2015年考研英语()真题完整版
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Though not biologically related friends are as related as fourth cousins sharing about 1 of genes That is _(1)_a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has__(2)_
The study is a genomewide analysis conducted _(3)__1932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers The same people were used in both_(5)_
While 1 may seem_(6)_it is not so to a geneticist As James Fowler professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin
The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain for now_(10)_as the team suggests it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_functional Kinship of being friends with_(14)_
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30000 years with social environment being a major_(17)_factor
The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds say the researchers Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects friends and strangers were taken from the same population
1 [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
2 [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
3 [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
4 [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected
5 [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples
6 [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible
7 [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
8 [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass
9 [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10 [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps
11 [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like
12 [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit
13 [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14 [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits
15 [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier
16 [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express
17 [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18 [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency
19 [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20 [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don’t abdicate they dare in their sleep But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euroelections have forced him to eat his words and stand down So does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days Does that mean the
writing is on the wall for all European royals with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy When public opinion is particularly polarised as it was following the end of the Franco regime monarchs can rise above mere politics and embody a spirit of national unity
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized And also the Middle East excepted Europe is the most monarchinfested region in the world with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra) But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a noncontroversial but respected public figure
Even so kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways Princes and princesses have dayjobs and ride bicycles not horses (or helicopters) Even so these are wealthy families who party with the international 1 and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if wellheeled) granny style The danger will come with Charles who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as noncontroversial and nonpolitical heads of state Charles ought to know that as English history shows it is kings not republicans who are the monarchy’s worst enemies
21 According to the first two Paragraphs King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A] used turn enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] cased his relationship with his rivals
[D]ended his reign in embarrassment
22 Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment
23 Which of the following is shown to be odd according to Paragraph 4
[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges
24 The British royals have most to fear because Charles
[A] takes a rough line on political issues
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25 Which of the following is the best title of the text
[A] Carlos Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D]Charles Slow to React to the Coming Threats
TEXT 2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest It is hard the state argues for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice Enough of the implications are discernable even obvious so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police lawyers and defendants
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say going through a suspect’s purse The court has ruled that police don＇t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook of an arrestee without a warrant But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history financial history medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence The development of cloud computing meanwhile has made that exploration so much the easier
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole New disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections Orin Kerr a law professor compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now
26 The Supreme court will work out whether during an arrest it is legitimate to
[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant
[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized
[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
27 The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of
[A] tolerance
[B] indifference
[C] disapproval
[D] cautiousness
28 The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to
[A] getting into one’s residence
[B] handing one’s historical records
[C] scanning one’s correspondences
[D] going through one’s wallet
29 In Paragraph 5 and 6 the author shows his concern that
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed
[B] the court is giving police less room for action
[C] phones are used to store sensitive information
[D] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected
30Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that
(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution
(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered
Text 3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peerreview process editorinchief Marcia McNutt announced today The policy follows similar efforts from other journals after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings
Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal writes McNutt in an editorial Working with the American Statistical Association the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE) Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change McNutt said The creation of the statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish
Giovanni Parmigiani a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health a member of the SBoRE group says he expects the board to play primarily an advisory role He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel unique and likely to have a lasting impact This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself but hopefully
through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science
31It can be learned from Paragraph I that
[A] Science intends to simplify its peerreview process
[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks
[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects
32The phrase flagged up (Para2)is the closest in meaning to
[A]found
[B]revised
[C]marked
[D]stored
33Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
[A]pose a threat to all its peers
[B]meet with strong opposition
[C]increase Science’s circulation
[D]set an example for other journals
34David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
A adds to researchers’ worklosd
B diminishes the role of reviewers
C has room for further improvement
D is to fail in the foreseeable future
35 Which of the following is the best title of the text
A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
D Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text 4
Two years ago Rupert Murdoch’s daughter Elisabeth spoke of the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions Integrity had collapsed she argued because of a collective acceptance that the only sorting mechanism in society should be profit and the market But it’s us human beings we the people who create the society we want not profit
Driving her point home she continued It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose of a moral language within government media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International she
thought making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking
As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one exeditor of the News of the World Andy Coulson for conspiring to hack phones and finding his predecessor Rebekah Brooks innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5500 people This is hacking on an industrial scale as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking Others await trial This saga still unfolds
In many respects the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing
In today’s world it has become normal that wellpaid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run Perhaps we should not be so surprised For a generation the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit The words that have mattered are efficiency flexibility shareholder value businessfriendly wealth generation sales impact and in newspapers circulation Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness tolerance proportionality and accountability
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories but she asked no questions gave no instructions—nor received traceable recorded answers
36 Accordign to the first two paragraphs Elisabeth was upset by
(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
(B) companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices
(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues
(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions
37 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge
(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions
38 The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence
(A) revealed a cunning personality
(B) centered on trivial issues
