跨文化考试总结
考试构成：
单选 1*1010分（Choose the one that）中部分书中概念
二判断 1*1010分（A—>trueB—>false) 课题第二题中某题变动注重理解
三搭配 1*2020分matching 四组搭配概念应章课summary中黑体字
四阅读理解 1*2020分四篇课文中专词关
五完型填空 1*1010分
六案例分析 3*515分五案例书中案例四课外
七写作 15分150+words准备跨文化交际文章四十分钟写作时间800——840作文提前收
注：前六题客观题选择写作观题
课题：
（课题第第二题老师关注里写啦课第第二题里全啦）
1P28——P30
2P58——P61
3P95——P97
4P124——P126
5P159——P162
6P194——P197
7P237——P240
8P270——P272
9P304——P306
概念关键词+考试范围CASE：
Chapter 1 Culture
Keywords
(1) Culture (from intellectual perspective) Culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively（知性角度定义文化：作整体类智力成艺术表现）
(2) Culture (from anthropologic perspective) Culture consists of patterns explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups including their embodiments in artifacts the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values（类学角度定义文化：文化清晰模糊行模式构成模式通符号获传播符号类群体特成构成包括具体工制品文化基核心传统思想相关价值观构成）
(3) Culture ( from psychological perspective) culture is the collective programming of he mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another（心理学角度定义文化：文化类群体成员区类群体思维总体规划）
(4) Culture (from socialogical perspective) Culture is defined as a pattern of learned grouprelated perception—including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes values belief system disbelief systems and behavior (社会学角度定义文化：文化种基群体认知模式——包括言语非言语符号态度价值观信仰非信仰系统行)
(5) Culture ( from intercultural communication perspective) is the deposit of knowledge experience belief values actions attitudes hierarchies religions notions of time roles spatial relations concepts of the universe and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving （跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化群体种族发展程中获知识验信仰价值观行态度阶级宗教时间观角色空间观宇宙观艺术品集合）
(6) Culture Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group（文化身份：认属某文化民族群体感觉）
(7) Subculture：refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture and is often based on economic or social class ethnicity race or geographic region （亚文化：指存流文化中文化划分通常基济位社会阶层民族种族理区域）
Subcultures exist within dominant culture and are often based on economic or social classethnicityraceor geographic region
(8) Coculture refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics perceptions values beliefs and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups communities and the dominant culture （文化：指具独特交际特征感知特点价值观信仰行区群体社团流文化群体社团）
(9) Subgroup usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do （亚群体：相亚文化文化群体亚群体通常规模定文化群体世代相传积累价值观念行模式）
Case 2 White Dress
Case analysis The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text Culture is like an iceberg we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures but we do not know the values underneath Culture is like the water a fish swims in people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why
♣(6) Culture Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group（文化身份：认属某文化民族群体感觉）
Case 4 Coconutskating（椰油保养板方法）
Case analysis The case reflects the characteristics of culture We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication
Keywords
(1) SenderSource A sendersource is the person who transmits a message（信息发出者信息源：信息发出者信息源指传递信息）
(2) Message A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应信号）
(3) Encoding It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语非言语方式发出目信息行）
(4) ChannelMedium：It is the method used to deliver a message （渠道媒介：渠道媒介指发送信息方法 ）
(5) Receiver A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者指注意信息赋予信息某含义)
(6) Decoding It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols heshe has received（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予收言语符号信息意义行）
(7) Feedback The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback（反馈：反馈指信息接收者信息源信息做出反应）
(8) Noise It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages including external noise physiological noise psychological noise and semantic noise（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流种素包括外界干扰生理干扰心理干扰语义干扰）
(9) Context A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place including physical context social context and interpersonal context（语境：语境指交际发生环境包括然语境社会语境际语境） (10) Intercultural communication It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指文化认知符号系统存差异间交际差异足改变整交际事件)
(11) International communication it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals it is quite formal and ritualized (国际交流：国际交流指发生国家政府间非发生间交际种交际非常正式仪式化)
(12) Interracial communication It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races (跨种族交际：跨种族交际指交流信息信息源信息接受者种族交际)
(13) Interethnic communication It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture（跨民族交际：跨民族交际指国家文化部民族群体间交际）
(14) Intracultural communication it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture（文化交际：文化交际指文化部成员间交际）
(15) Communication is derived from the Latin word communicaremeaning to share with or to make commonas in giving to another part or share of your thoughtshopesand knowledge
Case 12 Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza
This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication In Malaysia where most people are Muslims people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food Knowing nothing about the cultural difference the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Keywords
(1) Sensation It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment（感觉：感觉意识周围环境神程)
(2) Perception It is the process by which we become aware of objects events and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higherorder cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information (知觉：知觉种通种感觉觉察事物事件行程解释感觉信息更高阶认知程)
