2018年全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语()真题
Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business On the one hand it＇s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things child care friendships etc On the other hand putting your 2 in the wrong place often carries a high 3
4 why do we trust at all Well because it feels good 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution their brains release oxytocin a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 In a Swiss study researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else
11 for us we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container The tester would ask What’s in here before looking into the container smiling and exclaiming Wow Each subject was then invited to look 15 Half of them found a toy the other half 16 the container was emptyand realized the tester had 17 them
Among the children who had not been tricked the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill demonstrating that they trusted his leadership 19 only five of the 30 children paired with the 20tester participated in a followup activity
1 [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2 [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3 [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4 [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5 [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6 [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7 [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8 [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9 [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] remembered
17[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign What happens when the robots come for their jobs
Don＇t dismiss that possibility entirely About half of US jobs are at high risk of being automated according to a University of Oxford study with the middle class disproportionately squeezed Lowerincome jobs like gardening or day care don＇t appeal to robots But many middleclass occupationstrucking financial advice software engineering — have aroused their interest or soon will The rich own the robots so they will be fine
This isn＇t to be alarmist Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past The Industrial Revolution didn＇t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed Likewise automation should eventually boost productivity stimulate demand by driving down prices and free workers from hard boring work But in the medium term middleclass workers may need a lot of help adjusting
The first step as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age should be rethinking education and job training Curriculums —from grammar school to college should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problemsolving skills and helping students work alongside robots Online education can supplement the traditional kind It could make extra training and instruction affordable Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the US to revive its fading business dynamism Starting new companies must be made easier In previous eras of drastic technological change entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven＇t been invented yet The US needs the new companies that will invent them
Finally because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought Taxes on lowwage labor need to be cut and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded This would boost incomes encourage work reward companies for job creation and reduce inequality
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable
21Who will be most threatened by automation
[A] Leading politicians
[B]Lowwage laborers
[C]Robot owners
[D]Middleclass workers
22 Which of the following best represent the author’s view
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless
[B]Optimists＇ opinions on new tech find little support
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential [B]jobhunting skills
[C]individual needs [D]cooperative spirit
24The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A]encouraging the development of automation
[B]increasing the return on capital investment
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor
[D]preventing the income gap from widening
25In this text the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it [B]possible solutions to it
[C]its alarming impacts [D]its major variations
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than twothirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source Not a president’s social media platform
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines Yet as distrust has risen toward all media people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills Such a trend is badly needed During the 2016 presidential campaign nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news according to the University of Oxford And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace A Knight Foundation focusgroup survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use distributed trust to verify stories They crosscheck sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints the survey concluded
Such active research can have another effect A 2014 survey conducted in Australia Britain and the United States by the University of WisconsinMadison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to reshare news as a projection of their values and interests This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is reader error more so than madeup stories or factual mistakes in reporting About a third say the problem of fake news lies in misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news via social media In other words the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem says Roxanne Stone editor in chief at Barna Group
So when young people are critical of an overtweeting president they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media
26 According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2 many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the newsfiltering practice
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms
[C] the administrations ability to handle information
[D] social media was a reliable source of news
27 The phrase beer up(Line 2 Para 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share
28 According to the knight foundation survey young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace
[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources
[C] have s strong sense of responsibility
[D] like to exchange views on distributed trust
29 The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers outdated values
[B] journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
[D] journalists’ madeup stories
30 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Overtweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests
Text 3
Any fairminded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain＇s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants It Is against that background that the information commissioner Elizabeth Denham has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS which handed over to DeepMind the records of 16 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients＇ rights and their expectations of privacy
DeepMind has almost apologized The NHS trust has mended its ways Further arrangements and there may be manybetween the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust since under existing law it controlled the data and DeepMind merely processed it But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation not the mere possession of bits that gives the data value
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them That misses the way the surveillance economy works The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted This practice does not address the real worry It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism Ms Denham＇s report is a welcome start
31Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights
[C] It fell short of the latter＇s expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation
32 The NHS trust responded to Denham＇s verdict with
[A] empty promises
[B] tough resistance
[C] necessary adjustments
[D] sincere apologies
33The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs
[B] leaking patients＇ data is worse than selling it
[C] making profits from patients＇ data is illegal
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
34According to the last paragraph the real worry arising from this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants
35The author＇s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous [B] cautious
[C] appreciative [D] contemptuous
Text 4
The US Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink It reported a net loss of 56 billion for fiscal 2016 the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue Meanwhile it has more than 120 billion in unfunded liabilities mostly for employee health and retirement costs There are many bankruptcies Fundamentally the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its breadandbutter product firstclass mail and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greetingcard makers exert selfinterested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseerCongressinsisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization
Now comes word that everyone involvedDemocrats Republicans the Postal Service the unions and the system＇s heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated 286 billion over five years which could help pay for new vehicles among other survival measures Most of the money would come from a pennyperletter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually prefunding retiree health care thus addressing a longstanding complaint by the USPS and its union
If it clears the House this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat not comprehensive reform There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery That commonsense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS 2 billion per year But postal specialinterest groups seem to have killed it at least in the House The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing shortterm collapse at the USPS It is not
