1995年考研英语真题
Section I Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions
Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the one that best completes the sentence Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (5 points)
1 Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________
[A] had produced
[B] have been produced
[C] would have produced（D）
[D] had been produced
2 There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ________ in the public mind today
[A] exists
[B] exist
[C] existing（A）
[D] existed
3 The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory
[A] which to base on
[B] on which to base
[C] to base on which（B）
[D] which to be based on
4 ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction
[A] Everybody
[B] Anybody
[C] Somebody（D）
[D] Nobody
5 How many of us ________ say a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion
[A] attended
[B] attending
[C] to attend（B）
[D] have attended
6 Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced
[A] so that
[B] but that
[C] in that（C）
[D] provided that
7 We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal one
[A] rather than
[B] other than
[C] better than（A）
[D] less than
8 ________ is generally accepted economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production
[A] What
[B] That
[C] It（D）
[D] As
9 It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners
[A] by
[B] with
[C] at（A）
[D] on
10 Just as the soil is a part of the earth ________ the atmosphere
[A] as it is
[B] the same as
[C] so is（C）
[D] and so is
Part B
Directions
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (5 points)
11 The conveniences that Americans desire not so much a lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time too valuable （[A] reflect）
12 In debating one must correct the facts deny the relevance of his proof or deny he presents as proof relevant is sufficient（[D] if）
13 We are not the extent work provides the psychological satisfaction can make the between a full and an empty life（[B] to which）
14 The Portuguese a great deal of credit to for sea travel that man Prince Henry the navigator who lived in the 15th century（[D] being）
15 scientific experiments are generally correct those science are careful in the accuracy of their reports（[C] writing aboutwho write about）
16 whenever we a natural disaster in a distant part of the world we feel for the people （[D] affected）
17 It is perhaps not an exaggeration that we shall soon be our health wealth and happiness to elements with very names the general public unfamiliar（[C] whose）
18 The speaker claimed that modern nation devotes a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health the United States （[C] as）
19 There are those who consider it questionable that these research projects will an improvement in the standard of living or alternately to protect our resources（[C] do much）
20 If individuals they begin a dream phase of sleep they are likely to become irritable their total amount of sleep sufficient（[B] each time）
Part C
Directions
Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the one that best completes the sentence Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (10 points)
21 In that country guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date
[A] admired
[B] regarded
[C] expected（B）
[D] worshipped
22 A ________ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval
[A] shorthand
[B] scheme
[C] schedule（D）
[D] sketch
23 A man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old
[A] supply
[B] assurance
[C] provision（C）
[D] adjustment
24 The newlybuilt Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundred years
[A] spacious
[B] sophisticated
[C] substantial（C）
[D] steady
25 It is wellknown that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care
[A] entitled to
[B] involved in
[C] associated with（A）
[D] assigned to
26 The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ________
[A] danger
[B] stake
[C] loss（B）
[D] threat
27 I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech
[A] fatigued
[B] tired
[C] exhausted（D）
[D] bored
28 When the engine would not start the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ________
[A] wrong
[B] trouble
[C] fault（C）
[D] difficulty
29 Your advice would be ________ valuable to him who is at present at his wit’s end
[A] exceedingly
[B] excessively
[C] extensively（A）
[D] exclusively
30 He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract and now he has to ________ the consequences
[A] answer for
[B] run into
[C] abide by（A）
[D] step into
31 The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall and the city is threatened with a likely flood
[A] parallel to
[B] level in
[C] flat on（D）
[D] flush with
32 People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today
[A] convinced
[B] anticipated
[C] resolved（B）
[D] assured
33 In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ for language learning purposes there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills
[A] adapted
[B] acknowledged
[C] assembled（A）
[D] appointed
34 The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper
[A] let down
[B] let alone
[C] let off（C）
[D] let out
35 We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitter regrets
[A] urgent
[B] hasty
[C] instant（B）
[D] prompt
36 John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ in the dictionary
[A] missing
[B] losing
[C] dropping（A）
[D] leaking
37 In the past most foresters have been men but today the number of women ________ this field is climbing
[A] engaging
[B] devoting
[C] registering（D）
[D] pursuing
38 The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ________ but he gave us an idea about his plan
[A] at hand
[B] in turn
[C] in conclusion（D）
[D] at length
39 Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met
[A] prospect
[B] prediction
[C] prosperity（A）
[D] permission
40 It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in a furious state
[A] stable
[B] rational
[C] legal（B）
[D] credible
Section II Cloze Test
Directions
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (10 points)
Sleep is divided into periods of socalled REM sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming and longer periods of nonREM sleep kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood but REM sleep is to serve some restorative function of the brain The purpose of nonREM sleep is even more The new experiments such as those for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis suggest fascinating explanations of nonREM sleep
For example it has long been known that total sleep is 100 percent fatal to rats yet examination of the dead bodies the animals look completely normal A researcher has now the mystery of why the animals die The rats bacterial infections of the blood their immune systems the selfprotecting mechanism against disease had crashed
41 [A] Either
[B] Neither
[C] Each（B）
[D] Any
42 [A] intended
[B] required
[C] assumed（C）
[D] inferred
43 [A] subtle
[B] obvious
[C] mysterious（C）
[D] doubtful
44 [A] maintained
[B] described
[C] settled（B）
[D] afforded
45 [A] in the light
[B] by virtue
[C] with the exception（D）
[D] for the purpose
46 [A] reduction
[B] destruction
[C] deprivation（C）
[D] restriction
47 [A] upon
[B] by
[C] through（A）
[D] with
48 [A] paid attention to
[B] caught sight of
[C] laid emphasis on（D）
[D] cast light on
49 [A] develop
[B] produce
[C] stimulate（A）
[D] induce
50 [A] if
[B] as if
[C] only if（B）
[D] if only
Section III Reading Comprehension
Directions
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions For each question there are four answers marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (40 points)
Text 1
