20**年理类专业学位全国联考英语（二）
Section I Use of English (10)
Directions
Read the following text For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A B C and D Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The internet affords anonymity to its user’s boon to privacy and freedom of speech But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 __across Web
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3__
Last month Howard Schmidt the nation’s cyberczar offered the federal government a 4 to make the web a safer place – a voluntary trusted identity system that would be the hightech 5 _of a physical key a fingerprint and a photo ID card all rolled 6__ one The system might use a smart identity card or a digital credential 7__ to a specific computer and would authenticate users at a range of online services
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems Users could 9__ which system to join and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these single signon systems that make it possible for users to 11__ just once but use many different services
12 _ the approach would create a walled garden in cyberspace with safe neighborhoods and bright streetlights to establish a sense of a 13 _community
Mr Schmidt described it as a voluntary ecosystem in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 _ trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 _which the transaction runs
Still the administration’s plan has 16__ privacy rights activists Some applaud the approach others are concerned It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17__ be a compulsory internet drarr’s incense mentality
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts who worry that the voluntary ecosystem envisioned by Mr Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 They argue that all Internet users should be 20 _to register and identify themselves in drivers must be licensed to drive on pupa road
1 [A]swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden
2 [A]for [B] within [C] while [D] though
3 [A]careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helpless
4 [A]reason [B] reminder [C]compromise [D] proposal
5 [A]information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D]equivalent
6 [A]by [B] into [C] from [D] over
7 [A]linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared
8 [A]dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve
9 [A]recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize
10[A]released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered
11 [A]carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in
12 [A]In vain [B] In effect [C]In return [D]In contrast
13[A]trusted [B] modernized [C]thriving [D]competing
14[A]caution [B] delight [C]confidence [D]patience
15[A]on [B] after [C]beyond [D]across
16[A]divided [B] disappointed [C]protected [D]united
17[A]frequently [B]incidentally [C]occasionally [D]eventually
18[A]skepticism [B]tolerance [C]indifference [D]enthusiasm
19[A]manageable [B]defendable [C]vulnerable [D]invisible
20[A]invited [B]appointed [C]allowed [D]forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions Read the following passages Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman board an outside director in January 2000a year later she became president of Brown University For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism But by the end of 2009 Ms Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked By February the next year Ms Simmons had left the board The position was just taking up too much time she said
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful yet less biased advisers on a firm’s board Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals If the sky and the share price is falling outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10000 firms and more than 64000 different directors between 1989 and 2004Then they simply checked which stayed from one proxy statement to the next The most likely reason for departing a board was age so the researchers concentrated on those surprise disappearances by directors under the age of 70They found that after a surprise departure the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earning increases by nearly 20The likelihood of being named in a federal classaction lawsuit also increases and the stock is likely to perform worse The effect tended to be larger for larger firms Although a correlation between then leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship Often they trade up leaving riskier smaller firms for larger and more stable firms
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an earlier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred Firms who want to keep their outside directors though times may have to create incentives Otherwise outside the example of Ms
Simmons once again very popular on
21 According Paragraph 1 Ms Simmons was criticized for __________
[A] gaining excessive profits
[B] failing to fulfill her duty
[C] refusing to make compromises
[D] leaving the board in tough times
22 We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be _______
[A] generous inventors
[B] unbiased executives
[C] share price forecasters
[D] independent advisers
23 According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure the firm is likely to _________
[A] become more stable
[B] report increased earnings
[C] do less well in the stock market
[D] perform worse in lawsuits
24 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors _________
[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C] are accustomed to stressfree work in the firm
[D] will decline incentives from the firm
25 The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ___________
[A] permissive [B] positive [C] scornful [D] critical
Text 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspapers A year ago the end seemed near The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers Should they become charitable corporations Should the state subsidize them It will hold another meeting soon But the discussions now seem out the date
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry have not only survived but often returned to profit Not the 20 profit margins that were routine a few years ago but profit all the same
It has not been much fun Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007 Readers are paying more for slimmer products Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and sadly for many journalists they can be pushed further
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads Fully 87 of their revenues came from Development (OECD) In Japan the proportion is 35 Not surprisingly Japanese newspapers are much more stable
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least business reporters Car and film reviewers have gone So have science and general less complete as a result But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspapers business
26 By saying Newspapers like … their own (lines 34 Para 1) the author indicates that newspapers ________________
[A] neglected the sign of crisis
[B] tailed to get state subsidies
[C] were not charitable corporations