however a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century
36The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A] its unbalanced budget
[B] its rigid management
[C] the cost for technical upgrading
[D] the withdrawal of bank support
37 According to Paragraph 2 the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A] the interference from interest groups
[B] the inadequate funding from Congress
[C] the shrinking demand for postal service
[D] the incompetence of postal unions
38The longstanding complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
[A] removing its burden of retiree health care
[B] making more investment in new vehicles
[C] adopting a new rateincrease mechanism
[D] attracting more firstclass mail users
39In the last paragraph the author seems to view legislators with
[A] respect [B] tolerance
[C] discontent [D] gratitude
40Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] The Postal Service Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] The USPS Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a BandAid
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 4145 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list AG and filling them into the numbered boxes Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
A In December of 1869 Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871
B Completed in 1875 the State Department＇s south wing was the first to be occupied with its elegant fourstory library (completed in 1876) Diplomatic Reception Room and Secretary＇s office decorated with carved wood Oriental rugs and stenciled wall patterns The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879 where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary
C The State War and Navy Building as it was originally known housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation＇s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth centurythe period when the United States emerged as an international power The building has housed some of the nation＇s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events
D Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB＇s granite walls Theodore and Franklin D Roosevelt William Howard Taft Dwight D Eisenhower Lyndon B Johnson Gerald Ford and George H W Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy 21 Secretaries of War and 24 Secretaries of State Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor
E The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury Alfred B Mullett it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State War and Navy Departments and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country
F Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing When the EEOB was finished it was the largest office building in Washington with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas
G The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820 A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building In 1866 the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building
41 →C→ 42 → 43 → F→ 44 →45
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs but in England as everywhere else in western Europe the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular whether it should be new or old classical or medieval literary or farcical Court school organizations of amateurs and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court or for the choir boys of St Paul’s and the royal chapel who however gave plays in public as well as at court(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood By the time Shakespeare was twentyfive Lyly Peele and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage where they had played no part since the death of Euripides (49)A native literary drama had been created its alliance with the public playhouses established and at least some of its great traditions had been begun
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twentyfive years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history for in this brief period we may trace the beginning growth blossoming and decay of many
kinds of plays and of many great careers We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions：
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony In your email you should include time place and other relevant information about the ceremony
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET
Do not use your own name at the end of the email Use Li Ming instead (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions：
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the picture below In your essay you should
1)describe the pictures briefly
2)interpret the meaning and
3)give your comments(20 points)
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points )
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Section I Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business On the one hand it＇s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things child care friendships etc On the other hand putting your 2 in the wrong place often carries a high 3
4 why do we trust at all Well because it feels good 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution their brains release oxytocin a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 In a Swiss study researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else
11 for us we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container The tester would ask What’s in here before looking into the container smiling and exclaiming Wow Each subject was then invited to look 15 Half of them found a toy the other half 16 the container was emptyand realized the tester had 17 them
Among the children who had not been tricked the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill demonstrating that they trusted his leadership 19 only five of the 30 children paired with the 20tester participated in a followup activity
1 [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2 [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3 [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4 [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5 [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6 [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7 [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8 [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9 [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] remembered
17[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign What happens when the robots come for their jobs
Don＇t dismiss that possibility entirely About half of US jobs are at high risk of being automated according to a University of Oxford study with the middle class disproportionately squeezed Lowerincome jobs like gardening or day care don＇t appeal to robots But many middleclass occupationstrucking financial advice software engineering — have aroused their interest or soon will The rich own the robots so they will be fine
This isn＇t to be alarmist Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past The Industrial Revolution didn＇t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed Likewise automation should eventually boost productivity stimulate demand by driving down prices and free workers from hard boring work But in the medium term middleclass workers may need a lot of help adjusting
The first step as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age should be rethinking education and job training Curriculums —from grammar school to college should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problemsolving skills and helping students work alongside robots Online education can supplement the traditional kind It could make extra training and instruction affordable Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the US to revive its fading business dynamism Starting new companies must be made easier In previous eras of drastic technological change entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven＇t been invented yet The US needs the new companies that will invent them
Finally because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought Taxes on lowwage labor need to be cut and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded This would boost incomes encourage work reward companies for job creation and reduce inequality
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable
21Who will be most threatened by automation
[A] Leading politicians
[B]Lowwage laborers
[C]Robot owners
[D]Middleclass workers
22 Which of the following best represent the author’s view
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless
[B]Optimists＇ opinions on new tech find little support
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential [B]jobhunting skills
[C]individual needs [D]cooperative spirit
24The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A]encouraging the development of automation
[B]increasing the return on capital investment
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor
[D]preventing the income gap from widening
25In this text the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it [B]possible solutions to it
[C]its alarming impacts [D]its major variations
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than twothirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source Not a president’s social media platform
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines Yet as distrust has risen toward all media people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills Such a trend is badly needed During the 2016 presidential campaign nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news according to the University of Oxford And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace A Knight Foundation focusgroup survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use distributed trust to verify stories They crosscheck sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints the survey concluded
