺寸
H
L×HD
A×B
K
D×E
F×G
160
605×385
254×210
145
42×110
12×37
45 联轴器选择
初步估算轴直径
dmin≥C3Pgng
轴材料选45号钢正火处理（200HBS）C查表112
dmin3882
轴外伸段安装联轴器需开键槽轴径增加5查表取轴标准尺寸取d42mm
轴径校核
查手册材料45号钢轴正火（200HBS）称循环状态许弯曲应力[σ−1]w54MPa
d23M01[σ−1]w342012001×54≈4269>42
d2需开键槽轴径增加5查表取轴标准尺寸取45
样处轴承受径力然选调心球轴承根前面计算选择1208调心球轴承
取载荷系数KA13联轴器计算转矩
TAKAT
13×42012
54616
查标准GB501485手册选弹性柱销联轴器型号HL3
46 行程开关选择
换位装置转动特定工位时动作够停止等工位动作完成次激活继续运转运动工位进行动作行程开关根结构分成三种形式：直动式滚轮式微动式图47
图47 行程开关结构图
直动式开关
直动式开关原理类似钮通物件碰撞钮钮触碰开关出头运动运动部位离开置弹簧触头动复位
滚轮式行程开关
正进行机械运动物体撞击带滚轮撞杆时候传动杆连转轴转动压压板推动开关快速动作
设计换位动作绕轴旋转行程开关选滚轮式行程开关
441 行程开关安放位置
物块撞击行程开关撞杆三角转盘背部安放三条金属长条作撞击块三条撞击块间成120°位三角专板角分线运转程中撞击条触碰行程开关时抱死转动装置转动惯量影响然会原方转动定距离（定角度）转盘停然达指定范围设计行程开关安装位置逆时针转α°α°工安装装置时测试取值
图48 行程开关安装位置图
5结
毕业设计快结束设计中知识次增长许增加程中脑新旧知识进行整合机械工程专业更深刻理解毕竟设计中次学期间学知识次进行次融会贯通尤机械设计机械制造液压传动机械制图机电体化次专业知识进行次梳理整合间联系加深解知识限工厂解够设计中会出现许问题例开始绝缘子拉力机检验绝缘子老师沟通认识前认知十分错误工厂里更注重效率般样检验次性完成立刻更改者考虑实际工厂中运输问题：般火车宽度少会纳入考虑容结合组员步检验检验绝缘子数3倍数设备布置问题切更学学知识更加具象化
参考文献
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[2] 李壮云葛宜远 液压元件系统北京：机械工业出版社2004
[3] 成先机械设计手册单行化学工业出版社2004
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[8] Ngwompo R F Gawthrop P J Bond Graphbased Simulation of Nonlinear Inverse Systems Using Physical Performance Specifications[J] Journal of the Franklin Institute 1999 33612251247
[9] Borutzky W Barnard B Thoma J U Describing Bond Graph Models of Hydraulic Components in Modelica[J] Mathematics and Computer in Simulation 2000 53381387
[10] Cacho R Felez J Vera C Deriving Simulation Models from Bond Graphs with Algebraic Loops[J] Journal of Franklin Institute 2000 337579600
[11] 黄文豪液压控制问题展液压气动密封20026：57
[12] 李晨国液压传动现状发展山西建筑200312：912
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[15] 机械设计手册联合编写组机械设计手册北京：化学工业出版社1987
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[19]Gasch R A survey of the Dynsmic Behavior of a simple rotating shaft with a transeverse crackJournal of Sound and Vibration 1993160(2)313332
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附 录
科技文章翻译
（原文）
The Federal Communications Commission today unanimously approved new rules for preventing orbital debris and collisions in space but only after revising the plan to address criticism that the commission was moving too fast and imposing requirements that could conflict with NASA recommendations The Department of Commerce had urged the FCC to delay action but the commission went ahead with a strippeddown plan
The new rules the first update to the FCC＇s orbitaldebris policies in 15 years are being imposed as plans by SpaceX and other companies to launch thousands of broadband satellites raise concerns about collisions in space While the FCC delayed action on several parts of the order it still imposed these new requirements
The new rules improve the specificity and clarity of rules that require disclosure of debris mitigation plans by satellite companies The changes include requiring that satellite applicants assign numerical values to collision risk probability of successful postmission disposal and casualty risk associated with those satellites that will reenter earth＇s atmosphere Satellite applicants will also have new disclosure requirements related to protecting inhabitable spacecraft maneuverability use of deployment devices release of persistent liquids proximity operations trackability and identification and information sharing for situational awareness The new rules also update the process for geostationary orbit satellite license term extension requests
The order approved today hasn＇t been released yet but is apparently substantially different from a draft version that was made public a few weeks ago Originally today＇s vote was going to impose a requirement that all satellites must be equipped with maneuverability sufficient to perform collision avoidance maneuvers during any period when the satellite is in an orbit that is above the International Space Station (approximately 400 kilometers altitude) But instead of adopting that requirement today the FCC moved it into a Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking so the commission can seek public comment on the change before finalizing it
Further Reading
SpaceX and OneWeb broadband satellites raise fears about space debris
