科生毕业设计〔文〕外文翻译
题 目： 强化农村信社控建设积极防化金融风险
学 院： 济理学院 系
专 业： 会计学
班 级：
学 号： 1100080090
姓 名： 赵臻
指导教师： 谌贻庆
填表日期： 2021 年 1 月 18 日
A Clear Look at Internal Controls Theory and Concepts部控制透视：理概念
Hamed Arad (Philee) 哈米德阿拉德〔Philae〕
Department of accounting Islamic Azad University Hamedan Iran 会计系伊斯兰阿扎德学哈马丹伊朗
Babak JamshedyNavid 巴克Joshed 纳维德哈尼
Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Iran 学院会员伊斯兰阿扎德学克尔曼伊朗国王伊朗
Abstract internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization 摘 ：部控制会计程序控制系统旨促进效率保证执行政策保护资产防止欺诈错误部组织理重组成局部It comprises the plans methods and procedures used to meet missions goals and objectives and in doing so support performancebased management 包括方案方法程序满足务目标目样做支持基业绩理Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed 部控制理阶层等控制帮助理者实现资源预期效理结果通部控制应减少违规错误风险关联未发现设计建立效部控制简单务实现通快速修复短套讨部文件概念方面部控制制
Keywords Internal Control management controls Control Environment Control Activities Monitoring 关键词 ：部控制理控制控制环境控制活动监督
1 1 Introduction 介绍
The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over hisher organization 环境需新业务控制变量潜股东理士响应子1外应执行组织控制权 Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something The emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth 控制理活动东西施加控制思想产生十年开展需系统商业资源控制种财富新关注 One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the costbenefit of each control 题热回合制商业资源分析控制钱效益
Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise established by the management for the smooth running of business it includes internal cheek internal audit and other forms of controls 作部控制欺诈第道防线维护资产预防侦查错误部控制说种控制整系统财务方面理制定企业利运行包括部脸颊部审计形式控制
COSO describe Internal Control as follow Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective COSO部控制描述部控制客观方法帮助确保实现 In accounting and organizational theory Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization＇s structure work and authority flows people and management information systems designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives It is a means by which an organization＇s resources are directed monitored and measured It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization＇s resources both physical (eg machinery and property) and intangible (eg reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks) At the organizational level internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals and compliance with laws and regulations 会计组织理部控制指目标目标程实施组织结构工作权力流动员具体理信息系统旨帮助组织实现种手段中组织资源定监控测量发挥着形〔重作预防侦查欺诈保护组织资源包括生理〔机械财产〕乙二醇声誉知识产权商标〕组织水部控制目标性目标战略财务报告时反应业务成遵守法律法规 At the specific transaction level internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (eg how to ensure the organization＇s payments to third parties are for valid services rendered) Internal control procedures reduce process variation leading to more predictable outcomes 具体交易水部控制指第三方采取行动实现具体目标〔例确保组织款项申请效劳提供效〕部控制程序reduce程变异导致更加具预见性outcomes Internal controls within business entities are called also business controls They are tools used by manager＇s everyday 业务实体部控制称业务控制日常工具理 · * Writing procedures to encourage compliance locking your office to discourage theft and reviewing your monthly statement of account to verify transactions are common internal controls employed to achieve specific objectiv
All managers use internal controls to help assure that their units operate according to plan and the methods they usepolicies procedures organizational design and physical barriersconstitute 理员部控制帮助确保营单位方案方法政策程序组织设计身体障碍构成 Internal control is a combination of the following ： 部控制组合 ：
1 1 Financial controls and 财务控制
2 2 Other controls 控件
According to the institute of chartered accountants of India internal control is the plan of organization and all the methods and procedures adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management objective of ensuring as far as possible the orderly and efficient conduct of its business including adherence to management policies the safe guarding of assets prevention and detection of frauds and error the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records and timely preparation of reliable financial information the system of internal control extends beyond those matters which relate to the function of accounting system 根部控制研究印度特许会计师该组织方案方法程序通包括理机构协助实现业务理目确保高效序进行坚持理政策资产安护卫预防信息检测欺诈行错误准确性完整性财务会计记录时编制控制系统部事务外延伸涉会计系统功 In other words internal control system of controls lay down by the management for the smooth running of the business for the accomplishment of its objects These controls can be divided in two parts ie financial control and other controls 换句话说部控制系统控制理奠定象利运行业务成控件分两局部财务控制控制
Financial controls 财务控制：
Controls for recording accounting transactions properly 控制交易会计记录正确
Controls for proper safe guarding company assets like cash stock bank debtor etc 控制适安护卫公司债务现金股票等资产银行
Early detection and prevention of errors and frauds 早期发现预防错误舞弊
Properly and timely preparation of financial records I e balance sheet and profit and loss account 正确时编制财务记录é资产负债表损益表
To maximize profit and minimize cost 利润化钱化
Other controls Other controls include the following 控制：
控制包括容：
Quality controls 质量控制
Control over raw materials 控制原材料
Control over finished products 控制成品
Marketing control etc 营销控制等
6负责受影响部控制
然组织效部控制组成局部某方面值特提包括理董事会〔包括审计犯发球〕部审计员外部审计员
开展维护部控制责组织理着控制环境放更重性部控制重点已政策程序压倒切理念营作风组织形方面重点突出高层理员部控制系统参重性果部控制理工作重中重属组织
作理部门责公机构高理层表示包括该组织年度财务报告股东声明说明理层已建立部控制理层认效制度声明提供关该组织部控制制度具体细节
部控制必须进行评估提供关效性保障理部控制评价涉理控制努力实现目标组织部控制评价作效果成分功目前效运营财务报告遵守公司董事审计委员会已确保组织部控制制度责足够种责包括确定种程度部控制进行评估两部控制评价关方该组织部审计外部审计师
部审计员职责通常包括：确保部控制制度否充分数性该组织资源效利部审计查明问题控制开展改善加强部控制解决方案部审计员关心组织部控制范围包括业务财务合规监控
