翻译原文
A Review on Solar Powered Air Conditioning System
Ravi Gugulothu Naga Sarada Somanchi Hima Bindu Banoth and Kishan Banothu
Abstract
The twenty first century is rapidly becoming the perfect energy storm modern society is faced with volatile energy prices and growing environmental concerns as well as energy supply and security issues One of the greatest challenges facing mankind in the twenty first century is energy Fossil fuels such as coal petroleum and natural gas have been the main energy resources for everything vital for human society The burning of fossil fuels has caused and is causing damage to the environment of earth By 2050 the demand for energy could double or even triple as the global population grows and developing countries expand their economies This has already raised concerns over potential supply difficulties depletion of energy resources and expediting environmental impacts like ozone layer depletion global warming and climate change etc The most abundant energy resource available to human society is solar energy The utilization of solar energy is as old as human history Among various types of renewable energy resources solar energy is the least utilized Air conditioning is essential for maintaining thermal comfort in indoor environments particularly for hot and humid climates Today air conditioning comprising cooling and dehumidification has become a necessity in commercial and residential buildings and industrial processes During the summer the demand for electricity greatly increases because of the extensive use of airconditioning systems This is a source of major problems in the country’s electricity supply and contributes to an increase of CO2 emissions causing the environmental pollution and global warming On the other hand vapour compression air conditioning systems have impacts on stratospheric ozone depletion because of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and the hydro fluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants The use of solar energy to drive cooling cycles is attractive since the cooling load is roughly in phase with solar energy availability To cool with solar thermal energy one solution is to use an absorption chillier using water and lithium bromide solution Solar air conditioning systems help to minimize fossil fuel energy use Among the evolving energy efficient air conditioning technologies are liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems which have showed promising performance during the past decades and are believed to be a strong competitor with the widely used conventional air conditioning systems (CAC) Desiccant evaporation cooling technology is environmental friendly and can be used to condition the indoor environment of buildings Unlike conventional air conditioning systems the desiccant air conditioning systems can be driven by low grade heat sources such as solar energy and industrial waste heat In this study a focus is made on reduction in Air Conditioning capacity fuel savings and emission reductions attainable through the use of solar energy
KeywordsSolarEnergy Desiccant Air ConditioningSystem Humidification and Dehumidification Conventional Air Conditioning
1 Introduction
As a kind of renewable energy solar energy is paid more and more attention in the world Solar system can be classified into two categories those are thermal systems which convert solar energy to thermal energy and photovoltaic systems which convert solar energy to electrical energy However more solar radiation which falling on photovoltaic cells is not converted to electricity but either reflected or converted to thermal energy This method leads to a drop of electricity conversion efficiency due to an increase in the photovoltaic cells working temperature
In the past century scientific community has devoted much effort to procure energy sustainability of housing in two main directions those are reducing external energy supply and using renewable energy for the remaining In both ways solar resources are gaining popularity because they increase energy independence and sustainability at the same time offering nearly zero impact to the environment
The modern comfort living conditions are achieved at the cost of vast energy resources Global warming and ozone depletion and the escalating costs of fossil fuels over the last few years to the design and control of building energy systems Solar energy is abundant and clean it is meaningful to substitute solar energy for conventional energy Solar energy therefore has an important role to play in the building energy systems
The increasing scarcity and cost of fossil fuels and incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have led to a growing interest in solar energy Solar energy is widely affordable and has the capability to meet household demand over the year Unfortunately its intermittency and variability with weather conditions time and seasons lead to a mismatch between heating demand and solar energy availability
Air conditioning systems are installed in buildings to provide the occupants with healthy and productive environments Considerable amount of energy is consumed in the operation of the widely used energy inefficient conventional air conditioning systems which leads to several environmental problems that are related to energy production such as air pollution global warming and acid precipitation
From recent studies those buildings are responsible for the consumption of around 40 of the primary energy consumption and the emission of nearly 33 of the green house gases in the world
An air conditioning system consists of components and equipment arranged in sequential order to heat or cool humidify or dehumidify clean and purify attenuate objectionable equipment noise transport the conditioned outdoor air and recirculate air to the conditioned space and control and maintain an indoor or enclosed environment at optimum energy use
Most of the air conditioning systems perform the following functions
aProvide the cooling and heating energy required
bCondition the supply air heat or cool humidify or dehumidify clean and purify and attenuate any objectionable noise produced by these systems
cDistribute the conditioned air containing sufficient outdoor air to the conditioned space
dControl and maintain the indoor environmental parameters such as temperature humidity cleanliness air movement sound level and pressure differential between the conditioned space and surrounding within predetermined limits
11 Applications of air conditioning system
aInstitutional buildings such as schools colleges universities libraries hospitals and nursing homes museums indoor stadiums cinema theatres…etc