Some of my colleagues asked that we move our consideration of certain issues from the Report and Order to the Further Notice so that we could seek additional comment on them and I was happy to accommodate that request But let me make clear that I plan on bringing these issues to closure once we have received additional feedback FCC Chairman Ajit Pai said (DOCX) today
Pai said the new rules take a balanced approach mitigating the risk posed by orbital debris while at the same time continuing to light a regulatory path for spacebased innovation Pai added that he look[s] forward to continuing to work with the private sector and other government agencies to implement commonsense solutions to get the job done
Plan changed to avoid conflict with NASA
A few members of the FCC successfully urged Pai to change standards that would have conflicted with NASA recommendations NASA also provided feedback to the commission directly FCC Commissioner Geoffrey Starks a Democrat said
In particular I＇m glad that we revised language regarding two aspects of the draft rules that would have significantly inhibited the growth of nextgeneration satellite broadband The draft order originally adopted a standard for collision risk that departed from NASA＇s recommendation to assess that risk on a persatellite basis Similarly the draft adopted a casualty risk standard that differed from NASA＇s recommendation both with respect to the chance of injury and by applying it on a perconstellation basis While we should do our utmost to reduce the risk of collisions or injury I also agree with NASA＇s expert judgment that the approach we adopt today preserves safety while we and our sister agencies study whether a different standard makes sense for these constellations
FCC Republicans Michael O＇Rielly and Brendan Carr had also urged Pai to make those changes Carr said the changes align this item more closely with the positions held by expert agencies that have experience in aerospace engineering like NASA NOAA and the FAA
With those substantial edits I can now support the item Carr said
We asked NASA for a response to today＇s vote and will update this article if we hear back
O＇Rielly supported the FCC moving ahead with the revised plan saying the commission＇s authority over satellite deployment gave it ample reason to act After revisions today＇s order strikes the appropriate balance between the FCC acting and deferring to other agencies that have far more expertise in certain aspects of space travel and orbital debris than the FCC he said
Ultimately the FCC provides licenses or grants market access for these satellite services so we play a role in the good stewardship of space and to that end we must ensure that our rules are up to date he said We can＇t sit on the sidelines argue that we have no responsibility or authority over the issue and pass the buck entirely to other agencies
The FCC＇s changes were welcomed by the Commercial Spaceflight Federation an industry trade group The FCC＇s original plan would have had farreaching negative impacts particularly on the small satellite and new space community the group said
The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is pleased to see that the FCC has listened to industry concerns and decided to delay final consideration of several problematic aspects of the proposed orbital debris rules during today＇s FCC meeting the organization said
Commerce Dept questioned FCC authority
Today＇s vote came less than three weeks after the US Department of Commerce asked the FCC to defer action in this proceeding until the Trump administration completes an ongoing review of space regulation
Without proper consideration any [FCC] action may not only be duplicative but could result in the commission proposing overlapping or inconsistent regulations with those being undertaken by other federal agencies which would create confusion increase costs and be wholly at odds with the space commerce policies of the President the Commerce Department told the FCC
The Commerce Department suggested that the FCC may not be the appropriate agency to oversee orbitaldebris requirements The department asked the FCC to participate in an interagency working group to identify the proper agency to administer orbital debris regulations develop regulatory parameters for any such regulations and identify what approach the administration should take with regard to space insurance to advance US space commerce Commerce officials are still gather[ing] industry insight into how best to promote and where necessary regulate commercial space activities in a way that results in responsible investment and operation the department＇s filing said