部控制外部审计师进行评估外部审计员评估组织部控制效性方案财务报表审计相部审计外部审计重点放控制影响财务报告外聘核数师责报告部控制弱点〔关部控制报告情况〕董事会审计委员会
8 8Limitations of an Entity＇s Internal Control 限制实体部控制
Internal control no matter how well designed and operated can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving an entity＇s control objectives The likelihood of achievement is affected by limitations inherent to internal control These include the realities that human judgment in decisionmaking can be faulty and that breakdowns in internal control can occur because of human failures such as simple errors or mistakes For example errors may occur in designing 部控制手术精心设计提供控制目标合理保证实现实体该成果性控制受限制固部包括现实判断决策障部控制障发生原类失败简单错误失误例错误发生设计
maintaining or monitoring automated controls If an entity＇s IT personnel do not completely understand how an order entry system processes sales transactions they may erroneously design changes to the system to process sales for a new line of products 维持监测动化控制果实体资讯科技员完全解订单输入系统处理销售交易会错误设计系统改变销售程产品线换成新方面种变化正确设计误解谁翻译成程序代码设计错误会出现IT产品信息例动化控制设计报告审查交易超限额理规定美元负责进行关检讨明白样目报告法审查调查寻常物品
Additionally controls whether manual or automated can be circumvented by the collusion of two or more people or inappropriate management override of internal control For example management may enter into side agreements with customers that alter the terms and conditions of the entity＇s standard sales contract in ways that would preclude revenue recognition 外控制手动动控制躲避部勾结两两理凌驾适例理员进入方协定客户改变条款销售条件实体标准合方式排收入确认外编辑残疾例程软件程序旨发现报告交易超规定信额度会改写
Internal control is influenced by the quantitative and qualitative estimates and judgments made by management in evaluating the costbenefit relationship of an entity＇s internal control The cost of an entity＇s internal control should not exceed the benefits that are expected to be derived Although the costbenefit relationship is a primary criterion that should be considered in designing internal control the precise measurement of costs and benefits usually is not possible 部控制影响定量定性估计控制判断作出理评估公司部钱效益关系控制钱实体部应超带利益预期然钱效益关系首标准应考虑设计部控制精密测量福利费通常
Custom culture and the corporate governance system may inhibit fraud but they are not absolute deterrents An effective control environment too may help reduce the risk of fraud 定义文化公司治理制度抑制欺诈绝威慑效控制环境助减少欺诈风险 For example an effective board of directors audit committee and internal audit function may constrain improper conduct by management 例效董事会董事审计委员会部审计功限制理层行 Alternatively the control environment may reduce the effectiveness of other components For example when the nature of management incentives increases the risk of material misstatement of financial statements the effectiveness of control activities may be reduced 外控制环境减少部门效力例鼓励性质理增加财务报表重错报风险控制效性活动会减少
9 9权衡风险控制
Risk is the probability that an event or action will adversely affect the organization 风险概率事件行动会产生利影响组织 The primary categories of risk are errors omissions delay and fraud In order to achieve goals and objectives management needs to effectively balance risks and controls Therefore control procedures need to be developed so that they decrease risk to a level where management can accept the exposure to that risk By performing this balancing act reasonable assurance〞 can be attained As it relates to financial and compliance goals being out of balance can cause the following problems 类风险根错误遗漏延误欺诈实现目标目理需效衡风险控制控制程序必须制定减少风险水理接受风险点通执行衡法合理保证〞实现涉财政遵守目标正失衡会导致问题：
Excessive controls 度制
Excessive controls 度制
Loss of assets donor or grants 资产损失捐赠资助
Increased bureaucracy 增加官僚
Poor business decisions 怜商业决策
Reduced productivity 生产率降
noncompliance 服
Increased complexity 日益复杂
Increased regulations 增加规定
Increased cycle time 增加周期时间
Public scandals 公丑闻
Increased of novalue activities 货值录升幅活动
In order to achieve a balance between risk and controls internal controls should be proactive valueadded and costeffective and address exposure to risk 达衡风险控制部控制应积极动增值钱效益解决面风险
11 11结
The concept of internal control and its aspects in any organization is so important therefore understanding the components and standards of internal controls should be attend by management 该组织部控制概念方面重解组件部控制标准应参加理 Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization 部控制组织理重组成局部 Internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error 部控制种错误会计程序系统旨促进效率保证执行政策保护资产防止欺诈 According to custom definition Internal Control is a process affected by an entity＇s board of directors management and other personnel designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories namely 惯例定义分类部控制程影响实体董事会中理员员设计方面成提供合理保证目标 The major factors of internal control are Control environment Risk assessment Control activities Information and communication Monitoring 部控制素控制环境风险评估控制活动信息沟通监控 This article reviews the main standards and principles of internal control and described the relevant concepts of internal control for all type of company 文综述标准部控制原介绍公司类型相关部控制概念
英语原文
The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over hisher organization
提供更翻译建议
A Clear Look at Internal Controls Theory and Concepts
Hammed Arad (Philae)
Department of accounting Islamic Azad University Hamadan Iran
Barak JamshedyNavid
Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Iran
Abstract internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization It comprises the plans methods and procedures used to meet missions goals and objectives and in doing so support performancebased management Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed
Keywords Internal Control management controls Control Environment Control Activities Monitoring
1 Introduction