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment It lowers the costs of many services without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more
And perhaps most important of all advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy Apart from the fact that twentyseven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising He will not do so for long for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once If you see an article consistently advertised it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it and that it represents good value
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of
There is one point I feel I ought to touch on Recently I heard a wellknown television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs He was drawing excessively fine distinctions Of course advertising seeks to persuade
If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention But perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants
51 By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________
[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
[C] advertising costs money like everything else（D）
[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52 In the passage which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising
[A] Securing greater fame
[B] Providing more jobs
[C] Enhancing living standards（A）
[D] Reducing newspaper cost
53 The author deems that the wellknown TV personality is ________
[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information（D）
[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising
54 In the author’s opinion ________
[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer（C）
[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Text 2
There are two basic ways to see growth one as a product the other as a process People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured The worker who gets a promotion the student whose grades improve the foreigner who learns a new language all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts
By contrast the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way The process is not the road itself but rather the attitudes and feelings people have their caution or courage as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles In this process the journey never really ends there are always new ways to experience the world new ideas to try new challenges to accept
In order to grow to travel new roads people need to have a willingness to take risks to confront the unknown and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious If so then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences Do we think we’re shy and indecisive Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate to move slowly and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all
These feelings of insecurity and selfdoubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts if we protect ourselves too much then we cease to grow We become trapped inside a shell of our own making
55 A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[C] he is keen on leaning anything new（A）
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56 In the author’s eyes one who views personal growth as a process would ________
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges（C）
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
57 When the author says a new way of being (Line 2~3 Para 3) he is referring to ________
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[B] a new way of taking risks
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves（A）
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
58 For personal growth the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________
[A] curiosity about more chances
[B] promptness in selfadaptation
[C] openmindedness to new experiences（D）
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Text 3
In such a changing complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members f
riends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today
In addition to this there is the growing mobility of people since World War II As families move away from their stable community their friends of many years their extended family relationships the informal flow of information is cut off and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off Thus things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information The individual now has more information available than any generation and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated timeconsuming and sometimes even overwhelming
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machinereadable files and to program computers to locate specific information Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television radio and very shortly electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes andor jobs to travel to a distant conference site Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information thus making more information available to more people
In this world of change and complexity the need for information is of greatest importance Those people who have accurate reliable uptodate information to solve the daytoday problems the critical problems of their business social and family life will survive and succeed Knowledge is power may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people
59 The word it (Line 3 Para 2) most probably refers to ________
[A] the lack of stable communities
[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
[C] the increased mobility of families（B）
[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
60 The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________
[A] they have to learn new things consciously
[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily（C）
[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
61 From the passage we can infer that ________
[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences（A）
[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
62 We can learn from the last paragraph that ________
[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible
[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information（D）
[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
Text 4
Personality is to a large extent inherent Atype parents usually bring about Atype offspring But the environment must also have a profound effect since if competition is important to the parents it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children
One place where children soak up Acharacteristics is school which is by its very nature a highly competitive institution Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their Btype fellows Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences remember that Pheidippides the first marathon runner dropped dead seconds after saying Rejoice we conquer
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful
Obviously it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s The world needs A types and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment It is top management
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened more time might be spent teaching children surer values Perhaps selection for the caring professions especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from Atype stock B’s are important and should be encouraged
63 According to the passage Atype individuals are usually ________
[A] impatient
[B] considerate
[C] aggressive（C）
[D] agreeable
64 The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[B] some students are bound to fail
[C] failure rates are too high（B）
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