We contacted the Department of Commerce about today＇s FCC vote and will update this story if we get a response
Defense Dept joins in
Department of Defense officials were reportedly also concerned about the FCC plan While the DOD didn＇t submit a filing in the FCC proceeding the Breaking Defense news site reported Tuesday that the DoD is fretting that the FCC may be undercutting some current best practices sources say especially with regard to how commercial and civil operators report their activities to DOD and the Commerce Department to ensure that their spacecraft can be tracked
One government source said the FCC seemingly wrote these proposed rules mostly (if not entirely) in a vacuum potentially failing to ensure White House directions in Space Policy Directives 1through4 were fully accounted for as well as other perspectives and equities spanning the broader interagency the Breaking Defense report said Those directives available at this government website include a goal of streamlining regulations on commercial use of space and implementation of a national space traffic management policy The objections raised in the Breaking Defense report were made before the FCC announced its changes
Jessica Rosenworcel an FCC Democrat said the FCC had to act because of the issues raised by large constellations that are already being designed built and launched
We need to recognize the FCC has unique authority Rosenworcel said We are the only ones with jurisdiction over commercial space activities
翻译
委员会天致批准防止轨道碎片太空碰撞新规修改计划解决批评委员会行动太快提出NASA建议相突求美国商务部已敦促FCC推迟采取行动委员会继续制定项简化计划
新规15年FCC轨道碎片政策首次更新SpaceX公司计划发射数千枚宽带卫星引发太空碰撞感担忧FCC延迟该订单部分行动施加新求：
规提高求卫星公司披露减缓碎片计划规特异性清晰度更改包括求卫星申请碰撞风险成功完成务处置性重新进入球气层卫星相关员伤亡风险分配数值卫星申请新披露求求保护居住航天器机动性部署设备持久性液体释放距离操作追踪性识关情况意识信息享关新规更新静止轨道卫星许证条款延期请求流程
天批准订单尚未发布显然周前公开草案版初天投票强加求卫星必须具备足够机动性便卫星处国际空间站（约400公里高度）轨道时期执行防撞机动FCC没采天求移入关拟议规制定进步通知中委员会终确定更改前征求公众意见
SpaceXOneWeb宽带卫星引发太空碎片担忧
事求某问题考虑报告命令移进步通知便进行补充评高兴满足求请允许明确说明计划收更反馈解决问题 FCC席Ajit Pai（DOCX）天说
Pai说新规采取种衡方法：减轻轨道碎片带风险时继续天基创新通监路 Pai补充说希继续私营部门政府机构合作实施常识性解决方案完成工作
计划已更改避免NASA发生突
FCC成员成功敦促Pai更改NASA建议相抵触标准 NASA直接委员会提供反馈 FCC专员Geoffrey Starks（民）说：
特令高兴修订关规草案两方面语两方面抑制代卫星宽带增长该命令草案初采碰撞风险标准该标准偏离NASA建议卫星评估该风险样该草案采伤亡风险标准该标准美国宇航局建议涉伤害率适星座应努力减少碰撞受伤风险意NASA专家判断姊妹机构研究标准星座否意义时天采方法确保安全
FCCMichael O＇RiellyBrendan Carr敦促Pai做出改变卡尔说变化项目NASANOAAFAA等航空工程领域具丰富验专家机构担职位更加接
卡尔说：实质性修改现支持该项目
求NASA天投票做出回应果听回覆会更新篇文章
奥莱利（O＇Rielly）支持美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）推进修订计划表示该委员会卫星部署授权采取行动充分理说修改天命令FCC行动推迟机构间取适衡机构太空旅行轨道碎片某方面FCC拥更专业知识说
说：终联邦通信委员会卫星服务提供许证授予市场准入权良太空理中发挥着作必须确保规新 袖手旁观辩称问题没责权威责完全转嫁机构FCC更改受行业贸易组织商业航天联合会欢迎该组织说FCC原始计划产生深远负面影响特型卫星新太空界该组织说：商业航天联合会高兴FCC已听取业界关切决定天FCC会议推迟拟议轨道碎片规问题方面审议商务部质疑FCC授权美国商务部求FCC推迟程序行动直特朗普政府完成太空监持续审查前天投票三周未适考虑[FCC]行动仅重复导致该委员会提出联邦机构制定法规重叠致法规会造成混乱增加成完全空间符总统商务政策商务部告诉FCC商务部建议FCC监督轨道碎片求适机构该部门求FCC参加机构间工作组确定负责理轨道碎片规章适机构类规章制定规章参数确定政府太空保险方面应采取什方法推进美国太空贸易美国商务部文件说商务官员收集行业见识佳方式促进必时规范商业空间活动导致负责投资运营
已天FCC投票联系商务部果回应更新事国防部加入报道国防部官员FCC计划感担忧国防部没FCC程序中提交文件Breaking Defense新闻网站周二报道说：国防部担心FCC削弱前佳做法消息士说
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绝缘子抗拉强度检验设备设计
绝缘子抗拉强度检验设备设计
摘
次毕业设计象液压绝缘子抗拉强度检验装置套装置实现功检验绝缘子抗拉强度次性检验12XMPP70型绝缘子抗拉强度中设计换位装置工机器检验绝缘子强度时装置装载绝缘子者卸载绝缘子该液压抗拉强度检验装置两部分液压部分完成拉力检测部分电机完成绝缘子装载工位拉力检测工位卸载工位间移动设计中选择机械零件结构进行应力分析验证时检查否符合求液压系统设计中先重整体出发第步设定总体计划设计液压控制回路时较速度控制回路认进口节流调速回路控制更适合设计卸油回路选择选择带三位四通电磁换阀卸油回路压力保持回路选择利液控单阀特性完成压力保持动作确定基回路选择液压系统传动系统开放系统液压系统相简单散热力十分优点液压系统选择开式系统绘制完液压原理图设计选择检查液压组件进计算液压缸选定80mm液压缸液压泵选定KCB333(2CY1452)型齿轮泵根系统工作功率设计选Y90S2型电动机液压系统保持运行设计换位装置时换位装置制定位置运动停止装置中加入行程开关工位转换程中绝缘子会掉落存放槽中两边加装轴承考虑轴承承受载荷径载荷存储槽会变形导致轴重力角轴承座孔中心线存角度误差选择 具动调心性轴承 根换位装置工作功率处选机型号： Y112M4三相异步电动机
关键词： 绝缘子抗拉强度检验设计液压液压拉力机行程开关
Design of tensile strength inspection of insulator
Abstract
