长沙理工学综合英语翻译
unit1
笛卡尔错：
According to Ubuntu philosophy which has its origins in ancient Africa a newborn baby is not a person People are born without ena’ or selfhood and instead must acquire it through interactions and experiences over time So the self’other’ distinction that’s axiomatic in Western philosophy is much blurrier in Ubuntu thought As the Kenyanborn philosopher John Mbiti put it in African Religions and Philosophy (1975) I am because we are and since we are therefore I am’
乌班图哲学起源古代非洲说法新生尚称初生时没着时间推移互动验中西方哲学中／者间清晰分野乌班图哲学中变模糊起出生肯尼亚哲学家约翰·姆蒂（John Mbiti）著作非洲宗教哲学（African Religions and Philosophy）中说：
We know from everyday experience that a person is partly forged in the crucible of community Relationships inform selfunderstanding Who I am depends on many others’ my family my friends my culture my work colleagues The self I take grocery shopping say differs in her actions and behaviours from the self that talks to my PhD supervisor Even my most private and personal reflections are entangled with the perspectives and voices of different people be it those who agree with me those who criticise or those who praise me
日常验告诉部分社会历练中锻造出社会关系赋予认知谁问题答案赖众者：家庭朋友文化背景事等等杂货店购物博士导师交谈便私密思绪观点声音纠缠起赞批评抑赞美
Yet the notion of a fluctuating and ambiguous self can be disconcerting We can chalk up this discomfort in large part to René Descartes The 17thcentury French philosopher believed that a human being was essentially selfcontained and selfsufficient an inherently rational mindbound subject who ought to encounter the world outside her head with skepticism While Descartes didn’t singlehandedly create the modern mind he went a long way towards defining its contours
摇摆定充满歧义安程度份安笛卡尔位17世纪法国哲学家认类质足省理性受思想约束体应该怀疑态度面头脑外世界笛卡尔没单独创造出现代思维定义框架起推动作
Descartes had set himself a very particular puzzle to solve He wanted to find a stable point of view from which to look on the world without relying on Goddecreed wisdoms a place from which he could discern the permanent structures beneath the changeable phenomena of nature But Descartes believed that there was a tradeoff between certainty and a kind of social worldly richness The only thing you can be certain of is your own cogito – the fact that you are thinking Other people and other things are inherently fickle and erratic So they must have nothing to do with the basic constitution of the knowing self which is a necessarily detached coherent and contemplative whole
笛卡尔提出特谜团想找种稳定观点非帝赐予智慧观察世界透然界中变幻莫测现象分辨出永久性结构笛卡尔认稳定性社会世俗样性间存权衡关系唯确定思——思考状态事物稳定难预测存认识基律条毫关系认识独进行需断深思
Few respected philosophers and psychologists would identify as strict Cartesian dualists in the sense of believing that mind and matter are completely separate But the Cartesian cogito is still everywhere you look The experimental design of memory testing for example tends to proceed from the assumption that it’s possible to draw a sharp distinction between the self and the world If memory simply lives inside the skull then it’s perfectly acceptable to remove a person from her everyday environment and relationships and to test her recall using flashcards or screens in the artificial confines of a lab A person is considered a standalone entity irrespective of her surroundings inscribed in the brain as a series of cognitive processes Memory must be simply something you have not something you do within a certain context
认识精神身体完全独立存基础少备受尊敬哲学家心理学家认彻底笛卡尔式二元者笛卡尔式思目已遍布角落记忆测试实验设计趋假说出发世界间存明确界限果记忆仅仅存头颅中日常生活环境社会关系中剥离出造封闭实验室中卡片荧幕检测记忆百分百行视作独立体区环绕切脑中篆刻系列认知程存记忆定拥事实特定环境行产物
Social psychology purports to examine the relationship between cognition and society But even then the investigation often presumes that a collective of Cartesian subjects are the real focus of the enquiry not selves that coevolve with others over time In the 1960s the American psychologists John Darley and Bibb Latané became interested in the murder of Kitty Genovese a young white woman who had been stabbed and assaulted on her way home one night in New York Multiple people had witnessed the crime but none stepped in to prevent it Darley and Latané designed a series of experiments in which they simulated a crisis such as an epileptic fit or smoke billowing in from the next room to observe what people did They were the first to identify the socalled bystander effect’ in which people seem to respond more slowly to someone in distress if others are around
社会心理学标榜致力检验认知社会间关系便研究常常假定张：询问行真正焦点系列笛卡尔式议题集合始终演化二十世纪六十年代美国心理学家约翰·达利(John Darley)布·拉塔(Bibb Latané)吉诺维斯案产生兴趣吉诺维斯位年轻白女性回家路遭袭击歹徒刺伤起罪行挺身出达利拉塔设计系列实验模拟日常中危机情况癫痫发作隔壁房间烟等观察反应首次发现谓旁观者效应周围存时候处紧急情况中体响应会变慢
Darley and Latané suggested that this might come from a diffusion of responsibility’ in which the obligation to react is diluted across a bigger group of people But as the American psychologist Frances Cherry argued in The Stubborn Particulars of Social Psychology Essays on the Research Process (1995) this numerical approach wipes away vital contextual information that might help to understand people’s real motives Genovese’s murder had to be seen against a backdrop in which violence against women was not taken seriously Cherry said and in which people were reluctant to step into what might have been a domestic dispute Moreover the murder of a poor black woman would have attracted far less subsequent media interest But Darley and Latané’s focus make structural factors much harder to see
达利拉塔认种现象责分散程中提供帮助义务数众群体中稀释美国心理学家弗朗西斯·切利（Frances Cherry）意见社会心理学中偏执细节：研究进程（The Stubborn Particulars of Social Psychology Essays on the Research Process）中提种通数字解释行方法剔重语境难理解事真正动机谢里认吉诺维斯杀案反映时社会关注女性遭受暴力困扰愿介入桩家庭纠纷暴力袭击中进步说贫穷黑女性谋杀难吸引媒体关注达利拉塔关注焦点结构性素变更加难察觉
Is there a way of reconciling these two accounts of the self – the relational worldembracing version and the autonomous inward one The 20thcentury Russian philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin believed that the answer lay in dialogue We need others in order to evaluate our own existence and construct a coherent selfimage Think of that luminous moment when a poet captures something you’d felt but had never articulated or when you’d struggled to summarise your thoughts but they crystallised in conversation with a friend Bakhtin believed that it was only through an encounter with another person that you could come to appreciate your own unique perspective and see yourself as a whole entity By looking through the screen of the other’s soul’ he wrote I vivify my exterior’ Selfhood and knowledge are evolving and dynamic the self is never finished – it is an open book
两种面孔种关系化世界紧密相拥种——没种方法消俩间分歧？二十世纪俄罗斯哲学家米哈伊尔·巴赫金（Mikhail Bakhtin）认答案话需存进行评估构建完整连贯印象想想醍醐灌顶时刻：诗捕捉感受未表达出东西者朋友交谈时灵光现信口出难总结难表达想法巴赫金相信交中欣赏独二观点视作实体存样写道：透灵魂窗外认识断演进永远处动态永消亡——点目然
So reality is not simply out there waiting to be uncovered Truth is not born nor is it to be found inside the head of an individual person it is born between people collectively searching for truth in the process of their dialogic interaction’ Bakhtin wrote in Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics (1929) Nothing simply is itself outside the matrix of relationships in which it appears Instead being is an act or event that must happen in the space between the self and the world
现实等着发现真理会诞生发现头脑中诞生类集体真理追寻中诞生间话形式互动中句话出巴赫金写陀思妥耶夫问题（Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics）书没东西单纯身完全脱离处关系网络存动作事件定发生世界间空间
Accepting that others are vital to our selfperception is a corrective to the limitations of the Cartesian view Consider two different models of child psychology Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development conceives of individual growth in a Cartesian fashion as the reorganisation of mental processes The developing child is depicted as a lone learner – an inventive scientist struggling independently to make sense of the world By contrast dialogical’ theories brought to life in experiments such as Lisa Freund’s doll house study’ from 1990 emphasise interactions between the child and the adult who can provide scaffolding’ for how she understands the world
想纠正笛卡尔式观点局限性承认认知着重意义思考两童心理学模型简·皮亚杰（Jean Piaget）认知发展理提出笛卡尔式潮流体成长伴精神进程方面重组断成长童描述成孤独学者富创新科学家孤身奋力搞清世间真相理——话理相相1990年开始话理莉萨·弗罗德玩偶屋研究等系列实验中呈现该理强调孩子成年间互动认成年孩子解世界提供脚手架
A grimmer example might be solitary confinement in prisons The punishment was originally designed to encourage introspection to turn the prisoner’s thoughts inward to prompt her to reflect on her crimes and to eventually help her return to society as a morally cleansed citizen A perfect policy for the reform of Cartesian individuals But in fact studies of such prisoners suggest that their sense of self dissolves if they are punished this way for long enough Prisoners tend to suffer profound physical and psychological difficulties such as confusion anxiety insomnia feelings of inadequacy and a distorted sense of time Deprived of contact and interaction – the external perspective needed to consummate and sustain a coherent selfimage – a person risks disappearing into nonexistence
里举略残酷例子：监狱中单囚室项惩罚初促进犯省改变囚徒心想法促反思罪行终帮助犯重返社会时变成良公民事实囚犯研究表明果接受类惩罚太久意识会消融囚徒更容易遭受生理心理折磨：焦虑紧张失眠感扭曲时间观念困扰问题果失联系交流种完善维持清晰形象外部素会面失危险
The emerging fields of embodied and enactive cognition have started to take dialogic models of the self more seriously But for the most part scientific psychology is only too willing to adopt individualistic Cartesian assumptions that cut away the webbing that ties the self to others There is a Zulu phrase Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu’ which means A person is a person through other persons’ This is a richer and better account I think than I think therefore I am’
具身认知生成认知领域开始严肃话模式数情况科学意义心理学非常乐意采纳色彩浓厚切断相互联系笛卡尔式假说句祖鲁族谚语Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu意思句话思更完满贴切
Unit2
准备应次火山灾难？
In April 1815 the biggest known eruption of the historical period blew apart the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa 12000km from the UK What happened next testifies to the enormous reach of the biggest volcanic blasts
1815年4月历史著名喷发距印度尼西亚12000公里印度尼西亚苏姆巴瓦岛坦波拉火山炸毁接发生事情证明火山爆炸巨影响力
The Tambora volcano had shown no signs of life for 1000 years a single eruption in the previous five millennia provided the only indication that magma was still churning far beneatIt wasOn 5 April 1815 a titanic explosion hurled a cloud of ash to a height of more than 30km Violent but shortlived the blast lasted just two hours after which the volcano returned to a state of brooding menaceAccording to the lieutenant governor Thomas Stamford (later Sir Stamford) Bingley Raffles to whom volcanologists are indebted for his accounts of the eruption the detonation was so loud that it was mistaken across Java for cannon fire causing consternation among the British troops which had ousted the Dutch and French forces just a few years earlier
坦波拉火山（Tambora）火山已1000年没生命迹象五千年中次喷发提供唯迹象表明岩浆搅拌1815年4月5日发生巨爆炸团灰烬推30公里高度剧烈爆炸短暂爆炸持续两时火山恢复沉重威胁状态记录火山喷发事件令火山学家感激已副州长托马斯·斯坦福德·宾利·莱佛士（斯坦福德爵士）表示次火山爆发声音巨误认爪哇岛爆发战争时加农炮声令年前驱赶荷兰法国军队英国士兵惊慌失措