The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over hisher organization Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something he emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the costbenefit of each control
Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise established by the management for the smooth running of business it includes internal cheek internal audit and other forms of controls
COSO describe Internal Control as follow Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective In accounting and organizational theory Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization＇s structure work and authority flows people and management information systems designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives It is a means by which an organization＇s resources are directed monitored and measured It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization＇s resources both physical (eg machinery and property) and intangible (eg reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks) At the organizational level internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals and compliance with laws and regulations At the specific transaction level internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (eg how to ensure the organization＇s payments to third parties are for valid services rendered) Internal control procedures reduce process variation leading to more predictable outcomes Internal controls within business entities are called also business controls They are tools used by manager＇s everyday
· * Writing procedures to encourage compliance locking your office to discourage theft and reviewing your monthly statement of account to verify transactions are common internal controls employed to achieve specific objectives
All managers use internal controls to help assure that their units operate according to plan and the methods they usepolicies procedures organizational design and physical barriersconstitute Internal control is a combination of the following：
1 Financial controls and
2 Other controls
According to the institute of chartered accountants of India internal control is the plan of organization and all the methods and procedures adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management objective of ensuring as far as possible the orderly and efficient conduct of its business including adherence to management policies the safe guarding of assets prevention and detection of frauds and error the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records and timely preparation of reliable financial information the system of internal control extends beyond those matters which relate to the function of accounting system In other words internal control system of controls lay down by the management for the smooth running of the business for the accomplishment of its objects These controls can be divided in two parts ie financial control and other controls
Financial controls
Controls for recording accounting transactions properly
Controls for proper safe guarding company assets like cash stock bank debtor etc
Early detection and prevention of errors and frauds
Properly and timely preparation of financial records I e balance sheet and profit and loss account
To maximize profit and minimize cost
Other controls Other controls include the following
Quality controls
Control over raw materials
Control over finished products
Marketing control etc
6 Parties responsible for and affected by internal control
While all of an organization＇s people are an integral part of internal control certain parties merit special mention These include management the board of directors (including the audit commit tee) internal auditors and external auditors
The primary responsibility for the development and maintenance of internal control rests with an organization＇s management With increased significance placed on the control environment the focus of internal control has changed from policies and procedures to an overriding philosophy and operating style within the organization Emphasis on these intangible aspects highlights the importance of top management＇s involvement in the internal control system If internal control is not a priority for management then it will not be one for people within the organization either
As an indication of management＇s responsibility top management at a publicly owned organization will include in the organization＇s annual financial report to the shareholders a statement indicating that management has established a system of internal control that management believes is effective The statement may also provide specific details about the organization＇s internal control system
Internal control must be evaluated in order to provide management with some assurance regarding its effectiveness Internal control evaluation involves everything management does to control the organization in the effort to achieve its objectives Internal control would be judged as effective if its components are present and function effectively for operations financial reporting and compliance he boards of directors and its audit committee have responsibility for making sure the internal control system within the organization is adequate This responsibility includes determining the extent to which internal controls are evaluated Two parties involved in the evaluation of internal control are the organization＇s internal auditors and their external auditors