The object of this graduation project is a hydraulic insulator tensile strength testing machine This device is used for the tensile strength testing of insulators It can test the tensile strength of 12 XMPP70 insulators at one time and a transposition device is designed so that when the machine checks the strength of the insulator the worker can load or unload the insulator on the device The hydraulic tensile strength inspection machine is mainly composed of two parts one is the tensile test completed by the hydraulic part and the other part is completed by the motor which moves the insulator between the loading station the tensile testing station and the unloading station In this design the mechanical part and structure are selected and the force analysis and verification are carried out while checking whether it meets the requirements In the design of the hydraulic system the overall plan was first designed When designing the hydraulic control circuits after comparing several speed control circuits I used an imported throttle speed control circuit for the unloading circuit I chose a unloading circuit with a twoposition twoway electromagnetic directional valve For the pressureholding circuit I chose to use a hydraulic control check valve to complete the pressureholding action After the basic circuit is determined the transmission system of the hydraulic system is selected Because the hydraulic system of the open system is relatively simple the heat dissipation capacity is also very good and other advantages so I chose the open system for the hydraulic system After drawing up the hydraulic schematic diagram the hydraulic components are also designed selected and checked After calculation the hydraulic cylinder is selected as the 80mm hydraulic cylinder and the hydraulic pump is selected as theKCB333(2CY1452) type vane pump According to the maximum power of the system this design uses Y90S2 motor to keep my hydraulic system running When designing the transposition device the transposition device can move and stop at the specified position I added a travel switch to the device and in order to prevent the insulator from falling during the conversion of the station the storage slot Bearings are installed on both sides of the center Considering that the main load received by the bearing is radial load and the storage groove will be deformed the center of gravity line of the shaft will not coincide with the center line of the bearing hole and there is an angle error so the bearing with selfaligning performance is selected According to the maximum working power of the transposition device here I chose the threephase asynchronous motor with the model of the machine Y112M4
Keywords Insulator tensile strength inspection design hydraulic pressure hydraulic tension machine travel switch
目 录
目录
1 前言 1
11设计目意义技术求 1
111设计目 1
112 设计意义 1
113设计应达技术求 3
12设计应解决问题 3
2设计 4
3液压系统设计 6
32液压系统图拟定 10
321液压回路选择 10
322确定液压系统类型 15
323 液压原理图拟定 16
33 液压辅助元件计算选择 16
331 确定液压泵型号运行电动机功率 16
4总体装置设计 18
41 总体框架设想 18
42 单存放槽设计 18
421轴承选择 20
422三角转盘参数确定 24
43 输出功率计算 25
44 选择电动机 26
441减速器选型 26
442 选择电动机容量 29
45 联轴器选择 31
46 行程开关选择 32
5结 34
1 前言
设计检验绝缘子属低电压低吨位型号目前国型号检验性较高设计更注重检测绝缘子效率
确保够高效稳定运行选择高效低投入流水线方式绝缘子进行抗拉强度检测
单绝缘子进行拉伸检验节约时间成采原件串接起试验装置检验绝缘子抗拉强度整程需花费少10s时间段中工等机器完成动作检验完绝缘子卸载卸载完成需新绝缘子装载样工装载卸载绝缘子程中机器直处停滞状态设计装置意机器工作提高效率
时设计程中装置总体布置融入定学确保实性
11设计目意义技术求
111设计目
设计目设计套高效率检验绝缘子抗拉强度装置次检验12相型号例行拉伸负荷35kN 绝缘子配合组员设计出条完成绝缘子抗拉强度检验电检流水线完成检验时提高效率条流水线合理化日够投入工厂中
112 设计意义
改革开放中国国民济飞速发展益济发展中国行业肉眼见发展中电力工业部分
种发展体现发电设备发电量输电线路十九世纪八十年代二十世纪初发电设备总装机容量六千万kW提高五亿kW三峡坝建成电网发展更三峡中心周边辐射种速度形成全国统电网局面指日截2003年末中国66 kV输电线路总长更增长386万千米中194万千米110 kV输电线路 136万千米220 kV输电线路 13万千米330 kV输电线路500 kV输电线路39万千米±500 kV直流输电线路035万千米电路中高达5 700万片绝缘子数十分惊实际发电设备装机容量全国发电量增长速度然追社会电飞速增长线路绝缘子输变电设备中十分意义组成部分快速发展电力系统绝缘子发展越越快
绝缘子结构入手致够分成两类两类分盘型悬式棒型悬式电介质材料分类瓷玻璃机合成绝缘子3种类型
中着新材料断出现机复合绝缘子年发展十分迅速机复合绝缘子十分轻盈检验零值材质特殊污秽耐受电压材料绝缘子高出少相瓷绝缘子十分耐酸性耐热性瓷绝缘子基会老化瓷绝缘子承受机械负荷十分观市场中新型号瓷绝缘子雨春笋般断出现总体言瓷绝缘子制造商没变化太反激烈市场竞争制造商陆续收购重新整合导致总体数量滑
零值爆玻璃绝缘子引瞩目优点面片严重污染电网时候会想应玻璃绝缘子子着良销售市场 然生产玻璃绝缘子门槛劝退许企业生产制造条件起般绝缘子求更苛刻 国目前仅3家企业够产出拉伸强度300～530kN玻璃绝缘子 述种常见绝缘子外市场中直流电绝缘子 种绝缘子应直流输电线路然目前应数量妨碍续研究累计验国开展方面研发工作制造厂研究根消息国规划条直流输电工程已开始投入建设直流绝缘子说发展机会 外长棒形瓷绝缘子种绝缘子国应较少欧美区较实悬式绝缘子分支包含悬式绝缘子优点：老化慢轻盈电气性维护容易耐运行维护费低等
综述绝缘子发展前景十分电力系统关发展会长久衰绝缘子数量质量求未会越越高绝缘子检验程着时代变化达求更高效率更快成更低
113设计应达技术求
设计绝缘子检验中抗拉强度检验设定检验绝缘子型号XMP70需设计出满足检测额定机械拉伸负荷35Kn拉力机中包括拉力机结构控制动作液压系统
1 液压系统需迅速达工作位置缓缓施加拉力直35KN保持10s10s卸荷
2 换位系统达指定位置停止定时间转位置
12设计应解决问题
1液压缸快进拉力逐渐升35kN保持10s动卸荷
2换位装置配合换位程中工位发生碰撞
3换位装置没换工位便停止等工激活次运转
4液压站换位装置电机等间配合符合学
3装置应组电检装置配合
2设计
设计总图
图21
检验绝缘子型号：XMP70
图21 XMP70
图22 XMP70实物图
表21 绝缘子技术参数
产品型号
Type
工频击穿电压
Power frequency puncture voltage（kV）
例行拉伸负荷
Routine tensile load（kN）
结构高度
Unit Spacing（mm）
公称爬电距离
Creepage distance（mm）
公盘称径
Nominal diameter（mm）
额定机电破坏负荷
Rated F&M failing load
(Kn)
雷电击附受电压
Power frequency withstand voltage（kV）
重量
Net weight（kg）
XMP70
120
35
146
300
350
200
105
60
3液压系统设计
