单项选择题（ 10 道试题 20 分）
1 约（ ）年前某种机制作球出现液态水水出现球发育史第重事件
A 46亿
B 38亿
C 30亿
D 20亿
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
2 雨雪降落颗粒物（ ）
A 飘尘
B 降尘
C 超细颗粒物
D 烟尘
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
3 种天气现象雷电雨雪霜雹发生球（ ）
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
4 （ ）世界公认空中死神
A 酸雨
B 光化学烟雾
C 烟尘
D 飘尘
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
5
球圈层发育序次：（ ）
A 生物圈水圈土壤圈
B 土壤圈水圈生物圈
C 水圈生物圈土壤圈
D 水圈土壤圈生物圈
正确答案：C 满分：2 分：2
6 流层着高度增加气温度变化情况（ ）
A 升高
B 降
C 基变
D 先增加降
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
7 ( )已成代世界三酸雨区
A 日非洲拉丁美洲
B 巴西哥伦亚厄瓜尔
C 欧洲北美中国
D 欧洲北美日
正确答案：C 满分：2 分：2
8 流层着高度增加气温度变化情况（ ）
A 升高
B 降
C 基变
D 先变升
正确答案：D 满分：2 分：2
9 气圈中冷层（ ）
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：C 满分：2 分：2
10 气圈（ ）空气分子种射线作发生电离
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：D 满分：2 分：2
二项选择题（ 10 道试题 30 分）
1 造成全球气候变暖原（ ）
A 太阳活动
B 温室气体
C 施化肥
D 飞机尾气
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
2 全球气候变暖环境影响：（ ）
A 海面升
B 温度带北移
C 降水带北移
D 温度带南移
正确答案：ABC 满分：3 分：3
3 列属温室气体：（ ）
A 二氧化碳
B 甲烷
C 臭氧
D 水蒸汽
正确答案：ABC 满分：3 分：3
4 酸雨指（ ）等污染物质进入气环境历输送转化沉降等程溶解降水中形成酸性降雨降表
A CaO
B NOx
C CO2
D SO2
正确答案：BCD 满分：3 分：3
5 列属光化学烟雾污染危害：（ ）
A 眼造成刺激
B 植物利
C 气见度降低
D 橡胶制品老化
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
6 列属气污染事件：（ ）
A 马斯河谷事件
B 四日市哮喘事件
C 美国诺拉烟雾事件
D 海甲型肝炎流行
正确答案：ABC 满分：3 分：3
7 气圈（ ）气温度着高度增加降
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：AC 满分：3 分：3
8 列关生物样性减少表述正确：（ ）
A 栖息丧失导致物种灭绝
B 危害生物资源持续利终危类社会持续发展
C 种生物灭亡十种生物会受影响
D 物种灭绝速度增快
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
9 列属环境素（ ）
A 空气
B 水
C 矿物
D 岩石
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
10 列属生物样性减少原：（ ）
A 类活动影响
B 环境污染
C 掠夺式度利
D 全球气候变暖
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
三判断题（ 10 道试题 20 分）
1 球约12亿年出现早真核细胞
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
2 食物网越复杂生态系统越稳定相反食物网越简单生态系统越稳定
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
3 根气温度垂直变化特征划分气圈分流层流层中间层热成层逸散层
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
4 烟尘污染结膜炎等眼病发病率增加
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
5 城市化引起全球气候变暖原
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
6 紫外线辐射导致形成水生生态系统食物链基础中断
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
7 英国伦敦霍乱流行事件属气污染事件
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
8 臭氧存气流层中
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
9 臭氧空洞指臭氧层破坏浓度极稀薄
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
10 拉尼娜现象厄尔尼诺现象会呈现海水温度降情况
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
四简答题（ 2 道试题 30 分）
1 试述全球气候变暖影响
1海面升影响
百年海面升14．4cm国升11．5cm海面升高原海水热膨胀海洋变暖时海面升高全球升温会引起球南北两极冰山融化造成海面升原海面升直接影响方面： (1) 低淹： 英国加高堤坝应气候变暖 全球变暖海面升高暴风雨频率增加英国政治面目 加高防洪堤坝英国官方日公布统计数20年中泰晤士河水位全球变暖升高政府机构先88次加高防洪堤坝保障伦敦生命财产安全悉现均年4次加高堤坝估计2030年前加高堤坝频率会达年30次钟 中国环境报20041019 (2) 海岸蚀 3) 表水水盐分增加影响城市供水 （4）水位升高 (5) 旅游业受危害(海面升50米连秦皇岛青岛北海三亚滨海旅游区31366料沙滩损失24北戴河沙滩损失602002年中国国土资源公报报道海旅游业已成第产业产值2503亿元占海洋产业总产值346 （6） 影响海岛国居民生活(占世界1／3口)受威胁果极冰冠融化济发达口稠密海区会海水吞没马尔代夫塞舌尔等低洼岛国面消失海威尼斯香港里约热卢东京曼谷纽约等海滨城市孟加拉荷兰埃等国难逃厄运
2动植物影响 气候决定生物群落分布素气候变化改变区物种适应性改变生态系统部种群竟争力然界动植物尤植物群落法适应全球变暖速度做适应性转移惨遭厄运气候变化(冰期)许物种消失未气候区某物种消 失物种气候变暖中益处栖息增加竞争手 天敌减少说桔子20世纪70年代北边界线黄 山线宣城市试种冬天场雪树木冻死现 校园里桔子树长扬子鳄生活宣城泾县南陵样狭 带果北界线北移扬子鳄会然绝种省局部区 讲全国讲国冬季1月0度等温线作副热带北界目前界线处 国秦岭淮河带研究发现气温升高会界线北移黄河北徐 州郑州带冬季气温现杭州武汉相似
3农业影响 年中温度降水分布决定种植种作物素温度温度引起降水变化影响粮食作物产量作物分布类型气候变化导致生物带生物群落空间(纬度)分布重变化公元8001200年北西洋区均温度现高1℃玉米挪威种植成公元15001800年西欧出现冰川期均气温现低12℃造成挪威半农场弃耕冰岛农业耕种活动全部停止外全球变暖会高温热浪热带风暴龙卷风等然灾害加重全球气温升高世界粮食生产稳定性分布状况会变化