But the blast was small beer in comparison with what followed After five days of relative calm the climactic phase of the eruption began with a colossal explosion that launched a towering column of ash to the edge of space For four or five days utter blackness reigned across the island as the hurricane blasts of hot ash and scalding gas – known as pyroclastic flows – scoured the flanks of the volcano of everything and everyone and drifts of ash metres thick entombed what few signs of life remained When the explosions ceased and the darkness finally lifted the view revealed was a vision of Tolkien’s Mordor a grey landscape within which nothing lived or moved The top 500m of the volcano was gone blasted into smithereens and replaced by a 6kmwide maw from which steam spiralled skywardsCommunities on the flanks of the volcano had vanished along with the lives of around 12000 men women and children These perhaps were the lucky ones as a further 60000 survivors of the eruption succumbed slowly and agonisingly to famine or disease
发生爆炸相次爆炸显微足道相静五天声巨响宣告火山爆发高潮喷发火山灰烬柱高耸入云直逼天际整岛屿笼罩片漆黑中炙热火山灰滚烫气体——火山碎屑流飓风样吞噬火山翼侧切事物米厚火山灰掩盖处死寂沉沉没生命迹象爆炸停止黑暗终消时见景象托尔金魔景象种灰色景观中没居住活动火山高500m消失炸成碎片然6公里宽取代中蒸腾出蒸汽火山两侧社区约12000名男女童生活消失许幸运外60000名喷发幸存者缓慢痛苦死饥荒疾病
But the consequences were not confined to this Indonesian backwater The explosion was heard 2600km away in Sumatra while giant rafts of floating pumice – some kilometres in length – clogged shipping routes for years The 50 cubic kilometres or so of ash ejected over the course of the eruption returned to earth in the following days and weeks leaving a thick covering as far away as Borneo 500km to the northIn addition to the ash an estimated 200 million tonnes of microscopic sulphur particles pumped into the stratosphere spread outwards from Sumbawa to form a giant aerosol veil that enclosed the planet and acted as a block to incoming sunlight
果仅仅限印尼死水爆炸发生苏门答腊岛2600公里外数公里长漂浮浮石筏阻塞数年运输路线喷发程中喷出约50立方公里灰烬接天周返回面厚厚层火山灰直延伸距北500公里婆罗洲火山灰外估计2亿吨微硫颗粒注入流层松巴哇岛外扩散形成巨气溶胶幕整球包裹起成阻挡阳光射屏障
The consequences for the developed societies of the northern hemisphere were dire A dry sulphurous fog draped itself across the landscape of eastern North America causing temperatures to plunge and bringing unprecedented summer cold In New York State snow fell in June while the bitter cold and killing frosts wiped out crops and halved the length of the growing season across much of the region On the other side of the Atlantic Europe saw summer temperatures down by 2C compared to the average for the decade the unseasonal cold accompanied by incessant rains and – into the following winter – by unusually powerful storms Analysis of climate records reveals that 1816 the socalled year without a summer was the second coldest in the northern hemisphere of the past six centuries
北半球发达社会果怕干燥硫磺雾笼罩着整北美东部造成温度骤降带前未夏季寒冷纽约州6月降雪严酷寒冷霜冻消灭农作物该区部分区生长期缩短半西洋侧欧洲夏季气温十年均水降2摄氏度异常寒冷伴着持续断降雨冬季（伴着接冬天）爆发异常强烈风暴气候记录分析表明1816年谓夏年六世纪北半球第二冷年
The alleged cultural implications of this volcano weather for Europe are somewhat whimsical The brilliant gascharged sunsets have been declared by some to have provided the inspiration for some of JMW Turner’s more flamboyant skies In a similar vein the damp and gloom of the 1816 summer has been charged with setting the scene for both Lord Byron’s grim vision Darkness and Mary Shelley’s gothic novel FrankensteinFor the less welltodo of Europe however the Tambora eruption brought nothing less than hunger disease and death Widespread harvest failure resulted in the most serious famine for more than a hundred years doubling the price of grain and spawning bread riots and widespread civil unrestSuch was the degree of breakdown of food supply that economic historian John Post has called the episode the last great subsistence crisis in the western world Malnourished and weakened the starving succumbed rapidly to disease with typhus in particular rife Many tens of thousands are thought to have died across the continent including more than 40000 in Ireland alone
种火山天气欧洲谓文化影响古怪宣称明亮充满气体日落约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳更加绚丽天空提供灵感样1816年夏季潮湿阴郁认拜伦勋爵冷酷视觉黑暗玛丽·雪莱哥特式说科学怪设定背景场景然欧洲欠富裕国家说坦波拉火山喷发带饥饿疾病死亡广泛庄稼歉收导致百年严重饥荒谷物价格翻番导致面包暴动普遍乱（火山爆发引起）食物短缺问题十分严重济历史学家约翰·波斯特称时期西方世界次严重生存危机营养良虚弱挨饿快死疾病尤斑疹伤寒认整欧洲陆成千万死亡中仅爱尔兰40000死亡
How would we fare if faced with a Tamborasized eruption today Is it even something we could feasibly prepare for Received wisdom has it that globalisation would make it easier to cope Should the European harvest fail so the thinking goes we can always buy our food from elsewhere The very interconnectedness of world markets may however make things worse – the collapse of food production across Europe parts of North America and perhaps elsewhere could result in global shortages which in turn would drive a dramatic rise in the cost of food commodities At the same time the intense worldwide competition for food supplies scarce as a consequence of the harvest failures could drastically reduce the range of products available in the UK interfere with supply and distribution and bring about a collapse of the supermarkets’ ultrasensitive timecritical stockcontrol systems leaving their shelves increasingly depleted While the less welloff could be priced out of purchasing even staple foodstuffs panic buying by those who can afford it could quickly empty the stores
果天面坦波拉规模火山喷发应该办？否做行准备？众周知全球化事情处理起变更加容易果欧洲农业歉收般想法方购买食物然世界市场间切密切联系会令事态恶化——欧洲北美部分区区产量危机带全球粮食短缺进导致食品成幅涨时荒年致粮食短缺问题会造成激烈全球食品竞争会减少英国农产品干扰供应分销导致超市异常灵敏时间求严格库存理系统全面崩塌超市食品货架会变越越空旷富裕食品价格定价太高放弃购买甚食力负担恐慌购买会快买空商店
On top of this harvest disruption in response to volcano weather might extend far beyond Europe and might – in ensuing decades – be exacerbated by the consequence of rampant climate change In spite of our modern farming methods and distribution systems the ramifications could be far more severe than we expect It is also worth considering that while the Tambora blast was approximately 1000 times bigger than the 2010 Icelandic eruption it was a minor hiccup in comparison with the greatest volcanic explosions of history The Toba eruption that excavated the world’s largest volcanic crater in Sumatra around 74000 years ago for example injected hundreds of times more sulphur gases into the stratosphere than Tambora The severe volcanic winter that followed probably lasted for several years and saw a third or more of the Earth covered with snow and ice and the wholesale dieback of vegetation
外火山天气造成庄稼歉收状况会远远超出欧洲范围十年中剧烈气候变化加剧采现代农业方法分配系统果预期严重值考虑坦波拉爆炸案2010年冰岛喷发约1000倍历史火山爆发相问题例约74000年前苏门答腊挖掘出世界火山口鸟羽火山喷发流层注入硫气坦波拉高出数百倍
So if a Tamborascale scenario would be bad news far worse could be lying in wait While we can’t stop the next Tambora nor handle its potential impacts on the climate and the harvest we can ensure that contingency plans are in place to keep everyone adequately fed until the sulphur veil dissipates and temperatures return to normal In the UK at present contingency food supplies probably amount to little more than a few weeks’ worth Some serious policy changes are needed if a future volcanic blast is not to bring about another subsistence crisis
果坦波拉规模情景坏消息更糟然阻止次坦博拉控制应气候庄稼潜影响实施计划确保吃饱直硫磺消散温度恢复正常目前英国应急食品供应量仅相周时间果未火山爆炸会引起次生计危机需进行重政策调整
Hazarding a guess about when and where the next Tambora will explode is far from an exact science Eruptions on such a scale seem to happen on average a few times every millennium and one estimate holds that there is a 1 in 10 chance of a comparable event in the next 50 years The Earth does not however operate to a timetable so such an eruption is equally likely to occur in any single year There is even a chance that climate change may have a hand to play Looking back at previous episodes of dramatic climate warming provides us with plenty of robust evidence for a vigorous volcanic response most notably as our world heated up rapidly at the end of the last Ice Age The reaction is most pronounced at icecovered volcanoes where melting reduces the weight acting on the volcanoes beneath facilitating eruptions and even promoting the production of more magma Coastal volcanoes may also be brought to eruption as the increased load of water due to climbing sea levels bends the crust around the margins of the oceans squeezing magma upwards like toothpaste out of a tube
关坦波拉时爆炸猜测远非门确切科学规模喷发似均千年发生次估计未50年中发生类似事件率十分球没时间表运行年中发生种喷发气候变化甚发挥作气候急剧变暖历史时期显著球气温迅速升冰河世纪末期提供量力证证明该时期发生剧烈火山该反应冰雪覆盖火山中明显融化降低作方火山重量促进喷发甚促进更岩浆产生海火山喷发原海面升水量增加壳海洋边缘弯曲岩浆牙膏样中挤出
No volcano erupts without warning signs caused by rising magma triggering earthquake swarms and inflating the ground surface The problem is that out of our world’s 1300 or more active and potentially active volcanoes we monitor only a few hundred The Tambora eruption reinforces the unofficial volcanological axiom the longer the wait the bigger the bang That rule of thumb is borne out by the fact that fully half of the biggest eruptions since 1800 originated at volcanoes that had previously been dormant throughout history What we should be keeping a special watch on then in order to prepare ourselves for the next arrival of Vulcan’s shock troops are those seemingly innocuous volcanoes that have kept their heads down for centuries or even millennia While there are too many candidates to keep a serious eye on the numbers can be narrowed down by focusing on those that have been recently restless perhaps best regarded as the volcanologists’ term for bubbling under Beyond that though it’s anyone’s guess
没岩浆升引发震群面膨胀现象没警告标志火山会爆发问题世界1300更活跃潜活跃火山中仅监视数百座坦波拉火山喷发强化非官方火山公理：等时间越长爆炸声越1800年半数猛烈火山喷发发源历史直处休眠状态火山事实证实该验法沃尔坎突击部队次做准备应该特注意似害火山压低数百年甚数千年太候选法认真关注通关注安数字缩数字许认火山学家泡术语外猜测
Unit3
理家实验家众物理学偏见
Most people with more than a passing interest in physics will tell you who came up with the idea of quarks Murray GellMann
数物理学仅时兴趣会告诉谁提出夸克想法——默里·盖尔曼
Now gather around the same crowd which knows about GellMann and ask them who Henry Kendall Jerome Friedman and Richard Taylor are It’s very likely that you will draw mostly blank stares
现认识盖尔曼群中聚集堂问亨利·肯德尔杰罗姆·弗里德曼理查德·泰勒谁茫然着
Yet coming up with the idea was as far as GellMann went in 1964 when he and George Zweig independently developed the concept Without the 1968 experiments of Kendall Friedman and Taylor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) quarks would have remained a mere theory a willowisp whose existence was confidently postulated but never proven
然直1964年盖尔·曼（GellMann）乔治·茨威格（George Zweig）独立提出概念时提出提出想法果没1968年肯德尔弗里德曼泰勒斯坦福直线加速器中心（SLAC）进行实验夸克仅仅种理未证实缥缈胆假设
Similar themes proliferate throughout the popular view of physics Everyone knows Paul Dirac who conjectured the existence of the positron but how many know Carl Anderson and his collaborator Seth Neddermeyer who actually found it People similarly know about Wolfgang Pauli and Enrico Fermi stating the requirement for a ghostly particle called the neutrino in the 30s but ask popular science enthusiasts if they are aware of the dogged pursuit of the neutrino by Raymond Davis for over 30 years and you will likely see knitted brows Finally even today a schoolchild would likely know Einstein’s prediction of the bending of starlight by the gravitational field of a star but Arthur Eddington’s verification of this fact would be little known