bCommercial buildings such as offices stores and shopping centres supermarketsdepartment stores restaurants and others
cResidential buildings including hotels motels single family and multifamily low rise buildings of three or fewer stories above grade
dManufacturing buildings which manufacture and store products for examples medicines
eThe transportation sectors like Automobiles aircraft railroad cars buses and cruising ships etc
Air conditioning systems are mainly for the occupant’s health and comfort They are often called comfort air conditioning systems
12 Principle of air conditioning system
Figure 1 shows the window mounted air conditioning system The cabinet is divided into indoor and outdoor compartments which are separated by insulated wall to reduce the heat transfer The DX coil and indoor fan are in the indoor compartment The outdoor compartment contains the compressors condensers outdoor fan capillary tube and fan motor The fan motor often has a double ended shaft which drives both fans at a time
Fig 1 Window mounted air conditioning
Return air from the conditioned space flows through a coarse air filter and is cooled and dehumidified in a DX coil and then enters the inlet of the indoor fan In a room air conditioner the indoor fan is a forward curved centrifugal fan The conditioned air is pressurised in the impeller and forced through the air passage that leads to the supply grille The conditioned air is then supplied to the conditioned space to offset the space cooling load
Outdoor air is extracted by the propeller fan and forced through the condensing coils in which hot gaseous refrigerant is condensed to liquid refrigerant During condensation condensing heat is released to the outside through the cooling air A portion of outdoor ventilation air is extracted by the indoor fan and mixed with the return air The opening of the outdoor ventilation air intake is adjustable
Scientists and engineers are trying to develop more efficient air conditioning systems that are capable of achieving good indoor air quality with low energy consumption rates and air pollution emissions Among the evolving energy efficient air conditioning technologies are liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems which have showed promising performance during the past decades and are believed to be a strong competitor with the widely used conventional air conditioning systems (CAC)
The air handling in air conditioning systems was moist because of the dehumidification process in summer so bacteria were easily propagated and developed In addition the air humidity in moist central air conditioning systems is seldom controlled This causes people to feel uncomfortable in such air conditioning rooms Solar energy driven liquid desiccant cooling air conditioning systems (LDCS) can improve indoor air quality and reduce electrical energy consumption and have been regarded highly by researchers and engineers in recent years
The desiccant based air conditioning system comes to be one of the prospective alternatives for the traditional vapour compression air conditioning systems
13 Literature review
Ahmed H Abdel Salam and Carey J Simonson (2014) proposed a membrane liquid desiccant air conditioning (MLDAC) system modelled using the TRNSYS building energy simulation software The four air conditioning systems investigated in this study are evaluated from technical environmental and economic points of views They found that the energy consumption of the systems with an ERV increases as the exhaust airflow decreases Energy consumptions of the CACERV increases by 11 and MLDACERV increases by 6 when Rexhaust decreases from 1 to 06 When M LDAC system is used CO2 emissions decrease by 19 compared to CAC system and CO2 reduction goes to 31 when ERV used at Rexhaust equal to unity in the MLDAC system It was found that the electrical thermal and total COPs of the MLDAC system are 345 195 and 068 respectively In their simulation results the MLDAC system is a promising system from technical environmental and economic point of views More energy savings can be achieved through the integration of an energy recovery ventilator a solar thermal system or a heat pump with the proposed MLDAC system
Balghouthi M et al (2008) did computer model and simulations using the TRNSYS and EES programs with meteorological data The system optimized for a typical building of 150 m2 area consists of a water lithium bromide absorption chiller of a capacity of 11 kW a 30 m2 flat plate collector area tilted 35° from the horizontal and 800 1 hot water storage tank The simulation results show that absorption solar air conditioning systems are suitable under Tunisian conditions
Elsherbini A L and Maheshwari G P (2010) they found that the theoretical increase in the coefficient of performance (COP) due to shading is within 25 this small improvement in ideal efficiency decreases at higher ambient temperatures when enhancements to efficiency are more needed The actual efficiency improvement due to shading is not expected to exceed 1 and the daily energy savings will be lower
Guo J and Shen H G (2009) studied a lumped method combined with dynamic model and investigated the performance and solar fraction of a solar ejector refrigeration system (SERS) using R134a They found that during the office working time ie 900 am to 500 pm the average COP and the average solar fraction of the system were 048 and 082 when the operating conditions are generator temperature is 85°C and evaporator temperature is 8°C and condenser temperature varying with ambient temperature This system can save up to 80 of electrical energy when compared with traditional compressor based air conditioning
Ha Q P and Vakiloroaya V (2014) studied the performance enhancement and energy efficiency improvement of a new hybrid solar assisted air conditioning system A single stage vapour compression solar air conditioner consists of six major components a compressor a condenser an expansion device an evaporator a solar vacuum collector and a solar storage tank In this new configuration a bypass line is implemented in the discharge line after the compressor to control the refrigerant mass flow rate via a two way valve while a variable speed drive is connected to the air cooled condenser to adjust the condenser fan air flow rate From the simulation they found that the enthalpy of refrigerant entering the expansion valve with and without the new configuration is reduced by 85 Designed at steady state conditions the compressor power consumption for the system without control and the developed system are 145kW and 124kW and energy savings is 14 The average power consumption by using the developed system is 97 less than that of the uncontrolled system The average energy saving potential for the proposed approach for the compressor and condenser fan is 71 and 26 Both of compressor and condenser reduction can result ultimately in an increase of COP The average supply temperature of the developed system is decreased from 1377°C to 1144°C The average energy consumption of the newly developed system under control and the original one in summer month power consumption is less than the power usage of the uncontrolled plant For the closed loop system under control have 7 to 14 electricity consumed by the compressor can be saved using the proposed system under multivariable control as compared to the system without control They concluded that this new design is promising for improving the system performance while fulfilling the cooling demands as well as achieving high energy efficiency