Internal auditors＇ responsibilities typically include ensuring the adequacy of the system of internal control the reliability of data and the efficient use of the organization＇s resources Internal auditors identify control problems and develop solutions for improving and strengthening internal controls Internal auditors are concerned with the entire range of an organization＇s internal controls including operational financial and compliance controls
Internal control will also be evaluated by the external auditors External auditors assess the effectiveness of internal control within an organization to plan the financial statement audit In contrast to internal auditors external auditors focus primarily on controls that affect financial reporting External auditors have a responsibility to report internal control weaknesses (as well as reportable conditions about internal control) to the audit committee of the board of directors
8 Limitations of an Entity＇s Internal Control
Internal control no matter how well designed and operated can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving an entity＇s control objectives The likelihood of achievement is affected by limitations inherent to internal control These include the realities that human judgment in decisionmaking can be faulty and that breakdowns in internal control can occur because of human failures such as simple errors or mistakes For example errors may occur in designing
Maintaining or monitoring automated controls If an entity’s IT personnel do not completely understand how an order entry system processes sales transactions they may erroneously design changes to the system to process sales for a new line of products On the other hand such changes may be correctly designed but misunderstood by individuals who translate the design into program code Errors also may occur in the use of information produced by IT For example automated controls may be designed to report transactions over a specified dollar limit for management review but individuals responsible for conducting the review may not understand the purpose of such reports and accordingly may fail to review them or investigate unusual items
Additionally controls whether manual or automated can be circumvented by the collusion of two or more people or inappropriate management override of internal control For example management may enter into side agreements with customers that alter the terms and conditions of the entity’s standard sales contract in ways that would preclude revenue recognition Also edit routines in a software program that are designed to identify and report transactions that exceed specified credit limits may be overridden or disabled
Internal control is influenced by the quantitative and qualitative estimates and judgments made by management in evaluating the costbenefit relationship of an entity’s internal control The cost of an entity＇s internal control should not exceed the benefits that are expected to be derived Although the costbenefit relationship is a primary criterion that should be considered in designing internal control the precise measurement of costs and benefits usually is not possible
Custom culture and the corporate governance system may inhibit fraud but they are not absolute deterrents An effective control environment too may help reduce the risk of fraud For example an effective board of directors audit committee and internal audit function may constrain improper conduct by management Alternatively the control environment may reduce the effectiveness of other components For example when the nature of management incentives increases the risk of material misstatement of financial statements the effectiveness of control activities may be reduced
9 Balancing Risk and Control
Risk is the probability that an event or action will adversely affect the organization The primary categories of risk are errors omissions delay and fraud In order to achieve goals and objectives management needs to effectively balance risks and controls Therefore control procedures need to be developed so that they decrease risk to a level where management can accept the exposure to that risk By performing this balancing act reasonable assurance〞 can be attained As it relates to financial and compliance goals being out of balance can cause the following problems
Excessive controls
Excessive controls
Loss of assets donor or grants
Increased bureaucracy
Poor business decisions
Reduced productivity
noncompliance
Increased complexity
Increased regulations
Increased cycle time
Public scandals
Increased of novalue activities
In order to achieve a balance between risk and controls internal controls should be proactive valueadded and costeffective and address exposure to risk
11 Conclusion
The concept of internal control and its aspects in any organization is so important therefore understanding the components and standards of internal controls should be attend by management Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization Internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error According to custom definition Internal Control is a process affected by an entity＇s board of directors management and other personnel designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories namely The major factors of internal control are Control environment Risk assessment Control activities Information and communication Monitoring This article reviews the main standards and principles of internal control and described the relevant concepts of internal control for all type of company
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科生毕业设计〔文〕外文翻译