65 The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[B] academic achievements
[C] competitive spirit（B）
[D] surer values
66 From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics
[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors（C）
[D] Btype characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Text 5
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano to recitation of a poem and even to reading and understanding these words Socalled intelligent behaviour demands memory remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory Typically the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious Yet dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive In this sense the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals Indeed when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety forgetting may produce relief Nevertheless an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out providing clues for inferring duration Without forgetting adaptive ability would suffer for example learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting In this view continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output) Indeed there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputoutput balance
67 From the evolutionary point of view ________
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability（D）
[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68 According to the passage if a person never forgot ________
[A] he would survive best
[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced（B）
[D] the evolution of memory would stop
69 From the last paragraph we know that ________
[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced inputoutput system
[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting（A）
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70 In this article the author tries to interpret the function of ________
[A] remembering
[B] forgetting
[C] adapting（B）
[D] experiencing
Section IV EnglishChinese Translation
Directions
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (15 points)
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting classifying assigning or promoting students employees and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books magazines the daily press and even in Congress 71) The target is wrong for in attacking the tests critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users The tests themselves are merely tools with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions Whether the results will be valuable meaningless or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance school grades research productivity sales records or whatever is appropriate 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error
Standardized tests should be considered in this context They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned the skills he has developed or the kind of person he is The information so obtained has qualitatively the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information 73) Whether to use tests other kinds of information or both in a particular situation depends therefore upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability
74) In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined Properly used they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized but there are many things they do not do 75) For example they do not compensate for gross social inequality and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances
Section V Writing
Directions
[A] Title THE PROJECT HOPE
[B] Time limit 40 minutes
[C] Word limit 120150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country
[E] Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
OUTLINE
1 Present situation
2 Necessity of the project
3 My suggestion
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Section I Structure and Vocabulary
Part A
Directions
Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the one that best completes the sentence Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (5 points)
1 Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________
[A] had produced
[B] have been produced
[C] would have produced（D）
[D] had been produced
2 There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ________ in the public mind today
[A] exists
[B] exist
[C] existing（A）
[D] existed
3 The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory
[A] which to base on
[B] on which to base
[C] to base on which（B）
[D] which to be based on
4 ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction
[A] Everybody
[B] Anybody
[C] Somebody（D）
[D] Nobody
5 How many of us ________ say a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion
[A] attended
[B] attending
[C] to attend（B）
[D] have attended
6 Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced
[A] so that
[B] but that
[C] in that（C）
[D] provided that
7 We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal one
[A] rather than
[B] other than
[C] better than（A）
[D] less than
8 ________ is generally accepted economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production
[A] What
[B] That
[C] It（D）
[D] As
9 It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners
[A] by
[B] with
[C] at（A）
[D] on
10 Just as the soil is a part of the earth ________ the atmosphere
[A] as it is
[B] the same as
[C] so is（C）
[D] and so is
Part B
Directions
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (5 points)
11 The conveniences that Americans desire not so much a lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time too valuable （[A] reflect）
12 In debating one must correct the facts deny the relevance of his proof or deny he presents as proof relevant is sufficient（[D] if）
13 We are not the extent work provides the psychological satisfaction can make the between a full and an empty life（[B] to which）
14 The Portuguese a great deal of credit to for sea travel that man Prince Henry the navigator who lived in the 15th century（[D] being）
15 scientific experiments are generally correct those science are careful in the accuracy of their reports（[C] writing aboutwho write about）
16 whenever we a natural disaster in a distant part of the world we feel for the people （[D] affected）
17 It is perhaps not an exaggeration that we shall soon be our health wealth and happiness to elements with very names the general public unfamiliar（[C] whose）
18 The speaker claimed that modern nation devotes a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health the United States （[C] as）
19 There are those who consider it questionable that these research projects will an improvement in the standard of living or alternately to protect our resources（[C] do much）
20 If individuals they begin a dream phase of sleep they are likely to become irritable their total amount of sleep sufficient（[B] each time）
Part C
Directions
Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the one that best completes the sentence Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (10 points)
21 In that country guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date
[A] admired
[B] regarded
[C] expected（B）
[D] worshipped
22 A ________ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval
[A] shorthand
[B] scheme
[C] schedule（D）
[D] sketch
23 A man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old
[A] supply
[B] assurance
[C] provision（C）
[D] adjustment
24 The newlybuilt Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundred years
[A] spacious
[B] sophisticated
[C] substantial（C）
[D] steady
25 It is wellknown that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care
[A] entitled to
[B] involved in
[C] associated with（A）
[D] assigned to