整流行物理学观点中相似题激增知道保罗·狄拉克（Paul Dirac）猜出正电子存少知道卡尔·安德森（Carl Anderson）合作者塞思·德迈耶（Seth Neddermeyer）真正发现正电子？类似熟悉30年代提出幽灵粒子（中微子）条件泡利费米果询问科普爱者否解雷戴维斯30余年间直懈捕捉中微子踪迹发现会眉头紧锁终天学生知道爱斯坦通恒星引力场星光弯曲预测亚瑟·爱丁顿事实验证鲜知
I started mulling over this vivid gap between the public’s appreciation of theorists vs experimentalists on reading a post by physics professor Chad Orzel who taking a cue from my post about famous American physicists makes the cogent point that while American theorists lagged behind their European counterparts until the postwar years they were almost equal to the Europeans even in the 1920s His point is that we often tend to overemphasize the role of theory over experiment
开始思考公众理家实验家欣赏间差距开始阅读物理学教授查德·奥泽尔（Chad Orzel）文章时文章中出关美国著名物理学家线索提出令信服观点美国理家落欧洲行直战年代1920年代欧洲相等观点倾分强调理作实验
Now there’s no doubt that physicists themselves would be the first ones to recognize the value of experimentalists for instance Anderson Davis and the KendallFriedmanTaylor trio were all recognized by Nobel Prizes But their recognition in the public mind ranges from vague to nonexistent This gap in perception is especially startling given the singular importance of experiment in physics and all of science a central paradigm that has been the centerpiece of the scientific method since Galileo (apocryphally) dropped iron balls from the leaning tower of Pisa Richard Feynman paid a sparkling tribute to the supremacy of experiment when he said
现毫疑问物理学家身第认识实验价值例安德森（Anderson）戴维斯（Davis）肯德尔·弗里德曼·泰勒（KendallFriedmanTaylor）三获诺贝尔奖公众心中认程度模糊存考虑物理学科学领域中实验非常重种范式种感知差距尤令吃惊伽利略（传言）萨斜塔扔铁球实验成核心科学方法理查德·费曼（Richard Feynman）实验物理表达高敬意做法引注目说：
In general we look for a new law by the following process First we guess it Then we compute the consequences of the guess to see what would be implied if this law that we guessed is right Then we compare the result of the computation to nature with experiment or experience compare it directly with observation to see if it works If it disagrees with experiment it is wrong In that simple statement is the key to science It does not make any difference how beautiful your guess is It does not make any difference how smart you are who made the guess or what his name is – if it disagrees with experiment it is wrong
总说通程寻找新法律首先猜测然计算猜测结果解猜测定律果正确意味着什然估算结果然实验验进行较观察结果直接进行较解假设否正确果假设实验致错误科学关键存简单说法猜测说天花乱坠聪明谁做出猜测什名字没差果假设实验致错
An even more pointed and roaring tribute to experiment came from the utterly selfassured king of experimental physics Ernest Rutherford His opinion of theoreticians was that they play games with their symbols but we turn out the real facts of Nature And he is said to have admonished the capable students working under his tutelage nine of whom won Nobel Prizes to not let me catch anyone talking about the Universe
更加负实验敬意完全实验物理学王欧斯特·卢瑟福理物理学家法玩带符号游戏揭示然真实面目说警告指导力学生——中九获诺贝尔奖——抓住谈宇宙
Rutherford was the ultimate experimentalist and Feynman was the ultimate theorist but Feynman was well aware of how a wellconceived experiment is really the only thing that can make or break a theory Ironically the public devaluing of experimentalists applies to Feynman’s own work The theory of quantum electrodynamics which he developed is perhaps the most accurate theory in physics As one example it can calculate the magnetic moment of the electron correctly to an unprecedented 15 decimal places But we would never have known this if it weren’t for the experimentalists who devised increasingly ingenious experiments to measure the parameter Yet everyone has heard of Feynman but who has heard of Lamb Kusch or Foley
卢瑟福终实验义者费恩曼极端理物理学家费恩曼清楚意识构思良实验确唯理成立破方法具讽刺意味公众实验家贬低适费曼工作研究量子电动力学理许准确物理学理举例子电子磁矩正确计算空前15数位果实验物理学家发明越越精巧实验测量参数永远会知道点然听说费曼谁听说Lamb库许弗利呢？
It seems to me that there are at least two important reasons why the public in spite of tacitly appreciating the allimportant role of experiment in physics fails to give experimentalists their due First is the sheer success of theoretical physics in uncovering the deepest mysteries of the universe through armchair speculation Nobody can fail to gasp in awe at an Einstein or Bohr who working with a few facts and pencil and paper divine grand operating principles for the cosmos in short order
少两重原解释什公众默认实验物理学中高重作没实验物理学家应位首先理物理学家椅子推测揭示宇宙奥秘成功深深崇敬爱斯坦玻尔等敬科学家仅事实着纸笔便短时间推测出宇宙宏伟运行规律
Compared to their efforts based on pure thought the corresponding efforts of experimentalists who get down on their knees liberally coat their hands with grease and spend most of their time soldering electronic circuits and fashioning precision machine parts on a lathe sounds humdrum and boring Yet this mundane work is an essential step toward the grand finale of hard factual discovery Even the rare combination of theorist and experimentalist appreciates this for instance in spite of his pioneering contributions to theory Fermi always said that his first love was experiment and he could often be found performing the most mundane of tasks
理物理学家努力相实验物理学家做出相应努力卑躬屈膝手抹油脂花费量时间车床焊接电子电路制造精密机械零件听起乏味趣然项工作着艰辛事实发现结局迈出重步身兼理实验物理学家表示赞例费米（Fermi）理做出开创性贡献始终说初爱实验常发现实验室进行工作
To be fair though it’s hard not to admire theorists when many experimentalists as ingenious as their contraptions are simply validate things which the theorists have already said Anderson might have discovered the positron but Dirac invented it first Eddington might have observed deflected starlight but Einstein simply plucked it out of thin air based on what seemed like magical speculation
公说难崇拜理物理学家然实验物理学家实验装置样富创意仅仅验证理物理学家早已说东西安德森发现正电子狄拉克首先提出爱斯坦具魔力般推测爱丁顿发现星光折射
Firstly however it’s very important to realize that all the awe for Einstein which we rightly feel comes only after the fact after a thousand increasingly demanding tests of general relativity have established the veracity of the theory beyond any doubt As Feynman said no matter how pretty the theory looks and no matter how brilliant its creator sounds it is no more than a hypothesis until it’s verified Einstein unverified would have been a mystic Fortunately the public seems to have gradually woken up to the straitjacket that ugly greaseandsolder experiment imposes on elegant theory This is most apparent in the decline of popular versions of string theory after a period of breathless ascendancy by its proponents the public seems to increasingly realize the gaping chasm between theory and experiment which the string theoretical framework constantly displays String theory in fact is the perfect test of the ability of an informed public to distinguish between fact and speculation and so far the signs seem promising
重首先认识爱斯坦崇敬情广义相数千次日益严苛测试证实事实正费曼说样理起漂亮创造者听起出色验证前种假设爱斯坦未验证神秘义者幸运公众似已逐渐意识丑陋油脂润滑实验优雅理强加紧身衣显然众弦流行版逐渐衰落弦理支持者阵鼓吹公众似已意识理实验分歧实际弦知识渊博公众区分事实推测力完美测试目前止迹象似越越希
Secondly there are also outstanding example of discoveries made by experimenters which really had no theoretical precedent That is what makes Rutherford and Faraday the two greatest experimental physicists in history Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1908 but it took thirty years for physicists to develop a concrete theory of the nucleus Similarly Faraday discovered the seamless relationship between electricity and magnetism one of the very few examples of unification by experiment but it took until after his death for Maxwell to come up with his pioneering theory of electromagnetism Experimentalists often follow in the steps of theorists but the instances in which they lead the way are as full of creativity and achievement as the work of an Einstein Bohr or Feynman And even when they follow they are the ones who bridge the gap between idea and hard fact
次杰出例子表明实验者发现确实没理先例卢瑟福法拉第成历史伟两实验物理学家原卢瑟福1908年发现原子核物理学家花三十年时间发展出具体原子核理样法拉第发现电磁间紧密关系通实验进行统极少数例子直麦克斯韦死麦克斯韦提出开拓性电磁学理实验物理学家常理物理学家脚步时会引领理物理学家程爱斯坦波尔费曼等科学家工作样充满创造力成非便理物理学家工作想法铁般事实中架起道桥梁
The other big reason why for the public seems to downplay the key role of experiments is the bias in physics popularization toward theory And here at least part of the blame must be laid at the feet of experimentalists themselves For instance if we ponder over who the leading physics popularizers in the last twenty years are the names that come to our minds include Brian Greene Lisa Randall Leonard Susskind Brian Cox and Sean Carroll Almost no experimenter makes the list Anil Ananthaswamy is one of those rare writers who has shined a light on the heroic efforts of experimenters in validating cuttingedge theories In a previous post I mentioned how the public has been fed increasingly exotic and speculative physics fare that tends to influence their opinion about what they consider are the most important fields in physics Cosmology and quantum theory rank high on their list condensed matter physics and biophysics rank low But condensed matter theory still ranks higher than condensed matter experiment Observational cosmology still takes a backseat to speculations about the Big Bang This has to change
公众轻实验物理学关键作重原宣传时会偏理物理学里少部分责必须实验物理学家承担例果仔细考虑20年中领先物理学普者谁想名字包括Brian GreeneLisa RandallLeonard SusskindBrian CoxSean Carroll没实验物理学家列出清单阿尼尔·安纳塔斯瓦米（Anil Ananthaswamy）罕见作家揭示实验物理学家验证前理方面英勇努力篇文章中提公众提供越越异国情调推测物理学东西会影响认什物理学中重领域法宇宙量子理榜单排名前凝聚态物理学生物物理学排名凝聚态理排名然高凝聚态实验观察宇宙学关爆炸理相然处座种现象必须改变
If we want to improve the public visibility of experimentalists and place experimentalists in their rightful place in the pantheon of popular physics the main initiative would have to come from experimentalists themselves There is no doubt that experimental physics has seen some amazing advances in the last two decades so there＇s certainly no dearth of stories to tell For instance just last year the Nobel Prize in physics went to Serge Haroche and David Weinland who have achieved amazing feats in trapping ions and atoms and verifying some of the most bizarre predictions of quantum mechanics Yet where are the books which elaborate on these successes Three years ago the physics Nobel again went to experimenters who used the simplest and most ingenious methods to create graphene Still there are no vividly written books about these experiments There are plenty of other motifs from the observation of supernovae and xray astronomy to the manipulation of single DNA molecules using lasers which can be productively captured in popular physics books In addition the manipulation of these tools to plumb the depths of nature’s secrets is every bit as exciting to its practitioners as calculating the curvature of spacetime is to its own It’s up to those who deftly wield this machinery to convey their personal pleasure of finding things out to the public
果想提高实验物理学家公众知名度实验物理学置科普物理学殿堂合适位置实验物理学家毫疑问二十年中实验物理学取惊进步肯定许事讲例仅年诺贝尔物理学奖颁发塞尔吉·哈罗什（Serge Haroche）戴维·温兰德（David Weinland）捕获离子原子验证量子力学离奇预测方面取惊成详细描述取成书里呢？三年前诺贝尔物理学次颁介绍简单巧妙方法创建石墨烯实验物理学家然没关实验生动著作超新星X射线天文学观察激光操作单DNA分子许图案流行物理书籍中效介绍捕捉图案外巧工具探究然界奥秘实验物理学家说计算时空曲率理物理学家样令兴奋熟练工具发现事物乐趣传递公众
