7. ◆不定式的句法功能
成分说明例句主语动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在后面。To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.(=It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.)在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。 ①It’s+adj.+of+sb.+to do sth.(可改为sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.)其中的形容词主要是描述人的性格和品质方面的,如brave(勇敢的),clever(聪明的),crazy(疯狂的),cruel(残忍的),foolish(愚蠢的),kind(友善的)等。
如:It’s extremely kind of you to come and meet me.(=You are extremely kind to come and meet me.)您来接我,真是太好了。
②It’s+adj.+for+sb.+to do sth.其中的形容词用于描述不定式动作,如dangerous(危险的),difficult(困难的),easy(容易的),hard(困难的),important(重要的),impossible(不可能的)等。
如:It’s dangerous for you to drive so fast.你开车这么快是危险的。
8. 表语多数情况下,不定式作表语,可转换为作主语。Her job is to clean the hall.(=To clean the hall is her job.)她的工作就是打扫大厅。宾语只能作某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语。Tom can’t afford to buy a car at present.汤姆目前买不起汽车。
He likes to play football.他喜欢踢足球。拓展:常接动词不定式作宾语的动词:afford提供,买得起;agree同意;ask请求;decide决定,下决心;expect期望,预料;fail失败,未能做到;help帮助;hope希望;intend打算,想要;manage设法;offer提出,提供;promise允诺,许诺;refuse拒绝;plan计划;wish希望
9. 宾语
补足语在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役、感官动词后,不定式省略to。I saw him cross the road.我看到他穿过街道。拓展:常接动词不定式作宾补的动词:advise建议;allow允许;ask要求,叫;expect期望;force强迫;get使得;hate憎恨,厌恶;help帮助;intend打算,想要;invite邀请;order命令;promise允诺,许诺;prefer宁愿;remind提醒;request要求,请求;tell告诉,吩咐;want想要;warn警告;wish希望
10. 定语不定式作定语一般放在被修饰词的后面。He is looking for a room to live in.他在寻找一间居住的房子。
On the farm everyone has lots of work to do.在农场,每个人都有很多活要干。拓展:①不定式作后置定语,与被修饰的词是动宾关系,如果动词为不及物动词,后面须加上相应的介词;如果不定式修饰time,place,way等,可以省略介词。
如:There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。
He has no place to live.他没有住的地方。
②不定式修饰不定代词something,anything等时,放在它们的后面,如果不定代词也被形容词修饰,词序是“不定代词+形容词+不定式”。
如:I had something cold to drink.我有冷饮可以喝。
11. 状语表目的He worked day and night to earn money.为了挣钱,他日夜工作。表结果He arrived late to find the train gone.他来晚了,结果发现火车已经开走了。表原因They were very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。
12. 拓展:
1.如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式),放在宾语补足语后面。
如:Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.马克思认为研究俄国的形势很重要。
2.不定式在介词but后面时,如果介词but之前有行为动词do的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,否则就要带to。
13. 如:I have no choice but to stay here.我别无选择只能待在这儿。
I have nothing to do but stay here.我什么都做不了,只能待在这儿。
3.不定式作动词tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss等的宾语时,不定式前面常带疑问词,即:疑问词(how,when,where,what,who)...+to do。
如:He told us how to learn English.他告诉我们如何学英语。
14. ►考点2:动名词(2019.宁波:54;衢州:56)
◆动名词的句法功能
成分说明例句主语谓语动词用单数。Reading aloud is very helpful.大声朗读是很有好处的。表语多数情况下,动名词作表语可转化成作主语。His job is teaching English.(=Teaching English is his job.)他的工作是教英语。
15. 宾语作动词或介词的宾语,表示一般的习惯、抽象行为或经常性的动作。They haven’t finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。
We are thinking of making a new plan.我们正考虑制订新计划。定语只表示它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等,置于修饰语之前。He can’t walk without a walking stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。
16. 拓展:
1.当动名词作主语时常用it作形式主语。
如:It’s no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
2.当动名词短语作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用it作形式宾语。
如:We found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。
21. ◆过去分词的句法功能
成分说明例句定语当过去分词是单个单词时,一般用于名词前;如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词作定语常表被动、完成,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Our class went on an organised trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会议。
22. 表语常具有形容词的特征,表示主语的特征、状态或感情等。I was surprised at hearing him say so.听到他这样说我很吃惊。宾语
补足语表被动、完成。I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
23. 注意:
1.过去分词如果是表示状态则与be动词形成系表结构;如果是表示动作则与be动词形成被动语态。
如:The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
25. 1.His uncle would rather (repair) the old bike than (buy) a new one.
2.Li Ming used to (drive) on the right in China,but he soon got used to (drive) on the left in England.
3.Though he often made his little sister (cry),today he was made (cry) by his little sister.
repairdrivedrivingcryto crybuy
26. 4.Jane was shy.She would not invite her classmates (practise) speaking English.
5.—It’s important for us to know how (study) all the subjects.
—Yeah,group work is my favourite.
6.We advise parents (not leave) their children at home alone in order to keep them away from danger.
to practiseto studynot to leave
27. 7.My friend invited me (join) the art club,and I accepted it with pleasure.
8.Don’t forget (bring) it to me when you finish reading the book.
9.The traffic signs warn people (not drive) after drinking.
10.I’ll spend as much time as I can (help) in an old people’s home.
to jointo bringnot to drivehelping