Such active research can have another effect A 2014 survey conducted in Australia Britain and the United States by the University of WisconsinMadison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to reshare news as a projection of their values and interests This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is reader error more so than madeup stories or factual mistakes in reporting About a third say the problem of fake news lies in misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news via social media In other words the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem says Roxanne Stone editor in chief at Barna Group
So when young people are critical of an overtweeting president they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media
26 According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2 many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the newsfiltering practice
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms
[C] the administrations ability to handle information
[D] social media was a reliable source of news
27 The phrase beer up(Line 2 Para 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share
28 According to the knight foundation survey young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace
[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources
[C] have s strong sense of responsibility
[D] like to exchange views on distributed trust
29 The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers outdated values
[B] journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
[D] journalists’ madeup stories
30 Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Overtweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests
Text 3
Any fairminded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain＇s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants It Is against that background that the information commissioner Elizabeth Denham has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS which handed over to DeepMind the records of 16 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients＇ rights and their expectations of privacy
DeepMind has almost apologized The NHS trust has mended its ways Further arrangements and there may be manybetween the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust since under existing law it controlled the data and DeepMind merely processed it But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation not the mere possession of bits that gives the data value
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them That misses the way the surveillance economy works The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted This practice does not address the real worry It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism Ms Denham＇s report is a welcome start
31Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights
[C] It fell short of the latter＇s expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation
32 The NHS trust responded to Denham＇s verdict with
[A] empty promises
[B] tough resistance
[C] necessary adjustments
[D] sincere apologies
33The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs
[B] leaking patients＇ data is worse than selling it
[C] making profits from patients＇ data is illegal
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
34According to the last paragraph the real worry arising from this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants
35The author＇s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous [B] cautious
[C] appreciative [D] contemptuous
Text 4
The US Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink It reported a net loss of 56 billion for fiscal 2016 the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue Meanwhile it has more than 120 billion in unfunded liabilities mostly for employee health and retirement costs There are many bankruptcies Fundamentally the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its breadandbutter product firstclass mail and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greetingcard makers exert selfinterested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseerCongressinsisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization
Now comes word that everyone involvedDemocrats Republicans the Postal Service the unions and the system＇s heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated 286 billion over five years which could help pay for new vehicles among other survival measures Most of the money would come from a pennyperletter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually prefunding retiree health care thus addressing a longstanding complaint by the USPS and its union
If it clears the House this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat not comprehensive reform There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery That commonsense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS 2 billion per year But postal specialinterest groups seem to have killed it at least in the House The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing shortterm collapse at the USPS It is not
however a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century
36The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A] its unbalanced budget
[B] its rigid management
[C] the cost for technical upgrading
[D] the withdrawal of bank support
37 According to Paragraph 2 the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A] the interference from interest groups
[B] the inadequate funding from Congress
[C] the shrinking demand for postal service
[D] the incompetence of postal unions
38The longstanding complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
[A] removing its burden of retiree health care
[B] making more investment in new vehicles
[C] adopting a new rateincrease mechanism
[D] attracting more firstclass mail users
39In the last paragraph the author seems to view legislators with
[A] respect [B] tolerance
[C] discontent [D] gratitude
40Which of the following would be the best title for the text
[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] The Postal Service Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] The USPS Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a BandAid
Part B
Directions
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 4145 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list AG and filling them into the numbered boxes Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
A In December of 1869 Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871
B Completed in 1875 the State Department＇s south wing was the first to be occupied with its elegant fourstory library (completed in 1876) Diplomatic Reception Room and Secretary＇s office decorated with carved wood Oriental rugs and stenciled wall patterns The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879 where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary
C The State War and Navy Building as it was originally known housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation＇s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth centurythe period when the United States emerged as an international power The building has housed some of the nation＇s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events
D Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB＇s granite walls Theodore and Franklin D Roosevelt William Howard Taft Dwight D Eisenhower Lyndon B Johnson Gerald Ford and George H W Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy 21 Secretaries of War and 24 Secretaries of State Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor
E The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury Alfred B Mullett it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State War and Navy Departments and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country
F Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing When the EEOB was finished it was the largest office building in Washington with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas
G The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820 A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building In 1866 the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building
41 →C→ 42 → 43 → F→ 44 →45
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs but in England as everywhere else in western Europe the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular whether it should be new or old classical or medieval literary or farcical Court school organizations of amateurs and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court or for the choir boys of St Paul’s and the royal chapel who however gave plays in public as well as at court(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood By the time Shakespeare was twentyfive Lyly Peele and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage where they had played no part since the death of Euripides (49)A native literary drama had been created its alliance with the public playhouses established and at least some of its great traditions had been begun
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twentyfive years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history for in this brief period we may trace the beginning growth blossoming and decay of many
kinds of plays and of many great careers We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived
Section III Writing
Part A
51 Directions：
Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony In your email you should include time place and other relevant information about the ceremony
You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET
Do not use your own name at the end of the email Use Li Ming instead (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions：
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the picture below In your essay you should
1)describe the pictures briefly
2)interpret the meaning and
3)give your comments(20 points)
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET (20 points )
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