Ibrahim I El Sharkawy et al (2014) theoretically investigation on the performance of solar powered silica gelwater based adsorption cooling system working under Middle East region climate conditions Two bed silica gelwater type adsorption chiller has been used They found that the maximum cyclic average cooling capacity of the system working under Cairo and Jeddah climate conditions reaches to 148 kW and 158 kW under Aswan climate conditions Cooling capacity of the system without hot water buffer storage reaches its maximum at noon and for the system with hot water buffer storage the maximum cooling capacity value is 13 kW that is achieved at a time interval of 1400 and 1500 hours The system with hot water buffer storage has less fluctuating cooling energy production compared to that of the system without hot water buffer storage
Lucas M et al (2003) installed a Hydrosolar roof prototype on a laboratory roof at Spain This building was air conditioned with a water condensed chiller working with the solar roof as a condenser The total volume occupied by the four cells of the prototype is roughly 6m*6m*12m in size During the summer 2000 the system was monitored to obtain performance data in a real installation and under real conditions They created CFD model and analysed From their numerical results and experimental results they confirmed that the air mass flow is induced through the channel due to natural and forced convection Natural convection is produced by the solar radiation heating the plates and forced convection is due to the wind suction effect at the output of the channel Therefore the two main meteorological factors that influence the system performance are solar radiation and wind velocity
Ma Q et al (2006) studied performance of hybrid air conditioning systems and they observed that the performance of hybride air conditioning system is 445 higher than conventional vapour compression refrigeration system at a latent load of 30 and the improvement can be achieved by 738 at a latent load of 42
Min Tu et al (2010) performed comparison between two novel configurations of liquid desiccant air conditioning system driven by low grade thermal energies
Moncef Balghouthi et al (2005) studied with the TRNSYS program simulation study of solar powered absorption cooling technology under Tunisian conditions A number of simulations were carried out in order to optimize the various factors affecting the performance of the system Their simulation results show that absorption solar air conditions solar air conditioning systems are suitable for Tunisian’s conditions
Sukamongkol Y et al (2010) they conducted an experimental test to investigate validity of a developed simulation model in predicting the dynamic performance of a condenser heat recovery with a hybrid PVT air heating collector The thermal energy generated by the system can produce warm dry air as high as 53°C and 23 relative humidity 6 of daily electricity can be obtained from the PVT collector in the system The use of a hybrid PVT air heater incorporated with the heat recovered from the condenser to regenerate the desiccant for dehumidification and save the energy use of the air conditioning system by 18 They concluded that the experimental validation results that the developed simulation model is able to predict within acceptable limits of accuracy the performance of a condenser heat recovery with a hybrid PVT air heater to regenerate desiccant for reducing energy use of an air conditioning room
Thosapon Katejanekam and Kumar S (2008) simulation procedure is used to predict the operating and performance parameters of the system in the form of daily profiles They found that the system is reduced the average relative humidity of air is decreased by 15 The regenerating air coming out of the solar CR is warmer and drier than the entering ambient air They studied the system performance with the ventilation air flow rate was varied and they found that the effectiveness at the ventilation rate of 40 60 and 80 CFM is decreased by 23 45 and 68 when compared with the base 20 CFM Because the less contact time between the air and the desiccant inside the dehumidifier On a daily average the relative humidity of the delivered air at the ventilation rate of 20 40 60 and 80 CFM is 4312 4849 5283 and 5715 This is due to the less moisture removal effectiveness at higher ventilation rates At the ventilation rate of 40 60 and 80 CFM the moisture removal rate is increased by48 58 and 26 whereas the evaporation rate is increased by 17 20 and 6
Tingyao chen et al (2007) designed a solar air conditioning system which is independent on design dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures This design coincident dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures more than 6°C higher as compared to the newly generated design dry bulb and wet bulb temperature From this new method they can when the peak cooling load occurs HVAC engineers can avoid calculating 24hours cooling loads on one design day in each month of the year This new method and design weather data allow to determining the peak cooling load for a room or building in any orientation directly but with a thermal lag less than 1 hour
Yonggao Yin and Xiaosong Zhang (2010) studied on internally heated and adiabatic regenerators in liquid desiccant air conditioning system Heat and mass transfer model was used to analyse and compare the performance of internally heated and adiabatic regenerators They found that internally heated regenerator is proposed to achieve better regeneration performance when compared to conventional packed regenerator Internally heated regenerator not only could increase the regenerate rate but also could exhibit higher energy utilization efficiency Internally heated regenerator can provide comparable regeneration efficiency and regeneration rate at low desiccant flow rate so it should be a good alternative to avoid carryover of desiccant droplets Higher air flow rate would result in a deduction of regeneration thermal efficiency although achieving higher regeneration rate