(C) was hardly convincing
(D) was part of a conspiracy
39 The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
(A) generally distorted values
(B) unfair wealth distribution
(C) a marginalized lifestyle
(D) a rigid moral code
40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph
(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance
(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting
(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper
(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the fist AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
How does your reading proceed Clearly you try to comprehend in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved who is making the utterance to whom when and where
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problemsolving You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______
Conceived in this way comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute fixed or true meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy or some timeless relation of the text to the world (43) _______
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are (44) _______This doesn’t however make interpretation merely relative or even pointless Precisely because readers from different historical periods places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the pageincluding for texts that engage with fundamental human concernsdebates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it (45)_______such dimensions of read suggestas others introduced later in the book will also dothat we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller more advanced or more worthwhile than another Ideally different kinds of reading inform each other and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another Together they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course Reading it simply for pleasure Skimming it for information Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading our gender ethnicity age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms you guess at their meaning using clues presented in the contest On the assumption that they will become relevant later you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them
[D]In effect you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence image or reference might have had These might be the ones the author intended
[E]You make further inferences for instance about how the test may be significant to you or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible
[F]In playsnovels and narrative poems characters speak as constructs created by the author not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts
[G]Rather we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background social knowledge belief and attitude that we bring to the text
Section III Translation
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America 46) This movement driven by powerful and diverse
motivations built a nation out of a wilderness and by its nature shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent
47) The United States is the product of two principal forcesthe immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits Of necessity colonial America was a projection of Europe Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen Frenchmen Germans Scots Irishmen Dutchmen Swedes and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world
48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another and the sheer difficulty of maintaining oldworld ways in a raw new continent caused significant changes These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible But the result was a new social pattern which although it resembled European society in many ways had a character that was distinctly American
49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th and 16thcentury explorations of North America In the meantime thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico the West Indies and South America These travelers to North America came in small unmercifully overcrowded craft During their six to twelveweek voyage they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them Many of the ship were lost in storms many passengers died of disease and infants rarely survived the journey Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course and often calm brought unbearably long delay
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief said one recorder of events The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a newblown garden The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasurehouse which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia Here was abundant fuel and lumber Here was the raw material of houses and furniture ships and potash dyes and naval stores
Section IV Writing
Part A
51 Directions
You are going to host a club reading session Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members
You should state reasons for your recommendation
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET (20 points)
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Though not biologically related friends are as related as fourth cousins sharing about 1 of genes That is _(1)_a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has__(2)_
The study is a genomewide analysis conducted _(3)__1932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers The same people were used in both_(5)_
While 1 may seem_(6)_it is not so to a geneticist As James Fowler professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin
The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain for now_(10)_as the team suggests it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_functional Kinship of being friends with_(14)_
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30000 years with social environment being a major_(17)_factor
The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds say the researchers Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects friends and strangers were taken from the same population
1 [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
2 [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
3 [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
4 [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected
5 [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples
6 [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible
7 [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
8 [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass
9 [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10 [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps
11 [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like
12 [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit
13 [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14 [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits
15 [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier
16 [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express
17 [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18 [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency
19 [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20 [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don’t abdicate they dare in their sleep But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euroelections have forced him to eat his words and stand down So does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days Does that mean the
writing is on the wall for all European royals with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy When public opinion is particularly polarised as it was following the end of the Franco regime monarchs can rise above mere politics and embody a spirit of national unity
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized And also the Middle East excepted Europe is the most monarchinfested region in the world with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra) But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a noncontroversial but respected public figure
Even so kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways Princes and princesses have dayjobs and ride bicycles not horses (or helicopters) Even so these are wealthy families who party with the international 1 and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if wellheeled) granny style The danger will come with Charles who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as noncontroversial and nonpolitical heads of state Charles ought to know that as English history shows it is kings not republicans who are the monarchy’s worst enemies
21 According to the first two Paragraphs King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A] used turn enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] cased his relationship with his rivals
[D]ended his reign in embarrassment
22 Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment
23 Which of the following is shown to be odd according to Paragraph 4
[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges
24 The British royals have most to fear because Charles
[A] takes a rough line on political issues
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25 Which of the following is the best title of the text
[A] Carlos Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D]Charles Slow to React to the Coming Threats
TEXT 2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest It is hard the state argues for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice Enough of the implications are discernable even obvious so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police lawyers and defendants
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say going through a suspect’s purse The court has ruled that police don＇t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook of an arrestee without a warrant But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history financial history medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence The development of cloud computing meanwhile has made that exploration so much the easier
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole New disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections Orin Kerr a law professor compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now
26 The Supreme court will work out whether during an arrest it is legitimate to