Experiment is the ultimate arbiter of science and it’s a pity that the current popular physics literature does not reflect this allimportant fact Experimenters and their journalist friends need to now pick up the baton and run with it They need to communicate to the public why ion traps are as engrossing as Lie groups why even the most elegant mathematical edifice can crumble in the face of confounding experimental evidence why in Rutherford’s words the theorists play games with their symbols while they are the ones who turn out the real facts of nature
实验科学终极仲裁者惜前流行物理学文献未反映出关重事实实验员记者朋友起实验物理学进行宣传需公众宣传什离子陷李群样引入胜什宏伟数学厦令困惑实验证面前崩塌卢瑟福话说：理物理学家玩符号游戏实验物理学家揭示然真实真相
unit4
神奇数字：数学方程式美丽？
Paul Dirac had an eye for beauty In one essay from May 1963 the British Nobel laureate referred to beauty nine times It makes four appearances in four consecutive sentences In the article he painted a picture of how physicists saw nature But the word beauty never defined a sunset nor a flower or nature in any traditional sense Dirac was talking quantum theory and gravity The beauty lay in the mathematics
保罗·狄拉克美眼光1963年5月篇文章中位英国诺贝尔奖获者九次提美连续四句子出现篇文章中描绘物理学家然美词夕阳花传统意义然狄拉克谈量子理引力美数学
What does it mean for maths to be beautiful It is not about the appearance of the symbols on the page That at best is secondary Maths becomes beautiful through the power and elegance of its arguments and formulae through the bridges it builds between previously unconnected worlds When it surprises For those who learn the language maths has the same capacity for beauty as art music a full blanket of stars on the darkest night
数学美意味着什？关页面符号外观充量次数学美证公式力量优雅贯通原互相干世界惊喜学数学门语言言数学艺术音乐漆黑夜空中满天斗星样美轮美奂
The slow movement of the Mozart clarinet concerto is a really beautiful piece of music but I don’t print off a page of the score and put that on my wall It’s not about that It’s about the music and the ideas and the emotional response says Vicky Neale a mathematician at Oxford University It’s the same with a piece of mathematics It’s not how it looks its about the underlying thought processes
莫扎特单簧协奏曲缓慢移动首非常美妙音乐印出乐谱页写墙关音乐思想情感反应牛津学数学家维琪·尼尔说块数学相起样子关底层思维程
Brain scans of mathematicians show that gazing at formulae considered beautiful by the beholder elicits activity in the same emotional region as great art and music The more beautiful the formula the greater the activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex So far as the brain is concerned maths has beauty just like art There is common neurophysiological ground says Sir Michael Atiyah an honorary professor of mathematics at Edinburgh University
数学家脑扫描显示凝视认美丽公式时激发脑情感区域欣赏伟艺术音乐时激发区域相公式越漂亮中皮层前皮层活动越脑言数学艺术样美神生理学基础爱丁堡学数学名誉教授迈克尔·阿提亚爵士说
Ask mathematicians about the most beautiful equation and one crops up time and again Written in the 18th century by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler the relation is short and simple eiπ+1 0 It is neat and compact even to the naive eye But the beauty comes from a deeper understanding here the five most important mathematical constants are brought together Euler’s formula marries the world of circles imaginary numbers and exponentials
数学家询问美丽方程反复出现瑞士数学家莱昂哈德·欧拉18世纪写成种关系简短简单：eiπ+1 0整洁紧凑甚肉眼美美更深刻理解：公式汇集数学重5常数欧拉公式结合圆圈虚数指数世界
The beauty of other formulae may be more obvious With Emc2 Albert Einstein built a bridge between energy and mass two concepts that had previously seemed worlds apart Maggie AderinPocock the space scientist declared it the most beautiful equation and she is in good company Why is it so beautiful Because it comes to life Now energy will have mass and mass can be put into energy These four symbols capture a complete world It’s difficult to imagine a shorter formula with more power says Robbert Dijkgraaf director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton where Einstein was one of the first faculty members
公式美更明显E_mc2中阿尔伯特·爱斯坦量质量间架起座桥梁两概念前毫相关空间科学家玛吉·阿德林波科克宣称美丽方程式认观点什漂亮？生命现量质量质量放入两种四符号抓住整世界难想象更短公式公式更强力量普林斯顿高级研究长罗伯特·迪克格拉夫说爱斯坦研究第批教职员工
One of the reasons there’s almost an objective beauty in mathematics is that we use the word beautiful also to indicate the raw power in an idea The equations or results in mathematics that are seen to be beautiful are almost like poemsThe power per variable is something that is part of the experience Just seeing a huge part of mathematics or nature being described with just a few symbols gives a great sense of elegance or beauty Dijkgraaf adds A second element is you feel its beauty is reflecting reality It’s reflecting a sense of order that’s out there as part of the laws of nature
数学中客观美原美丽词表示想法中原始力量数学结果诗歌样美变量功率体验部分纷繁复杂然数学符号体现种极优雅美感Dijkgraaf补充道第二素觉美丽正反映现实反映种秩序感种秩序然法部分
The power of an equation to connect what seem like completely unrelated realms of mathematics comes up often Marcus du Sautoy a maths professor at Oxford has more than a soft spot for Riemann’s formula Published by Bernhard Riemann in 1859 (the same year Charles Darwin stunned the world with On the Origin of Species) the formula reveals how many primes exist below a given number where primes are whole numbers divisible only by themselves and one such as 2 3 5 7 and 11 While one side of the equation describes the primes the other is controlled by zeros
等式常常具似完全关数学领域联系起力量牛津学数学教授马库斯·杜·索托伊里曼公式着更支持该公式伯恩哈德·里曼1859年出版（年查尔斯·达尔文物种起源震惊世界）该公式揭示定数字存少素数中质数仅身整数整2357 11方程侧描述质数侧零控制
This formula turns these these indivisible prime numbers into something completely different says du Sautoy On the one side you’ve got these indivisible prime numbers and then Riemann takes you on this journey to somewhere completely unexpected to these things which we now call the Riemann zeros Each of these zeros gives rise to a note – and it’s the combination of these notes together which tell us how the primes on the other side are distributed across all numbers
公式分割质数变成完全东西杜索托伊说方面已分割质数然黎曼带踏完全意想方旅程东西现称里曼零零产生题解正题解组合告诉侧质数分布数字
More than 2000 years ago the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid solved a numerical puzzle so beautifully that it still makes Neale smile every time it comes to mind When I think about beauty in mathematics my first thoughts are not about equations For me it’s much more about an argument a line of thinking or a particular proof she says
2000年前古希腊数学家欧里德完美解决数字难题尼尔念便会欣然笑想数学中美时第想法方程说更关争思路特定证说
Euclid proved there are infinitely many prime numbers How did he do it He began by imagining a universe where the number of primes was not infinite Given a big enough blackboard one could chalk them all up
欧里德证明限质数做？首先想象素数限果足够黑板粉笔黑板写满
He then asked what happened if all these primes were multiplied together 2 x 3 x 5 and so on all the way to the end of the list and the result added to the number 1 This huge new number provides the answer Either it is a prime number itself and so the original list was incomplete or it is divisible by a smaller prime But divide Euclid’s number by any prime on the list and always there is a 1 left over The number is not divisible by any prime on the list It turns out you reach an absurdity a contradiction says Neale The original assumption that the number of primes is finite must be wrong
然问果素数相发生什：2 x 3 x 5 等直列表末尾结果添加数字 1巨新数字提供答案质数身原始列表完整较质数整欧里德数字列表中素数结果1 该数字列表中素数整尼尔说：原始假设素数限事实证明相悖假设定错误
The proof for me is really beautiful It takes some thinking to get your head around it but it doesn’t involve learning lots of difficult concepts It’s surprising that you can prove something so difficult in such an elegant way Neale adds
说证真漂亮需思考推算涉学困难概念令惊讶优雅方式证明困难事情Neale 补充道
Behind beautiful processes lie beautiful mathematics Well some of the time Hannah Fry a lecturer in the mathematics of cities at UCL spent years staring at the NavierStokes equations They’re a single mathematical sentence that is capable of describing the miraculously beautiful and diverse behaviour of almost all of Earth’s fluids she says With a grasp of the formulae we can understand blood flow in the body make boats glide through the water and build awesome chocolate enrobers
样美丽程数学美丽嗯段时间汉娜·弗莱学城市数学讲师花数年时间盯着纳维耶斯托克斯方程单数学句子够描述球流体神奇美丽样化运行方式说掌握公式便理解血液体流动建造飘水中船发明制作美味巧克力浸挂糖衣机
In his 1963 essay Dirac elevated beauty from an aesthetic response to something far more profound a route to the truth It is more important to have beauty in one’s equations than to have them fit experiment he wrote continuing It seems that if one is working from the point of view of getting beauty in one’s equations and if one has really a sound insight one is on a sure line of progress Shocking at first pass Dirac captured what is now a common sentiment when a beautiful equation seems at odds with nature the fault may lie not with the maths but in applying it to the wrong aspect of nature
1963年文中狄拉克美审美反应提升更深刻高度：通真理道路方程中拥美适合实验更重写道继续说道：似果方程中获取美角度工作果真敏锐洞察力处肯定底线乍惊奇狄拉克扑捉种普遍法：美丽方程式似悖然规律时错误数学身错领域
Truth and beauty are closely related but not the same says Atiyah You are never sure that you have the truth All you are doing is striving towards better and better truths and the light that guides you is beauty Beauty is the torch you hold up and follow in the belief that it will lead you to truth in the end
真理美丽密切相关阿提亚说永远会确定真相做努力追求更更真理指引光美美举起火炬相信终会引导走真理
Something approaching faith in mathematical beauty has led physicists to draw up two of the most compelling descriptions of reality supersymmetry and string theory In a supersymmetric universe every known type of particle has a heavier invisible twin In string theory reality has 10 dimensions but six are curled up so tight they are hidden from us The mathematics behind both theories are often described as beautiful but it is not at all clear if either is true
认数学越越美信心促物理学家现实进行两引注目描述：超称弦理超称宇宙中种已知粒子更重见孪晶弦理中现实10维度6维度紧紧卷起隐藏起两种理背数学通常描述美丽没完全弄清楚两种理否真理
There is a danger here for mathematicians Beauty is a fallible guide You can literally be seduced by something that is not correct This is a risk says Dijkgraaf whose institute motto Truth and Beauty features one naked and one dressed woman Sometimes I feel that physicists like Odysseus must tie themselves to the mast of the ship so they are not seduced by the sirens of mathematics
数学家说里危险美错误引导正确东西引诱风险Dijkgraaf说普林斯顿研究院训真理美丽特点裸体穿衣服女时候觉物理学家奥德修斯样必须绑船桅杆样会数学汽笛声诱惑（会受数学干扰）
It may be that mathematicians and scientists are the only groups that still use the word beautiful without hesitation It is rarely employed by critics of literature art or music who perhaps fear it sounds superficial or kitschy
许数学家科学家唯然毫犹豫美丽词群体美丽词少文学艺术音乐评家许担心词听起肤浅古怪
I’m very proud that in mathematics and science the concept of beauty is still there I think it’s an incredibly important concept in our lives says Dijkgraaf The sense of beauty we experience in maths and science is a multidimensional sense of beauty We don’t feel it’s in any conflict with being deep or interesting or powerful or meaningful For the mathematician it’s all captured by that one word
感非常豪数学科学中然存美概念认生活中非常重概念迪克格拉夫说数学科学中体验美感种维度感觉认会深沉趣强意义产生突数学家说切美词迷惑
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unit1