Yonggao Yin et al (2007) experimentally studied the dehumidification rate of the air decreases from 0104 gsec to 0073 gsec when the temperature of the inlet air changes from 29°C to 341°C From this experiment they found that the average mass transfer coefficient of the packing regenerator is 4gm2sec When the desiccant solution mass concentration is 20 and heating temperature is 775°C the maximum mass transfer coefficient is 75 gm2sec In this experiment the humidity of the inlet air is varied from 115 gkg to 35 gkg and its temperature is 285°C The desiccant solution temperatures are in the range from 55°C to 70°C The solution outlet temperatures range between 395°C to 43°C and the air outlet temperatures range between 32°C to 35°C They found that the dehumidification rate increases obviously with increasing humidity of the inlet air
The coefficient of performance (COP) of the air conditioning systems varies from 07to 12
2 Conclusions
From the literature review it is observed that the energy and water are the basic necessity for all of us to lead a normal life on this beautiful earth Solar energy technologies and its usage are very important and useful for the developing and under developed countries to sustain their energy needs
The main motivation for solar cooling systems is the substitution of electricity as the premium energy sources for air conditioning systems by a renewable heat source ie low grade heat from solar collectors
Solar cooling is a good example of addressing climate changes Long term data should be used to prove the feasibility of air conditioning systems
Acknowledgements
Foremost I am thankful to Professor AV Sita Rama Raju JNT University for his valuable suggestion of reading numerous research publications in the area of solar distillation and to write review papers I am thankful to Professor KVijaya Kumar Reddy and Professor B Sudheer Prem Kumar JNT University and my parents for their encouragement in preparing this research paper
References
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A Review on Solar Powered Air Conditioning System
太阳空调系统综述
Ravi GugulothuNaga Sarada SomanchiHima Bindu BanothKishan Banothu
摘：二十世纪正迅速成完美源风暴现代社会面着源价格波动日益严重环境问题源供应安全问题21世纪类面挑战源煤石油天然气等化石燃料类社会切重源化石燃料燃烧已正球环境造成破坏2050年着全球口增长发展中国家济扩张源需求会增加倍甚三倍已引起潜供应困难源资源枯竭加速臭氧层损耗全球变暖气候变化等环境影响关注类社会利丰富源太阳太阳利类历史样古老类生源中太阳利少空调保持室环境热舒适性必少特湿热气候包括冷湿空调已成商业住宅建筑工业程中必条件夏季空调系统广泛电力需求幅增加该国电力供应出现重问题根源导致二氧化碳排放量增加造成环境污染全球变暖方面含氯氟烃( CFC )氢氟碳化合物( HCFC )制冷剂存蒸汽压缩空调系统流层臭氧消耗影响太阳驱动冷循环吸引力冷负荷致太阳性相利太阳冷种解决方案吸收式冷器水溴化锂溶液太阳空调系统助减少化石燃料断发展节空调技术中液体湿空调( LDAC )系统十年中表现出良性认广泛传统空调系统(CAC)强竞争手干燥剂蒸发冷技术环保调节建筑物室环境传统空调系统湿空调系统太阳工业废热等低级热源驱动项研究中重点通太阳降低空调力节省燃料减少排放
关键词：太阳湿空调系统加湿湿常规空调
介绍
太阳作种生源越越受世界国重视太阳系分两类太阳转换成热热系统太阳转换成电光伏系统然更落光伏电池太阳辐射转换成电反射转换成热光伏电池工作温度升高种方法导致电转换效率降
世纪里科学界两方面付出努力实现住房源持续性国家正减少外部源供应余国家生源两方面太阳越越受欢迎增加源独立性持续性时环境没影响
现代舒适生活条件巨源代价全球变暖臭氧消耗年化石燃料建筑源系统设计控制成升太阳资源丰富清洁太阳代传统源具重意义太阳建筑源系统中起着重作
化石燃料越越稀缺成越越高减少温室气体排放激励措施太阳越越感兴趣太阳价格低廉够满足家庭全年需求幸间歇性天气条件时间季节变化导致供暖需求太阳供应间匹配
空调系统安装建筑物中居住者提供健康生产环境广泛源效率低传统空调系统运行中消耗量量导致源生产相关环境问题例空气污染全球变暖酸雨
研究建筑消耗全球约40 次源排放33 温室气体
空调系统次布置部件设备组成便加热冷加湿湿清洁净化减少令反感设备噪音运输调节室外空气空气循环调节空间控制维护室佳源封闭环境
数空调系统执行功
a 提供需冷加热量
b 调节供气加热冷加湿湿清洁净化减弱系统产生良噪声
c 包含足够室外空气调节空气分配调节空间
d 控制保持室环境参数温度湿度清洁度空气运动声级调节空间周围环境间压差预定范围
11 空调系统应
a学校学院学图书馆医院疗养院博物馆室运动场电影院等机构建筑……等等
b商业建筑办公室商店购物中心超市百货公司餐馆等
c居住建筑包括酒店汽车旅馆单身家庭三层三层户低层建筑
d制造建筑物制造储存药品等产品
e汽车飞机铁路车辆公汽车邮轮等交通运输行业等等
空调系统客健康舒适通常称舒适空调系统
12 空调系统原理
图1显示安装窗户空调系统机柜分室室外两部分室室外隔热墙隔开减少热传递DX盘室风扇位室室室外舱包括压缩机冷凝器室外风扇毛细风扇电机风扇电机通常具双端轴次驱动两风扇
图1窗式空调
调节空间返回空气流粗空气滤器DX盘中冷湿然进入室风扇入口室空调中室风扇前弯曲离心风扇调节空气叶轮中加压迫通通供应格栅空气通道然调节空气供应调节空间抵消空间冷负荷
室外空气螺旋桨风扇抽出通冷凝盘冷凝盘中热气态制冷剂冷凝成液态制冷剂冷凝时冷凝热通冷空气释放外部室外通风空气部分室风扇抽出回风混合室外通风进风口开度调
科学家工程师正努力开发更效空调系统够低耗率空气污染排放实现良室空气质量断发展节空调技术中液体湿空调( LDAC )系统十年中表现出良性认广泛传统空调系统( CAC )强竞争手
夏季湿程空调系统空气处理潮湿细菌容易繁殖发育外潮湿中央空调系统空气湿度少受控制样空调房间里感舒服太阳驱动液体湿冷空调系统( LDCS )够改善室空气质量降低电消耗年受研究员工程师高度重视
基干燥剂空调系统逐渐成传统蒸汽压缩空调系统潜代方案
13 文献综述
Ahmed HAbdel SalamCarey JSimonson ( 2014 )提出种TRNSYS建筑量模拟软件建模膜式液体湿空调(MLDAC)系统技术环境济角度研究调查四种空调系统进行评价发现带ERV系统耗着排气气流减少增加废气1降06时CACERV耗增加11MLDACERV增加6MLDAC系统时CO2排放量CAC系统减少19废气ERV等MLDAC系统中单位时CO2减少31发现MLDAC系统电热总COPs分345195068技术环境济角度MLDAC系统前途系统通量回收通风器太阳热系统热泵提出MLDAC系统集成实现更节
BalghouthiM等(2008年)利TRNSYSEES程序利气象数进行计算机建模仿真针150m2典型建筑优化系统包括容量11kw溴化锂吸收式冷水机组水方倾斜35°30m2板集热器区800±1热水储罐仿真结果表明吸收式太阳空调系统突尼斯条件适
ElsherbiniALMaheshwariGP(2010)发现遮光导致性系数(COP)理增加25理想效率种提高更高环境温度降低需提高效率时遮阳带实际效率提升预计会超1日常节会降低
郭杰沈海庚( 2009 )结合动力学模型研究集总法研究R134a太阳喷射式制冷系统( SERS )性太阳含量发现办公时间午9 00午5 00运行条件发电机温度85℃蒸发器温度8℃冷凝器温度环境温度变化时系统均COP均太阳辐射分数分048082传统基压缩机空调相该系统节省高达80 电
Ha Q Pvakloaya V ( 2014 )研究种新型混合太阳辅助空调系统性增强效提高单级蒸汽压缩太阳空调六部件组成压缩机冷凝器膨胀装置蒸发器太阳真空收集器太阳储罐种新配置中压缩机排放线中实施旁通线双阀控制制冷剂质量流量时变速驱动器连接空冷冷凝器调节冷凝器风扇空气流量通模拟发现采新结构采新结构进入膨胀阀制冷剂焓降低85 稳态条件设计控制系统开发系统压缩机功耗分145 kw124 kw节14 该系统均功耗未控制系统低97 压缩机冷凝器风扇均节潜力71 26 压缩机冷凝器降低终会导致COP增加开发系统均供电温度1377℃降1144℃新开发系统原系统夏季电均耗均低未控制电厂电控制中闭环系统未控制系统相变量控制提出系统节省压缩机消耗7 14 电力出结种新设计满足冷需求时提高系统性实现高效
Ibrahim I El Sharkawy等 (2014) 理考察中东区气候条件工作太阳吸附硅胶水基冷系统性采双床硅胶水式吸附冷水机组发现 开罗吉达气候条件工作系统循环均冷力阿斯旺气候条件达148 千瓦158千瓦热水缓存储系统冷力中午达值 具热水缓存储系统 冷容量13千瓦 达1400 1500 时时间范围具热水缓储存系统冷源生产市场波动较没热水缓储存系统相
Lucas M等（2003）西班牙实验室屋顶安装Hydrosolar屋顶样机座楼装冷凝器冷凝器太阳屋顶起作冷凝器工作该原型四单元占总体积约6米*6米*12米2000夏季系统监测获实际安装实际条件性数建立CFD模型进行分析通实验结果数值计算结果证实然强迫流空气质量流通通道引起然流太阳辐射加热产生银强迫流风吸力效应通道输出影响系统性两气象素太阳辐射风速
Ma Q 等(2006) 研究混合空调系统性 观察 混合空调系统性传统蒸汽压缩制冷系统高出 445 潜负荷 30 改善达738 潜42 负载
Min Tu等 (2010) 低品位热驱动液体湿空调系统两种新型结构进行较
Moncef Balghouthi等（2005）研究突尼斯条件太阳吸收式冷技术TRNSYS程序模拟研究优化影响系统性种素进行许模拟仿真结果表明吸收太阳空调条件太阳空调系统适合突尼斯条件
Sukamongkol Y等（2010年）进行项实验测试研究开发模拟模型预测混合PVT空气加热收集器冷凝器热回收动态性方面效性系统产生热产生高达53°C23％相湿度温暖干燥空气日电量6％系统中PV T收集器获混合式PVT空气加热器结合冷凝器回收热量生干燥剂进行湿空调系统耗降低18％结实验验证结果表明开发仿真模型够接受精度范围预测冷凝器热回收性中混合PVT空气加热器生干燥剂减少空调室量
Thosapon KatejanekamKumar S（2008）仿真程序日常概况形式预测系统运行性参数发现系统均空气相湿度降低15％太阳CR生空气进入环境空气更暖干燥研究系统性结果发现通风空气流量变化发现406080立方英尺通风率效率基础20 CFM降低23％45％68％空气湿机干燥剂间接触时间较短通风量20406080CFM时空气相湿度日均值分4312％4849％5283％5715％更高通风率水分效果较差406080CFM通风速率水分率增加48％58％26％蒸发率增加17％20％6％
Tingyao Chen等（2007）设计独立设计干球湿球温度太阳空调系统新设计干式灯泡湿球温度相设计重合干球湿球温度高出6°C通种新方法发生峰值冷负荷时HVAC工程师避免年中月设计日计算24时冷负荷种新方法设计天气数直接确定房间建筑物峰值冷负荷热滞1时
Tingyao Chen( 2010 )液体湿空调系统中热式绝热式蓄热器进行研究采传热传质模型热式绝热式蓄热器性进行分析较发现传统填充式生器相加热式生器获更生性热式生器仅提高生率发挥更高量利效率热式生器低干燥剂流速提供相生效率生速率应该避免干燥剂液滴携带选择较高空气流速导致生热效率降低实现较高生速率
Yong Gao Yin等( 2007 )入口空气温度29℃变化341℃时空气湿率0104gsec降0073gsec进行实验研究发现填料生器均传质系数4gm2sec干燥剂溶液质量浓度20加热温度775°C时传质系数75gm2sec实验中进气湿度115gkg~35gkg温度285°C干燥剂溶液温度55~70°C溶液出口温度395~43°C空气出口温度32~35°C发现湿率进气湿度增加明显增加
空调系统性系数(COP)0712间变化
二结
文献综述出美丽球量水正常生活基必需品太阳技术应发展中国家欠发达国家维持源需求非常重
太阳冷系统动力生热源太阳收集器低品位热量取代电力作空调系统优质源
太阳冷应气候变化例子应长期数证明空调系统行性
致谢
首先感谢JNT学AV Sita Rama Raju教授提出阅读太阳蒸馏领域众研究出版物撰写评文宝贵建议感谢JNT学KVijaya Kumar Reddy Professor B Sudheer Prem Kumar教授父母感谢鼓励撰写篇研究文
参考文献