(3) Selection It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us（选择：选择周围选择刺激信息中筛选出需信息程)
(4) Organization It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way （组织： 组织周围选择刺激信息种意义方式整理组合程）
(5) Interpretation It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding（释义：释义赋予感觉信息意义程 类似解码程）
Case 16 Different Responses to Noise
This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same especially when they come from different cultures Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition In this case the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers
Keywords
(1) Anxiety It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction（焦虑：知道迎合期关注情绪全心投入交际事物中时会产生焦虑）
(2) Uncertainty It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety (确定：确定指法认知角度解释交际活动中感觉行种认知角度解释力欠缺某种引起焦虑含糊情境导致)
(3) Assuming similarity instead of difference It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is （假定致性：假定致性指认文化相似处境处境相似事实非）
(4) Ethnocentrism It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture（种族民中心义：指国文化标准出发消极审视文化）
(5) Stereotypes They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership（文化定势：文化定势指基明显受认群体身份目标群体中体成员持正面反面判断）
(6) Prejudice It refers to the irrational dislike suspicion or hatred of a particular group race religion or sexual orientation（偏见：偏见指某特定群体种族宗教性取端憎恶怀疑）
(7) Racism It refers to any policy practice belief or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race（种族义：种族义指基种族性格特点位政策做法信仰态度）
Case 21 A Danish Woman in New York
This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference When communicating with people from another culture one is likely to regard and treat other people as his people and to assume there must be only one way of doing things that is his way In this case the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone which is common in Denmark is also appropriate in New York Here she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture That is why the small conflict happens
Case 23 Girlness
This case can reflect one of the translation problems the lack of conceptual equivalence which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person Concerning this case we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States In China girl means someone who is young and single In a way it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman For most people woman means someone who is married and who probably is not young In fact most single Chinese females such as university students would be insulted to be called women While in the West in formal public settings it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman even though she may not be legally old enough to vote marry purchase alcoholic beverages drive a car or sign a contract This terminology became widespread during the women＇s liberation movement in the 1960s The term ＇girl is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful
Case 24An Unfair Decision
This case reflects prejudice which involves an unfair biased or intolerant attitude towards another group of people In this case Mr Bias decided to select someone else instead of applicant from the country Levadel for the position That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication
Keywords
(1) Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language文化背景言语进行交际言语跨文化交际
(2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people 方言某群体特语言整群体言语
(3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style （社会方言指社会阶级言语风格产生方言）
(4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading 洋泾浜种特殊语言变体指贸易等目两种种语言混合
(5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region it is called a Creole 洋泾浜母语成某区永久语言成克里奥耳语混合语
(6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication 通语指作国际间交流手段种特殊语言
(7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite 禁忌语指禁止避免具犯性礼貌行
(8) Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary 委婉语代具犯性礼貌禁忌语词语
（9）Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law 行话指演变专门科技词汇满足特殊职业特殊需例医药法律
Case 25Success Story
One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant In this case Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question Ms Goshima however was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question If Mary had been more patient she would have eventually heard the answer to her question but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms Goshima＇s comments weren＇t really relevant to her query
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
Keywords
(1) Nonverbal communication It refers to the messages sent without using words （非言语交际：运言语语言传递信息称非言语交际)
(2) Proxemics It refers to the study of spatial relations（时空行：时空行空间关系研究）
(3) Kinesics It refers to gestures facial expressions eye contact body positions body movement and forms of greeting and their relation to communication（身势语行：身势语（称体态语）指手势面目表情眼神交流身体姿势肢体运动问候方式交际关系）
(4) Chronemics It is the study of how people perceive and use time（时间行：理解利时间研究）
(5) Paralanguage It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning（辅助语行：增强含义伴言语语言产生听声音符号系统）
(6) Haptics It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact（触觉行：指通身体接触交流）
(7) Chromatics It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions behaviors and impressions of others（色彩学：色彩学指影响认知行印象色彩研究）
(8) Olfactics It is the study of communication via smell（气味行：研究气味交流影响学科）
(9) Oculesics It is the study of communications sent by the eyes（目光语：眼睛传达信息研究文化交际时眼神接触求）
(10) Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to thinkcheck or suppress an emotionencode a lengthy responseor inaugurate another line of thought