根绝缘子拉伸负荷试验程序总结出装置需完成动作
拉力机工作循环式：先快进工进拉力达35kN保压10s快退位
余参数性求：
1） XMPP70例行拉伸负荷：35kN
2） 移动部件总重力G9810 N
3） 快进快退速度 v1v36mmin
4） 工进速度 v2005mmin
5） 快进快退时间02s
根拉力机工作循环画出位移循环图
图31位移循环图
负载分析
1）工作负载
Ft35kN
2） 惯性负载
FmG∆vg∆t9810×6981×60×02500N
3） 阻力负载
4） 静摩擦力
FfaμaG02×98101962N
动摩擦力
FfdμdG01×9810981N
液压缸机械效率ƞm09根机械效率倒推出液压缸阶段负载值
表31
工况
计算公式
总负载
缸推力
启动
FFfa
1962
2180
加速
FFfd+Fm
1481
1645
快进
FFfd
981
1090
工进
FFfd+FL
35981
39979
快退
F﹣Ffd
981
1090
确定液压系统参数
液压系统参数非两压力二流量出两参数数够根通计算出
表列出执行元件运动种类性质决定表32示
表32
运动形式
直线返运动
旋转运动
复摆动
短行程
长行程
高速
低速
建议采执行元件形式
活塞缸
柱塞缸
高速液压马达
低速液压马达
高速液压马达减速机构
摆动马达
根情况液压拉力机做复直线运动行程较短设计液压系统执行元件采活塞缸
执行元件形式确认完进行执行元件工作压力初选
执行元件工作压力负载决定外需考虑执行元件体积装配空间成供货周期等情况执行元件工作压力根负载基表33选取
表33
负载FKn
<5
5~10
10~20
20~30
30~50
>50
工作压力pMPa
<08~10
15~20
25~30
3~4
4~5
>5~7
已知绝缘子XMPP70额定机械负荷35kN根表33活塞缸工作压力p14Mpa
必麻烦设计快进速度设置快退速度相选单杆活塞式液压缸样种处便液压系统快进时做差动连接做差动连接时杆腔工作面积A2液压缸杆腔工作面积A1半根面积公式逆推导轻易出活塞杆直径d缸筒直径D关系关系：
d0707D
保护液压缸防止液压缸工作程中活塞缸壁发生碰撞液压缸回油路需背压p2根验取08Mpa考虑油中压差∆p存杆腔压力须杆腔压力估算时∆p概取05Mpa快退时回油腔背压时p206估算
液压缸面积：
FƞmA1p1−A2p2A1p1−A12p2
A1Fƞm(p1−p22) 39979[(4082）×106]0011105m2
D4A1π01149md0707D00841m
GBT23481993直径圆整成标准值
表34 液压缸径活塞杆直径标准系列（GBT2348—1993） mm
液压缸径D
40506380（90）100（110）125（140）160
活塞杆直径d
32364045505663708090100110
根表格D110mmd80mm
计算出液压缸两腔实际效面积
A1πD249503×10−3m2
A2π(D2−d2)44477×10−3m2
验算活塞杆强度稳定性均符合求
Dd估算出液压缸工作阶段压力流量功率表35示
表35
工况
负载F＇N
回油腔压力p2MPa
进油腔压力p1MPa
输入流量q(L∙min−1)
输入功率PkW
计算式
快进
启动
2180
0
0433
—
—
p1（Fƞm+A2∆p）(A1−A2)
q(A1−A2)v1
Pp1q
加速
1645
p2p1+∆p
(∆p05Mpa)
0773
—
—
恒速
1090
0662
30156
03328
工进
39979
08
4584
0475
0036
p1（Fƞm+A2p2）A1
qA1v2
Pp1q
快退
启动
2180
0
0487
—
—
p1（Fƞm+A1p2）A2
qA2v3
Pp1q
加速
1645
06
166
—
—
恒速
1090
1517
2507
0634
32液压系统图拟定
321液压回路选择
1）调速回路选择
液压基回路三种：节流调速容积调速容积调速
节流调速优点结构简成低易维护易调速调速广缺点：耗高效率低总说较适合运功率场合
调速回路分种：旁路节流进口节流出口节流进出口节流等
（1）进口节流调速回路（图22示）
图32进口节流调速回路
(2)出口节流调速回路
节流安装回油路控制油腔流出油量控制进入液压缸流量进步影响液压缸速度
(3)旁路节流调速回路（图33示）
图33节流阀放液压缸相联支路组成旁路节流调速回路节流阀调节流量时起溢出余流量回路中溢流阀起安全保护作
1) 节流面积变情况负载速度刚性成正
2) 负载变情况节流阀通流面积速度速度刚性成反
3) 活塞面积变时提高速度刚性两种办法减节流阀指数减泄露系数
图33
(4)容积节流调速回路
容积节流调速回路变量泵节流阀组合保留容积调速回路溢流损失效率高等优点
表26知该系统功率超0634Kw功率较知系统发热量较时运动速度低工作负载变化中等容积调速般功率负载高速度中高压系统容积调速适系统果处采容积节流调速较适合需变量泵价格较昂贵容积节流调速35Kw系统中投入系统容积节流调速合理确实采进口节流调速形式
保压回路确定
保压回路种：
（1） 液压单阀进行保压（图34）
液压缸杆腔油路安装液控单阀液控单阀十分密封性利特点完成保压般适合工作压力20MPa液压系统保压时间宜超10min
图34
(2)辅助液压泵保压回路
液压回路中增加辅助液压泵
工作完成程系统保压——压力继电器控——辅助液压泵供油——系统压力变
(3) 蓄器保压回路(图35)
重锤式蓄器保压程中a点供油保压时蓄器充入高压油重锤升触限位开关时电液换阀电磁铁1Y断电液压泵卸载蓄器保持系统压力种保压回路缺点保持压力超0102MP
图35
（2） 已知液压缸工作压力4Mpa选第种方法液压单阀进行保压
卸荷回路
卸荷回路够液压系统电动机熄火情况完成液压油卸荷
种形式：
图36采换阀卸荷换阀中位接油箱通控制换阀位置液压泵接回油箱中液压泵卸荷种卸荷方式适低压流量（P25MpaQp≦40Lmin）液压系统系统压力流量较时种方法系统击较稳定
图36 换阀卸荷回路
图37溢流阀卸荷回路先导式溢流阀控制路通三位二通电磁换阀 接回油箱时液压泵输出油液低压力溢流阀回油箱完成液压泵卸荷
图37 溢流阀卸荷回路
图38较特殊卸荷回路液压缸3活塞左运动返回终点时缸体带单阀2旁通油口开启液压泵油液液压缸杆腔油口流回油箱液压泵卸荷
图38 特殊液压缸泵卸荷
根卸荷回路特点场合成等素设计采第种卸荷方式电磁换阀卸荷
322确定液压系统类型
液压系统类型两种分开式系统闭式系统两种
开式系统结构较简单油箱体积较油箱定体积散热较沉淀杂质作较优异油泵吸性较油液空气接触机会较空气杂质容易进入系统导致机构运行稳等果闭式系统结构紧凑空气接触少空气中杂质较难进入系统传动较稳工作机构速度变化方转变赖马达变量机构者调节泵实现避免开式系统中出现液压击量损耗闭式系统较复杂没油箱液压系统工作时产生热量较难散发出滤条件相较差外闭式系统般会选择液压马达做执行元件
设计液压系统较简单综合面两种液压系统特点选开式系统
323 液压原理图拟定
图39 液压系统原理图
基回路确定基础拟定液压系统原理图图39示
33 液压辅助元件计算选择
331 液压泵选型运行电动机选型
1）计算液压泵压力
估算压力损失验数：
验路简单液压系统压力损失取∆p102~05 MPa果路较复杂液压系统∆p105~15 MPa
系统十分简单取∆p105 MPa
液压缸整工作循环中工作压力39979 MPa系统调速阀路简单取压力损失∆p08 MPa压力继电器工作调速压力高出系统高工作压力08Mpa算出液压泵工作压力
pp1p+∆p1+0839979+05+0852979Mpa
知道快退时液压缸工作压力快进时取进油路压力损失05MPa液压泵高工作压力
pp252979+0557979MpaMpa
表知液压泵液压缸提供流量2507Lmin系统简单取泄露系数105液压泵实际流量
pq105×2507263235Lmin
根面计算压力流量差产品样选KCB333(2CY1452)型齿轮泵该泵额定压力7MPa高转速1420rmin流量333Lmin
液压泵快退阶段功率取液压缸进油路压力损失05MPa液压泵输出压力pp1517+052017MPa取液压泵总效率ηp08液压泵驱动电机需功率
P(1517+05）×3166308×601331kW
数值查阅电动机产品样选取Y90S2型电动机功率15kW转速2840rmin
根双联叶片泵泵额定流量309Lmin查表（JB82766）根推荐路通流量40Lmin径18mm路通309Lmin径14mm选取公称直径D14mm钢钢外径18mm接头连接螺纹M18x15
标准件选择
根液压系统工作压力通阀元件流量查产品目录选择标注元件型号规格
表36
序号
元件
流量
型号规格
1
单阀
2507
I26
2
三位四通电磁换阀
3016
34D163BY
3
压力表开关
—
K6B
4
溢流阀
74
Y25B
4总体装置设计
41 总体框架设想
阶段绝缘子抗拉强度检验动作工绝缘子放装置装置绝缘子进行拉伸检测工通检测绝缘子装置中卸三动作分三工位绝缘子需工位间移动拉伸液压系统外需移动装置
单绝缘子进行拉伸检验节约时间成采原件串接起试验进行检验时应均匀击升高负荷规定检验负荷规定负荷保持规定时间检验期间试验品应破坏胶合剂裂开者金属附件产生明显永久变形部件明显位移现象原件串接检验时果试验品检验程中破坏检验中断应剔破坏试品然述程序重新检验直试验品发生破坏
考虑完成拉伸检验直接卸载电检区中进行检验传送时组员考虑绝缘子传送时3组进行拉伸检测时次拉伸绝缘子数量3倍数佳保证拉伸检验效率设定次拉伸绝缘子数目12
图41 工位装换装置简图
42 单存放槽设计
单存放槽需放置12XMP70绝缘子单XMP70绝缘子结构高度146mm121752mm考虑绝缘子连接时终端金具首尾相接实际第1绝缘子首端第12绝缘子末端实际1752mm存放槽长度直接取1752mm
存放槽功放置绝缘子强度硬度等求高节约成直接采等边角钢查表41
表41 常型钢理重表面积表
名称
规格
理重量（kgm）
截面面积（m2）
等边角钢
L20*3
089
113
等边角钢
L20*4
115
146
等边角钢
L25*3
112
143
等边角钢
L25*4
146
186
…
…
…
…
考虑换位装置输出功率处选规格L25*3等边角钢作存放槽图42