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A Review on Solar Powered Air Conditioning System
Ravi Gugulothu Naga Sarada Somanchi Hima Bindu Banoth and Kishan Banothu
Abstract
The twenty first century is rapidly becoming the perfect energy storm modern society is faced with volatile energy prices and growing environmental concerns as well as energy supply and security issues One of the greatest challenges facing mankind in the twenty first century is energy Fossil fuels such as coal petroleum and natural gas have been the main energy resources for everything vital for human society The burning of fossil fuels has caused and is causing damage to the environment of earth By 2050 the demand for energy could double or even triple as the global population grows and developing countries expand their economies This has already raised concerns over potential supply difficulties depletion of energy resources and expediting environmental impacts like ozone layer depletion global warming and climate change etc The most abundant energy resource available to human society is solar energy The utilization of solar energy is as old as human history Among various types of renewable energy resources solar energy is the least utilized Air conditioning is essential for maintaining thermal comfort in indoor environments particularly for hot and humid climates Today air conditioning comprising cooling and dehumidification has become a necessity in commercial and residential buildings and industrial processes During the summer the demand for electricity greatly increases because of the extensive use of airconditioning systems This is a source of major problems in the country’s electricity supply and contributes to an increase of CO2 emissions causing the environmental pollution and global warming On the other hand vapour compression air conditioning systems have impacts on stratospheric ozone depletion because of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and the hydro fluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants The use of solar energy to drive cooling cycles is attractive since the cooling load is roughly in phase with solar energy availability To cool with solar thermal energy one solution is to use an absorption chillier using water and lithium bromide solution Solar air conditioning systems help to minimize fossil fuel energy use Among the evolving energy efficient air conditioning technologies are liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems which have showed promising performance during the past decades and are believed to be a strong competitor with the widely used conventional air conditioning systems (CAC) Desiccant evaporation cooling technology is environmental friendly and can be used to condition the indoor environment of buildings Unlike conventional air conditioning systems the desiccant air conditioning systems can be driven by low grade heat sources such as solar energy and industrial waste heat In this study a focus is made on reduction in Air Conditioning capacity fuel savings and emission reductions attainable through the use of solar energy
KeywordsSolarEnergy Desiccant Air ConditioningSystem Humidification and Dehumidification Conventional Air Conditioning
1 Introduction
As a kind of renewable energy solar energy is paid more and more attention in the world Solar system can be classified into two categories those are thermal systems which convert solar energy to thermal energy and photovoltaic systems which convert solar energy to electrical energy However more solar radiation which falling on photovoltaic cells is not converted to electricity but either reflected or converted to thermal energy This method leads to a drop of electricity conversion efficiency due to an increase in the photovoltaic cells working temperature
In the past century scientific community has devoted much effort to procure energy sustainability of housing in two main directions those are reducing external energy supply and using renewable energy for the remaining In both ways solar resources are gaining popularity because they increase energy independence and sustainability at the same time offering nearly zero impact to the environment
The modern comfort living conditions are achieved at the cost of vast energy resources Global warming and ozone depletion and the escalating costs of fossil fuels over the last few years to the design and control of building energy systems Solar energy is abundant and clean it is meaningful to substitute solar energy for conventional energy Solar energy therefore has an important role to play in the building energy systems
The increasing scarcity and cost of fossil fuels and incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have led to a growing interest in solar energy Solar energy is widely affordable and has the capability to meet household demand over the year Unfortunately its intermittency and variability with weather conditions time and seasons lead to a mismatch between heating demand and solar energy availability
Air conditioning systems are installed in buildings to provide the occupants with healthy and productive environments Considerable amount of energy is consumed in the operation of the widely used energy inefficient conventional air conditioning systems which leads to several environmental problems that are related to energy production such as air pollution global warming and acid precipitation
From recent studies those buildings are responsible for the consumption of around 40 of the primary energy consumption and the emission of nearly 33 of the green house gases in the world
An air conditioning system consists of components and equipment arranged in sequential order to heat or cool humidify or dehumidify clean and purify attenuate objectionable equipment noise transport the conditioned outdoor air and recirculate air to the conditioned space and control and maintain an indoor or enclosed environment at optimum energy use
Most of the air conditioning systems perform the following functions
aProvide the cooling and heating energy required
bCondition the supply air heat or cool humidify or dehumidify clean and purify and attenuate any objectionable noise produced by these systems
cDistribute the conditioned air containing sufficient outdoor air to the conditioned space
dControl and maintain the indoor environmental parameters such as temperature humidity cleanliness air movement sound level and pressure differential between the conditioned space and surrounding within predetermined limits
11 Applications of air conditioning system
aInstitutional buildings such as schools colleges universities libraries hospitals and nursing homes museums indoor stadiums cinema theatres…etc