[D] were in a desperate situation
27 Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because _____
[A] readers threatened to pay less
[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C] journalists reported little about these areas
[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products
28 Compared with their American counterparts Japanese newspapers arre much more stable because they _________
[A] have more sources of revenue
[B] have more balanced newsrooms
[C] are less dependent on advertising
[D] are less affected by readers
29 What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business
[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers
[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business
[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews
30 The most appropriate title for this text would be
[A]American newspapers Struggling For Survival
[B]American newspapers Gone with the Wind
[C] American newspapers A Thriving Business
[D] American newspapers A Hopeless Story
Text3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth with soldiers returning home by the millions going off to college on the GIBill and lining up at the marriage bureaus
But when it came to their houses it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more During the Depression and the war Americans had learned to live with less and that restraint in combination with the postwar confidence in the future made small efficient housing positively stylish
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living The phrase less is more was actually first popularized by a German the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe who like other people associated with the Bauhaus a school of design emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American Architecture schools These designers
came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture but none more so than Mies
Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration properly organized has more impact than a lot Elegance he believed did not derive from abundance Like other modern architects he employed metal glass and laminated woodmaterials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient rather than big and often empty
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drivefor example were smallertwobedroom units under 1000 square feet than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast But they were popular because of their airy glass wallsthe views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportionsthe architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time
The trend toward less was not entirely foreign In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient housesusually around1200 square feet –than the spreading twostory ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century
The Case Study Houses commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts &Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the less is more trend Aesthetic effect came from the landscapenew materials and forthright detailing In his Case Study HouseRalph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday lifefew American families acquired helicopters though most eventually got clothes dryersbut his belief that selfsuflicion was desirable and inevitable was widely shared
31 The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans
[A] prosperity and growth
[B] efficiency and practicality
[C] restraint and confidence
[D] pride and faithfulness
32 Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph3 about the Bauhaus
[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
[B] Its designing concept was affected by World WarⅡ
[C] Most American architects used to be associated with it
[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture
33 Mies held that elegance of architectural design
[A] was related to large space
[B] was identified with emptiness
[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D] was not associated with efficiency
34 What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive？
[A] They ignored details and proportions
[B] They were built with materials popular at that time
[C] They were more apacious than neighboring buildings
[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art
35 What can we learn about the design of the Case Study Houses
[A] Mechanical devices were widely used
[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration
[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect
[D] Ecofriendly materials were employed
Text4
Will the European Union make it The question would have sounded strange not long ago Now even the project’s greatest cheerleader’s talk of a continent facing a Bermuda triangle of debt population decline and lower growth
As well as those chronic problems the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core the 16 countries that use the single currency Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies weaker or stronger will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers France and Germany agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone but disagree about what to harmonies
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing spending and competitiveness backed by quasiautomatic sanctions for governments that do not obey These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU megaprojects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils It insists that economic coordination shoulder involve all 27 members of the EU club among whom there is a small majority for freemarket liberalism and economic rigour in the inner core alone Germany fears a small majority favour French interference
A southern camp headed by France wants something different European economic government within an inner core of eurozone members Translated that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers Finally figures close to the French government have murmured eurozone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization eg curbing competition in corporatetax rates or labour costs
It is too soon to write off the EU It remains the world’s largest trading block At its best the European project is remarkably liberal built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries its internal borders are far more open to goods capital and labour than any comparable trading area It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization and make capitalism benign
36 The EU is faced with so many problems that _______
[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets
[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37 The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers _______
[A] are competing for the leading position
[B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization
[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38．To solve the euro problem Germany proposed that_______
[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased
[B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic coordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that_____
[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds
[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries
[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40 Regarding the future of the EU the author seems to feel____
[A] pessimistic [B] desperate [C] conceited [D] hopeful
Part B
Directions
Read the following text carefully and after the text there are 5 unfinished statements marked by numbers 4145 You are asked to choose from the 7 statements marked by letters AG and complete each numbered sentences on the left column (10)
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association Fast food chains should also stop offering inducements such as toys cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers Stephenson said
Professor Dinesh Bhugra president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists said If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth and that some things can harm at least information is available up front
He also urged councils to impose fastfoodfree zones around schools and hospitalsareas within which takeaways cannot open
A Department of Health spokesperson said We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer This includes creating a new responsibility deal’ with business built on social responsibility not state regulation Later this year we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade
41 Andrew Lansley held that
42 Terence Stephenson agreed that
43 Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that
44 Dinesh Bhugra suggested that
45 A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that
[A] Fat taxes should be imposed on fastfood producers such as McDonald's
[B] The government should ban fastfood outlets in the neighborhood of schools
[C] Lecturing was an effective way to improve school lunches in England
[D] cigarettestyle warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet
[E] The producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Changes Life campaign
[F] Parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home
[G] The government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses
Section Ⅲ Translation
46 Directions
In this section there is a passage in English Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 (15points)
Who would have thought that globally the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines doroughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment A Google search can leak between 02 and 70 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the right answer To deliver results to its users quickly then Google has to maintain vast data centers round the world packed with powerful computers While producing large quantities of CO2 these computers emit a great deal of heat so the centers need to be well airconditioned which uses even more energy
However Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction but there is much more to be done and not just by big companies
Section IV Writing
Part A
47 Directions
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university write himher a letter to
(1) congratulate himher and
(2) give himher suggestions on how to get prepared for university life
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Zhang Wei instead
Do not write the address (10points)
48 Directions
Write a short essay based on the following chart In your writing you should
（1） interpret the chart and
（2） give your comments
You should write at least 150 words
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET2 (15points)
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Section I Use of English (10)
Directions
Read the following text For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A B C and D Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The internet affords anonymity to its user’s boon to privacy and freedom of speech But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 __across Web
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3__
Last month Howard Schmidt the nation’s cyberczar offered the federal government a 4 to make the web a safer place – a voluntary trusted identity system that would be the hightech 5 _of a physical key a fingerprint and a photo ID card all rolled 6__ one The system might use a smart identity card or a digital credential 7__ to a specific computer and would authenticate users at a range of online services
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems Users could 9__ which system to join and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these single signon systems that make it possible for users to 11__ just once but use many different services
12 _ the approach would create a walled garden in cyberspace with safe neighborhoods and bright streetlights to establish a sense of a 13 _community
Mr Schmidt described it as a voluntary ecosystem in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 _ trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 _which the transaction runs
Still the administration’s plan has 16__ privacy rights activists Some applaud the approach others are concerned It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17__ be a compulsory internet drarr’s incense mentality
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts who worry that the voluntary ecosystem envisioned by Mr Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 They argue that all Internet users should be 20 _to register and identify themselves in drivers must be licensed to drive on pupa road
1 [A]swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden
2 [A]for [B] within [C] while [D] though
3 [A]careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helpless
4 [A]reason [B] reminder [C]compromise [D] proposal
5 [A]information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D]equivalent
6 [A]by [B] into [C] from [D] over
7 [A]linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared
8 [A]dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve
9 [A]recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize
10[A]released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered
11 [A]carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in
12 [A]In vain [B] In effect [C]In return [D]In contrast
13[A]trusted [B] modernized [C]thriving [D]competing
14[A]caution [B] delight [C]confidence [D]patience
15[A]on [B] after [C]beyond [D]across
16[A]divided [B] disappointed [C]protected [D]united
17[A]frequently [B]incidentally [C]occasionally [D]eventually
18[A]skepticism [B]tolerance [C]indifference [D]enthusiasm
19[A]manageable [B]defendable [C]vulnerable [D]invisible
20[A]invited [B]appointed [C]allowed [D]forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions Read the following passages Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman board an outside director in January 2000a year later she became president of Brown University For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism But by the end of 2009 Ms Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked By February the next year Ms Simmons had left the board The position was just taking up too much time she said