[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant
[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized
[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
27 The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of
[A] tolerance
[B] indifference
[C] disapproval
[D] cautiousness
28 The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to
[A] getting into one’s residence
[B] handing one’s historical records
[C] scanning one’s correspondences
[D] going through one’s wallet
29 In Paragraph 5 and 6 the author shows his concern that
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed
[B] the court is giving police less room for action
[C] phones are used to store sensitive information
[D] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected
30Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that
(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution
(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered
Text 3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peerreview process editorinchief Marcia McNutt announced today The policy follows similar efforts from other journals after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings
Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal writes McNutt in an editorial Working with the American Statistical Association the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE) Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change McNutt said The creation of the statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish
Giovanni Parmigiani a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health a member of the SBoRE group says he expects the board to play primarily an advisory role He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel unique and likely to have a lasting impact This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself but hopefully
through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science
31It can be learned from Paragraph I that
[A] Science intends to simplify its peerreview process
[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks
[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects
32The phrase flagged up (Para2)is the closest in meaning to
[A]found
[B]revised
[C]marked
[D]stored
33Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
[A]pose a threat to all its peers
[B]meet with strong opposition
[C]increase Science’s circulation
[D]set an example for other journals
34David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
A adds to researchers’ worklosd
B diminishes the role of reviewers
C has room for further improvement
D is to fail in the foreseeable future
35 Which of the following is the best title of the text
A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
D Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text 4
Two years ago Rupert Murdoch’s daughter Elisabeth spoke of the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions Integrity had collapsed she argued because of a collective acceptance that the only sorting mechanism in society should be profit and the market But it’s us human beings we the people who create the society we want not profit
Driving her point home she continued It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose of a moral language within government media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International she
thought making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking
As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one exeditor of the News of the World Andy Coulson for conspiring to hack phones and finding his predecessor Rebekah Brooks innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5500 people This is hacking on an industrial scale as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking Others await trial This saga still unfolds
In many respects the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing
In today’s world it has become normal that wellpaid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run Perhaps we should not be so surprised For a generation the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit The words that have mattered are efficiency flexibility shareholder value businessfriendly wealth generation sales impact and in newspapers circulation Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness tolerance proportionality and accountability
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories but she asked no questions gave no instructions—nor received traceable recorded answers
36 Accordign to the first two paragraphs Elisabeth was upset by
(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
(B) companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices
(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues
(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions
37 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge
(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions
38 The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence
(A) revealed a cunning personality
(B) centered on trivial issues
(C) was hardly convincing
(D) was part of a conspiracy
39 The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
(A) generally distorted values
(B) unfair wealth distribution
(C) a marginalized lifestyle
(D) a rigid moral code
40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph
(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance
(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting
(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper
(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations
Part B
Directions
In the following text some sentences have been removed For Questions 4145 choose the most suitable one from the fist AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
How does your reading proceed Clearly you try to comprehend in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved who is making the utterance to whom when and where
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problemsolving You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______
Conceived in this way comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute fixed or true meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy or some timeless relation of the text to the world (43) _______
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are (44) _______This doesn’t however make interpretation merely relative or even pointless Precisely because readers from different historical periods places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the pageincluding for texts that engage with fundamental human concernsdebates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it (45)_______such dimensions of read suggestas others introduced later in the book will also dothat we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller more advanced or more worthwhile than another Ideally different kinds of reading inform each other and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another Together they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course Reading it simply for pleasure Skimming it for information Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading our gender ethnicity age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms you guess at their meaning using clues presented in the contest On the assumption that they will become relevant later you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them
[D]In effect you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence image or reference might have had These might be the ones the author intended
[E]You make further inferences for instance about how the test may be significant to you or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible
[F]In playsnovels and narrative poems characters speak as constructs created by the author not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts
[G]Rather we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background social knowledge belief and attitude that we bring to the text
Section III Translation
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America 46) This movement driven by powerful and diverse
motivations built a nation out of a wilderness and by its nature shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent
47) The United States is the product of two principal forcesthe immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits Of necessity colonial America was a projection of Europe Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen Frenchmen Germans Scots Irishmen Dutchmen Swedes and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world
48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another and the sheer difficulty of maintaining oldworld ways in a raw new continent caused significant changes These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible But the result was a new social pattern which although it resembled European society in many ways had a character that was distinctly American
49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th and 16thcentury explorations of North America In the meantime thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico the West Indies and South America These travelers to North America came in small unmercifully overcrowded craft During their six to twelveweek voyage they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them Many of the ship were lost in storms many passengers died of disease and infants rarely survived the journey Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course and often calm brought unbearably long delay
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief said one recorder of events The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a newblown garden The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasurehouse which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia Here was abundant fuel and lumber Here was the raw material of houses and furniture ships and potash dyes and naval stores
Section IV Writing
Part A
51 Directions
You are going to host a club reading session Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members
You should state reasons for your recommendation
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Li Ming instead
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET (20 points)
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