bCommercial buildings such as offices stores and shopping centres supermarketsdepartment stores restaurants and others
cResidential buildings including hotels motels single family and multifamily low rise buildings of three or fewer stories above grade
dManufacturing buildings which manufacture and store products for examples medicines
eThe transportation sectors like Automobiles aircraft railroad cars buses and cruising ships etc
Air conditioning systems are mainly for the occupant’s health and comfort They are often called comfort air conditioning systems
12 Principle of air conditioning system
Figure 1 shows the window mounted air conditioning system The cabinet is divided into indoor and outdoor compartments which are separated by insulated wall to reduce the heat transfer The DX coil and indoor fan are in the indoor compartment The outdoor compartment contains the compressors condensers outdoor fan capillary tube and fan motor The fan motor often has a double ended shaft which drives both fans at a time
Fig 1 Window mounted air conditioning
Return air from the conditioned space flows through a coarse air filter and is cooled and dehumidified in a DX coil and then enters the inlet of the indoor fan In a room air conditioner the indoor fan is a forward curved centrifugal fan The conditioned air is pressurised in the impeller and forced through the air passage that leads to the supply grille The conditioned air is then supplied to the conditioned space to offset the space cooling load
Outdoor air is extracted by the propeller fan and forced through the condensing coils in which hot gaseous refrigerant is condensed to liquid refrigerant During condensation condensing heat is released to the outside through the cooling air A portion of outdoor ventilation air is extracted by the indoor fan and mixed with the return air The opening of the outdoor ventilation air intake is adjustable
Scientists and engineers are trying to develop more efficient air conditioning systems that are capable of achieving good indoor air quality with low energy consumption rates and air pollution emissions Among the evolving energy efficient air conditioning technologies are liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems which have showed promising performance during the past decades and are believed to be a strong competitor with the widely used conventional air conditioning systems (CAC)
The air handling in air conditioning systems was moist because of the dehumidification process in summer so bacteria were easily propagated and developed In addition the air humidity in moist central air conditioning systems is seldom controlled This causes people to feel uncomfortable in such air conditioning rooms Solar energy driven liquid desiccant cooling air conditioning systems (LDCS) can improve indoor air quality and reduce electrical energy consumption and have been regarded highly by researchers and engineers in recent years
The desiccant based air conditioning system comes to be one of the prospective alternatives for the traditional vapour compression air conditioning systems
13 Literature review
Ahmed H Abdel Salam and Carey J Simonson (2014) proposed a membrane liquid desiccant air conditioning (MLDAC) system modelled using the TRNSYS building energy simulation software The four air conditioning systems investigated in this study are evaluated from technical environmental and economic points of views They found that the energy consumption of the systems with an ERV increases as the exhaust airflow decreases Energy consumptions of the CACERV increases by 11 and MLDACERV increases by 6 when Rexhaust decreases from 1 to 06 When M LDAC system is used CO2 emissions decrease by 19 compared to CAC system and CO2 reduction goes to 31 when ERV used at Rexhaust equal to unity in the MLDAC system It was found that the electrical thermal and total COPs of the MLDAC system are 345 195 and 068 respectively In their simulation results the MLDAC system is a promising system from technical environmental and economic point of views More energy savings can be achieved through the integration of an energy recovery ventilator a solar thermal system or a heat pump with the proposed MLDAC system
Balghouthi M et al (2008) did computer model and simulations using the TRNSYS and EES programs with meteorological data The system optimized for a typical building of 150 m2 area consists of a water lithium bromide absorption chiller of a capacity of 11 kW a 30 m2 flat plate collector area tilted 35° from the horizontal and 800 1 hot water storage tank The simulation results show that absorption solar air conditioning systems are suitable under Tunisian conditions
Elsherbini A L and Maheshwari G P (2010) they found that the theoretical increase in the coefficient of performance (COP) due to shading is within 25 this small improvement in ideal efficiency decreases at higher ambient temperatures when enhancements to efficiency are more needed The actual efficiency improvement due to shading is not expected to exceed 1 and the daily energy savings will be lower
Guo J and Shen H G (2009) studied a lumped method combined with dynamic model and investigated the performance and solar fraction of a solar ejector refrigeration system (SERS) using R134a They found that during the office working time ie 900 am to 500 pm the average COP and the average solar fraction of the system were 048 and 082 when the operating conditions are generator temperature is 85°C and evaporator temperature is 8°C and condenser temperature varying with ambient temperature This system can save up to 80 of electrical energy when compared with traditional compressor based air conditioning
Ha Q P and Vakiloroaya V (2014) studied the performance enhancement and energy efficiency improvement of a new hybrid solar assisted air conditioning system A single stage vapour compression solar air conditioner consists of six major components a compressor a condenser an expansion device an evaporator a solar vacuum collector and a solar storage tank In this new configuration a bypass line is implemented in the discharge line after the compressor to control the refrigerant mass flow rate via a two way valve while a variable speed drive is connected to the air cooled condenser to adjust the condenser fan air flow rate From the simulation they found that the enthalpy of refrigerant entering the expansion valve with and without the new configuration is reduced by 85 Designed at steady state conditions the compressor power consumption for the system without control and the developed system are 145kW and 124kW and energy savings is 14 The average power consumption by using the developed system is 97 less than that of the uncontrolled system The average energy saving potential for the proposed approach for the compressor and condenser fan is 71 and 26 Both of compressor and condenser reduction can result ultimately in an increase of COP The average supply temperature of the developed system is decreased from 1377°C to 1144°C The average energy consumption of the newly developed system under control and the original one in summer month power consumption is less than the power usage of the uncontrolled plant For the closed loop system under control have 7 to 14 electricity consumed by the compressor can be saved using the proposed system under multivariable control as compared to the system without control They concluded that this new design is promising for improving the system performance while fulfilling the cooling demands as well as achieving high energy efficiency