(11) Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance it also serves as nonverbal symbols
Case 33Are Americans Indifferent
This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication especially facial expression differ according to different culturesCompared to most Chinese Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives even though they have some misfortune In this case because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese
Case 36Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm
This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexualIn this case Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearlyso he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all
Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns
Keywords
(1) Cultural pattern Shared beliefs values norms and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns (文化模式指相稳定信仰价值观标准社会实践文化模式相似情形会产生相似行)
(2) Context：It is the information that surrounds an event and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event（语境指事件发生时周围信息事件意义解读具重参考价值）
(3) High context communication is one in which most of the information is already in the person while very little is in the coded explicitly transmitted part of the message （高语境交际指交际程中部分信息交际身传递少量信息明确语言形式传递）
(4) Low context communication is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code （低语境交际指量信息通明确语言编码传递交际）
(5) Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty （确定性规避指某文化成员确定性素规避程度）
(6) Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally （权力距离指机构组织中权利较成员权利等分配接受程度） 3 Brief Explanations to the Cases of this Chapter
(7) Beliefa belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world
(8) Valuesinvolve what a culture regards as good or badright or wrongfair or unfairjust or unjustbeautiful or uglyclean or dirtyvaluable or worthlessappropriate or inappropriateand kind or cruel
(9) Normsare the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors
(10) Social practicesare the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow
(11) Humannature orientation真知道该总结概念家吧书P239
(12) Personnature orientationconsists of three categariesmastery over natureharmony with naturesubjugation to nature
(13) Time orientationas far as time orientation is concernedcultures may belong to 1the past orientation2the present orientation3the future orientation
(14) Activity orientationthe activity orientation involves three groups1the doing orientation2the being orientation3the beinginbecoming orientation
(15) Relational orientationconsists of three categaries1individualism2lineality3collaterality
(16) Individualistic culturesgive more importance to individuals＇ needs when they do things such as setting goals
(17) Collectivismis characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between ingroups and outgroups
(18) Masculine and feminine cultures没懂啊没懂郁闷
Case 41 Getting Frustrated
Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn＇t apply in Saudi Arabia and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh a type of kickback to a middleman (and it is a man) who facilitates contacts between potential business partners The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it The more baksheesh the person gives the more likely it is that the person will succeed because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community In addition Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating However they are also concerned with hygiene They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that within the context of their religious beliefs make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners
Case 43 The Improvement Does Not Work
Following their individualistic orientations Mr Patterson and Mr Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups However as Park Young Sam mentions doing so upset the harmony of the groups which in turn led to poor performance In the United States workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement In collectivistic cultures however workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures But cultures are not pure Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals For example Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies In Denmark individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs Regarding income and social rank Danes are staunchly egalitarian At the same time however Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group In this way Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum
Case 44When Shall We Meet For Dinner
Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case In the dialogue presented belowKelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation Kelly from the United States possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index while Keiko from Japan comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance indexIn the dialogue above Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans Coming from a high uncertaintyavoidant culture Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening Kelly on the other hand is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses Without a plan how will Keiko know how to act
Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Keywords
Communication is not devoid of external influence all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social physical and cultural settings in which it occurs This is known as the communication context （交际法脱离外部环境影响：类交际少受社会物理文化场景影响场景称交际语境）
Case 48Gift from a Chinese