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful yet less biased advisers on a firm’s board Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals If the sky and the share price is falling outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10000 firms and more than 64000 different directors between 1989 and 2004Then they simply checked which stayed from one proxy statement to the next The most likely reason for departing a board was age so the researchers concentrated on those surprise disappearances by directors under the age of 70They found that after a surprise departure the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earning increases by nearly 20The likelihood of being named in a federal classaction lawsuit also increases and the stock is likely to perform worse The effect tended to be larger for larger firms Although a correlation between then leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship Often they trade up leaving riskier smaller firms for larger and more stable firms
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an earlier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred Firms who want to keep their outside directors though times may have to create incentives Otherwise outside the example of Ms
Simmons once again very popular on
21 According Paragraph 1 Ms Simmons was criticized for __________
[A] gaining excessive profits
[B] failing to fulfill her duty
[C] refusing to make compromises
[D] leaving the board in tough times
22 We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be _______
[A] generous inventors
[B] unbiased executives
[C] share price forecasters
[D] independent advisers
23 According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure the firm is likely to _________
[A] become more stable
[B] report increased earnings
[C] do less well in the stock market
[D] perform worse in lawsuits
24 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors _________
[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C] are accustomed to stressfree work in the firm
[D] will decline incentives from the firm
25 The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ___________
[A] permissive [B] positive [C] scornful [D] critical
Text 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspapers A year ago the end seemed near The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers Should they become charitable corporations Should the state subsidize them It will hold another meeting soon But the discussions now seem out the date
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession Even American newspapers which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry have not only survived but often returned to profit Not the 20 profit margins that were routine a few years ago but profit all the same
It has not been much fun Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007 Readers are paying more for slimmer products Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and sadly for many journalists they can be pushed further
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads Fully 87 of their revenues came from Development (OECD) In Japan the proportion is 35 Not surprisingly Japanese newspapers are much more stable
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least business reporters Car and film reviewers have gone So have science and general less complete as a result But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspapers business
26 By saying Newspapers like … their own (lines 34 Para 1) the author indicates that newspapers ________________
[A] neglected the sign of crisis
[B] tailed to get state subsidies
[C] were not charitable corporations
[D] were in a desperate situation
27 Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because _____
[A] readers threatened to pay less
[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C] journalists reported little about these areas
[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products
28 Compared with their American counterparts Japanese newspapers arre much more stable because they _________
[A] have more sources of revenue
[B] have more balanced newsrooms
[C] are less dependent on advertising
[D] are less affected by readers
29 What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business
[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers
[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business
[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews
30 The most appropriate title for this text would be
[A]American newspapers Struggling For Survival
[B]American newspapers Gone with the Wind
[C] American newspapers A Thriving Business
[D] American newspapers A Hopeless Story
Text3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth with soldiers returning home by the millions going off to college on the GIBill and lining up at the marriage bureaus
But when it came to their houses it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more During the Depression and the war Americans had learned to live with less and that restraint in combination with the postwar confidence in the future made small efficient housing positively stylish
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living The phrase less is more was actually first popularized by a German the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe who like other people associated with the Bauhaus a school of design emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American Architecture schools These designers
came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture but none more so than Mies
Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration properly organized has more impact than a lot Elegance he believed did not derive from abundance Like other modern architects he employed metal glass and laminated woodmaterials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient rather than big and often empty
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drivefor example were smallertwobedroom units under 1000 square feet than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast But they were popular because of their airy glass wallsthe views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportionsthe architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time
The trend toward less was not entirely foreign In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient housesusually around1200 square feet –than the spreading twostory ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century
The Case Study Houses commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts &Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the less is more trend Aesthetic effect came from the landscapenew materials and forthright detailing In his Case Study HouseRalph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday lifefew American families acquired helicopters though most eventually got clothes dryersbut his belief that selfsuflicion was desirable and inevitable was widely shared
31 The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans
[A] prosperity and growth
[B] efficiency and practicality
[C] restraint and confidence
[D] pride and faithfulness