图42 单存放槽示意图
换位装置旋转时存放槽会倾侧导致绝缘子掉落存放槽两侧需加轴承存放槽开口始终考虑绝缘子较脆产品避免工工作程中心破坏绝缘子设计槽中加入厚度15mm宽度250mm木板保护绝缘子图43
图43 改进槽
421轴承选择
滑动轴承滚动轴承
处轴承精度求低转速度低载荷高选滚动轴承常滚动轴承见表42
表42 常滚动轴承表
考虑轴承承受载荷径载荷存放槽会发生形变导致轴重心线轴承座孔中心线重合角度误差选具调心性轴承般情况球轴承价格滚子轴承低里选择调心球轴承
图44 调心球轴承
滚动轴承载荷计算
径作滚动轴承半圈受载滚动体受载根力衡条件求出受载滚动体载荷
F0437zFr≈5zFr
式中：Fr——轴承受径力存放槽两边轴承木板重力忽略单轴承受载荷存放槽绝缘子重力总半
Fr12（089×1752+6×12）×9836044
z滚动体数选12
F015018
般轴承径载荷Fr作中心O位置轴承宽度中点a轴承载荷中心轴承外侧端面距离查表43
表43 轴承选表
处轴承载荷较选型号1204轴承
轴承转速较慢（n≤10rmin）失效形式表面塑性形变静强度计算
单量静载荷
P0Fr+Y0∙Fa
P036044
式中X0径系数
Y0径系数
静强度选择轴承条件
C0≥S0P0
式中S0——静强度安全系数查表选S015
验算条件满足
滚动轴承寿命计算
轴承量动载荷
P0＇fpFr
fp载荷系数查手册取12
P0＇40371
温度系数f1查手册取1 1204调心球轴承寿命指数ε3
Lℎ16667n(f1Cfp P0＇)ε
1666748(1×995×10312× 404)3
16987×106
表44推荐轴承预期寿命值
表中预算寿命满足求
422三角转盘参数确定
图43知槽绝缘子轴承中心旋转防止转盘运作程中工位发生碰撞三角转盘需定考虑图难发现绝缘子顶部达槽底部距离远两木板间距离更需关注绝缘子碰撞问题知道两工位里轴承距离变三角形边垂直面时两工位间距离时距离绝缘子顶部达槽底部距离相等三角板长度46491mm考虑轴承应距离顶角定距离处取120mm三角形边长800mm
时两工位间距离d根例关系
31d8003−120
d62693
62693>46491 考虑装置安装维修等情况工位间需预留定位置处距离约15cm三角转盘选800mm
图44 三角转板估算
43 输出功率计算
输出轴需转矩：
TJ∙β
中J转动惯量α角加速度设定均加速运动
βωt
中ω角速度设转速ng48rmin
ω2πn
ω30159 rads设时间t40s
β754 rads2
三存放槽轴转动惯量
Ji1i∆miri2
单存放槽质量
m1089×1752
m1156 kg
存放槽中12绝缘子总质量
m212×672 kg
单槽转中心物体质心工位变换程中r会发生变化变化十分然r做固定值量取点面计算r465mm三角形板边长d800mm设厚度ℎ135mm材料选40号钢密度7850kgm3三角板质量
m308×0834×0035×78507614 kg
J3(m1r2+m2r2)+2m363d2
[(156+72)×04652]×3+16×7614×082
4772+812
5584 kg∙m2
Tg5572×75442012 N∙m
工作机轴功率
Pgng×Tg955048×420129550211 kW
44 选择电动机
441减速器选型
选减速器应该考虑减速类型安装形式承载力输出转速工作条件等素
减速器规格确定：减速器承载力定转速天工作10时时启动数少10次稳击条件出应步骤选型
（） 检查选配置时启停次数预期工作寿命确定系数fs
表44系数表
处选择fs160
根面计算需扭矩Tg35084计算扭矩
TcTg∙fs
42012×16
67219
需输出转速n输入转速n1出传动
in1n
142048
2958
确定Tci根行星减速机额定值表选择接计算值传动满足额定输出扭矩Tn>Tc
表45PL行星减速器技术参数
根表45选行星减速器型号PL160减速32额定输出扭矩680
减速器外形尺寸
图45 PL行星减速器外形尺寸
442 选择电动机容量
工作机需功率
Pg211kW
实际需总效率
ƞaƞd∙ƞ1∙ƞw
094×099×096
0893
式中ƞd行星减速器满载效率表45查094ƞ1099联轴器效率ƞw096工作机效率
电动机需额定功率
PdPgƞa2110893236kW
工作机转速
ng48rmin
电动机转速选行星减速器时选1500rmin综合考虑电动机传动装置尺寸价格重量减速器传动等素选定电机型号：Y112M4三相异步电动机额定功率Pen4kW满载转速nm1440rmin步转速nt1500rmin
方方案
电电机型号
额额定功率(kW)
步转速(rmin)
满满载转速(rmin)
11
CY100L1−4
722
71500
71420
22
Y Y100L2−4
73
11500
91440
33
YY132S4
55
11500
11440
44
YY132M4
775
31500
21440
图46电机外形尺寸
中心高
外形尺寸
脚安装尺寸
脚螺栓孔直径
轴伸尺寸
键部位尺寸
H
L×HD
A×B
K
D×E
F×G
160
605×385
254×210
145
42×110
12×37
45 联轴器选择
初步估算轴直径
dmin≥C3Pgng
轴材料选45号钢正火处理（200HBS）C查表112
dmin3882
轴外伸段安装联轴器需开键槽轴径增加5查表取轴标准尺寸取d42mm
轴径校核
查手册材料45号钢轴正火（200HBS）称循环状态许弯曲应力[σ−1]w54MPa
d23M01[σ−1]w342012001×54≈4269>42
d2需开键槽轴径增加5查表取轴标准尺寸取45
样处轴承受径力然选调心球轴承根前面计算选择1208调心球轴承
取载荷系数KA13联轴器计算转矩
TAKAT
13×42012
54616
查标准GB501485手册选弹性柱销联轴器型号HL3
46 行程开关选择
换位装置转动特定工位时动作够停止等工位动作完成次激活继续运转运动工位进行动作行程开关根结构分成三种形式：直动式滚轮式微动式图47
图47 行程开关结构图
直动式开关
直动式开关原理类似钮通物件碰撞钮钮触碰开关出头运动运动部位离开置弹簧触头动复位
滚轮式行程开关
正进行机械运动物体撞击带滚轮撞杆时候传动杆连转轴转动压压板推动开关快速动作
设计换位动作绕轴旋转行程开关选滚轮式行程开关
441 行程开关安放位置
物块撞击行程开关撞杆三角转盘背部安放三条金属长条作撞击块三条撞击块间成120°位三角专板角分线运转程中撞击条触碰行程开关时抱死转动装置转动惯量影响然会原方转动定距离（定角度）转盘停然达指定范围设计行程开关安装位置逆时针转α°α°工安装装置时测试取值
图48 行程开关安装位置图
5结
毕业设计快结束设计中知识次增长许增加程中脑新旧知识进行整合机械工程专业更深刻理解毕竟设计中次学期间学知识次进行次融会贯通尤机械设计机械制造液压传动机械制图机电体化次专业知识进行次梳理整合间联系加深解知识限工厂解够设计中会出现许问题例开始绝缘子拉力机检验绝缘子老师沟通认识前认知十分错误工厂里更注重效率般样检验次性完成立刻更改者考虑实际工厂中运输问题：般火车宽度少会纳入考虑容结合组员步检验检验绝缘子数3倍数设备布置问题切更学学知识更加具象化
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附 录
科技文章翻译
（原文）
The Federal Communications Commission today unanimously approved new rules for preventing orbital debris and collisions in space but only after revising the plan to address criticism that the commission was moving too fast and imposing requirements that could conflict with NASA recommendations The Department of Commerce had urged the FCC to delay action but the commission went ahead with a strippeddown plan
The new rules the first update to the FCC＇s orbitaldebris policies in 15 years are being imposed as plans by SpaceX and other companies to launch thousands of broadband satellites raise concerns about collisions in space While the FCC delayed action on several parts of the order it still imposed these new requirements
The new rules improve the specificity and clarity of rules that require disclosure of debris mitigation plans by satellite companies The changes include requiring that satellite applicants assign numerical values to collision risk probability of successful postmission disposal and casualty risk associated with those satellites that will reenter earth＇s atmosphere Satellite applicants will also have new disclosure requirements related to protecting inhabitable spacecraft maneuverability use of deployment devices release of persistent liquids proximity operations trackability and identification and information sharing for situational awareness The new rules also update the process for geostationary orbit satellite license term extension requests