4类健康影响 类健康取决良生态环境全球变暖成世纪类健康 素极端高温成世纪类健康困扰变更加频繁更加普遍 体现发病率死亡率增加尤疟疾淋巴腺丝虫病血吸虫病钩虫病 霍乱脑膜炎黑热病登革热等传染病危热带区国家某目前 发生热带区疾病着气候变暖中纬度区传播
2 烟尘污染危害什？
体健康危害：
需呼吸空气维持生命成年天呼吸约2万次吸入空气达15～20立方米污染空气体健康直接影响
气污染：物体危害方面表现呼吸道疾病生理机障碍眼鼻等粘膜组织受刺激患病
1952年12月5～8日英国伦敦发生煤烟雾事件死亡4000灾难烟雾称杀烟雾分析天伦敦风雾工厂烟囱居民取暖排出废气烟尘弥漫伦敦市区久散烟尘高浓度达446毫克m3二氧化硫日均浓度竟达383毫升m3二氧化硫某种化学反应生成硫酸液沫附着烟尘凝聚雾滴呼吸进入器官发病加速慢性病患者死亡谓光化学污染
例知气中污染物浓度高时会造成急性污染中毒病状恶化甚天夺千生命实气中污染物浓度高体成年累月呼吸种污染空气会引起慢性支气炎支气哮喘肺气肿肺癌等疾病
环境污染癌症
量研究资料表明环境污染导致癌症发生极重原全社会力量采取综合措施效治理环境污染癌症综合预防措施重组成部分 环境污染会生态系统造成直接破坏影响沙漠化森林破坏会生态系统类社会造成间接危害时种间接环境效应危害时造成直接危害更更难消例温室效应酸雨臭氧层破坏气污染衍生出环境效应 种环境污染衍生环境效应具滞性污染发生时易察觉预料然旦发生表示环境污染已发展相严重步然环境污染直接容易感受果类环境质量降影响类生活质量身体健康生产活动例城市空气污染造成空气污浊发病率升等等水污染水环境质量恶化饮水源质量普遍降威胁身体健康引起胎早产畸形等等严重污染事件仅带健康问题造成社会问题着污染加剧环境意识提高污染引起 群纠纷突逐年增加
目前全球范围程度出现环境污染问题具全球影响方面气环境污染海洋污染城市环境问题等着济贸易全球化环境污染日益呈现国际化趋势年出现危险废物越境转移问题方面突出表现
众周知环境污染指环境变清洁污浊肮脏方面洁净状态种状态洁净变污浊程污染环境污染源方面：
1）工厂排出废烟废气废水废渣噪音
2）生活中排出废烟废气噪音赃水垃圾
3）交通工具（燃油车辆轮船飞机等）排出废气噪音
4）量化肥杀虫剂草剂等化学物质农田灌溉流出水
5）矿山废水废渣
两黄鹂鸣翠柳行白鹭青天唐诗杜甫赞美然名句现方环境污染危害已见样美景环境污染仅破坏生物生存环境直接威胁着类健康
环境污染生物利影响
环境污染生物生长发育繁殖具十分利影响污染严重时生物形态特征生存数量等方面会发生明显变化面分讲述环境污染酸雨害化学药品重金属水体富营养化四方面生物危害
1．酸雨生物危害
酸雨土壤河流酸化河流汇入湖泊导致湖泊酸化湖泊酸化仅生长湖中湖边植物死亡威胁着湖鱼虾贝类生存破坏湖泊中食物链终湖泊变成死湖酸雨直接危害陆生植物叶芽农作物树木死亡
现酸雨造成危害日益严重已成全球性环境污染重问题二氧化硫形成酸雨污染物着济发展类燃烧更煤石油天然气产生更二氧化硫等污染物酸雨造成危害更加严重国世界量排放二氧化硫国家区已出现酸雨例国西南某区1982年三月降四次酸雨雨水pH36～46致面积农作物受害
早19世纪中叶注意衣苔藓植物空气污染严重城市中存活烟囱附植物叶片出现病斑科学家研究发现现象该区气污染关利植物监测某区气污染状况植物二氧化硫等气污染物敏感程度例气中二氧化硫含量较高时紫花苜蓿日葵等叶片会快褪绿者叶脉间出现褐色斑块严重时叶片逐渐坏死植物气污染反应敏感监测气污染状况做气污染指示植物
2．害化学药品生物危害
农药类常见害化学药品利农药杀灭病菌害虫时会造成环境污染包括类种生物造成危害
许农药易分解化合物生物体吸收会生物体断积累致类害物质生物体含量远远超外界环境中含量种现象称生物富集作生物富集作着食物链延长加强例十年前DDT作种高效农药广泛防治害虫美国某DDT防治湖孑孓湖水中残存DDT浮游动物体DDT含量达湖水万倍鱼吃浮游动物鱼吃鱼致DDT鱼体含量竟高达湖水八百万倍
3．重金属生物危害 重金属MnCuZn等生物体生命活动必需微量元素部分重金属HgPb等生物体生命活动毒害作生态环境中HgPb等重金属样通生物富集作生物体量浓缩产生严重危害
4Hg水蚤生命活动影响
通演示实验出Hg水蚤毒害作科学家发现然界中Hg水体中微生物作够转化成毒性更甲基汞甲基汞污染海水中藻类植物改变颜色海鱼量死亡科学家发现质量浓度仅4mgLPbCl2溶液明显抑制菠菜番茄正常进行光合作见HgPb等重金属生物正常生命活动十分害
5．富营养化生物危害 富营养化指水体中NP等植物必需矿质元素含量水质恶化现象水体中含适量NP等矿质元素藻类植物生长发育必需果矿质元素量进入水体会藻类植物浮游生物量繁殖生物死亡先需氧微生物分解水体中溶解氧含量明显减少接着生物遗体会厌氧微生物分解产生出硫化氢甲烷等毒物质致鱼类水生生物量死亡发生富营养化湖泊海湾等流动缓慢水体浮游生物种类呈现出蓝红褐等颜色富营养化发生池塘湖泊中做水华发生海水中做赤潮工业废水生活污水农田排出水中含NP等植物必需矿质元素植物必需矿质元素量排池塘湖泊中会池塘湖泊出现富营养化现象池塘湖泊富营养化仅影响水产养殖业会水中含亚硝酸盐等致癌物质严重影响畜安全饮水
二环境体健康
着环境污染日益严重许终日呼吸着污染空气饮着污染水吃着污染土壤中生长出农产品耳边响着噪声……环境污染严重威胁着体健康
1．气污染体健康
气污染指气化学性污染气中化学性污染物种类体危害严重达十种国气污染属煤炭型污染污染物烟尘二氧化硫外氮氧化物氧化碳等污染物通呼吸道进入体肝脏解毒作直接血液运输全身气化学性污染体健康危害种危害分慢性中毒急性中毒致癌作三种
慢性中毒 气中化学性污染物浓度般较低体产生慢性毒害作科学研究表明城市气化学性污染慢性支气炎肺气肿支气哮喘等疾病重诱急性中毒 工厂量排放害气体风雾时气中化学污染物易散开会急性中毒例1961年日四日市三家石油化工企业断量排放二氧化硫等化学性污染物加风天气致居民哮喘病发生种气污染治理哮喘病发病率着降低
致癌作 气中化学性污染物中具致癌作环芳烃类含Pb化合物等中34苯芘引起肺癌作强烈燃烧煤炭行驶汽车香烟烟雾中含34苯芘气中化学性污染物降落水体土壤中农作物农作物吸收富集进危害体健康
气污染包括气生物性污染气放射性污染气生物性污染物病原菌霉菌孢子花粉病原菌患肺结核等传染病霉菌孢子花粉产生敏反应气放射性污染物原子工业放射性废弃物医X射线源等污染物容易患皮肤癌白血病等
2．水污染体健康
河流湖泊等水体污染体健康会造成严重危害表现三方面第饮污染水食污水中生物中毒甚死亡例1956年日熊县水俣湾区出现病明患者患者痉挛麻痹运动失调语言听力发生障碍等症状法治疗痛苦死称种怪病水俣病科学家研究清楚种病含Hg工业废水造成Hg转化成甲基汞富集鱼虾贝类体果长期食鱼虾贝类甲基汞会引起脑细胞损伤慢性甲基汞中毒孕妇体甲基汞甚患发育良智低四肢变形第二畜粪便生活垃圾污染水体够引起病毒性肝炎细菌性痢疾等传染病血吸虫病等寄生虫疾病第三具致癌作化学物质砷(As)铬(Cr)苯胺等污染水体水体中悬浮物底泥水生生物体蓄积长期饮样污水容易诱发癌症
3．固体废弃物污染体健康 固体废弃物指类生产生活中丢弃固体物质采矿业废石工业废渣废弃塑料制品生活垃圾应认识固体废弃物某程某方面没价值实际作生产程原料利固体废弃物放错误点原料放错误点原料含种体健康害物质果时加利长期堆放越积越会污染生态环境体健康造成危害
4．噪声污染体健康
噪声危害方面：第损伤听力长期强噪声中工作听力会降甚造成噪声性耳聋第二干扰睡眠睡眠受噪声干扰时消疲劳恢复体力第三诱发种疾病噪声会处紧张状态致心率加快血压升高甚诱发胃肠溃疡分泌系统功紊乱等疾病第四影响心理健康噪声会心情烦躁集中精力学工作容易引发工伤交通事应采取种措施防治环境污染包括类生物生活美生态环
三．环境污染生物影响环境污染三致作
环境污染具哺乳动物致癌致突变致畸作统称三致作三致作危害般需较长时间显露出危害甚影响代
1．致癌作
致癌作指导致哺乳动物患癌症作早1775年英国医生波特发现清扫烟囱工易患阴囊癌认患阴囊癌常接触煤烟灰关1915年日科学家通实验证实煤焦油诱发皮肤癌污染物中够诱发哺乳动物患癌症物质做致癌物致癌物分化学性致癌物(亚硝酸盐石棉生产蚊香双氯甲醚)物理性致癌物(镭核聚变物)生物性致癌物(黄曲霉毒素)三类