32 Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph3 about the Bauhaus
[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
[B] Its designing concept was affected by World WarⅡ
[C] Most American architects used to be associated with it
[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture
33 Mies held that elegance of architectural design
[A] was related to large space
[B] was identified with emptiness
[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D] was not associated with efficiency
34 What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive？
[A] They ignored details and proportions
[B] They were built with materials popular at that time
[C] They were more apacious than neighboring buildings
[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art
35 What can we learn about the design of the Case Study Houses
[A] Mechanical devices were widely used
[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration
[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect
[D] Ecofriendly materials were employed
Text4
Will the European Union make it The question would have sounded strange not long ago Now even the project’s greatest cheerleader’s talk of a continent facing a Bermuda triangle of debt population decline and lower growth
As well as those chronic problems the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core the 16 countries that use the single currency Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies weaker or stronger will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers France and Germany agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone but disagree about what to harmonies
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing spending and competitiveness backed by quasiautomatic sanctions for governments that do not obey These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU megaprojects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils It insists that economic coordination shoulder involve all 27 members of the EU club among whom there is a small majority for freemarket liberalism and economic rigour in the inner core alone Germany fears a small majority favour French interference
A southern camp headed by France wants something different European economic government within an inner core of eurozone members Translated that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers Finally figures close to the French government have murmured eurozone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization eg curbing competition in corporatetax rates or labour costs
It is too soon to write off the EU It remains the world’s largest trading block At its best the European project is remarkably liberal built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries its internal borders are far more open to goods capital and labour than any comparable trading area It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization and make capitalism benign
36 The EU is faced with so many problems that _______
[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets
[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37 The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers _______
[A] are competing for the leading position
[B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization
[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38．To solve the euro problem Germany proposed that_______
[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased
[B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic coordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that_____
[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds
[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries
[D]rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40 Regarding the future of the EU the author seems to feel____
[A] pessimistic [B] desperate [C] conceited [D] hopeful
Part B
Directions
Read the following text carefully and after the text there are 5 unfinished statements marked by numbers 4145 You are asked to choose from the 7 statements marked by letters AG and complete each numbered sentences on the left column (10)
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association Fast food chains should also stop offering inducements such as toys cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers Stephenson said
Professor Dinesh Bhugra president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists said If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth and that some things can harm at least information is available up front
He also urged councils to impose fastfoodfree zones around schools and hospitalsareas within which takeaways cannot open
A Department of Health spokesperson said We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer This includes creating a new responsibility deal’ with business built on social responsibility not state regulation Later this year we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade
41 Andrew Lansley held that
42 Terence Stephenson agreed that
43 Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that
44 Dinesh Bhugra suggested that
45 A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that
[A] Fat taxes should be imposed on fastfood producers such as McDonald's
[B] The government should ban fastfood outlets in the neighborhood of schools
[C] Lecturing was an effective way to improve school lunches in England
[D] cigarettestyle warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet
[E] The producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Changes Life campaign
[F] Parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home
[G] The government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses
Section Ⅲ Translation
46 Directions
In this section there is a passage in English Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 (15points)
Who would have thought that globally the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines doroughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment A Google search can leak between 02 and 70 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the right answer To deliver results to its users quickly then Google has to maintain vast data centers round the world packed with powerful computers While producing large quantities of CO2 these computers emit a great deal of heat so the centers need to be well airconditioned which uses even more energy
However Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction but there is much more to be done and not just by big companies
Section IV Writing
Part A
47 Directions
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university write himher a letter to
(1) congratulate himher and
(2) give himher suggestions on how to get prepared for university life
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter Use Zhang Wei instead
Do not write the address (10points)
48 Directions
Write a short essay based on the following chart In your writing you should
（1） interpret the chart and
（2） give your comments
You should write at least 150 words
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET2 (15points)
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