The order approved today hasn＇t been released yet but is apparently substantially different from a draft version that was made public a few weeks ago Originally today＇s vote was going to impose a requirement that all satellites must be equipped with maneuverability sufficient to perform collision avoidance maneuvers during any period when the satellite is in an orbit that is above the International Space Station (approximately 400 kilometers altitude) But instead of adopting that requirement today the FCC moved it into a Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking so the commission can seek public comment on the change before finalizing it
Further Reading
SpaceX and OneWeb broadband satellites raise fears about space debris
Some of my colleagues asked that we move our consideration of certain issues from the Report and Order to the Further Notice so that we could seek additional comment on them and I was happy to accommodate that request But let me make clear that I plan on bringing these issues to closure once we have received additional feedback FCC Chairman Ajit Pai said (DOCX) today
Pai said the new rules take a balanced approach mitigating the risk posed by orbital debris while at the same time continuing to light a regulatory path for spacebased innovation Pai added that he look[s] forward to continuing to work with the private sector and other government agencies to implement commonsense solutions to get the job done
Plan changed to avoid conflict with NASA
A few members of the FCC successfully urged Pai to change standards that would have conflicted with NASA recommendations NASA also provided feedback to the commission directly FCC Commissioner Geoffrey Starks a Democrat said
In particular I＇m glad that we revised language regarding two aspects of the draft rules that would have significantly inhibited the growth of nextgeneration satellite broadband The draft order originally adopted a standard for collision risk that departed from NASA＇s recommendation to assess that risk on a persatellite basis Similarly the draft adopted a casualty risk standard that differed from NASA＇s recommendation both with respect to the chance of injury and by applying it on a perconstellation basis While we should do our utmost to reduce the risk of collisions or injury I also agree with NASA＇s expert judgment that the approach we adopt today preserves safety while we and our sister agencies study whether a different standard makes sense for these constellations
FCC Republicans Michael O＇Rielly and Brendan Carr had also urged Pai to make those changes Carr said the changes align this item more closely with the positions held by expert agencies that have experience in aerospace engineering like NASA NOAA and the FAA
With those substantial edits I can now support the item Carr said
We asked NASA for a response to today＇s vote and will update this article if we hear back
O＇Rielly supported the FCC moving ahead with the revised plan saying the commission＇s authority over satellite deployment gave it ample reason to act After revisions today＇s order strikes the appropriate balance between the FCC acting and deferring to other agencies that have far more expertise in certain aspects of space travel and orbital debris than the FCC he said
Ultimately the FCC provides licenses or grants market access for these satellite services so we play a role in the good stewardship of space and to that end we must ensure that our rules are up to date he said We can＇t sit on the sidelines argue that we have no responsibility or authority over the issue and pass the buck entirely to other agencies
The FCC＇s changes were welcomed by the Commercial Spaceflight Federation an industry trade group The FCC＇s original plan would have had farreaching negative impacts particularly on the small satellite and new space community the group said
The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is pleased to see that the FCC has listened to industry concerns and decided to delay final consideration of several problematic aspects of the proposed orbital debris rules during today＇s FCC meeting the organization said