2．致突变作 致突变作指导致哺乳动物发生基突变染色体结构变异染色体数目变异作哺乳动物生殖细胞果发生突变影响妊娠程导致孕胚胎早期死亡等哺乳动物体细胞果发生突变导致癌症发生常见致突变物亚硝胺类甲醛苯敌敌畏等
3．致畸作 致畸作指作妊娠母体干扰胚胎正常发育导致新生幼哺乳动物先天性畸形作20世纪60年代初西欧日出现畸形新生科学家研究发现原孕妇怀孕30天～50天服种做反应停镇静药种药具致畸作目前已确认致畸物甲基汞某病毒等
综述环境污染危害巨涉面广危害程度侵袭性强难治理必须做步环境污染防止工作坚持预防防止结合综合治理原真正环境保护治理济社会持续发展相协调
请您删容O(∩_∩)O谢谢2015年中央电期末复考试抄全电期末考试必备抄电考试必抄After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin The Sheraton Sens on the Bund and a sprinkling of other topnotch venues Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010 Sort of The Shanghaiborn chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof house at this Sinan Mansions＇stalwart It’s certainly a responsibility to be the head chef and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well the 31yearold tells Enjoy Shanghai In hotels for example these jobs are strictly demarcated so it’s a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for and a vote of confi dence from a company that to date has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries And for added pressure the Shanghai branch was also CPK’s China debut For sure it was a big step and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises they decided to manage it directly to begin with says Simpson Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong with a mainlandbased ＇brand ambassador’ on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative hearthbaked pizzas a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype They are very innovative he says The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday at least the place is teeming The kidseatforfree policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw as well as is the spacious secondfl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week Still the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better as good in fact as in CPK’s second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened and it hasn’t been easy for any of the tenants here adds Simpson We’re planning a third outlet in the city in 2015 and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats One thing the centuryold Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food pastries in particular One of the most popular tearooms in Paris Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience efficient service and beautiful comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai At the flagship dinein and takeout space in Shanghai everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century in Paris the height of Belle Epoque The paintings on the wall for example are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France the hometown of the owner and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate The famous hot chocolate known as L’Africain is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai It’s sinfully sweet rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light but equally gratifying contrast It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway The signature MontBlanc chestnut cake consists of three parts the pureed chestnut on top the vanilla cream like stuffing and the meringue as base Get all three layers in one scoop not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century even in a country like France perhaps the world’s most competitive place for desserts A much overlooked pairing is the ParisNew York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecanflavored whipped cream while the tea a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon cocoa and rose petals offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate Ordering these two items featuring a muted sweetness makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress Breakfast brunch lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines according to the management team The semicooked foie gras terrine is seductive and deceptive It’s generously served at the size and shape of a toast while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney The flavor however is honest strong smooth and sublime And you don’t actually need the toast for crunchiness This is the season for high teas with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites But there is one high tea with a difference and Pauline D Loh finds out just exactly why it is special Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break inbetween intensive bouts of holiday season shopping And for those who prefer savory to sweet there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth an inbetween indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch The afternoon tea special at ShangXi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements It is a pampering meal with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell a sort of Chinese version of the Western volauvent but classier Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles This is a master touch and chef Simon Choi who presides unchallenged at ShangXi has scored a winner again Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles — what’s not to love His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry — a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut but which you can put straight into the mouth It crumbles immediately and the slightly sweet nutty morsel is so easy to eat you’ll probably reach straight for another My favorite is the dessert that goes by the name yangzhi ganlu or ambrosia from the gods The hotel calls it chilled mango cream with sago pomelo and bird’s nest – made with ingredients that resonate with every female soul It does taste like ambrosia with the sweetsour fragrance of the mango forming the first layer of taste and sensation and the pomelo sacs and sago pearls providing the tactile contrast The bird’s nest — it’s the ingredient that gilds the lily since it is supposed to nourish and nurture a perfect complexion For those unfamiliar with this exotic ingredient the bird’s nest is not a bundle of twigs but is instead the dried secretion that cave swifts use to build their nest Technically it’s bird saliva but the Chinese believe that it has collagenboosting properties essential to beauty To me it just tastes good adding a slight gelatinous crunch to the back of the teeth There is also a baked mushroom puff pastry that includes the highly prized Matsutake or pine mushroom You also get a choice of teas but I strongly recommend the aged Pu’er from Yunnan province It is a mellow tea that will go perfectly with the rich little nuggets and will warm you up on a cold afternoon Incidentally the general guide is green tea such as Longjing or Dragonwell for the hot season semifermented teas like Wulong or Iron Buddha for autumn and more warming teas like Pu’er for winter The ShangXi afternoon tea costs 228 yuan (37) per person and 388 yuan for the more opule