笛卡尔错：
According to Ubuntu philosophy which has its origins in ancient Africa a newborn baby is not a person People are born without ena’ or selfhood and instead must acquire it through interactions and experiences over time So the self’other’ distinction that’s axiomatic in Western philosophy is much blurrier in Ubuntu thought As the Kenyanborn philosopher John Mbiti put it in African Religions and Philosophy (1975) I am because we are and since we are therefore I am’
乌班图哲学起源古代非洲说法新生尚称初生时没着时间推移互动验中西方哲学中／者间清晰分野乌班图哲学中变模糊起出生肯尼亚哲学家约翰·姆蒂（John Mbiti）著作非洲宗教哲学（African Religions and Philosophy）中说：
We know from everyday experience that a person is partly forged in the crucible of community Relationships inform selfunderstanding Who I am depends on many others’ my family my friends my culture my work colleagues The self I take grocery shopping say differs in her actions and behaviours from the self that talks to my PhD supervisor Even my most private and personal reflections are entangled with the perspectives and voices of different people be it those who agree with me those who criticise or those who praise me
日常验告诉部分社会历练中锻造出社会关系赋予认知谁问题答案赖众者：家庭朋友文化背景事等等杂货店购物博士导师交谈便私密思绪观点声音纠缠起赞批评抑赞美
Yet the notion of a fluctuating and ambiguous self can be disconcerting We can chalk up this discomfort in large part to René Descartes The 17thcentury French philosopher believed that a human being was essentially selfcontained and selfsufficient an inherently rational mindbound subject who ought to encounter the world outside her head with skepticism While Descartes didn’t singlehandedly create the modern mind he went a long way towards defining its contours
摇摆定充满歧义安程度份安笛卡尔位17世纪法国哲学家认类质足省理性受思想约束体应该怀疑态度面头脑外世界笛卡尔没单独创造出现代思维定义框架起推动作
Descartes had set himself a very particular puzzle to solve He wanted to find a stable point of view from which to look on the world without relying on Goddecreed wisdoms a place from which he could discern the permanent structures beneath the changeable phenomena of nature But Descartes believed that there was a tradeoff between certainty and a kind of social worldly richness The only thing you can be certain of is your own cogito – the fact that you are thinking Other people and other things are inherently fickle and erratic So they must have nothing to do with the basic constitution of the knowing self which is a necessarily detached coherent and contemplative whole
笛卡尔提出特谜团想找种稳定观点非帝赐予智慧观察世界透然界中变幻莫测现象分辨出永久性结构笛卡尔认稳定性社会世俗样性间存权衡关系唯确定思——思考状态事物稳定难预测存认识基律条毫关系认识独进行需断深思
Few respected philosophers and psychologists would identify as strict Cartesian dualists in the sense of believing that mind and matter are completely separate But the Cartesian cogito is still everywhere you look The experimental design of memory testing for example tends to proceed from the assumption that it’s possible to draw a sharp distinction between the self and the world If memory simply lives inside the skull then it’s perfectly acceptable to remove a person from her everyday environment and relationships and to test her recall using flashcards or screens in the artificial confines of a lab A person is considered a standalone entity irrespective of her surroundings inscribed in the brain as a series of cognitive processes Memory must be simply something you have not something you do within a certain context
认识精神身体完全独立存基础少备受尊敬哲学家心理学家认彻底笛卡尔式二元者笛卡尔式思目已遍布角落记忆测试实验设计趋假说出发世界间存明确界限果记忆仅仅存头颅中日常生活环境社会关系中剥离出造封闭实验室中卡片荧幕检测记忆百分百行视作独立体区环绕切脑中篆刻系列认知程存记忆定拥事实特定环境行产物
Social psychology purports to examine the relationship between cognition and society But even then the investigation often presumes that a collective of Cartesian subjects are the real focus of the enquiry not selves that coevolve with others over time In the 1960s the American psychologists John Darley and Bibb Latané became interested in the murder of Kitty Genovese a young white woman who had been stabbed and assaulted on her way home one night in New York Multiple people had witnessed the crime but none stepped in to prevent it Darley and Latané designed a series of experiments in which they simulated a crisis such as an epileptic fit or smoke billowing in from the next room to observe what people did They were the first to identify the socalled bystander effect’ in which people seem to respond more slowly to someone in distress if others are around
社会心理学标榜致力检验认知社会间关系便研究常常假定张：询问行真正焦点系列笛卡尔式议题集合始终演化二十世纪六十年代美国心理学家约翰·达利(John Darley)布·拉塔(Bibb Latané)吉诺维斯案产生兴趣吉诺维斯位年轻白女性回家路遭袭击歹徒刺伤起罪行挺身出达利拉塔设计系列实验模拟日常中危机情况癫痫发作隔壁房间烟等观察反应首次发现谓旁观者效应周围存时候处紧急情况中体响应会变慢
Darley and Latané suggested that this might come from a diffusion of responsibility’ in which the obligation to react is diluted across a bigger group of people But as the American psychologist Frances Cherry argued in The Stubborn Particulars of Social Psychology Essays on the Research Process (1995) this numerical approach wipes away vital contextual information that might help to understand people’s real motives Genovese’s murder had to be seen against a backdrop in which violence against women was not taken seriously Cherry said and in which people were reluctant to step into what might have been a domestic dispute Moreover the murder of a poor black woman would have attracted far less subsequent media interest But Darley and Latané’s focus make structural factors much harder to see
达利拉塔认种现象责分散程中提供帮助义务数众群体中稀释美国心理学家弗朗西斯·切利（Frances Cherry）意见社会心理学中偏执细节：研究进程（The Stubborn Particulars of Social Psychology Essays on the Research Process）中提种通数字解释行方法剔重语境难理解事真正动机谢里认吉诺维斯杀案反映时社会关注女性遭受暴力困扰愿介入桩家庭纠纷暴力袭击中进步说贫穷黑女性谋杀难吸引媒体关注达利拉塔关注焦点结构性素变更加难察觉
Is there a way of reconciling these two accounts of the self – the relational worldembracing version and the autonomous inward one The 20thcentury Russian philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin believed that the answer lay in dialogue We need others in order to evaluate our own existence and construct a coherent selfimage Think of that luminous moment when a poet captures something you’d felt but had never articulated or when you’d struggled to summarise your thoughts but they crystallised in conversation with a friend Bakhtin believed that it was only through an encounter with another person that you could come to appreciate your own unique perspective and see yourself as a whole entity By looking through the screen of the other’s soul’ he wrote I vivify my exterior’ Selfhood and knowledge are evolving and dynamic the self is never finished – it is an open book
两种面孔种关系化世界紧密相拥种——没种方法消俩间分歧？二十世纪俄罗斯哲学家米哈伊尔·巴赫金（Mikhail Bakhtin）认答案话需存进行评估构建完整连贯印象想想醍醐灌顶时刻：诗捕捉感受未表达出东西者朋友交谈时灵光现信口出难总结难表达想法巴赫金相信交中欣赏独二观点视作实体存样写道：透灵魂窗外认识断演进永远处动态永消亡——点目然
So reality is not simply out there waiting to be uncovered Truth is not born nor is it to be found inside the head of an individual person it is born between people collectively searching for truth in the process of their dialogic interaction’ Bakhtin wrote in Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics (1929) Nothing simply is itself outside the matrix of relationships in which it appears Instead being is an act or event that must happen in the space between the self and the world
现实等着发现真理会诞生发现头脑中诞生类集体真理追寻中诞生间话形式互动中句话出巴赫金写陀思妥耶夫问题（Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics）书没东西单纯身完全脱离处关系网络存动作事件定发生世界间空间
Accepting that others are vital to our selfperception is a corrective to the limitations of the Cartesian view Consider two different models of child psychology Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development conceives of individual growth in a Cartesian fashion as the reorganisation of mental processes The developing child is depicted as a lone learner – an inventive scientist struggling independently to make sense of the world By contrast dialogical’ theories brought to life in experiments such as Lisa Freund’s doll house study’ from 1990 emphasise interactions between the child and the adult who can provide scaffolding’ for how she understands the world
想纠正笛卡尔式观点局限性承认认知着重意义思考两童心理学模型简·皮亚杰（Jean Piaget）认知发展理提出笛卡尔式潮流体成长伴精神进程方面重组断成长童描述成孤独学者富创新科学家孤身奋力搞清世间真相理——话理相相1990年开始话理莉萨·弗罗德玩偶屋研究等系列实验中呈现该理强调孩子成年间互动认成年孩子解世界提供脚手架
A grimmer example might be solitary confinement in prisons The punishment was originally designed to encourage introspection to turn the prisoner’s thoughts inward to prompt her to reflect on her crimes and to eventually help her return to society as a morally cleansed citizen A perfect policy for the reform of Cartesian individuals But in fact studies of such prisoners suggest that their sense of self dissolves if they are punished this way for long enough Prisoners tend to suffer profound physical and psychological difficulties such as confusion anxiety insomnia feelings of inadequacy and a distorted sense of time Deprived of contact and interaction – the external perspective needed to consummate and sustain a coherent selfimage – a person risks disappearing into nonexistence
里举略残酷例子：监狱中单囚室项惩罚初促进犯省改变囚徒心想法促反思罪行终帮助犯重返社会时变成良公民事实囚犯研究表明果接受类惩罚太久意识会消融囚徒更容易遭受生理心理折磨：焦虑紧张失眠感扭曲时间观念困扰问题果失联系交流种完善维持清晰形象外部素会面失危险
The emerging fields of embodied and enactive cognition have started to take dialogic models of the self more seriously But for the most part scientific psychology is only too willing to adopt individualistic Cartesian assumptions that cut away the webbing that ties the self to others There is a Zulu phrase Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu’ which means A person is a person through other persons’ This is a richer and better account I think than I think therefore I am’
具身认知生成认知领域开始严肃话模式数情况科学意义心理学非常乐意采纳色彩浓厚切断相互联系笛卡尔式假说句祖鲁族谚语Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu意思句话思更完满贴切
Unit2
准备应次火山灾难？
In April 1815 the biggest known eruption of the historical period blew apart the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa 12000km from the UK What happened next testifies to the enormous reach of the biggest volcanic blasts
1815年4月历史著名喷发距印度尼西亚12000公里印度尼西亚苏姆巴瓦岛坦波拉火山炸毁接发生事情证明火山爆炸巨影响力
The Tambora volcano had shown no signs of life for 1000 years a single eruption in the previous five millennia provided the only indication that magma was still churning far beneatIt wasOn 5 April 1815 a titanic explosion hurled a cloud of ash to a height of more than 30km Violent but shortlived the blast lasted just two hours after which the volcano returned to a state of brooding menaceAccording to the lieutenant governor Thomas Stamford (later Sir Stamford) Bingley Raffles to whom volcanologists are indebted for his accounts of the eruption the detonation was so loud that it was mistaken across Java for cannon fire causing consternation among the British troops which had ousted the Dutch and French forces just a few years earlier
坦波拉火山（Tambora）火山已1000年没生命迹象五千年中次喷发提供唯迹象表明岩浆搅拌1815年4月5日发生巨爆炸团灰烬推30公里高度剧烈爆炸短暂爆炸持续两时火山恢复沉重威胁状态记录火山喷发事件令火山学家感激已副州长托马斯·斯坦福德·宾利·莱佛士（斯坦福德爵士）表示次火山爆发声音巨误认爪哇岛爆发战争时加农炮声令年前驱赶荷兰法国军队英国士兵惊慌失措