Ibrahim I El Sharkawy et al (2014) theoretically investigation on the performance of solar powered silica gelwater based adsorption cooling system working under Middle East region climate conditions Two bed silica gelwater type adsorption chiller has been used They found that the maximum cyclic average cooling capacity of the system working under Cairo and Jeddah climate conditions reaches to 148 kW and 158 kW under Aswan climate conditions Cooling capacity of the system without hot water buffer storage reaches its maximum at noon and for the system with hot water buffer storage the maximum cooling capacity value is 13 kW that is achieved at a time interval of 1400 and 1500 hours The system with hot water buffer storage has less fluctuating cooling energy production compared to that of the system without hot water buffer storage
Lucas M et al (2003) installed a Hydrosolar roof prototype on a laboratory roof at Spain This building was air conditioned with a water condensed chiller working with the solar roof as a condenser The total volume occupied by the four cells of the prototype is roughly 6m*6m*12m in size During the summer 2000 the system was monitored to obtain performance data in a real installation and under real conditions They created CFD model and analysed From their numerical results and experimental results they confirmed that the air mass flow is induced through the channel due to natural and forced convection Natural convection is produced by the solar radiation heating the plates and forced convection is due to the wind suction effect at the output of the channel Therefore the two main meteorological factors that influence the system performance are solar radiation and wind velocity
Ma Q et al (2006) studied performance of hybrid air conditioning systems and they observed that the performance of hybride air conditioning system is 445 higher than conventional vapour compression refrigeration system at a latent load of 30 and the improvement can be achieved by 738 at a latent load of 42
Min Tu et al (2010) performed comparison between two novel configurations of liquid desiccant air conditioning system driven by low grade thermal energies
Moncef Balghouthi et al (2005) studied with the TRNSYS program simulation study of solar powered absorption cooling technology under Tunisian conditions A number of simulations were carried out in order to optimize the various factors affecting the performance of the system Their simulation results show that absorption solar air conditions solar air conditioning systems are suitable for Tunisian’s conditions
Sukamongkol Y et al (2010) they conducted an experimental test to investigate validity of a developed simulation model in predicting the dynamic performance of a condenser heat recovery with a hybrid PVT air heating collector The thermal energy generated by the system can produce warm dry air as high as 53°C and 23 relative humidity 6 of daily electricity can be obtained from the PVT collector in the system The use of a hybrid PVT air heater incorporated with the heat recovered from the condenser to regenerate the desiccant for dehumidification and save the energy use of the air conditioning system by 18 They concluded that the experimental validation results that the developed simulation model is able to predict within acceptable limits of accuracy the performance of a condenser heat recovery with a hybrid PVT air heater to regenerate desiccant for reducing energy use of an air conditioning room
Thosapon Katejanekam and Kumar S (2008) simulation procedure is used to predict the operating and performance parameters of the system in the form of daily profiles They found that the system is reduced the average relative humidity of air is decreased by 15 The regenerating air coming out of the solar CR is warmer and drier than the entering ambient air They studied the system performance with the ventilation air flow rate was varied and they found that the effectiveness at the ventilation rate of 40 60 and 80 CFM is decreased by 23 45 and 68 when compared with the base 20 CFM Because the less contact time between the air and the desiccant inside the dehumidifier On a daily average the relative humidity of the delivered air at the ventilation rate of 20 40 60 and 80 CFM is 4312 4849 5283 and 5715 This is due to the less moisture removal effectiveness at higher ventilation rates At the ventilation rate of 40 60 and 80 CFM the moisture removal rate is increased by48 58 and 26 whereas the evaporation rate is increased by 17 20 and 6
Tingyao chen et al (2007) designed a solar air conditioning system which is independent on design dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures This design coincident dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures more than 6°C higher as compared to the newly generated design dry bulb and wet bulb temperature From this new method they can when the peak cooling load occurs HVAC engineers can avoid calculating 24hours cooling loads on one design day in each month of the year This new method and design weather data allow to determining the peak cooling load for a room or building in any orientation directly but with a thermal lag less than 1 hour
Yonggao Yin and Xiaosong Zhang (2010) studied on internally heated and adiabatic regenerators in liquid desiccant air conditioning system Heat and mass transfer model was used to analyse and compare the performance of internally heated and adiabatic regenerators They found that internally heated regenerator is proposed to achieve better regeneration performance when compared to conventional packed regenerator Internally heated regenerator not only could increase the regenerate rate but also could exhibit higher energy utilization efficiency Internally heated regenerator can provide comparable regeneration efficiency and regeneration rate at low desiccant flow rate so it should be a good alternative to avoid carryover of desiccant droplets Higher air flow rate would result in a deduction of regeneration thermal efficiency although achieving higher regeneration rate
