7. *利润最大化 Profit Maximization制定价格使得总收入尽可能多的超过相应的总成本
Setting prices so that total revenue is as large as possible relative to total costs.1古典经济理论-边际分析-实现困难
8. *满意利润与目标投资收益Satisfactory Profits & Target Return on Investment 制定价格使得短期或长期的目标利润达到销售额或投资额的某一百分比(通常为公认的“fair” profits)1方便管理层、股东、公众等进行公司业绩评价
9. *投资收益率Return on Investment, ROI税后净利润除以总资产
Net profit after taxes divided by total assetsTotal assetsROI =Net Profit after taxes1
11. *市场份额 Market Share公司产品销售额(量)占全行业总销售额(量)的百分比
A company’s product sales as a percentage of total sales for that industry市场份额与ROI通常表现出较强的正相关关系1
12. *销售额最大化Sales Maximization利用价-量关系达到短期收入 (现金流)最大化 Short-term objective to maximize sales
忽略利润、竞争和I营销环境 Ignores profits, competition, and the marketing environment
可用以处理过剩存货May be used to sell off excess inventory
如换季产品1
13. *现状定价目标Status Quo Pricing Objectives维持既定价格
Maintainexisting prices应对竞争价格
Meet
competitor’s
pricesStatus Quo Pricing Objectives1
21. *供求分析定价 Demand and Supply需求
DemandThe quantity of a product that will be sold in the market at various prices for a specified period.供给
Supply
The quantity of a product
that will be offered to the market
by a supplier at various prices for a specific period.
2
22. *价格均衡 Price Equilibrium供求均等时的价格
The price at which demand and supply are equal.2
24. *需求弹性 Elasticity of Demand消费者(购买量)对价格变动的反应或敏感性Consumers’ responsiveness or sensitivity to changesin price2需求变动的百分比除以价格变动的百分比
25. *需求弹性 Elasticity of Demand价格 Price Goes...收入 Revenue Goes...需求 Demand is...下降
Down上升
Up富有弹性
Elastic下降
Down下降
Down 缺乏弹性
Inelastic上升
Up上升
Up缺乏弹性
Inelastic上升
Up下降
Down 富有弹性
Elastic升或降
Up or Down不变
Stays the Same单位弹性 Unitary Elasticity2
26. *影响弹性的因素Factors that Affect ElasticityFactorsThat Affect
Elasticity
of Demand替代品的可获得性
Availability of Substitutes占消费预算的比例Price relative to Purchasing Power必需品或奢侈品
Necessity or luxury时间 Time2