Chinese people love giving gifts Usually the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough An inexpensive gift means a loss of faceDongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respectNorth American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide Such gifts are treasured however the value usually is fairly small a bottle of wine a music CD a small book or other tokens
Case 50Refuse to Be Treated
In the case just described the US American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first However the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first Their position age and wisdom demanded respect For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectfulThe conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible Because the US Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress it was good that they were willing to do so Sadly this is not always the case
Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation
Keywords
（1）Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture （文化适应：文化适应指学适应新文化社会规范价值观念程）
（2）Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture losing their culture in the process (化：化指民族群体逐渐失原文化接受新流文化程)
（3）Integration It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture This kind of acculturation is called integration (文化融合：文化融合指文化适应程中高度接受新流文化时保留文化完整性)
（4）Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with and reaffirmation of their native culture the mode of acculturation is called separation （分离：分离指文化适应程中原文化进行重新肯定认保留原文化新流文化相关微观文化接受认）
（5）Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society（隔离：隔离济政治更强新流文化接受进行文化接触会种文化隔离外）
（6）Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture (边缘化：边缘化指仅失原文化身份法融入新流文化)
（7）Culture shock It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture （文化击文化休克：文化击文化休克指进入种新文化环境中遭遇痛苦难忘历）
（8）Intercultural adaptation It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment (跨文化适应：跨文化适应指断提高适应力期达新文化环境需)
Case 54 A Fish out of Water
This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock which may bring him some psychological symptoms Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture its customs as well as its value systems Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed In this case when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture shock
Case 55 Missing China
This case can reflect reverse culture shock When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the Ucurve pattern once again In this case John whose comes from Canada has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture Therefore when he returns to Canada he cannot adapt well to his native culture
文档香网(httpswwwxiangdangnet)户传
《香当网》用户分享的内容，不代表《香当网》观点或立场，请自行判断内容的真实性和可靠性！
该内容是文档的文本内容，更好的格式请下载文档
考试构成：
单选 1*1010分（Choose the one that）中部分书中概念
二判断 1*1010分（A—>trueB—>false) 课题第二题中某题变动注重理解
三搭配 1*2020分matching 四组搭配概念应章课summary中黑体字
四阅读理解 1*2020分四篇课文中专词关
五完型填空 1*1010分
六案例分析 3*515分五案例书中案例四课外
七写作 15分150+words准备跨文化交际文章四十分钟写作时间800——840作文提前收
注：前六题客观题选择写作观题
课题：
（课题第第二题老师关注里写啦课第第二题里全啦）
1P28——P30
2P58——P61
3P95——P97
4P124——P126
5P159——P162
6P194——P197
7P237——P240
8P270——P272
9P304——P306
概念关键词+考试范围CASE：
Chapter 1 Culture
Keywords
(1) Culture (from intellectual perspective) Culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively（知性角度定义文化：作整体类智力成艺术表现）
(2) Culture (from anthropologic perspective) Culture consists of patterns explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups including their embodiments in artifacts the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values（类学角度定义文化：文化清晰模糊行模式构成模式通符号获传播符号类群体特成构成包括具体工制品文化基核心传统思想相关价值观构成）
(3) Culture ( from psychological perspective) culture is the collective programming of he mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another（心理学角度定义文化：文化类群体成员区类群体思维总体规划）
(4) Culture (from socialogical perspective) Culture is defined as a pattern of learned grouprelated perception—including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes values belief system disbelief systems and behavior (社会学角度定义文化：文化种基群体认知模式——包括言语非言语符号态度价值观信仰非信仰系统行)
(5) Culture ( from intercultural communication perspective) is the deposit of knowledge experience belief values actions attitudes hierarchies religions notions of time roles spatial relations concepts of the universe and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving （跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化群体种族发展程中获知识验信仰价值观行态度阶级宗教时间观角色空间观宇宙观艺术品集合）
(6) Culture Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group（文化身份：认属某文化民族群体感觉）
(7) Subculture：refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture and is often based on economic or social class ethnicity race or geographic region （亚文化：指存流文化中文化划分通常基济位社会阶层民族种族理区域）
Subcultures exist within dominant culture and are often based on economic or social classethnicityraceor geographic region
(8) Coculture refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics perceptions values beliefs and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups communities and the dominant culture （文化：指具独特交际特征感知特点价值观信仰行区群体社团流文化群体社团）
(9) Subgroup usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do （亚群体：相亚文化文化群体亚群体通常规模定文化群体世代相传积累价值观念行模式）
Case 2 White Dress
Case analysis The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text Culture is like an iceberg we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures but we do not know the values underneath Culture is like the water a fish swims in people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why