题 目： 强化农村信社控建设积极防化金融风险
学 院： 济理学院 系
专 业： 会计学
班 级：
学 号： 1100080090
姓 名： 赵臻
指导教师： 谌贻庆
填表日期： 2021 年 1 月 18 日
A Clear Look at Internal Controls Theory and Concepts部控制透视：理概念
Hamed Arad (Philee) 哈米德阿拉德〔Philae〕
Department of accounting Islamic Azad University Hamedan Iran 会计系伊斯兰阿扎德学哈马丹伊朗
Babak JamshedyNavid 巴克Joshed 纳维德哈尼
Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Iran 学院会员伊斯兰阿扎德学克尔曼伊朗国王伊朗
Abstract internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization 摘 ：部控制会计程序控制系统旨促进效率保证执行政策保护资产防止欺诈错误部组织理重组成局部It comprises the plans methods and procedures used to meet missions goals and objectives and in doing so support performancebased management 包括方案方法程序满足务目标目样做支持基业绩理Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed 部控制理阶层等控制帮助理者实现资源预期效理结果通部控制应减少违规错误风险关联未发现设计建立效部控制简单务实现通快速修复短套讨部文件概念方面部控制制
Keywords Internal Control management controls Control Environment Control Activities Monitoring 关键词 ：部控制理控制控制环境控制活动监督
1 1 Introduction 介绍
The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over hisher organization 环境需新业务控制变量潜股东理士响应子1外应执行组织控制权 Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something The emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth 控制理活动东西施加控制思想产生十年开展需系统商业资源控制种财富新关注 One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the costbenefit of each control 题热回合制商业资源分析控制钱效益
Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise established by the management for the smooth running of business it includes internal cheek internal audit and other forms of controls 作部控制欺诈第道防线维护资产预防侦查错误部控制说种控制整系统财务方面理制定企业利运行包括部脸颊部审计形式控制
COSO describe Internal Control as follow Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective COSO部控制描述部控制客观方法帮助确保实现 In accounting and organizational theory Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization＇s structure work and authority flows people and management information systems designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives It is a means by which an organization＇s resources are directed monitored and measured It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization＇s resources both physical (eg machinery and property) and intangible (eg reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks) At the organizational level internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals and compliance with laws and regulations 会计组织理部控制指目标目标程实施组织结构工作权力流动员具体理信息系统旨帮助组织实现种手段中组织资源定监控测量发挥着形〔重作预防侦查欺诈保护组织资源包括生理〔机械财产〕乙二醇声誉知识产权商标〕组织水部控制目标性目标战略财务报告时反应业务成遵守法律法规 At the specific transaction level internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (eg how to ensure the organization＇s payments to third parties are for valid services rendered) Internal control procedures reduce process variation leading to more predictable outcomes 具体交易水部控制指第三方采取行动实现具体目标〔例确保组织款项申请效劳提供效〕部控制程序reduce程变异导致更加具预见性outcomes Internal controls within business entities are called also business controls They are tools used by manager＇s everyday 业务实体部控制称业务控制日常工具理 · * Writing procedures to encourage compliance locking your office to discourage theft and reviewing your monthly statement of account to verify transactions are common internal controls employed to achieve specific objectiv
All managers use internal controls to help assure that their units operate according to plan and the methods they usepolicies procedures organizational design and physical barriersconstitute 理员部控制帮助确保营单位方案方法政策程序组织设计身体障碍构成 Internal control is a combination of the following ： 部控制组合 ：
1 1 Financial controls and 财务控制
2 2 Other controls 控件
According to the institute of chartered accountants of India internal control is the plan of organization and all the methods and procedures adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management objective of ensuring as far as possible the orderly and efficient conduct of its business including adherence to management policies the safe guarding of assets prevention and detection of frauds and error the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records and timely preparation of reliable financial information the system of internal control extends beyond those matters which relate to the function of accounting system 根部控制研究印度特许会计师该组织方案方法程序通包括理机构协助实现业务理目确保高效序进行坚持理政策资产安护卫预防信息检测欺诈行错误准确性完整性财务会计记录时编制控制系统部事务外延伸涉会计系统功 In other words internal control system of controls lay down by the management for the smooth running of the business for the accomplishment of its objects These controls can be divided in two parts ie financial control and other controls 换句话说部控制系统控制理奠定象利运行业务成控件分两局部财务控制控制
Financial controls 财务控制：
Controls for recording accounting transactions properly 控制交易会计记录正确
Controls for proper safe guarding company assets like cash stock bank debtor etc 控制适安护卫公司债务现金股票等资产银行
Early detection and prevention of errors and frauds 早期发现预防错误舞弊
Properly and timely preparation of financial records I e balance sheet and profit and loss account 正确时编制财务记录é资产负债表损益表
To maximize profit and minimize cost 利润化钱化
Other controls Other controls include the following 控制：
控制包括容：
Quality controls 质量控制
Control over raw materials 控制原材料
Control over finished products 控制成品
Marketing control etc 营销控制等
6负责受影响部控制
然组织效部控制组成局部某方面值特提包括理董事会〔包括审计犯发球〕部审计员外部审计员
开展维护部控制责组织理着控制环境放更重性部控制重点已政策程序压倒切理念营作风组织形方面重点突出高层理员部控制系统参重性果部控制理工作重中重属组织
作理部门责公机构高理层表示包括该组织年度财务报告股东声明说明理层已建立部控制理层认效制度声明提供关该组织部控制制度具体细节
部控制必须进行评估提供关效性保障理部控制评价涉理控制努力实现目标组织部控制评价作效果成分功目前效运营财务报告遵守公司董事审计委员会已确保组织部控制制度责足够种责包括确定种程度部控制进行评估两部控制评价关方该组织部审计外部审计师
部审计员职责通常包括：确保部控制制度否充分数性该组织资源效利部审计查明问题控制开展改善加强部控制解决方案部审计员关心组织部控制范围包括业务财务合规监控