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1 约（ ）年前某种机制作球出现液态水水出现球发育史第重事件
A 46亿
B 38亿
C 30亿
D 20亿
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
2 雨雪降落颗粒物（ ）
A 飘尘
B 降尘
C 超细颗粒物
D 烟尘
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
3 种天气现象雷电雨雪霜雹发生球（ ）
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
4 （ ）世界公认空中死神
A 酸雨
B 光化学烟雾
C 烟尘
D 飘尘
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
5
球圈层发育序次：（ ）
A 生物圈水圈土壤圈
B 土壤圈水圈生物圈
C 水圈生物圈土壤圈
D 水圈土壤圈生物圈
正确答案：C 满分：2 分：2
6 流层着高度增加气温度变化情况（ ）
A 升高
B 降
C 基变
D 先增加降
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
7 ( )已成代世界三酸雨区
A 日非洲拉丁美洲
B 巴西哥伦亚厄瓜尔
C 欧洲北美中国
D 欧洲北美日
正确答案：C 满分：2 分：2
8 流层着高度增加气温度变化情况（ ）
A 升高
B 降
C 基变
D 先变升
正确答案：D 满分：2 分：2
9 气圈中冷层（ ）
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：C 满分：2 分：2
10 气圈（ ）空气分子种射线作发生电离
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：D 满分：2 分：2
二项选择题（ 10 道试题 30 分）
1 造成全球气候变暖原（ ）
A 太阳活动
B 温室气体
C 施化肥
D 飞机尾气
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
2 全球气候变暖环境影响：（ ）
A 海面升
B 温度带北移
C 降水带北移
D 温度带南移
正确答案：ABC 满分：3 分：3
3 列属温室气体：（ ）
A 二氧化碳
B 甲烷
C 臭氧
D 水蒸汽
正确答案：ABC 满分：3 分：3
4 酸雨指（ ）等污染物质进入气环境历输送转化沉降等程溶解降水中形成酸性降雨降表
A CaO
B NOx
C CO2
D SO2
正确答案：BCD 满分：3 分：3
5 列属光化学烟雾污染危害：（ ）
A 眼造成刺激
B 植物利
C 气见度降低
D 橡胶制品老化
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
6 列属气污染事件：（ ）
A 马斯河谷事件
B 四日市哮喘事件
C 美国诺拉烟雾事件
D 海甲型肝炎流行
正确答案：ABC 满分：3 分：3
7 气圈（ ）气温度着高度增加降
A 流层
B 流层
C 中间层
D 热成层
正确答案：AC 满分：3 分：3
8 列关生物样性减少表述正确：（ ）
A 栖息丧失导致物种灭绝
B 危害生物资源持续利终危类社会持续发展
C 种生物灭亡十种生物会受影响
D 物种灭绝速度增快
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
9 列属环境素（ ）
A 空气
B 水
C 矿物
D 岩石
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
10 列属生物样性减少原：（ ）
A 类活动影响
B 环境污染
C 掠夺式度利
D 全球气候变暖
正确答案：ABCD 满分：3 分：3
三判断题（ 10 道试题 20 分）
1 球约12亿年出现早真核细胞
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
2 食物网越复杂生态系统越稳定相反食物网越简单生态系统越稳定
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
3 根气温度垂直变化特征划分气圈分流层流层中间层热成层逸散层
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
4 烟尘污染结膜炎等眼病发病率增加
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
5 城市化引起全球气候变暖原
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
6 紫外线辐射导致形成水生生态系统食物链基础中断
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
7 英国伦敦霍乱流行事件属气污染事件
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
8 臭氧存气流层中
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
9 臭氧空洞指臭氧层破坏浓度极稀薄
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：B 满分：2 分：2
10 拉尼娜现象厄尔尼诺现象会呈现海水温度降情况
A 错误
B 正确
正确答案：A 满分：2 分：2
四简答题（ 2 道试题 30 分）
1 试述全球气候变暖影响
1海面升影响
百年海面升14．4cm国升11．5cm海面升高原海水热膨胀海洋变暖时海面升高全球升温会引起球南北两极冰山融化造成海面升原海面升直接影响方面： (1) 低淹： 英国加高堤坝应气候变暖 全球变暖海面升高暴风雨频率增加英国政治面目 加高防洪堤坝英国官方日公布统计数20年中泰晤士河水位全球变暖升高政府机构先88次加高防洪堤坝保障伦敦生命财产安全悉现均年4次加高堤坝估计2030年前加高堤坝频率会达年30次钟 中国环境报20041019 (2) 海岸蚀 3) 表水水盐分增加影响城市供水 （4）水位升高 (5) 旅游业受危害(海面升50米连秦皇岛青岛北海三亚滨海旅游区31366料沙滩损失24北戴河沙滩损失602002年中国国土资源公报报道海旅游业已成第产业产值2503亿元占海洋产业总产值346 （6） 影响海岛国居民生活(占世界1／3口)受威胁果极冰冠融化济发达口稠密海区会海水吞没马尔代夫塞舌尔等低洼岛国面消失海威尼斯香港里约热卢东京曼谷纽约等海滨城市孟加拉荷兰埃等国难逃厄运
2动植物影响 气候决定生物群落分布素气候变化改变区物种适应性改变生态系统部种群竟争力然界动植物尤植物群落法适应全球变暖速度做适应性转移惨遭厄运气候变化(冰期)许物种消失未气候区某物种消 失物种气候变暖中益处栖息增加竞争手 天敌减少说桔子20世纪70年代北边界线黄 山线宣城市试种冬天场雪树木冻死现 校园里桔子树长扬子鳄生活宣城泾县南陵样狭 带果北界线北移扬子鳄会然绝种省局部区 讲全国讲国冬季1月0度等温线作副热带北界目前界线处 国秦岭淮河带研究发现气温升高会界线北移黄河北徐 州郑州带冬季气温现杭州武汉相似
3农业影响 年中温度降水分布决定种植种作物素温度温度引起降水变化影响粮食作物产量作物分布类型气候变化导致生物带生物群落空间(纬度)分布重变化公元8001200年北西洋区均温度现高1℃玉米挪威种植成公元15001800年西欧出现冰川期均气温现低12℃造成挪威半农场弃耕冰岛农业耕种活动全部停止外全球变暖会高温热浪热带风暴龙卷风等然灾害加重全球气温升高世界粮食生产稳定性分布状况会变化