♣(6) Culture Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group（文化身份：认属某文化民族群体感觉）
Case 4 Coconutskating（椰油保养板方法）
Case analysis The case reflects the characteristics of culture We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication
Keywords
(1) SenderSource A sendersource is the person who transmits a message（信息发出者信息源：信息发出者信息源指传递信息）
(2) Message A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应信号）
(3) Encoding It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语非言语方式发出目信息行）
(4) ChannelMedium：It is the method used to deliver a message （渠道媒介：渠道媒介指发送信息方法 ）
(5) Receiver A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者指注意信息赋予信息某含义)
(6) Decoding It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols heshe has received（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予收言语符号信息意义行）
(7) Feedback The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback（反馈：反馈指信息接收者信息源信息做出反应）
(8) Noise It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages including external noise physiological noise psychological noise and semantic noise（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流种素包括外界干扰生理干扰心理干扰语义干扰）
(9) Context A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place including physical context social context and interpersonal context（语境：语境指交际发生环境包括然语境社会语境际语境） (10) Intercultural communication It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指文化认知符号系统存差异间交际差异足改变整交际事件)
(11) International communication it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals it is quite formal and ritualized (国际交流：国际交流指发生国家政府间非发生间交际种交际非常正式仪式化)
(12) Interracial communication It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races (跨种族交际：跨种族交际指交流信息信息源信息接受者种族交际)
(13) Interethnic communication It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture（跨民族交际：跨民族交际指国家文化部民族群体间交际）
(14) Intracultural communication it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture（文化交际：文化交际指文化部成员间交际）
(15) Communication is derived from the Latin word communicaremeaning to share with or to make commonas in giving to another part or share of your thoughtshopesand knowledge
Case 12 Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza
This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication In Malaysia where most people are Muslims people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food Knowing nothing about the cultural difference the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception
Keywords
(1) Sensation It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment（感觉：感觉意识周围环境神程)
(2) Perception It is the process by which we become aware of objects events and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higherorder cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information (知觉：知觉种通种感觉觉察事物事件行程解释感觉信息更高阶认知程)
(3) Selection It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us（选择：选择周围选择刺激信息中筛选出需信息程)
(4) Organization It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way （组织： 组织周围选择刺激信息种意义方式整理组合程）
(5) Interpretation It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding（释义：释义赋予感觉信息意义程 类似解码程）
Case 16 Different Responses to Noise
This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same especially when they come from different cultures Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition In this case the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers
Keywords
(1) Anxiety It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction（焦虑：知道迎合期关注情绪全心投入交际事物中时会产生焦虑）
(2) Uncertainty It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety (确定：确定指法认知角度解释交际活动中感觉行种认知角度解释力欠缺某种引起焦虑含糊情境导致)
(3) Assuming similarity instead of difference It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is （假定致性：假定致性指认文化相似处境处境相似事实非）
(4) Ethnocentrism It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture（种族民中心义：指国文化标准出发消极审视文化）
(5) Stereotypes They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership（文化定势：文化定势指基明显受认群体身份目标群体中体成员持正面反面判断）
(6) Prejudice It refers to the irrational dislike suspicion or hatred of a particular group race religion or sexual orientation（偏见：偏见指某特定群体种族宗教性取端憎恶怀疑）
(7) Racism It refers to any policy practice belief or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race（种族义：种族义指基种族性格特点位政策做法信仰态度）
Case 21 A Danish Woman in New York
This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference When communicating with people from another culture one is likely to regard and treat other people as his people and to assume there must be only one way of doing things that is his way In this case the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone which is common in Denmark is also appropriate in New York Here she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture That is why the small conflict happens
Case 23 Girlness
This case can reflect one of the translation problems the lack of conceptual equivalence which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person Concerning this case we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States In China girl means someone who is young and single In a way it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman For most people woman means someone who is married and who probably is not young In fact most single Chinese females such as university students would be insulted to be called women While in the West in formal public settings it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman even though she may not be legally old enough to vote marry purchase alcoholic beverages drive a car or sign a contract This terminology became widespread during the women＇s liberation movement in the 1960s The term ＇girl is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful
Case 24An Unfair Decision
This case reflects prejudice which involves an unfair biased or intolerant attitude towards another group of people In this case Mr Bias decided to select someone else instead of applicant from the country Levadel for the position That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication
Keywords
(1) Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language文化背景言语进行交际言语跨文化交际
(2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people 方言某群体特语言整群体言语
(3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style （社会方言指社会阶级言语风格产生方言）
(4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading 洋泾浜种特殊语言变体指贸易等目两种种语言混合
(5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region it is called a Creole 洋泾浜母语成某区永久语言成克里奥耳语混合语
(6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication 通语指作国际间交流手段种特殊语言
(7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite 禁忌语指禁止避免具犯性礼貌行
(8) Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary 委婉语代具犯性礼貌禁忌语词语
（9）Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law 行话指演变专门科技词汇满足特殊职业特殊需例医药法律
Case 25Success Story
One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant In this case Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question Ms Goshima however was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question If Mary had been more patient she would have eventually heard the answer to her question but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms Goshima＇s comments weren＇t really relevant to her query
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
Keywords
(1) Nonverbal communication It refers to the messages sent without using words （非言语交际：运言语语言传递信息称非言语交际)
(2) Proxemics It refers to the study of spatial relations（时空行：时空行空间关系研究）
(3) Kinesics It refers to gestures facial expressions eye contact body positions body movement and forms of greeting and their relation to communication（身势语行：身势语（称体态语）指手势面目表情眼神交流身体姿势肢体运动问候方式交际关系）
(4) Chronemics It is the study of how people perceive and use time（时间行：理解利时间研究）
(5) Paralanguage It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning（辅助语行：增强含义伴言语语言产生听声音符号系统）
(6) Haptics It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact（触觉行：指通身体接触交流）
(7) Chromatics It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions behaviors and impressions of others（色彩学：色彩学指影响认知行印象色彩研究）
(8) Olfactics It is the study of communication via smell（气味行：研究气味交流影响学科）
(9) Oculesics It is the study of communications sent by the eyes（目光语：眼睛传达信息研究文化交际时眼神接触求）
(10) Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to thinkcheck or suppress an emotionencode a lengthy responseor inaugurate another line of thought
(11) Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance it also serves as nonverbal symbols
Case 33Are Americans Indifferent
This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication especially facial expression differ according to different culturesCompared to most Chinese Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives even though they have some misfortune In this case because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese
Case 36Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm
This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexualIn this case Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearlyso he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all
Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns
Keywords
(1) Cultural pattern Shared beliefs values norms and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns (文化模式指相稳定信仰价值观标准社会实践文化模式相似情形会产生相似行)
(2) Context：It is the information that surrounds an event and is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event（语境指事件发生时周围信息事件意义解读具重参考价值）
(3) High context communication is one in which most of the information is already in the person while very little is in the coded explicitly transmitted part of the message （高语境交际指交际程中部分信息交际身传递少量信息明确语言形式传递）
(4) Low context communication is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code （低语境交际指量信息通明确语言编码传递交际）
(5) Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty （确定性规避指某文化成员确定性素规避程度）
(6) Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally （权力距离指机构组织中权利较成员权利等分配接受程度） 3 Brief Explanations to the Cases of this Chapter
(7) Beliefa belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world
(8) Valuesinvolve what a culture regards as good or badright or wrongfair or unfairjust or unjustbeautiful or uglyclean or dirtyvaluable or worthlessappropriate or inappropriateand kind or cruel
(9) Normsare the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors
(10) Social practicesare the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow
(11) Humannature orientation真知道该总结概念家吧书P239
(12) Personnature orientationconsists of three categariesmastery over natureharmony with naturesubjugation to nature
(13) Time orientationas far as time orientation is concernedcultures may belong to 1the past orientation2the present orientation3the future orientation
(14) Activity orientationthe activity orientation involves three groups1the doing orientation2the being orientation3the beinginbecoming orientation
(15) Relational orientationconsists of three categaries1individualism2lineality3collaterality
(16) Individualistic culturesgive more importance to individuals＇ needs when they do things such as setting goals