Commerce Dept questioned FCC authority
Today＇s vote came less than three weeks after the US Department of Commerce asked the FCC to defer action in this proceeding until the Trump administration completes an ongoing review of space regulation
Without proper consideration any [FCC] action may not only be duplicative but could result in the commission proposing overlapping or inconsistent regulations with those being undertaken by other federal agencies which would create confusion increase costs and be wholly at odds with the space commerce policies of the President the Commerce Department told the FCC
The Commerce Department suggested that the FCC may not be the appropriate agency to oversee orbitaldebris requirements The department asked the FCC to participate in an interagency working group to identify the proper agency to administer orbital debris regulations develop regulatory parameters for any such regulations and identify what approach the administration should take with regard to space insurance to advance US space commerce Commerce officials are still gather[ing] industry insight into how best to promote and where necessary regulate commercial space activities in a way that results in responsible investment and operation the department＇s filing said
We contacted the Department of Commerce about today＇s FCC vote and will update this story if we get a response
Defense Dept joins in
Department of Defense officials were reportedly also concerned about the FCC plan While the DOD didn＇t submit a filing in the FCC proceeding the Breaking Defense news site reported Tuesday that the DoD is fretting that the FCC may be undercutting some current best practices sources say especially with regard to how commercial and civil operators report their activities to DOD and the Commerce Department to ensure that their spacecraft can be tracked
One government source said the FCC seemingly wrote these proposed rules mostly (if not entirely) in a vacuum potentially failing to ensure White House directions in Space Policy Directives 1through4 were fully accounted for as well as other perspectives and equities spanning the broader interagency the Breaking Defense report said Those directives available at this government website include a goal of streamlining regulations on commercial use of space and implementation of a national space traffic management policy The objections raised in the Breaking Defense report were made before the FCC announced its changes
Jessica Rosenworcel an FCC Democrat said the FCC had to act because of the issues raised by large constellations that are already being designed built and launched
We need to recognize the FCC has unique authority Rosenworcel said We are the only ones with jurisdiction over commercial space activities
翻译
委员会天致批准防止轨道碎片太空碰撞新规修改计划解决批评委员会行动太快提出NASA建议相突求美国商务部已敦促FCC推迟采取行动委员会继续制定项简化计划
新规15年FCC轨道碎片政策首次更新SpaceX公司计划发射数千枚宽带卫星引发太空碰撞感担忧FCC延迟该订单部分行动施加新求：
规提高求卫星公司披露减缓碎片计划规特异性清晰度更改包括求卫星申请碰撞风险成功完成务处置性重新进入球气层卫星相关员伤亡风险分配数值卫星申请新披露求求保护居住航天器机动性部署设备持久性液体释放距离操作追踪性识关情况意识信息享关新规更新静止轨道卫星许证条款延期请求流程
天批准订单尚未发布显然周前公开草案版初天投票强加求卫星必须具备足够机动性便卫星处国际空间站（约400公里高度）轨道时期执行防撞机动FCC没采天求移入关拟议规制定进步通知中委员会终确定更改前征求公众意见
SpaceXOneWeb宽带卫星引发太空碎片担忧
事求某问题考虑报告命令移进步通知便进行补充评高兴满足求请允许明确说明计划收更反馈解决问题 FCC席Ajit Pai（DOCX）天说
Pai说新规采取种衡方法：减轻轨道碎片带风险时继续天基创新通监路 Pai补充说希继续私营部门政府机构合作实施常识性解决方案完成工作
计划已更改避免NASA发生突
FCC成员成功敦促Pai更改NASA建议相抵触标准 NASA直接委员会提供反馈 FCC专员Geoffrey Starks（民）说：
特令高兴修订关规草案两方面语两方面抑制代卫星宽带增长该命令草案初采碰撞风险标准该标准偏离NASA建议卫星评估该风险样该草案采伤亡风险标准该标准美国宇航局建议涉伤害率适星座应努力减少碰撞受伤风险意NASA专家判断姊妹机构研究标准星座否意义时天采方法确保安全
FCCMichael O＇RiellyBrendan Carr敦促Pai做出改变卡尔说变化项目NASANOAAFAA等航空工程领域具丰富验专家机构担职位更加接
卡尔说：实质性修改现支持该项目
求NASA天投票做出回应果听回覆会更新篇文章
奥莱利（O＇Rielly）支持美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）推进修订计划表示该委员会卫星部署授权采取行动充分理说修改天命令FCC行动推迟机构间取适衡机构太空旅行轨道碎片某方面FCC拥更专业知识说
说：终联邦通信委员会卫星服务提供许证授予市场准入权良太空理中发挥着作必须确保规新 袖手旁观辩称问题没责权威责完全转嫁机构FCC更改受行业贸易组织商业航天联合会欢迎该组织说FCC原始计划产生深远负面影响特型卫星新太空界该组织说：商业航天联合会高兴FCC已听取业界关切决定天FCC会议推迟拟议轨道碎片规问题方面审议商务部质疑FCC授权美国商务部求FCC推迟程序行动直特朗普政府完成太空监持续审查前天投票三周未适考虑[FCC]行动仅重复导致该委员会提出联邦机构制定法规重叠致法规会造成混乱增加成完全空间符总统商务政策商务部告诉FCC商务部建议FCC监督轨道碎片求适机构该部门求FCC参加机构间工作组确定负责理轨道碎片规章适机构类规章制定规章参数确定政府太空保险方面应采取什方法推进美国太空贸易美国商务部文件说商务官员收集行业见识佳方式促进必时规范商业空间活动导致负责投资运营
已天FCC投票联系商务部果回应更新事国防部加入报道国防部官员FCC计划感担忧国防部没FCC程序中提交文件Breaking Defense新闻网站周二报道说：国防部担心FCC削弱前佳做法消息士说
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