部控制外部审计师进行评估外部审计员评估组织部控制效性方案财务报表审计相部审计外部审计重点放控制影响财务报告外聘核数师责报告部控制弱点〔关部控制报告情况〕董事会审计委员会
8 8Limitations of an Entity＇s Internal Control 限制实体部控制
Internal control no matter how well designed and operated can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving an entity＇s control objectives The likelihood of achievement is affected by limitations inherent to internal control These include the realities that human judgment in decisionmaking can be faulty and that breakdowns in internal control can occur because of human failures such as simple errors or mistakes For example errors may occur in designing 部控制手术精心设计提供控制目标合理保证实现实体该成果性控制受限制固部包括现实判断决策障部控制障发生原类失败简单错误失误例错误发生设计
maintaining or monitoring automated controls If an entity＇s IT personnel do not completely understand how an order entry system processes sales transactions they may erroneously design changes to the system to process sales for a new line of products 维持监测动化控制果实体资讯科技员完全解订单输入系统处理销售交易会错误设计系统改变销售程产品线换成新方面种变化正确设计误解谁翻译成程序代码设计错误会出现IT产品信息例动化控制设计报告审查交易超限额理规定美元负责进行关检讨明白样目报告法审查调查寻常物品
Additionally controls whether manual or automated can be circumvented by the collusion of two or more people or inappropriate management override of internal control For example management may enter into side agreements with customers that alter the terms and conditions of the entity＇s standard sales contract in ways that would preclude revenue recognition 外控制手动动控制躲避部勾结两两理凌驾适例理员进入方协定客户改变条款销售条件实体标准合方式排收入确认外编辑残疾例程软件程序旨发现报告交易超规定信额度会改写
Internal control is influenced by the quantitative and qualitative estimates and judgments made by management in evaluating the costbenefit relationship of an entity＇s internal control The cost of an entity＇s internal control should not exceed the benefits that are expected to be derived Although the costbenefit relationship is a primary criterion that should be considered in designing internal control the precise measurement of costs and benefits usually is not possible 部控制影响定量定性估计控制判断作出理评估公司部钱效益关系控制钱实体部应超带利益预期然钱效益关系首标准应考虑设计部控制精密测量福利费通常
Custom culture and the corporate governance system may inhibit fraud but they are not absolute deterrents An effective control environment too may help reduce the risk of fraud 定义文化公司治理制度抑制欺诈绝威慑效控制环境助减少欺诈风险 For example an effective board of directors audit committee and internal audit function may constrain improper conduct by management 例效董事会董事审计委员会部审计功限制理层行 Alternatively the control environment may reduce the effectiveness of other components For example when the nature of management incentives increases the risk of material misstatement of financial statements the effectiveness of control activities may be reduced 外控制环境减少部门效力例鼓励性质理增加财务报表重错报风险控制效性活动会减少
9 9权衡风险控制
Risk is the probability that an event or action will adversely affect the organization 风险概率事件行动会产生利影响组织 The primary categories of risk are errors omissions delay and fraud In order to achieve goals and objectives management needs to effectively balance risks and controls Therefore control procedures need to be developed so that they decrease risk to a level where management can accept the exposure to that risk By performing this balancing act reasonable assurance〞 can be attained As it relates to financial and compliance goals being out of balance can cause the following problems 类风险根错误遗漏延误欺诈实现目标目理需效衡风险控制控制程序必须制定减少风险水理接受风险点通执行衡法合理保证〞实现涉财政遵守目标正失衡会导致问题：
Excessive controls 度制
Excessive controls 度制
Loss of assets donor or grants 资产损失捐赠资助
Increased bureaucracy 增加官僚
Poor business decisions 怜商业决策
Reduced productivity 生产率降
noncompliance 服
Increased complexity 日益复杂
Increased regulations 增加规定
Increased cycle time 增加周期时间
Public scandals 公丑闻
Increased of novalue activities 货值录升幅活动
In order to achieve a balance between risk and controls internal controls should be proactive valueadded and costeffective and address exposure to risk 达衡风险控制部控制应积极动增值钱效益解决面风险
11 11结
The concept of internal control and its aspects in any organization is so important therefore understanding the components and standards of internal controls should be attend by management 该组织部控制概念方面重解组件部控制标准应参加理 Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization 部控制组织理重组成局部 Internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error 部控制种错误会计程序系统旨促进效率保证执行政策保护资产防止欺诈 According to custom definition Internal Control is a process affected by an entity＇s board of directors management and other personnel designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories namely 惯例定义分类部控制程影响实体董事会中理员员设计方面成提供合理保证目标 The major factors of internal control are Control environment Risk assessment Control activities Information and communication Monitoring 部控制素控制环境风险评估控制活动信息沟通监控 This article reviews the main standards and principles of internal control and described the relevant concepts of internal control for all type of company 文综述标准部控制原介绍公司类型相关部控制概念
英语原文
The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over hisher organization
提供更翻译建议
A Clear Look at Internal Controls Theory and Concepts
Hammed Arad (Philae)
Department of accounting Islamic Azad University Hamadan Iran
Barak JamshedyNavid
Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah Iran
Abstract internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization It comprises the plans methods and procedures used to meet missions goals and objectives and in doing so support performancebased management Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed
Keywords Internal Control management controls Control Environment Control Activities Monitoring
1 Introduction