(17) Collectivismis characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between ingroups and outgroups
(18) Masculine and feminine cultures没懂啊没懂郁闷
Case 41 Getting Frustrated
Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn＇t apply in Saudi Arabia and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh a type of kickback to a middleman (and it is a man) who facilitates contacts between potential business partners The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it The more baksheesh the person gives the more likely it is that the person will succeed because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community In addition Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating However they are also concerned with hygiene They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that within the context of their religious beliefs make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners
Case 43 The Improvement Does Not Work
Following their individualistic orientations Mr Patterson and Mr Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups However as Park Young Sam mentions doing so upset the harmony of the groups which in turn led to poor performance In the United States workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement In collectivistic cultures however workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures But cultures are not pure Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals For example Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies In Denmark individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs Regarding income and social rank Danes are staunchly egalitarian At the same time however Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group In this way Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum
Case 44When Shall We Meet For Dinner
Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case In the dialogue presented belowKelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation Kelly from the United States possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index while Keiko from Japan comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance indexIn the dialogue above Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans Coming from a high uncertaintyavoidant culture Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening Kelly on the other hand is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses Without a plan how will Keiko know how to act
Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts
Keywords
Communication is not devoid of external influence all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social physical and cultural settings in which it occurs This is known as the communication context （交际法脱离外部环境影响：类交际少受社会物理文化场景影响场景称交际语境）
Case 48Gift from a Chinese
Chinese people love giving gifts Usually the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough An inexpensive gift means a loss of faceDongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respectNorth American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide Such gifts are treasured however the value usually is fairly small a bottle of wine a music CD a small book or other tokens
Case 50Refuse to Be Treated
In the case just described the US American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first However the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first Their position age and wisdom demanded respect For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectfulThe conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible Because the US Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress it was good that they were willing to do so Sadly this is not always the case
Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation
Keywords
（1）Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture （文化适应：文化适应指学适应新文化社会规范价值观念程）
（2）Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture losing their culture in the process (化：化指民族群体逐渐失原文化接受新流文化程)
（3）Integration It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture This kind of acculturation is called integration (文化融合：文化融合指文化适应程中高度接受新流文化时保留文化完整性)
（4）Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with and reaffirmation of their native culture the mode of acculturation is called separation （分离：分离指文化适应程中原文化进行重新肯定认保留原文化新流文化相关微观文化接受认）
（5）Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society（隔离：隔离济政治更强新流文化接受进行文化接触会种文化隔离外）
（6）Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture (边缘化：边缘化指仅失原文化身份法融入新流文化)
（7）Culture shock It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture （文化击文化休克：文化击文化休克指进入种新文化环境中遭遇痛苦难忘历）
（8）Intercultural adaptation It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment (跨文化适应：跨文化适应指断提高适应力期达新文化环境需)
Case 54 A Fish out of Water
This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock which may bring him some psychological symptoms Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture its customs as well as its value systems Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed In this case when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture shock
Case 55 Missing China
This case can reflect reverse culture shock When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the Ucurve pattern once again In this case John whose comes from Canada has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture Therefore when he returns to Canada he cannot adapt well to his native culture
文档香网(httpswwwxiangdangnet)户传
《香当网》用户分享的内容，不代表《香当网》观点或立场，请自行判断内容的真实性和可靠性！
该内容是文档的文本内容，更好的格式请下载文档