4类健康影响 类健康取决良生态环境全球变暖成世纪类健康 素极端高温成世纪类健康困扰变更加频繁更加普遍 体现发病率死亡率增加尤疟疾淋巴腺丝虫病血吸虫病钩虫病 霍乱脑膜炎黑热病登革热等传染病危热带区国家某目前 发生热带区疾病着气候变暖中纬度区传播
2 烟尘污染危害什？
体健康危害：
需呼吸空气维持生命成年天呼吸约2万次吸入空气达15～20立方米污染空气体健康直接影响
气污染：物体危害方面表现呼吸道疾病生理机障碍眼鼻等粘膜组织受刺激患病
1952年12月5～8日英国伦敦发生煤烟雾事件死亡4000灾难烟雾称杀烟雾分析天伦敦风雾工厂烟囱居民取暖排出废气烟尘弥漫伦敦市区久散烟尘高浓度达446毫克m3二氧化硫日均浓度竟达383毫升m3二氧化硫某种化学反应生成硫酸液沫附着烟尘凝聚雾滴呼吸进入器官发病加速慢性病患者死亡谓光化学污染
例知气中污染物浓度高时会造成急性污染中毒病状恶化甚天夺千生命实气中污染物浓度高体成年累月呼吸种污染空气会引起慢性支气炎支气哮喘肺气肿肺癌等疾病
环境污染癌症
量研究资料表明环境污染导致癌症发生极重原全社会力量采取综合措施效治理环境污染癌症综合预防措施重组成部分 环境污染会生态系统造成直接破坏影响沙漠化森林破坏会生态系统类社会造成间接危害时种间接环境效应危害时造成直接危害更更难消例温室效应酸雨臭氧层破坏气污染衍生出环境效应 种环境污染衍生环境效应具滞性污染发生时易察觉预料然旦发生表示环境污染已发展相严重步然环境污染直接容易感受果类环境质量降影响类生活质量身体健康生产活动例城市空气污染造成空气污浊发病率升等等水污染水环境质量恶化饮水源质量普遍降威胁身体健康引起胎早产畸形等等严重污染事件仅带健康问题造成社会问题着污染加剧环境意识提高污染引起 群纠纷突逐年增加
目前全球范围程度出现环境污染问题具全球影响方面气环境污染海洋污染城市环境问题等着济贸易全球化环境污染日益呈现国际化趋势年出现危险废物越境转移问题方面突出表现
众周知环境污染指环境变清洁污浊肮脏方面洁净状态种状态洁净变污浊程污染环境污染源方面：
1）工厂排出废烟废气废水废渣噪音
2）生活中排出废烟废气噪音赃水垃圾
3）交通工具（燃油车辆轮船飞机等）排出废气噪音
4）量化肥杀虫剂草剂等化学物质农田灌溉流出水
5）矿山废水废渣
两黄鹂鸣翠柳行白鹭青天唐诗杜甫赞美然名句现方环境污染危害已见样美景环境污染仅破坏生物生存环境直接威胁着类健康
环境污染生物利影响
环境污染生物生长发育繁殖具十分利影响污染严重时生物形态特征生存数量等方面会发生明显变化面分讲述环境污染酸雨害化学药品重金属水体富营养化四方面生物危害
1．酸雨生物危害
酸雨土壤河流酸化河流汇入湖泊导致湖泊酸化湖泊酸化仅生长湖中湖边植物死亡威胁着湖鱼虾贝类生存破坏湖泊中食物链终湖泊变成死湖酸雨直接危害陆生植物叶芽农作物树木死亡
现酸雨造成危害日益严重已成全球性环境污染重问题二氧化硫形成酸雨污染物着济发展类燃烧更煤石油天然气产生更二氧化硫等污染物酸雨造成危害更加严重国世界量排放二氧化硫国家区已出现酸雨例国西南某区1982年三月降四次酸雨雨水pH36～46致面积农作物受害
早19世纪中叶注意衣苔藓植物空气污染严重城市中存活烟囱附植物叶片出现病斑科学家研究发现现象该区气污染关利植物监测某区气污染状况植物二氧化硫等气污染物敏感程度例气中二氧化硫含量较高时紫花苜蓿日葵等叶片会快褪绿者叶脉间出现褐色斑块严重时叶片逐渐坏死植物气污染反应敏感监测气污染状况做气污染指示植物
2．害化学药品生物危害
农药类常见害化学药品利农药杀灭病菌害虫时会造成环境污染包括类种生物造成危害
许农药易分解化合物生物体吸收会生物体断积累致类害物质生物体含量远远超外界环境中含量种现象称生物富集作生物富集作着食物链延长加强例十年前DDT作种高效农药广泛防治害虫美国某DDT防治湖孑孓湖水中残存DDT浮游动物体DDT含量达湖水万倍鱼吃浮游动物鱼吃鱼致DDT鱼体含量竟高达湖水八百万倍
3．重金属生物危害 重金属MnCuZn等生物体生命活动必需微量元素部分重金属HgPb等生物体生命活动毒害作生态环境中HgPb等重金属样通生物富集作生物体量浓缩产生严重危害
4Hg水蚤生命活动影响
通演示实验出Hg水蚤毒害作科学家发现然界中Hg水体中微生物作够转化成毒性更甲基汞甲基汞污染海水中藻类植物改变颜色海鱼量死亡科学家发现质量浓度仅4mgLPbCl2溶液明显抑制菠菜番茄正常进行光合作见HgPb等重金属生物正常生命活动十分害
5．富营养化生物危害 富营养化指水体中NP等植物必需矿质元素含量水质恶化现象水体中含适量NP等矿质元素藻类植物生长发育必需果矿质元素量进入水体会藻类植物浮游生物量繁殖生物死亡先需氧微生物分解水体中溶解氧含量明显减少接着生物遗体会厌氧微生物分解产生出硫化氢甲烷等毒物质致鱼类水生生物量死亡发生富营养化湖泊海湾等流动缓慢水体浮游生物种类呈现出蓝红褐等颜色富营养化发生池塘湖泊中做水华发生海水中做赤潮工业废水生活污水农田排出水中含NP等植物必需矿质元素植物必需矿质元素量排池塘湖泊中会池塘湖泊出现富营养化现象池塘湖泊富营养化仅影响水产养殖业会水中含亚硝酸盐等致癌物质严重影响畜安全饮水
二环境体健康
着环境污染日益严重许终日呼吸着污染空气饮着污染水吃着污染土壤中生长出农产品耳边响着噪声……环境污染严重威胁着体健康
1．气污染体健康
气污染指气化学性污染气中化学性污染物种类体危害严重达十种国气污染属煤炭型污染污染物烟尘二氧化硫外氮氧化物氧化碳等污染物通呼吸道进入体肝脏解毒作直接血液运输全身气化学性污染体健康危害种危害分慢性中毒急性中毒致癌作三种
慢性中毒 气中化学性污染物浓度般较低体产生慢性毒害作科学研究表明城市气化学性污染慢性支气炎肺气肿支气哮喘等疾病重诱急性中毒 工厂量排放害气体风雾时气中化学污染物易散开会急性中毒例1961年日四日市三家石油化工企业断量排放二氧化硫等化学性污染物加风天气致居民哮喘病发生种气污染治理哮喘病发病率着降低
致癌作 气中化学性污染物中具致癌作环芳烃类含Pb化合物等中34苯芘引起肺癌作强烈燃烧煤炭行驶汽车香烟烟雾中含34苯芘气中化学性污染物降落水体土壤中农作物农作物吸收富集进危害体健康
气污染包括气生物性污染气放射性污染气生物性污染物病原菌霉菌孢子花粉病原菌患肺结核等传染病霉菌孢子花粉产生敏反应气放射性污染物原子工业放射性废弃物医X射线源等污染物容易患皮肤癌白血病等
2．水污染体健康
河流湖泊等水体污染体健康会造成严重危害表现三方面第饮污染水食污水中生物中毒甚死亡例1956年日熊县水俣湾区出现病明患者患者痉挛麻痹运动失调语言听力发生障碍等症状法治疗痛苦死称种怪病水俣病科学家研究清楚种病含Hg工业废水造成Hg转化成甲基汞富集鱼虾贝类体果长期食鱼虾贝类甲基汞会引起脑细胞损伤慢性甲基汞中毒孕妇体甲基汞甚患发育良智低四肢变形第二畜粪便生活垃圾污染水体够引起病毒性肝炎细菌性痢疾等传染病血吸虫病等寄生虫疾病第三具致癌作化学物质砷(As)铬(Cr)苯胺等污染水体水体中悬浮物底泥水生生物体蓄积长期饮样污水容易诱发癌症
3．固体废弃物污染体健康 固体废弃物指类生产生活中丢弃固体物质采矿业废石工业废渣废弃塑料制品生活垃圾应认识固体废弃物某程某方面没价值实际作生产程原料利固体废弃物放错误点原料放错误点原料含种体健康害物质果时加利长期堆放越积越会污染生态环境体健康造成危害
4．噪声污染体健康
噪声危害方面：第损伤听力长期强噪声中工作听力会降甚造成噪声性耳聋第二干扰睡眠睡眠受噪声干扰时消疲劳恢复体力第三诱发种疾病噪声会处紧张状态致心率加快血压升高甚诱发胃肠溃疡分泌系统功紊乱等疾病第四影响心理健康噪声会心情烦躁集中精力学工作容易引发工伤交通事应采取种措施防治环境污染包括类生物生活美生态环
三．环境污染生物影响环境污染三致作
环境污染具哺乳动物致癌致突变致畸作统称三致作三致作危害般需较长时间显露出危害甚影响代
1．致癌作
致癌作指导致哺乳动物患癌症作早1775年英国医生波特发现清扫烟囱工易患阴囊癌认患阴囊癌常接触煤烟灰关1915年日科学家通实验证实煤焦油诱发皮肤癌污染物中够诱发哺乳动物患癌症物质做致癌物致癌物分化学性致癌物(亚硝酸盐石棉生产蚊香双氯甲醚)物理性致癌物(镭核聚变物)生物性致癌物(黄曲霉毒素)三类
