1 dividing line in America between east and west is the Mississippi River(美国长河 众河父Father of Waters
2 白 Hispanic 第二拉丁裔美国成美国数少数民族
4 America has the world's oldest written constitution and political party 英国没成文宪法
7 The New England region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit
8 California洲Rhode Island洲
9 Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper A Wall Street Journal B USA today C Guardian (英国卫报) D The Milwaukee Journal
10 ABC CBS NBC PBS CNN MTV HBO 等美国新闻线电视网络
13 纽约城重港口
14washingtonDC乔治华盛顿哥伦布命名George Washington and Christopher Columbus
16第总统林肯
20 The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884 21 Franklin D Roosevelt's 期长 (12 years)
22 Civil War 18611865
2410月30万圣节 Halloween
25美国面积世界第四
28 The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower
英国概况
2 高尔夫源苏格兰足球网球英格兰(温布尔登)篮球美国
3 516岁义务教育
4 长河 塞文河 Severn River
5 五年次选
6 God Save the Queen 国歌
7 1588 败西班牙敌舰队成海霸
8 Big Ben is a famous clock in London
9 1066 William the Conqueror 诺曼底登陆
10 The Times 老日报
12 Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in Britain
13 威尔士加夫Cardiff 北爱尔兰—Belfast苏格兰—Edinburg
14 the Conservative party and the Labor party 两
15 The new agency Reuters(路透社)was founded in London
16 The AngloSaxons 英国祖先建立英格兰
17 Glasgow苏格兰城市
18 Parliament 议会包括三部分:the Crown the House of Lords and the House of Commons
语言学
1 The core of linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology形态学研究单词构成规包括:inflectional morphology 曲折词汇单词数性格时态变化derivational morphology 派生词汇 Syntax Semantics语义学研究单词句子意思Pragmatics
2 现代语言学开端Saussure's book Course in General Linguistics
3 Prescriptive vs Descriptive 规定性研究描写性研究 Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive
4 Competence vs performance 语言力语言运提出者: N Chomsky The two terms are similar with Saussure's langue and parole
5 Phonetics 语音学研究语音产生传播理解
6 Phonology音位学研究sound pattern sound system
音位学语音学:语音学着重语音然属性音位学强调语音社会功
9 Morpheme the minimal unit of meaning
11 TransformationalGenerative grammar proposed by Chomsky in 1957(转换生成语法)
❤ ❤ 12 hyponymy 义关系指种意义包含关系义词般会许义词flower violet 关系义关系
❤ ❤ 13 antonymy 反义关系:Gradable antonyms 两者非绝立相hotcold(2)complementary antonyms 互补非彼malefamale(3)relational antonyms 逆关系buysell
❀Sapirworf hypothesis ❀认语言决定影响思维方式行 16 acquisition()a subconscious process withoutlearning of grammatical rules Learning(学) a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules
英国文学
1 Beowulf national epic in old English
2 Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟 father of modern English poetry The Canterbury Tales
3 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight story about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table
4 Renaissance it was an intellectual movement 首先意利14世纪2特征:追求古典文学文义 classical literature humanity
5 Thomas More Utopia
6 莎士亚:四悲剧 Hamlet Macbeth King Lear Othello sonnets and love tragedy Romeo and Juliet
7 John Milton弥尔顿失乐园 Paradise Lost (great epic)
8 Daniel Defoe笛福 Robinson Crusoe 现代说父
9 Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels格里佛游记
10 John Bunyan班扬 Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程 (most successful religious allegory in the English language)
11 ◆ Samuel Johnson 英语字典 A Dictionary of the English Language
12 18世纪中期浪漫义
13 National poet of Scotland Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯苏格兰国家诗A redred rose
14 William Wordsworth 华兹华斯coleridge Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of Romanticism
◆拜伦 George Gordon Byron Don Juan 唐璜she walks in the beauty 走美光影里When we two were parted惜时Hebrew melodies希伯歌曲
◆雪莱 Percy Bysshe Shelley解放普罗米修斯prometheus unbounded西风颂致云雀to a skylark拜伦评价雪莱:the best and least selfish man I ever know
◆济慈 John Keats Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂秋颂希腊古翁颂❀Beauty is truthtruth beauty❀
◆简奥斯汀 傲慢偏见理智情感艾玛
维利亚时期 (1836 – 1901) realism现实义
◆狄更斯Charles Dickens
第时期:匹克威克外传成名雾孤oliver twist 老古玩店the old curiosity shop
第二时期:董贝父子dombey and son卫科波菲尔David copperfield
第三时期:艰难时刻远前程great expectations双城记(Paris and London) Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄
Charlotte bronte:简爱Jane Eyre
◆托马斯哈代Thomas Hardy Tess of D’Urbervilles 特伯家苔丝
◆马克皮斯萨克雷William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair 名利场
◆乔治艾略特 Geroge Eliot 女作家亚德 Adam Bede弗洛斯河磨坊 The Mill on the Floss织工马南Silas Marner