Yonggao Yin et al (2007) experimentally studied the dehumidification rate of the air decreases from 0104 gsec to 0073 gsec when the temperature of the inlet air changes from 29°C to 341°C From this experiment they found that the average mass transfer coefficient of the packing regenerator is 4gm2sec When the desiccant solution mass concentration is 20 and heating temperature is 775°C the maximum mass transfer coefficient is 75 gm2sec In this experiment the humidity of the inlet air is varied from 115 gkg to 35 gkg and its temperature is 285°C The desiccant solution temperatures are in the range from 55°C to 70°C The solution outlet temperatures range between 395°C to 43°C and the air outlet temperatures range between 32°C to 35°C They found that the dehumidification rate increases obviously with increasing humidity of the inlet air
The coefficient of performance (COP) of the air conditioning systems varies from 07to 12
2 Conclusions
From the literature review it is observed that the energy and water are the basic necessity for all of us to lead a normal life on this beautiful earth Solar energy technologies and its usage are very important and useful for the developing and under developed countries to sustain their energy needs
The main motivation for solar cooling systems is the substitution of electricity as the premium energy sources for air conditioning systems by a renewable heat source ie low grade heat from solar collectors
Solar cooling is a good example of addressing climate changes Long term data should be used to prove the feasibility of air conditioning systems
Acknowledgements
Foremost I am thankful to Professor AV Sita Rama Raju JNT University for his valuable suggestion of reading numerous research publications in the area of solar distillation and to write review papers I am thankful to Professor KVijaya Kumar Reddy and Professor B Sudheer Prem Kumar JNT University and my parents for their encouragement in preparing this research paper
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A Review on Solar Powered Air Conditioning System
太阳空调系统综述
Ravi GugulothuNaga Sarada SomanchiHima Bindu BanothKishan Banothu
摘：二十世纪正迅速成完美源风暴现代社会面着源价格波动日益严重环境问题源供应安全问题21世纪类面挑战源煤石油天然气等化石燃料类社会切重源化石燃料燃烧已正球环境造成破坏2050年着全球口增长发展中国家济扩张源需求会增加倍甚三倍已引起潜供应困难源资源枯竭加速臭氧层损耗全球变暖气候变化等环境影响关注类社会利丰富源太阳太阳利类历史样古老类生源中太阳利少空调保持室环境热舒适性必少特湿热气候包括冷湿空调已成商业住宅建筑工业程中必条件夏季空调系统广泛电力需求幅增加该国电力供应出现重问题根源导致二氧化碳排放量增加造成环境污染全球变暖方面含氯氟烃( CFC )氢氟碳化合物( HCFC )制冷剂存蒸汽压缩空调系统流层臭氧消耗影响太阳驱动冷循环吸引力冷负荷致太阳性相利太阳冷种解决方案吸收式冷器水溴化锂溶液太阳空调系统助减少化石燃料断发展节空调技术中液体湿空调( LDAC )系统十年中表现出良性认广泛传统空调系统(CAC)强竞争手干燥剂蒸发冷技术环保调节建筑物室环境传统空调系统湿空调系统太阳工业废热等低级热源驱动项研究中重点通太阳降低空调力节省燃料减少排放
关键词：太阳湿空调系统加湿湿常规空调
介绍
太阳作种生源越越受世界国重视太阳系分两类太阳转换成热热系统太阳转换成电光伏系统然更落光伏电池太阳辐射转换成电反射转换成热光伏电池工作温度升高种方法导致电转换效率降
世纪里科学界两方面付出努力实现住房源持续性国家正减少外部源供应余国家生源两方面太阳越越受欢迎增加源独立性持续性时环境没影响
现代舒适生活条件巨源代价全球变暖臭氧消耗年化石燃料建筑源系统设计控制成升太阳资源丰富清洁太阳代传统源具重意义太阳建筑源系统中起着重作
化石燃料越越稀缺成越越高减少温室气体排放激励措施太阳越越感兴趣太阳价格低廉够满足家庭全年需求幸间歇性天气条件时间季节变化导致供暖需求太阳供应间匹配
空调系统安装建筑物中居住者提供健康生产环境广泛源效率低传统空调系统运行中消耗量量导致源生产相关环境问题例空气污染全球变暖酸雨
研究建筑消耗全球约40 次源排放33 温室气体
空调系统次布置部件设备组成便加热冷加湿湿清洁净化减少令反感设备噪音运输调节室外空气空气循环调节空间控制维护室佳源封闭环境
数空调系统执行功
a 提供需冷加热量
b 调节供气加热冷加湿湿清洁净化减弱系统产生良噪声
c 包含足够室外空气调节空气分配调节空间
d 控制保持室环境参数温度湿度清洁度空气运动声级调节空间周围环境间压差预定范围
11 空调系统应
a学校学院学图书馆医院疗养院博物馆室运动场电影院等机构建筑……等等
b商业建筑办公室商店购物中心超市百货公司餐馆等
c居住建筑包括酒店汽车旅馆单身家庭三层三层户低层建筑
d制造建筑物制造储存药品等产品
e汽车飞机铁路车辆公汽车邮轮等交通运输行业等等
空调系统客健康舒适通常称舒适空调系统
12 空调系统原理
图1显示安装窗户空调系统机柜分室室外两部分室室外隔热墙隔开减少热传递DX盘室风扇位室室室外舱包括压缩机冷凝器室外风扇毛细风扇电机风扇电机通常具双端轴次驱动两风扇
图1窗式空调
调节空间返回空气流粗空气滤器DX盘中冷湿然进入室风扇入口室空调中室风扇前弯曲离心风扇调节空气叶轮中加压迫通通供应格栅空气通道然调节空气供应调节空间抵消空间冷负荷
室外空气螺旋桨风扇抽出通冷凝盘冷凝盘中热气态制冷剂冷凝成液态制冷剂冷凝时冷凝热通冷空气释放外部室外通风空气部分室风扇抽出回风混合室外通风进风口开度调
科学家工程师正努力开发更效空调系统够低耗率空气污染排放实现良室空气质量断发展节空调技术中液体湿空调( LDAC )系统十年中表现出良性认广泛传统空调系统( CAC )强竞争手
夏季湿程空调系统空气处理潮湿细菌容易繁殖发育外潮湿中央空调系统空气湿度少受控制样空调房间里感舒服太阳驱动液体湿冷空调系统( LDCS )够改善室空气质量降低电消耗年受研究员工程师高度重视
基干燥剂空调系统逐渐成传统蒸汽压缩空调系统潜代方案
13 文献综述
Ahmed HAbdel SalamCarey JSimonson ( 2014 )提出种TRNSYS建筑量模拟软件建模膜式液体湿空调(MLDAC)系统技术环境济角度研究调查四种空调系统进行评价发现带ERV系统耗着排气气流减少增加废气1降06时CACERV耗增加11MLDACERV增加6MLDAC系统时CO2排放量CAC系统减少19废气ERV等MLDAC系统中单位时CO2减少31发现MLDAC系统电热总COPs分345195068技术环境济角度MLDAC系统前途系统通量回收通风器太阳热系统热泵提出MLDAC系统集成实现更节
BalghouthiM等(2008年)利TRNSYSEES程序利气象数进行计算机建模仿真针150m2典型建筑优化系统包括容量11kw溴化锂吸收式冷水机组水方倾斜35°30m2板集热器区800±1热水储罐仿真结果表明吸收式太阳空调系统突尼斯条件适
ElsherbiniALMaheshwariGP(2010)发现遮光导致性系数(COP)理增加25理想效率种提高更高环境温度降低需提高效率时遮阳带实际效率提升预计会超1日常节会降低
郭杰沈海庚( 2009 )结合动力学模型研究集总法研究R134a太阳喷射式制冷系统( SERS )性太阳含量发现办公时间午9 00午5 00运行条件发电机温度85℃蒸发器温度8℃冷凝器温度环境温度变化时系统均COP均太阳辐射分数分048082传统基压缩机空调相该系统节省高达80 电
Ha Q Pvakloaya V ( 2014 )研究种新型混合太阳辅助空调系统性增强效提高单级蒸汽压缩太阳空调六部件组成压缩机冷凝器膨胀装置蒸发器太阳真空收集器太阳储罐种新配置中压缩机排放线中实施旁通线双阀控制制冷剂质量流量时变速驱动器连接空冷冷凝器调节冷凝器风扇空气流量通模拟发现采新结构采新结构进入膨胀阀制冷剂焓降低85 稳态条件设计控制系统开发系统压缩机功耗分145 kw124 kw节14 该系统均功耗未控制系统低97 压缩机冷凝器风扇均节潜力71 26 压缩机冷凝器降低终会导致COP增加开发系统均供电温度1377℃降1144℃新开发系统原系统夏季电均耗均低未控制电厂电控制中闭环系统未控制系统相变量控制提出系统节省压缩机消耗7 14 电力出结种新设计满足冷需求时提高系统性实现高效
Ibrahim I El Sharkawy等 (2014) 理考察中东区气候条件工作太阳吸附硅胶水基冷系统性采双床硅胶水式吸附冷水机组发现 开罗吉达气候条件工作系统循环均冷力阿斯旺气候条件达148 千瓦158千瓦热水缓存储系统冷力中午达值 具热水缓存储系统 冷容量13千瓦 达1400 1500 时时间范围具热水缓储存系统冷源生产市场波动较没热水缓储存系统相
Lucas M等（2003）西班牙实验室屋顶安装Hydrosolar屋顶样机座楼装冷凝器冷凝器太阳屋顶起作冷凝器工作该原型四单元占总体积约6米*6米*12米2000夏季系统监测获实际安装实际条件性数建立CFD模型进行分析通实验结果数值计算结果证实然强迫流空气质量流通通道引起然流太阳辐射加热产生银强迫流风吸力效应通道输出影响系统性两气象素太阳辐射风速
Ma Q 等(2006) 研究混合空调系统性 观察 混合空调系统性传统蒸汽压缩制冷系统高出 445 潜负荷 30 改善达738 潜42 负载
Min Tu等 (2010) 低品位热驱动液体湿空调系统两种新型结构进行较
Moncef Balghouthi等（2005）研究突尼斯条件太阳吸收式冷技术TRNSYS程序模拟研究优化影响系统性种素进行许模拟仿真结果表明吸收太阳空调条件太阳空调系统适合突尼斯条件
Sukamongkol Y等（2010年）进行项实验测试研究开发模拟模型预测混合PVT空气加热收集器冷凝器热回收动态性方面效性系统产生热产生高达53°C23％相湿度温暖干燥空气日电量6％系统中PV T收集器获混合式PVT空气加热器结合冷凝器回收热量生干燥剂进行湿空调系统耗降低18％结实验验证结果表明开发仿真模型够接受精度范围预测冷凝器热回收性中混合PVT空气加热器生干燥剂减少空调室量
Thosapon KatejanekamKumar S（2008）仿真程序日常概况形式预测系统运行性参数发现系统均空气相湿度降低15％太阳CR生空气进入环境空气更暖干燥研究系统性结果发现通风空气流量变化发现406080立方英尺通风率效率基础20 CFM降低23％45％68％空气湿机干燥剂间接触时间较短通风量20406080CFM时空气相湿度日均值分4312％4849％5283％5715％更高通风率水分效果较差406080CFM通风速率水分率增加48％58％26％蒸发率增加17％20％6％
Tingyao Chen等（2007）设计独立设计干球湿球温度太阳空调系统新设计干式灯泡湿球温度相设计重合干球湿球温度高出6°C通种新方法发生峰值冷负荷时HVAC工程师避免年中月设计日计算24时冷负荷种新方法设计天气数直接确定房间建筑物峰值冷负荷热滞1时
Tingyao Chen( 2010 )液体湿空调系统中热式绝热式蓄热器进行研究采传热传质模型热式绝热式蓄热器性进行分析较发现传统填充式生器相加热式生器获更生性热式生器仅提高生率发挥更高量利效率热式生器低干燥剂流速提供相生效率生速率应该避免干燥剂液滴携带选择较高空气流速导致生热效率降低实现较高生速率
Yong Gao Yin等( 2007 )入口空气温度29℃变化341℃时空气湿率0104gsec降0073gsec进行实验研究发现填料生器均传质系数4gm2sec干燥剂溶液质量浓度20加热温度775°C时传质系数75gm2sec实验中进气湿度115gkg~35gkg温度285°C干燥剂溶液温度55~70°C溶液出口温度395~43°C空气出口温度32~35°C发现湿率进气湿度增加明显增加
空调系统性系数(COP)0712间变化
二结
文献综述出美丽球量水正常生活基必需品太阳技术应发展中国家欠发达国家维持源需求非常重
太阳冷系统动力生热源太阳收集器低品位热量取代电力作空调系统优质源
太阳冷应气候变化例子应长期数证明空调系统行性
致谢
首先感谢JNT学AV Sita Rama Raju教授提出阅读太阳蒸馏领域众研究出版物撰写评文宝贵建议感谢JNT学KVijaya Kumar Reddy Professor B Sudheer Prem Kumar教授父母感谢鼓励撰写篇研究文
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