But the blast was small beer in comparison with what followed After five days of relative calm the climactic phase of the eruption began with a colossal explosion that launched a towering column of ash to the edge of space For four or five days utter blackness reigned across the island as the hurricane blasts of hot ash and scalding gas – known as pyroclastic flows – scoured the flanks of the volcano of everything and everyone and drifts of ash metres thick entombed what few signs of life remained When the explosions ceased and the darkness finally lifted the view revealed was a vision of Tolkien’s Mordor a grey landscape within which nothing lived or moved The top 500m of the volcano was gone blasted into smithereens and replaced by a 6kmwide maw from which steam spiralled skywardsCommunities on the flanks of the volcano had vanished along with the lives of around 12000 men women and children These perhaps were the lucky ones as a further 60000 survivors of the eruption succumbed slowly and agonisingly to famine or disease
发生爆炸相次爆炸显微足道相静五天声巨响宣告火山爆发高潮喷发火山灰烬柱高耸入云直逼天际整岛屿笼罩片漆黑中炙热火山灰滚烫气体——火山碎屑流飓风样吞噬火山翼侧切事物米厚火山灰掩盖处死寂沉沉没生命迹象爆炸停止黑暗终消时见景象托尔金魔景象种灰色景观中没居住活动火山高500m消失炸成碎片然6公里宽取代中蒸腾出蒸汽火山两侧社区约12000名男女童生活消失许幸运外60000名喷发幸存者缓慢痛苦死饥荒疾病
But the consequences were not confined to this Indonesian backwater The explosion was heard 2600km away in Sumatra while giant rafts of floating pumice – some kilometres in length – clogged shipping routes for years The 50 cubic kilometres or so of ash ejected over the course of the eruption returned to earth in the following days and weeks leaving a thick covering as far away as Borneo 500km to the northIn addition to the ash an estimated 200 million tonnes of microscopic sulphur particles pumped into the stratosphere spread outwards from Sumbawa to form a giant aerosol veil that enclosed the planet and acted as a block to incoming sunlight
果仅仅限印尼死水爆炸发生苏门答腊岛2600公里外数公里长漂浮浮石筏阻塞数年运输路线喷发程中喷出约50立方公里灰烬接天周返回面厚厚层火山灰直延伸距北500公里婆罗洲火山灰外估计2亿吨微硫颗粒注入流层松巴哇岛外扩散形成巨气溶胶幕整球包裹起成阻挡阳光射屏障
The consequences for the developed societies of the northern hemisphere were dire A dry sulphurous fog draped itself across the landscape of eastern North America causing temperatures to plunge and bringing unprecedented summer cold In New York State snow fell in June while the bitter cold and killing frosts wiped out crops and halved the length of the growing season across much of the region On the other side of the Atlantic Europe saw summer temperatures down by 2C compared to the average for the decade the unseasonal cold accompanied by incessant rains and – into the following winter – by unusually powerful storms Analysis of climate records reveals that 1816 the socalled year without a summer was the second coldest in the northern hemisphere of the past six centuries
北半球发达社会果怕干燥硫磺雾笼罩着整北美东部造成温度骤降带前未夏季寒冷纽约州6月降雪严酷寒冷霜冻消灭农作物该区部分区生长期缩短半西洋侧欧洲夏季气温十年均水降2摄氏度异常寒冷伴着持续断降雨冬季（伴着接冬天）爆发异常强烈风暴气候记录分析表明1816年谓夏年六世纪北半球第二冷年
The alleged cultural implications of this volcano weather for Europe are somewhat whimsical The brilliant gascharged sunsets have been declared by some to have provided the inspiration for some of JMW Turner’s more flamboyant skies In a similar vein the damp and gloom of the 1816 summer has been charged with setting the scene for both Lord Byron’s grim vision Darkness and Mary Shelley’s gothic novel FrankensteinFor the less welltodo of Europe however the Tambora eruption brought nothing less than hunger disease and death Widespread harvest failure resulted in the most serious famine for more than a hundred years doubling the price of grain and spawning bread riots and widespread civil unrestSuch was the degree of breakdown of food supply that economic historian John Post has called the episode the last great subsistence crisis in the western world Malnourished and weakened the starving succumbed rapidly to disease with typhus in particular rife Many tens of thousands are thought to have died across the continent including more than 40000 in Ireland alone
种火山天气欧洲谓文化影响古怪宣称明亮充满气体日落约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳更加绚丽天空提供灵感样1816年夏季潮湿阴郁认拜伦勋爵冷酷视觉黑暗玛丽·雪莱哥特式说科学怪设定背景场景然欧洲欠富裕国家说坦波拉火山喷发带饥饿疾病死亡广泛庄稼歉收导致百年严重饥荒谷物价格翻番导致面包暴动普遍乱（火山爆发引起）食物短缺问题十分严重济历史学家约翰·波斯特称时期西方世界次严重生存危机营养良虚弱挨饿快死疾病尤斑疹伤寒认整欧洲陆成千万死亡中仅爱尔兰40000死亡
How would we fare if faced with a Tamborasized eruption today Is it even something we could feasibly prepare for Received wisdom has it that globalisation would make it easier to cope Should the European harvest fail so the thinking goes we can always buy our food from elsewhere The very interconnectedness of world markets may however make things worse – the collapse of food production across Europe parts of North America and perhaps elsewhere could result in global shortages which in turn would drive a dramatic rise in the cost of food commodities At the same time the intense worldwide competition for food supplies scarce as a consequence of the harvest failures could drastically reduce the range of products available in the UK interfere with supply and distribution and bring about a collapse of the supermarkets’ ultrasensitive timecritical stockcontrol systems leaving their shelves increasingly depleted While the less welloff could be priced out of purchasing even staple foodstuffs panic buying by those who can afford it could quickly empty the stores
果天面坦波拉规模火山喷发应该办？否做行准备？众周知全球化事情处理起变更加容易果欧洲农业歉收般想法方购买食物然世界市场间切密切联系会令事态恶化——欧洲北美部分区区产量危机带全球粮食短缺进导致食品成幅涨时荒年致粮食短缺问题会造成激烈全球食品竞争会减少英国农产品干扰供应分销导致超市异常灵敏时间求严格库存理系统全面崩塌超市食品货架会变越越空旷富裕食品价格定价太高放弃购买甚食力负担恐慌购买会快买空商店
On top of this harvest disruption in response to volcano weather might extend far beyond Europe and might – in ensuing decades – be exacerbated by the consequence of rampant climate change In spite of our modern farming methods and distribution systems the ramifications could be far more severe than we expect It is also worth considering that while the Tambora blast was approximately 1000 times bigger than the 2010 Icelandic eruption it was a minor hiccup in comparison with the greatest volcanic explosions of history The Toba eruption that excavated the world’s largest volcanic crater in Sumatra around 74000 years ago for example injected hundreds of times more sulphur gases into the stratosphere than Tambora The severe volcanic winter that followed probably lasted for several years and saw a third or more of the Earth covered with snow and ice and the wholesale dieback of vegetation
外火山天气造成庄稼歉收状况会远远超出欧洲范围十年中剧烈气候变化加剧采现代农业方法分配系统果预期严重值考虑坦波拉爆炸案2010年冰岛喷发约1000倍历史火山爆发相问题例约74000年前苏门答腊挖掘出世界火山口鸟羽火山喷发流层注入硫气坦波拉高出数百倍
So if a Tamborascale scenario would be bad news far worse could be lying in wait While we can’t stop the next Tambora nor handle its potential impacts on the climate and the harvest we can ensure that contingency plans are in place to keep everyone adequately fed until the sulphur veil dissipates and temperatures return to normal In the UK at present contingency food supplies probably amount to little more than a few weeks’ worth Some serious policy changes are needed if a future volcanic blast is not to bring about another subsistence crisis
果坦波拉规模情景坏消息更糟然阻止次坦博拉控制应气候庄稼潜影响实施计划确保吃饱直硫磺消散温度恢复正常目前英国应急食品供应量仅相周时间果未火山爆炸会引起次生计危机需进行重政策调整
Hazarding a guess about when and where the next Tambora will explode is far from an exact science Eruptions on such a scale seem to happen on average a few times every millennium and one estimate holds that there is a 1 in 10 chance of a comparable event in the next 50 years The Earth does not however operate to a timetable so such an eruption is equally likely to occur in any single year There is even a chance that climate change may have a hand to play Looking back at previous episodes of dramatic climate warming provides us with plenty of robust evidence for a vigorous volcanic response most notably as our world heated up rapidly at the end of the last Ice Age The reaction is most pronounced at icecovered volcanoes where melting reduces the weight acting on the volcanoes beneath facilitating eruptions and even promoting the production of more magma Coastal volcanoes may also be brought to eruption as the increased load of water due to climbing sea levels bends the crust around the margins of the oceans squeezing magma upwards like toothpaste out of a tube
关坦波拉时爆炸猜测远非门确切科学规模喷发似均千年发生次估计未50年中发生类似事件率十分球没时间表运行年中发生种喷发气候变化甚发挥作气候急剧变暖历史时期显著球气温迅速升冰河世纪末期提供量力证证明该时期发生剧烈火山该反应冰雪覆盖火山中明显融化降低作方火山重量促进喷发甚促进更岩浆产生海火山喷发原海面升水量增加壳海洋边缘弯曲岩浆牙膏样中挤出
No volcano erupts without warning signs caused by rising magma triggering earthquake swarms and inflating the ground surface The problem is that out of our world’s 1300 or more active and potentially active volcanoes we monitor only a few hundred The Tambora eruption reinforces the unofficial volcanological axiom the longer the wait the bigger the bang That rule of thumb is borne out by the fact that fully half of the biggest eruptions since 1800 originated at volcanoes that had previously been dormant throughout history What we should be keeping a special watch on then in order to prepare ourselves for the next arrival of Vulcan’s shock troops are those seemingly innocuous volcanoes that have kept their heads down for centuries or even millennia While there are too many candidates to keep a serious eye on the numbers can be narrowed down by focusing on those that have been recently restless perhaps best regarded as the volcanologists’ term for bubbling under Beyond that though it’s anyone’s guess
没岩浆升引发震群面膨胀现象没警告标志火山会爆发问题世界1300更活跃潜活跃火山中仅监视数百座坦波拉火山喷发强化非官方火山公理：等时间越长爆炸声越1800年半数猛烈火山喷发发源历史直处休眠状态火山事实证实该验法沃尔坎突击部队次做准备应该特注意似害火山压低数百年甚数千年太候选法认真关注通关注安数字缩数字许认火山学家泡术语外猜测
Unit3
理家实验家众物理学偏见
Most people with more than a passing interest in physics will tell you who came up with the idea of quarks Murray GellMann
数物理学仅时兴趣会告诉谁提出夸克想法——默里·盖尔曼
Now gather around the same crowd which knows about GellMann and ask them who Henry Kendall Jerome Friedman and Richard Taylor are It’s very likely that you will draw mostly blank stares
现认识盖尔曼群中聚集堂问亨利·肯德尔杰罗姆·弗里德曼理查德·泰勒谁茫然着
Yet coming up with the idea was as far as GellMann went in 1964 when he and George Zweig independently developed the concept Without the 1968 experiments of Kendall Friedman and Taylor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) quarks would have remained a mere theory a willowisp whose existence was confidently postulated but never proven
然直1964年盖尔·曼（GellMann）乔治·茨威格（George Zweig）独立提出概念时提出提出想法果没1968年肯德尔弗里德曼泰勒斯坦福直线加速器中心（SLAC）进行实验夸克仅仅种理未证实缥缈胆假设
Similar themes proliferate throughout the popular view of physics Everyone knows Paul Dirac who conjectured the existence of the positron but how many know Carl Anderson and his collaborator Seth Neddermeyer who actually found it People similarly know about Wolfgang Pauli and Enrico Fermi stating the requirement for a ghostly particle called the neutrino in the 30s but ask popular science enthusiasts if they are aware of the dogged pursuit of the neutrino by Raymond Davis for over 30 years and you will likely see knitted brows Finally even today a schoolchild would likely know Einstein’s prediction of the bending of starlight by the gravitational field of a star but Arthur Eddington’s verification of this fact would be little known