2．致突变作 致突变作指导致哺乳动物发生基突变染色体结构变异染色体数目变异作哺乳动物生殖细胞果发生突变影响妊娠程导致孕胚胎早期死亡等哺乳动物体细胞果发生突变导致癌症发生常见致突变物亚硝胺类甲醛苯敌敌畏等
3．致畸作 致畸作指作妊娠母体干扰胚胎正常发育导致新生幼哺乳动物先天性畸形作20世纪60年代初西欧日出现畸形新生科学家研究发现原孕妇怀孕30天～50天服种做反应停镇静药种药具致畸作目前已确认致畸物甲基汞某病毒等
综述环境污染危害巨涉面广危害程度侵袭性强难治理必须做步环境污染防止工作坚持预防防止结合综合治理原真正环境保护治理济社会持续发展相协调
请您删容O(∩_∩)O谢谢2015年中央电期末复考试抄全电期末考试必备抄电考试必抄After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin The Sheraton Sens on the Bund and a sprinkling of other topnotch venues Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010 Sort of The Shanghaiborn chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof house at this Sinan Mansions＇stalwart It’s certainly a responsibility to be the head chef and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well the 31yearold tells Enjoy Shanghai In hotels for example these jobs are strictly demarcated so it’s a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for and a vote of confi dence from a company that to date has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries And for added pressure the Shanghai branch was also CPK’s China debut For sure it was a big step and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises they decided to manage it directly to begin with says Simpson Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong with a mainlandbased ＇brand ambassador’ on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative hearthbaked pizzas a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype They are very innovative he says The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday at least the place is teeming The kidseatforfree policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw as well as is the spacious secondfl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week Still the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better as good in fact as in CPK’s second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened and it hasn’t been easy for any of the tenants here adds Simpson We’re planning a third outlet in the city in 2015 and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats One thing the centuryold Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food pastries in particular One of the most popular tearooms in Paris Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience efficient service and beautiful comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai At the flagship dinein and takeout space in Shanghai everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century in Paris the height of Belle Epoque The paintings on the wall for example are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France the hometown of the owner and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate The famous hot chocolate known as L’Africain is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai It’s sinfully sweet rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light but equally gratifying contrast It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway The signature MontBlanc chestnut cake consists of three parts the pureed chestnut on top the vanilla cream like stuffing and the meringue as base Get all three layers in one scoop not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century even in a country like France perhaps the world’s most competitive place for desserts A much overlooked pairing is the ParisNew York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecanflavored whipped cream while the tea