The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over hisher organization Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something he emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the costbenefit of each control
Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise established by the management for the smooth running of business it includes internal cheek internal audit and other forms of controls
COSO describe Internal Control as follow Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective In accounting and organizational theory Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization＇s structure work and authority flows people and management information systems designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives It is a means by which an organization＇s resources are directed monitored and measured It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization＇s resources both physical (eg machinery and property) and intangible (eg reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks) At the organizational level internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals and compliance with laws and regulations At the specific transaction level internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (eg how to ensure the organization＇s payments to third parties are for valid services rendered) Internal control procedures reduce process variation leading to more predictable outcomes Internal controls within business entities are called also business controls They are tools used by manager＇s everyday
· * Writing procedures to encourage compliance locking your office to discourage theft and reviewing your monthly statement of account to verify transactions are common internal controls employed to achieve specific objectives
All managers use internal controls to help assure that their units operate according to plan and the methods they usepolicies procedures organizational design and physical barriersconstitute Internal control is a combination of the following：
1 Financial controls and
2 Other controls
According to the institute of chartered accountants of India internal control is the plan of organization and all the methods and procedures adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management objective of ensuring as far as possible the orderly and efficient conduct of its business including adherence to management policies the safe guarding of assets prevention and detection of frauds and error the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records and timely preparation of reliable financial information the system of internal control extends beyond those matters which relate to the function of accounting system In other words internal control system of controls lay down by the management for the smooth running of the business for the accomplishment of its objects These controls can be divided in two parts ie financial control and other controls
Financial controls
Controls for recording accounting transactions properly
Controls for proper safe guarding company assets like cash stock bank debtor etc
Early detection and prevention of errors and frauds
Properly and timely preparation of financial records I e balance sheet and profit and loss account
To maximize profit and minimize cost
Other controls Other controls include the following
Quality controls
Control over raw materials
Control over finished products
Marketing control etc
6 Parties responsible for and affected by internal control
While all of an organization＇s people are an integral part of internal control certain parties merit special mention These include management the board of directors (including the audit commit tee) internal auditors and external auditors
The primary responsibility for the development and maintenance of internal control rests with an organization＇s management With increased significance placed on the control environment the focus of internal control has changed from policies and procedures to an overriding philosophy and operating style within the organization Emphasis on these intangible aspects highlights the importance of top management＇s involvement in the internal control system If internal control is not a priority for management then it will not be one for people within the organization either
As an indication of management＇s responsibility top management at a publicly owned organization will include in the organization＇s annual financial report to the shareholders a statement indicating that management has established a system of internal control that management believes is effective The statement may also provide specific details about the organization＇s internal control system
Internal control must be evaluated in order to provide management with some assurance regarding its effectiveness Internal control evaluation involves everything management does to control the organization in the effort to achieve its objectives Internal control would be judged as effective if its components are present and function effectively for operations financial reporting and compliance he boards of directors and its audit committee have responsibility for making sure the internal control system within the organization is adequate This responsibility includes determining the extent to which internal controls are evaluated Two parties involved in the evaluation of internal control are the organization＇s internal auditors and their external auditors