整流行物理学观点中相似题激增知道保罗·狄拉克（Paul Dirac）猜出正电子存少知道卡尔·安德森（Carl Anderson）合作者塞思·德迈耶（Seth Neddermeyer）真正发现正电子？类似熟悉30年代提出幽灵粒子（中微子）条件泡利费米果询问科普爱者否解雷戴维斯30余年间直懈捕捉中微子踪迹发现会眉头紧锁终天学生知道爱斯坦通恒星引力场星光弯曲预测亚瑟·爱丁顿事实验证鲜知
I started mulling over this vivid gap between the public’s appreciation of theorists vs experimentalists on reading a post by physics professor Chad Orzel who taking a cue from my post about famous American physicists makes the cogent point that while American theorists lagged behind their European counterparts until the postwar years they were almost equal to the Europeans even in the 1920s His point is that we often tend to overemphasize the role of theory over experiment
开始思考公众理家实验家欣赏间差距开始阅读物理学教授查德·奥泽尔（Chad Orzel）文章时文章中出关美国著名物理学家线索提出令信服观点美国理家落欧洲行直战年代1920年代欧洲相等观点倾分强调理作实验
Now there’s no doubt that physicists themselves would be the first ones to recognize the value of experimentalists for instance Anderson Davis and the KendallFriedmanTaylor trio were all recognized by Nobel Prizes But their recognition in the public mind ranges from vague to nonexistent This gap in perception is especially startling given the singular importance of experiment in physics and all of science a central paradigm that has been the centerpiece of the scientific method since Galileo (apocryphally) dropped iron balls from the leaning tower of Pisa Richard Feynman paid a sparkling tribute to the supremacy of experiment when he said
现毫疑问物理学家身第认识实验价值例安德森（Anderson）戴维斯（Davis）肯德尔·弗里德曼·泰勒（KendallFriedmanTaylor）三获诺贝尔奖公众心中认程度模糊存考虑物理学科学领域中实验非常重种范式种感知差距尤令吃惊伽利略（传言）萨斜塔扔铁球实验成核心科学方法理查德·费曼（Richard Feynman）实验物理表达高敬意做法引注目说：
In general we look for a new law by the following process First we guess it Then we compute the consequences of the guess to see what would be implied if this law that we guessed is right Then we compare the result of the computation to nature with experiment or experience compare it directly with observation to see if it works If it disagrees with experiment it is wrong In that simple statement is the key to science It does not make any difference how beautiful your guess is It does not make any difference how smart you are who made the guess or what his name is – if it disagrees with experiment it is wrong
总说通程寻找新法律首先猜测然计算猜测结果解猜测定律果正确意味着什然估算结果然实验验进行较观察结果直接进行较解假设否正确果假设实验致错误科学关键存简单说法猜测说天花乱坠聪明谁做出猜测什名字没差果假设实验致错
An even more pointed and roaring tribute to experiment came from the utterly selfassured king of experimental physics Ernest Rutherford His opinion of theoreticians was that they play games with their symbols but we turn out the real facts of Nature And he is said to have admonished the capable students working under his tutelage nine of whom won Nobel Prizes to not let me catch anyone talking about the Universe
更加负实验敬意完全实验物理学王欧斯特·卢瑟福理物理学家法玩带符号游戏揭示然真实面目说警告指导力学生——中九获诺贝尔奖——抓住谈宇宙
Rutherford was the ultimate experimentalist and Feynman was the ultimate theorist but Feynman was well aware of how a wellconceived experiment is really the only thing that can make or break a theory Ironically the public devaluing of experimentalists applies to Feynman’s own work The theory of quantum electrodynamics which he developed is perhaps the most accurate theory in physics As one example it can calculate the magnetic moment of the electron correctly to an unprecedented 15 decimal places But we would never have known this if it weren’t for the experimentalists who devised increasingly ingenious experiments to measure the parameter Yet everyone has heard of Feynman but who has heard of Lamb Kusch or Foley
卢瑟福终实验义者费恩曼极端理物理学家费恩曼清楚意识构思良实验确唯理成立破方法具讽刺意味公众实验家贬低适费曼工作研究量子电动力学理许准确物理学理举例子电子磁矩正确计算空前15数位果实验物理学家发明越越精巧实验测量参数永远会知道点然听说费曼谁听说Lamb库许弗利呢？
It seems to me that there are at least two important reasons why the public in spite of tacitly appreciating the allimportant role of experiment in physics fails to give experimentalists their due First is the sheer success of theoretical physics in uncovering the deepest mysteries of the universe through armchair speculation Nobody can fail to gasp in awe at an Einstein or Bohr who working with a few facts and pencil and paper divine grand operating principles for the cosmos in short order
少两重原解释什公众默认实验物理学中高重作没实验物理学家应位首先理物理学家椅子推测揭示宇宙奥秘成功深深崇敬爱斯坦玻尔等敬科学家仅事实着纸笔便短时间推测出宇宙宏伟运行规律
Compared to their efforts based on pure thought the corresponding efforts of experimentalists who get down on their knees liberally coat their hands with grease and spend most of their time soldering electronic circuits and fashioning precision machine parts on a lathe sounds humdrum and boring Yet this mundane work is an essential step toward the grand finale of hard factual discovery Even the rare combination of theorist and experimentalist appreciates this for instance in spite of his pioneering contributions to theory Fermi always said that his first love was experiment and he could often be found performing the most mundane of tasks
理物理学家努力相实验物理学家做出相应努力卑躬屈膝手抹油脂花费量时间车床焊接电子电路制造精密机械零件听起乏味趣然项工作着艰辛事实发现结局迈出重步身兼理实验物理学家表示赞例费米（Fermi）理做出开创性贡献始终说初爱实验常发现实验室进行工作
To be fair though it’s hard not to admire theorists when many experimentalists as ingenious as their contraptions are simply validate things which the theorists have already said Anderson might have discovered the positron but Dirac invented it first Eddington might have observed deflected starlight but Einstein simply plucked it out of thin air based on what seemed like magical speculation
公说难崇拜理物理学家然实验物理学家实验装置样富创意仅仅验证理物理学家早已说东西安德森发现正电子狄拉克首先提出爱斯坦具魔力般推测爱丁顿发现星光折射
Firstly however it’s very important to realize that all the awe for Einstein which we rightly feel comes only after the fact after a thousand increasingly demanding tests of general relativity have established the veracity of the theory beyond any doubt As Feynman said no matter how pretty the theory looks and no matter how brilliant its creator sounds it is no more than a hypothesis until it’s verified Einstein unverified would have been a mystic Fortunately the public seems to have gradually woken up to the straitjacket that ugly greaseandsolder experiment imposes on elegant theory This is most apparent in the decline of popular versions of string theory after a period of breathless ascendancy by its proponents the public seems to increasingly realize the gaping chasm between theory and experiment which the string theoretical framework constantly displays String theory in fact is the perfect test of the ability of an informed public to distinguish between fact and speculation and so far the signs seem promising
重首先认识爱斯坦崇敬情广义相数千次日益严苛测试证实事实正费曼说样理起漂亮创造者听起出色验证前种假设爱斯坦未验证神秘义者幸运公众似已逐渐意识丑陋油脂润滑实验优雅理强加紧身衣显然众弦流行版逐渐衰落弦理支持者阵鼓吹公众似已意识理实验分歧实际弦知识渊博公众区分事实推测力完美测试目前止迹象似越越希
Secondly there are also outstanding example of discoveries made by experimenters which really had no theoretical precedent That is what makes Rutherford and Faraday the two greatest experimental physicists in history Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1908 but it took thirty years for physicists to develop a concrete theory of the nucleus Similarly Faraday discovered the seamless relationship between electricity and magnetism one of the very few examples of unification by experiment but it took until after his death for Maxwell to come up with his pioneering theory of electromagnetism Experimentalists often follow in the steps of theorists but the instances in which they lead the way are as full of creativity and achievement as the work of an Einstein Bohr or Feynman And even when they follow they are the ones who bridge the gap between idea and hard fact
次杰出例子表明实验者发现确实没理先例卢瑟福法拉第成历史伟两实验物理学家原卢瑟福1908年发现原子核物理学家花三十年时间发展出具体原子核理样法拉第发现电磁间紧密关系通实验进行统极少数例子直麦克斯韦死麦克斯韦提出开拓性电磁学理实验物理学家常理物理学家脚步时会引领理物理学家程爱斯坦波尔费曼等科学家工作样充满创造力成非便理物理学家工作想法铁般事实中架起道桥梁
The other big reason why for the public seems to downplay the key role of experiments is the bias in physics popularization toward theory And here at least part of the blame must be laid at the feet of experimentalists themselves For instance if we ponder over who the leading physics popularizers in the last twenty years are the names that come to our minds include Brian Greene Lisa Randall Leonard Susskind Brian Cox and Sean Carroll Almost no experimenter makes the list Anil Ananthaswamy is one of those rare writers who has shined a light on the heroic efforts of experimenters in validating cuttingedge theories In a previous post I mentioned how the public has been fed increasingly exotic and speculative physics fare that tends to influence their opinion about what they consider are the most important fields in physics Cosmology and quantum theory rank high on their list condensed matter physics and biophysics rank low But condensed matter theory still ranks higher than condensed matter experiment Observational cosmology still takes a backseat to speculations about the Big Bang This has to change
公众轻实验物理学关键作重原宣传时会偏理物理学里少部分责必须实验物理学家承担例果仔细考虑20年中领先物理学普者谁想名字包括Brian GreeneLisa RandallLeonard SusskindBrian CoxSean Carroll没实验物理学家列出清单阿尼尔·安纳塔斯瓦米（Anil Ananthaswamy）罕见作家揭示实验物理学家验证前理方面英勇努力篇文章中提公众提供越越异国情调推测物理学东西会影响认什物理学中重领域法宇宙量子理榜单排名前凝聚态物理学生物物理学排名凝聚态理排名然高凝聚态实验观察宇宙学关爆炸理相然处座种现象必须改变
If we want to improve the public visibility of experimentalists and place experimentalists in their rightful place in the pantheon of popular physics the main initiative would have to come from experimentalists themselves There is no doubt that experimental physics has seen some amazing advances in the last two decades so there＇s certainly no dearth of stories to tell For instance just last year the Nobel Prize in physics went to Serge Haroche and David Weinland who have achieved amazing feats in trapping ions and atoms and verifying some of the most bizarre predictions of quantum mechanics Yet where are the books which elaborate on these successes Three years ago the physics Nobel again went to experimenters who used the simplest and most ingenious methods to create graphene Still there are no vividly written books about these experiments There are plenty of other motifs from the observation of supernovae and xray astronomy to the manipulation of single DNA molecules using lasers which can be productively captured in popular physics books In addition the manipulation of these tools to plumb the depths of nature’s secrets is every bit as exciting to its practitioners as calculating the curvature of spacetime is to its own It’s up to those who deftly wield this machinery to convey their personal pleasure of finding things out to the public
果想提高实验物理学家公众知名度实验物理学置科普物理学殿堂合适位置实验物理学家毫疑问二十年中实验物理学取惊进步肯定许事讲例仅年诺贝尔物理学奖颁发塞尔吉·哈罗什（Serge Haroche）戴维·温兰德（David Weinland）捕获离子原子验证量子力学离奇预测方面取惊成详细描述取成书里呢？三年前诺贝尔物理学次颁介绍简单巧妙方法创建石墨烯实验物理学家然没关实验生动著作超新星X射线天文学观察激光操作单DNA分子许图案流行物理书籍中效介绍捕捉图案外巧工具探究然界奥秘实验物理学家说计算时空曲率理物理学家样令兴奋熟练工具发现事物乐趣传递公众