26 The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ________
[A] danger
[B] stake
[C] loss（B）
[D] threat
27 I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech
[A] fatigued
[B] tired
[C] exhausted（D）
[D] bored
28 When the engine would not start the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ________
[A] wrong
[B] trouble
[C] fault（C）
[D] difficulty
29 Your advice would be ________ valuable to him who is at present at his wit’s end
[A] exceedingly
[B] excessively
[C] extensively（A）
[D] exclusively
30 He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract and now he has to ________ the consequences
[A] answer for
[B] run into
[C] abide by（A）
[D] step into
31 The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall and the city is threatened with a likely flood
[A] parallel to
[B] level in
[C] flat on（D）
[D] flush with
32 People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today
[A] convinced
[B] anticipated
[C] resolved（B）
[D] assured
33 In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ for language learning purposes there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills
[A] adapted
[B] acknowledged
[C] assembled（A）
[D] appointed
34 The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper
[A] let down
[B] let alone
[C] let off（C）
[D] let out
35 We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitter regrets
[A] urgent
[B] hasty
[C] instant（B）
[D] prompt
36 John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ in the dictionary
[A] missing
[B] losing
[C] dropping（A）
[D] leaking
37 In the past most foresters have been men but today the number of women ________ this field is climbing
[A] engaging
[B] devoting
[C] registering（D）
[D] pursuing
38 The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ________ but he gave us an idea about his plan
[A] at hand
[B] in turn
[C] in conclusion（D）
[D] at length
39 Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met
[A] prospect
[B] prediction
[C] prosperity（A）
[D] permission
40 It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in a furious state
[A] stable
[B] rational
[C] legal（B）
[D] credible
Section II Cloze Test
Directions
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (10 points)
Sleep is divided into periods of socalled REM sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming and longer periods of nonREM sleep kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood but REM sleep is to serve some restorative function of the brain The purpose of nonREM sleep is even more The new experiments such as those for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis suggest fascinating explanations of nonREM sleep
For example it has long been known that total sleep is 100 percent fatal to rats yet examination of the dead bodies the animals look completely normal A researcher has now the mystery of why the animals die The rats bacterial infections of the blood their immune systems the selfprotecting mechanism against disease had crashed
41 [A] Either
[B] Neither
[C] Each（B）
[D] Any
42 [A] intended
[B] required
[C] assumed（C）
[D] inferred
43 [A] subtle
[B] obvious
[C] mysterious（C）
[D] doubtful
44 [A] maintained
[B] described
[C] settled（B）
[D] afforded
45 [A] in the light
[B] by virtue
[C] with the exception（D）
[D] for the purpose
46 [A] reduction
[B] destruction
[C] deprivation（C）
[D] restriction
47 [A] upon
[B] by
[C] through（A）
[D] with
48 [A] paid attention to
[B] caught sight of
[C] laid emphasis on（D）
[D] cast light on
49 [A] develop
[B] produce
[C] stimulate（A）
[D] induce
50 [A] if
[B] as if
[C] only if（B）
[D] if only
Section III Reading Comprehension
Directions
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions For each question there are four answers marked [A] [B] [C] and [D] Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil (40 points)
Text 1
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment It lowers the costs of many services without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more
And perhaps most important of all advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy Apart from the fact that twentyseven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising He will not do so for long for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once If you see an article consistently advertised it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it and that it represents good value
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of
There is one point I feel I ought to touch on Recently I heard a wellknown television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs He was drawing excessively fine distinctions Of course advertising seeks to persuade
If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention But perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants
51 By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________
[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
[C] advertising costs money like everything else（D）
[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52 In the passage which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising
[A] Securing greater fame
[B] Providing more jobs
[C] Enhancing living standards（A）
[D] Reducing newspaper cost
53 The author deems that the wellknown TV personality is ________
[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information（D）
[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising
54 In the author’s opinion ________
[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer（C）
[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Text 2
There are two basic ways to see growth one as a product the other as a process People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured The worker who gets a promotion the student whose grades improve the foreigner who learns a new language all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts
By contrast the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way The process is not the road itself but rather the attitudes and feelings people have their caution or courage as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles In this process the journey never really ends there are always new ways to experience the world new ideas to try new challenges to accept
In order to grow to travel new roads people need to have a willingness to take risks to confront the unknown and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious If so then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences Do we think we’re shy and indecisive Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate to move slowly and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all
These feelings of insecurity and selfdoubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts if we protect ourselves too much then we cease to grow We become trapped inside a shell of our own making
55 A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[C] he is keen on leaning anything new（A）
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56 In the author’s eyes one who views personal growth as a process would ________
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges（C）
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
57 When the author says a new way of being (Line 2~3 Para 3) he is referring to ________
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[B] a new way of taking risks
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves（A）
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
58 For personal growth the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________
[A] curiosity about more chances
[B] promptness in selfadaptation
[C] openmindedness to new experiences（D）
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Text 3