Internal auditors＇ responsibilities typically include ensuring the adequacy of the system of internal control the reliability of data and the efficient use of the organization＇s resources Internal auditors identify control problems and develop solutions for improving and strengthening internal controls Internal auditors are concerned with the entire range of an organization＇s internal controls including operational financial and compliance controls
Internal control will also be evaluated by the external auditors External auditors assess the effectiveness of internal control within an organization to plan the financial statement audit In contrast to internal auditors external auditors focus primarily on controls that affect financial reporting External auditors have a responsibility to report internal control weaknesses (as well as reportable conditions about internal control) to the audit committee of the board of directors
8 Limitations of an Entity＇s Internal Control
Internal control no matter how well designed and operated can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving an entity＇s control objectives The likelihood of achievement is affected by limitations inherent to internal control These include the realities that human judgment in decisionmaking can be faulty and that breakdowns in internal control can occur because of human failures such as simple errors or mistakes For example errors may occur in designing
Maintaining or monitoring automated controls If an entity’s IT personnel do not completely understand how an order entry system processes sales transactions they may erroneously design changes to the system to process sales for a new line of products On the other hand such changes may be correctly designed but misunderstood by individuals who translate the design into program code Errors also may occur in the use of information produced by IT For example automated controls may be designed to report transactions over a specified dollar limit for management review but individuals responsible for conducting the review may not understand the purpose of such reports and accordingly may fail to review them or investigate unusual items
Additionally controls whether manual or automated can be circumvented by the collusion of two or more people or inappropriate management override of internal control For example management may enter into side agreements with customers that alter the terms and conditions of the entity’s standard sales contract in ways that would preclude revenue recognition Also edit routines in a software program that are designed to identify and report transactions that exceed specified credit limits may be overridden or disabled
Internal control is influenced by the quantitative and qualitative estimates and judgments made by management in evaluating the costbenefit relationship of an entity’s internal control The cost of an entity＇s internal control should not exceed the benefits that are expected to be derived Although the costbenefit relationship is a primary criterion that should be considered in designing internal control the precise measurement of costs and benefits usually is not possible
Custom culture and the corporate governance system may inhibit fraud but they are not absolute deterrents An effective control environment too may help reduce the risk of fraud For example an effective board of directors audit committee and internal audit function may constrain improper conduct by management Alternatively the control environment may reduce the effectiveness of other components For example when the nature of management incentives increases the risk of material misstatement of financial statements the effectiveness of control activities may be reduced
9 Balancing Risk and Control
Risk is the probability that an event or action will adversely affect the organization The primary categories of risk are errors omissions delay and fraud In order to achieve goals and objectives management needs to effectively balance risks and controls Therefore control procedures need to be developed so that they decrease risk to a level where management can accept the exposure to that risk By performing this balancing act reasonable assurance〞 can be attained As it relates to financial and compliance goals being out of balance can cause the following problems
Excessive controls
Excessive controls
Loss of assets donor or grants
Increased bureaucracy
Poor business decisions
Reduced productivity
noncompliance
Increased complexity
Increased regulations
Increased cycle time
Public scandals
Increased of novalue activities
In order to achieve a balance between risk and controls internal controls should be proactive valueadded and costeffective and address exposure to risk
11 Conclusion
The concept of internal control and its aspects in any organization is so important therefore understanding the components and standards of internal controls should be attend by management Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization Internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error According to custom definition Internal Control is a process affected by an entity＇s board of directors management and other personnel designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories namely The major factors of internal control are Control environment Risk assessment Control activities Information and communication Monitoring This article reviews the main standards and principles of internal control and described the relevant concepts of internal control for all type of company
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