Experiment is the ultimate arbiter of science and it’s a pity that the current popular physics literature does not reflect this allimportant fact Experimenters and their journalist friends need to now pick up the baton and run with it They need to communicate to the public why ion traps are as engrossing as Lie groups why even the most elegant mathematical edifice can crumble in the face of confounding experimental evidence why in Rutherford’s words the theorists play games with their symbols while they are the ones who turn out the real facts of nature
实验科学终极仲裁者惜前流行物理学文献未反映出关重事实实验员记者朋友起实验物理学进行宣传需公众宣传什离子陷李群样引入胜什宏伟数学厦令困惑实验证面前崩塌卢瑟福话说：理物理学家玩符号游戏实验物理学家揭示然真实真相
unit4
神奇数字：数学方程式美丽？
Paul Dirac had an eye for beauty In one essay from May 1963 the British Nobel laureate referred to beauty nine times It makes four appearances in four consecutive sentences In the article he painted a picture of how physicists saw nature But the word beauty never defined a sunset nor a flower or nature in any traditional sense Dirac was talking quantum theory and gravity The beauty lay in the mathematics
保罗·狄拉克美眼光1963年5月篇文章中位英国诺贝尔奖获者九次提美连续四句子出现篇文章中描绘物理学家然美词夕阳花传统意义然狄拉克谈量子理引力美数学
What does it mean for maths to be beautiful It is not about the appearance of the symbols on the page That at best is secondary Maths becomes beautiful through the power and elegance of its arguments and formulae through the bridges it builds between previously unconnected worlds When it surprises For those who learn the language maths has the same capacity for beauty as art music a full blanket of stars on the darkest night
数学美意味着什？关页面符号外观充量次数学美证公式力量优雅贯通原互相干世界惊喜学数学门语言言数学艺术音乐漆黑夜空中满天斗星样美轮美奂
The slow movement of the Mozart clarinet concerto is a really beautiful piece of music but I don’t print off a page of the score and put that on my wall It’s not about that It’s about the music and the ideas and the emotional response says Vicky Neale a mathematician at Oxford University It’s the same with a piece of mathematics It’s not how it looks its about the underlying thought processes
莫扎特单簧协奏曲缓慢移动首非常美妙音乐印出乐谱页写墙关音乐思想情感反应牛津学数学家维琪·尼尔说块数学相起样子关底层思维程
Brain scans of mathematicians show that gazing at formulae considered beautiful by the beholder elicits activity in the same emotional region as great art and music The more beautiful the formula the greater the activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex So far as the brain is concerned maths has beauty just like art There is common neurophysiological ground says Sir Michael Atiyah an honorary professor of mathematics at Edinburgh University
数学家脑扫描显示凝视认美丽公式时激发脑情感区域欣赏伟艺术音乐时激发区域相公式越漂亮中皮层前皮层活动越脑言数学艺术样美神生理学基础爱丁堡学数学名誉教授迈克尔·阿提亚爵士说
Ask mathematicians about the most beautiful equation and one crops up time and again Written in the 18th century by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler the relation is short and simple eiπ+1 0 It is neat and compact even to the naive eye But the beauty comes from a deeper understanding here the five most important mathematical constants are brought together Euler’s formula marries the world of circles imaginary numbers and exponentials
数学家询问美丽方程反复出现瑞士数学家莱昂哈德·欧拉18世纪写成种关系简短简单：eiπ+1 0整洁紧凑甚肉眼美美更深刻理解：公式汇集数学重5常数欧拉公式结合圆圈虚数指数世界
The beauty of other formulae may be more obvious With Emc2 Albert Einstein built a bridge between energy and mass two concepts that had previously seemed worlds apart Maggie AderinPocock the space scientist declared it the most beautiful equation and she is in good company Why is it so beautiful Because it comes to life Now energy will have mass and mass can be put into energy These four symbols capture a complete world It’s difficult to imagine a shorter formula with more power says Robbert Dijkgraaf director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton where Einstein was one of the first faculty members
公式美更明显E_mc2中阿尔伯特·爱斯坦量质量间架起座桥梁两概念前毫相关空间科学家玛吉·阿德林波科克宣称美丽方程式认观点什漂亮？生命现量质量质量放入两种四符号抓住整世界难想象更短公式公式更强力量普林斯顿高级研究长罗伯特·迪克格拉夫说爱斯坦研究第批教职员工
One of the reasons there’s almost an objective beauty in mathematics is that we use the word beautiful also to indicate the raw power in an idea The equations or results in mathematics that are seen to be beautiful are almost like poemsThe power per variable is something that is part of the experience Just seeing a huge part of mathematics or nature being described with just a few symbols gives a great sense of elegance or beauty Dijkgraaf adds A second element is you feel its beauty is reflecting reality It’s reflecting a sense of order that’s out there as part of the laws of nature
数学中客观美原美丽词表示想法中原始力量数学结果诗歌样美变量功率体验部分纷繁复杂然数学符号体现种极优雅美感Dijkgraaf补充道第二素觉美丽正反映现实反映种秩序感种秩序然法部分
The power of an equation to connect what seem like completely unrelated realms of mathematics comes up often Marcus du Sautoy a maths professor at Oxford has more than a soft spot for Riemann’s formula Published by Bernhard Riemann in 1859 (the same year Charles Darwin stunned the world with On the Origin of Species) the formula reveals how many primes exist below a given number where primes are whole numbers divisible only by themselves and one such as 2 3 5 7 and 11 While one side of the equation describes the primes the other is controlled by zeros
等式常常具似完全关数学领域联系起力量牛津学数学教授马库斯·杜·索托伊里曼公式着更支持该公式伯恩哈德·里曼1859年出版（年查尔斯·达尔文物种起源震惊世界）该公式揭示定数字存少素数中质数仅身整数整2357 11方程侧描述质数侧零控制
This formula turns these these indivisible prime numbers into something completely different says du Sautoy On the one side you’ve got these indivisible prime numbers and then Riemann takes you on this journey to somewhere completely unexpected to these things which we now call the Riemann zeros Each of these zeros gives rise to a note – and it’s the combination of these notes together which tell us how the primes on the other side are distributed across all numbers
公式分割质数变成完全东西杜索托伊说方面已分割质数然黎曼带踏完全意想方旅程东西现称里曼零零产生题解正题解组合告诉侧质数分布数字
More than 2000 years ago the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid solved a numerical puzzle so beautifully that it still makes Neale smile every time it comes to mind When I think about beauty in mathematics my first thoughts are not about equations For me it’s much more about an argument a line of thinking or a particular proof she says
2000年前古希腊数学家欧里德完美解决数字难题尼尔念便会欣然笑想数学中美时第想法方程说更关争思路特定证说
Euclid proved there are infinitely many prime numbers How did he do it He began by imagining a universe where the number of primes was not infinite Given a big enough blackboard one could chalk them all up
欧里德证明限质数做？首先想象素数限果足够黑板粉笔黑板写满
He then asked what happened if all these primes were multiplied together 2 x 3 x 5 and so on all the way to the end of the list and the result added to the number 1 This huge new number provides the answer Either it is a prime number itself and so the original list was incomplete or it is divisible by a smaller prime But divide Euclid’s number by any prime on the list and always there is a 1 left over The number is not divisible by any prime on the list It turns out you reach an absurdity a contradiction says Neale The original assumption that the number of primes is finite must be wrong
然问果素数相发生什：2 x 3 x 5 等直列表末尾结果添加数字 1巨新数字提供答案质数身原始列表完整较质数整欧里德数字列表中素数结果1 该数字列表中素数整尼尔说：原始假设素数限事实证明相悖假设定错误
The proof for me is really beautiful It takes some thinking to get your head around it but it doesn’t involve learning lots of difficult concepts It’s surprising that you can prove something so difficult in such an elegant way Neale adds
说证真漂亮需思考推算涉学困难概念令惊讶优雅方式证明困难事情Neale 补充道
Behind beautiful processes lie beautiful mathematics Well some of the time Hannah Fry a lecturer in the mathematics of cities at UCL spent years staring at the NavierStokes equations They’re a single mathematical sentence that is capable of describing the miraculously beautiful and diverse behaviour of almost all of Earth’s fluids she says With a grasp of the formulae we can understand blood flow in the body make boats glide through the water and build awesome chocolate enrobers
样美丽程数学美丽嗯段时间汉娜·弗莱学城市数学讲师花数年时间盯着纳维耶斯托克斯方程单数学句子够描述球流体神奇美丽样化运行方式说掌握公式便理解血液体流动建造飘水中船发明制作美味巧克力浸挂糖衣机
In his 1963 essay Dirac elevated beauty from an aesthetic response to something far more profound a route to the truth It is more important to have beauty in one’s equations than to have them fit experiment he wrote continuing It seems that if one is working from the point of view of getting beauty in one’s equations and if one has really a sound insight one is on a sure line of progress Shocking at first pass Dirac captured what is now a common sentiment when a beautiful equation seems at odds with nature the fault may lie not with the maths but in applying it to the wrong aspect of nature
1963年文中狄拉克美审美反应提升更深刻高度：通真理道路方程中拥美适合实验更重写道继续说道：似果方程中获取美角度工作果真敏锐洞察力处肯定底线乍惊奇狄拉克扑捉种普遍法：美丽方程式似悖然规律时错误数学身错领域
Truth and beauty are closely related but not the same says Atiyah You are never sure that you have the truth All you are doing is striving towards better and better truths and the light that guides you is beauty Beauty is the torch you hold up and follow in the belief that it will lead you to truth in the end
真理美丽密切相关阿提亚说永远会确定真相做努力追求更更真理指引光美美举起火炬相信终会引导走真理
Something approaching faith in mathematical beauty has led physicists to draw up two of the most compelling descriptions of reality supersymmetry and string theory In a supersymmetric universe every known type of particle has a heavier invisible twin In string theory reality has 10 dimensions but six are curled up so tight they are hidden from us The mathematics behind both theories are often described as beautiful but it is not at all clear if either is true
认数学越越美信心促物理学家现实进行两引注目描述：超称弦理超称宇宙中种已知粒子更重见孪晶弦理中现实10维度6维度紧紧卷起隐藏起两种理背数学通常描述美丽没完全弄清楚两种理否真理
There is a danger here for mathematicians Beauty is a fallible guide You can literally be seduced by something that is not correct This is a risk says Dijkgraaf whose institute motto Truth and Beauty features one naked and one dressed woman Sometimes I feel that physicists like Odysseus must tie themselves to the mast of the ship so they are not seduced by the sirens of mathematics
数学家说里危险美错误引导正确东西引诱风险Dijkgraaf说普林斯顿研究院训真理美丽特点裸体穿衣服女时候觉物理学家奥德修斯样必须绑船桅杆样会数学汽笛声诱惑（会受数学干扰）
It may be that mathematicians and scientists are the only groups that still use the word beautiful without hesitation It is rarely employed by critics of literature art or music who perhaps fear it sounds superficial or kitschy
许数学家科学家唯然毫犹豫美丽词群体美丽词少文学艺术音乐评家许担心词听起肤浅古怪
I’m very proud that in mathematics and science the concept of beauty is still there I think it’s an incredibly important concept in our lives says Dijkgraaf The sense of beauty we experience in maths and science is a multidimensional sense of beauty We don’t feel it’s in any conflict with being deep or interesting or powerful or meaningful For the mathematician it’s all captured by that one word
感非常豪数学科学中然存美概念认生活中非常重概念迪克格拉夫说数学科学中体验美感种维度感觉认会深沉趣强意义产生突数学家说切美词迷惑
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