a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon cocoa and rose petals offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate Ordering these two items featuring a muted sweetness makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress Breakfast brunch lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines according to the management team The semicooked foie gras terrine is seductive and deceptive It’s generously served at the size and shape of a toast while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney The flavor however is honest strong smooth and sublime And you don’t actually need the toast for crunchiness This is the season for high teas with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites But there is one high tea with a difference and Pauline D Loh finds out just exactly why it is special Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break inbetween intensive bouts of holiday season shopping And for those who prefer savory to sweet there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth an inbetween indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch The afternoon tea special at ShangXi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements It is a pampering meal with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell a sort of Chinese version of the Western volauvent but classier Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles This is a master touch and chef Simon Choi who presides unchallenged at ShangXi has scored a winner again Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles — what’s not to love His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry — a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut but which you can put straight into the mouth It crumbles immediately and the slightly sweet nutty morsel is so easy to eat you’ll probably reach straight for another My favorite is the dessert that goes by the name yangzhi ganlu or ambrosia from the gods The hotel calls it chilled mango cream with sago pomelo and bird’s nest – made with ingredients that resonate with every female soul It does taste like ambrosia with the sweetsour fragrance of the mango forming the first layer of taste and sensation and the pomelo sacs and sago pearls providing the tactile contrast The bird’s nest — it’s the ingredient that gilds the lily since it is supposed to nourish and nurture a perfect complexion For those unfamiliar with this exotic ingredient the bird’s nest is not a bundle of twigs but is instead the dried secretion that cave swifts use to build their nest Technically it’s bird saliva but the Chinese believe that it has collagenboosting properties essential to beauty To me it just tastes good adding a slight gelatinous crunch to the back of the teeth There is also a baked mushroom puff pastry that includes the highly prized Matsutake or pine mushroom You also get a choice of teas but I strongly recommend the aged Pu’er from Yunnan province It is a mellow tea that will go perfectly with the rich little nuggets and will warm you up on a cold afternoon Incidentally the general guide is green tea such as Longjing or Dragonwell for the hot season semifermented teas like Wulong or Iron Buddha for autumn and more warming teas like Pu’er for winter The ShangXi afternoon tea costs 228 yuan (37) per person and 388 yuan for the more opule
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