◆萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw the bestknown English dramatist since Shakespeare Man and superman 超Pygmalion皮革马利翁major Barbara芭芭拉少校
◆罗伯特布朗宁Robert Browning 男男女女 men and women
◆Decadence颓废派文艺 Oscar wildle 理念:Art for art’s sake
◆John Galsworthy The Forsyte Saga 福赛特家史
◆艾略特TSEliot 荒原 the waste land 四四重奏 Four Quarters
◆叶芝Yeats 爱尔兰诗驶拜占庭sailing to Byzantium 基督The second coming 丽达天鹅Leda and swan
◆劳伦斯David Herbert Lawrence
子情 son and lovers 半传说 气说
查特莱夫情Lady chatterley’s love具争议说
虹The rainbow 说
◆詹姆斯乔伊斯 James Joyce爱尔兰作家意识流奠基streamofconsciousness青年艺术家肖A portrait of the artist as a young man 传体:Ulysses 尤利西斯
◆弗吉尼亚 伍尔夫virginia woolf
Mrs Dalloway 黛洛维夫 To the lighthouse 灯塔 The waves 波浪 三部说成名
A room of one’s own 房间 Three Guineas 三基尼 两部认女权运动典
加概况
1 Maples are always used to symbolize Canada
2 加英国殖民
3 官方语言英语法语
4 城市伦Toronto第二蒙特利尔首渥太华
5 面积世界第二
6 渔产品出口国
7 Quebec 省省说法语Ontario 口省伦渥太华
8 长河 麦肯齐河 the Mackenzie 重河:圣劳伦斯河 the St Lawrence
9 加重然资源水资源
10 英联邦commonwealth成员10provinces 3territories
11 head of state queen Elizabeth 二世 governor general 代表
12 五年次选Prime minister cabinet 行行政权
13 senate:104成员house of commons 295成员洲口数分配
◆14 法律必须两院起通总督签字(签伊丽莎白名字)生效
15 政:Liberal party progressive conservative party 保守
◆16 教育省事Provincial responsibility
17 古老学:Laval university 拉瓦勒学 Quebec
澳利亚概况
1 Australia as the world’s smallest continent and largest island has a small population in relation to its size
2 国庆 :1月26日 ANZAC 澳新军团日 :4月25
3 首:堪培拉Canberra 城市: 悉尼
4 常河:墨累河The Murray 湖:艾尔湖 Lake Eyre
5 6 states and 2 territories(6+2)
6 第羊毛出口国第二肉制品出口国第三麦出口国
7 宪法通referendum修改
8♥ 三年次选 Senate 76成员
9 司法:High court of Australia 高法院 the federal court of AustraliaFamily court of Australia(处理婚姻问题)
10 政::工 the Australia labour party(老)liberal party国家national party民the Australia democrats(关心环境生活质量)
11澳利亚古老报纸: 悉尼先驱晨报 the Sydney Morning Herald
12 发行量杂志:澳利亚妇女周刊 the Australian woman’s weekly
新西兰概况
1 城市:奥克兰Auckland
2首:惠灵顿 wellington
2 土著居民:The Maori(毛利)
3 James Cook claimed that Australia and New Zealand belonged to Britain in 1770
4 三年次选
5 司法属政府The judiciary is independent of the government
6 新西兰意inventiveness闻名
爱尔兰国the republic of Ireland
▲▲1 head of state 总统 president 7年期直接选举(direct suffrage)
美国文学
美国第作家: Captain John Smith
God help those who help themselves Benjamin Franklin
Transcendentalism New England 1830s to the Civil War
霍桑 Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter红字公(hester prynne 女Roger chillingworth 女老公Arthur dimmsdale绯闻男)
The house of seven gables 七尖角阁房子
艾默生Ralph Waldo Emerson 超验义代表
The American Scholar by Emerson was regarded as Declaration of Intellectual Independence Nature 第部作品
惠特曼 walt Whitman 民诗Free verse 诗体
草叶集 Leaves of grass誉 Democratic Bible
草叶集中著名 歌 song of myself Captain My Captain 林肯写
华盛顿欧文Washington Irving 写短篇说散文第取国际名声美国作家
The sketch book 见闻札记 中著名两篇:
Rip van wrinkle 瑞普温克尔(怕老婆农民山里沉睡20年醒发现20年)
The legend of sleep hollow 睡谷传说
埃米莉迪金森 Emily Dickinson 美国19世纪著名女诗
作品:等死神 because I could not stop for death
名卒谁?Im no bodyWho are you?
马克吐温 Mark Twain现实义幽默
作品: 汤姆索耶历险记The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
哈克贝里芬历险记The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
密西西河 life on Mississippi
王子贫 prince and pauper
西奥德莱赛 Theodore Dreiser naturist writer
作品:▋▋ 嘉莉妹妹 Sister Carrie 第部说(carrie翁择手段谋求漂亮衣服金钱名实现爱杀)
美国悲剧 An American Tragedy
欲三部曲Trilogy of desire(金融家 the financier巨 the titan斯葛 the stoic)
杰克伦敦 Jack London
马丁伊登Martin Eden (autobiographical) 野性呼唤 the call of the wild热爱生命 love of life
罗伯特弗罗斯特 Robert Frost 20世纪美国著名诗
第部诗 少年意志 a boy’s wish
雪夜林边停Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
未选路The Road Not Taken
修墙Mending Wall
海明威Ernest Hemingway spokesman of Lost Generation
老海The Old Man and the Sea永武器A Farewell to Arms(henry and catherine)太阳常升起the sun also rises丧钟谁鸣for whom the bell tolls
弗朗西斯司特菲茨杰拉尔德Francis Scott Fitzgerald spokesman of the Jazz Age
起盖茨 the Great Gatsby(nick caraway公)
威廉福克纳 William Faulkner southern writer of the 20th century
喧哗骚动The Sound and the Fury
弥留际 as I lay dying
Eugene O’Neil playwright of the modern period in American literature剧作家
改错注意点:
名词:单复数
介词:换介词者添介词
动词:删掉者添介词换动词ed者ing
形容词:较级
冠词:删掉者添冠词
代词:单复数
关系代词:which换that
连词:and or therefore however but
谓致:单复数
翻译注意点:
PART FIVE TRANSLATION
贴—措辞贴标点贴
删漏
注意:专名词加定冠词首字母写
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