In such a changing complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members f
riends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today
In addition to this there is the growing mobility of people since World War II As families move away from their stable community their friends of many years their extended family relationships the informal flow of information is cut off and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off Thus things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information The individual now has more information available than any generation and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated timeconsuming and sometimes even overwhelming
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machinereadable files and to program computers to locate specific information Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television radio and very shortly electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes andor jobs to travel to a distant conference site Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information thus making more information available to more people
In this world of change and complexity the need for information is of greatest importance Those people who have accurate reliable uptodate information to solve the daytoday problems the critical problems of their business social and family life will survive and succeed Knowledge is power may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people
59 The word it (Line 3 Para 2) most probably refers to ________
[A] the lack of stable communities
[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
[C] the increased mobility of families（B）
[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
60 The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________
[A] they have to learn new things consciously
[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily（C）
[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
61 From the passage we can infer that ________
[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences（A）
[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
62 We can learn from the last paragraph that ________
[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible
[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information（D）
[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
Text 4
Personality is to a large extent inherent Atype parents usually bring about Atype offspring But the environment must also have a profound effect since if competition is important to the parents it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children
One place where children soak up Acharacteristics is school which is by its very nature a highly competitive institution Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their Btype fellows Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences remember that Pheidippides the first marathon runner dropped dead seconds after saying Rejoice we conquer
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful
Obviously it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s The world needs A types and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment It is top management
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened more time might be spent teaching children surer values Perhaps selection for the caring professions especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from Atype stock B’s are important and should be encouraged
63 According to the passage Atype individuals are usually ________
[A] impatient
[B] considerate
[C] aggressive（C）
[D] agreeable
64 The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[B] some students are bound to fail
[C] failure rates are too high（B）
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
65 The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[B] academic achievements
[C] competitive spirit（B）
[D] surer values
66 From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics
[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors（C）
[D] Btype characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Text 5
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano to recitation of a poem and even to reading and understanding these words Socalled intelligent behaviour demands memory remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory Typically the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious Yet dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive In this sense the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals Indeed when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety forgetting may produce relief Nevertheless an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out providing clues for inferring duration Without forgetting adaptive ability would suffer for example learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting In this view continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output) Indeed there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputoutput balance
67 From the evolutionary point of view ________
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability（D）
[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68 According to the passage if a person never forgot ________
[A] he would survive best
[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced（B）
[D] the evolution of memory would stop
69 From the last paragraph we know that ________
[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced inputoutput system
[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting（A）
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70 In this article the author tries to interpret the function of ________
[A] remembering
[B] forgetting
[C] adapting（B）
[D] experiencing
Section IV EnglishChinese Translation
Directions
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (15 points)
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting classifying assigning or promoting students employees and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books magazines the daily press and even in Congress 71) The target is wrong for in attacking the tests critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users The tests themselves are merely tools with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions Whether the results will be valuable meaningless or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance school grades research productivity sales records or whatever is appropriate 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error
Standardized tests should be considered in this context They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned the skills he has developed or the kind of person he is The information so obtained has qualitatively the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information 73) Whether to use tests other kinds of information or both in a particular situation depends therefore upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability
74) In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined Properly used they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized but there are many things they do not do 75) For example they do not compensate for gross social inequality and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances
Section V Writing
Directions
[A] Title THE PROJECT HOPE
[B] Time limit 40 minutes
[C] Word limit 120150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country
[E] Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)
OUTLINE
1 Present situation
2 Necessity of the project
3 My suggestion
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