TEXT 1
Rebuilding the American dream machine
重建美国梦机器
Jan 19th 2006 | NEW YORK
From The Economist print edition
FOR America's colleges January is a month of reckoning Most applications for the next academic year beginning in the autumn have to be made by the end of December so a university's popularity is put to an objective standard how many people want to attend One of the more unlikely offices to have been flooded with mail is that of the City University of New York (CUNY) a public college that lacks among other things a famous sports team bucolic campuses and raucous parties (it doesn't even have dorms) and until recently academic credibility
美国学言月清算月份数进入秋季开学学年学申请必须12月底前完成学声客观：申请少纽约城市学公立学院学校相没支声名显赫运动队没田园诗般校园没喧嚣嘈杂派——甚连宿舍没直没取学术信度学办公室塞满学生寄申请函简直令难置信
A primary draw at CUNY is a programme for particularly clever students launched in 2001 Some 1100 of the 60000 students at CUNY's five top schools receive a rare thing in the costly world of American colleges free education Those accepted by CUNY's honours programme pay no tuition fees instead they receive a stipend of 7500 (to help with general expenses) and a laptop computer Applications for early admissions into next year's programme are up 70
城市学吸引方2001年开始聪明学生设立培养计划6万名城市学五顶尖学院学生中约1100免费教育花费巨美国学界件稀罕事纳入城市学荣誉计划学生需支付学费相反获份7500美元定期生活津贴（补助日常开销）笔记电脑学校申请早批准进入学年计划学生达70
Admission has nothing to do with being an athlete or a child of an alumnus or having an influential sponsor or being a member of a particularly aggrieved ethnic group—criteria that are increasingly important at America's elite colleges Most of the students who apply to the honours programme come from relatively poor families many of them immigrant ones All that CUNY demands is that these students be diligent and clever
批准否学生名运动员者校友子弟者没颇具影响力台者某爱抱民族社团成员毫干系——美国知名学府中已日益成重标准申请加入荣誉计划学生数相贫困家庭中许移民城市学唯需学生必须勤奋聪颖
Last year the average standardised test score of this group was in the top 7 in the country Among the rest of CUNY's students averages are lower but they are now just breaking into the top third (compared with the bottom third in 1997) CUNY does not appear alongside Harvard and Stanford on lists of America's top colleges but its recent transformation offers a neat parable of meritocracy revisited
年城市学学生标准化考试均分位居全美高分7列城市学学生均分较低进前三名（相1997年倒数前三名）城市学法哈佛斯坦福样美国顶尖学校肩然新转变清楚领略实力义现（段请高手参详）
Until the 1960s a good case could be made that the best deal in American tertiary education was to be found not in Cambridge or Palo Alto but in Harlem at a small public school called City College the core of CUNY America's first free municipal university founded in 1847 offered its services to everyone bright enough to meet its gruelling standards
20世纪60年代前例子说说美国高等教育理剑桥学者Palo Alto学哈莱姆（黑住宅区）名城市学公立学校里纽约城市学核心美国第市立免费学创建1847年聪明智足应付严格入学标准提供服务
City's golden era came in the last century when America's best known colleges restricted the number of Jewish students they would admit at exactly the time when New York was teeming with the bright children of poor Jewish immigrants In 193354 City produced nine future Nobel laureates including the 2005 winner for economics Robert Aumann (who graduated in 1950) Hunter its affiliated former women's college produced two and a sister branch in Brooklyn produced one City educated Felix Frankfurter a pivotal figure on the Supreme Court (class of 1902) Ira Gershwin (1918) Jonas Salk the inventor of the polio vaccine (1934) and Robert Kahn an architect of the internet (1960) A leftwing place in the 1930s and 1940s City spawned many of the neoconservative intellectuals who would later swing to the right such as Irving Kristol (class of 1940 extracurricular activity antiwar club) Daniel Bell and Nathan Glazer
城市学黄金时代开始世纪时美国知名学限制犹太学生入学时纽约处贫苦犹太移民聪明孩子1933年1954年间城市学培养出9获诺贝尔奖中包括2005年济学奖获者罗伯特•奥曼（毕业1950年）城市学前附属女子学院培养出两名诺贝尔奖获者布鲁克林分校培养出名城市学培养出高法院关键物费利克斯•法兰克福（1902届）埃拉•格什温（1918届）天花疫苗发明者乔纳斯•索尔克（1934届）互联网设计者罗伯特•卡恩（1960届）等20世纪三四十年代城市学作左翼分子活动区城市学孕育许新保守义知识分子转右翼欧文•克里斯托（1940届校外活动积极分子参加反战俱乐部）丹尼尔•贝尔森•格雷泽
What went wrong Put simply City dropped its standards It was partly to do with demography partly to do with earnest muddleheadedness In the 1960s universities across the country faced intense pressure to admit more minority students Although City was open to all races only a small number of black and Hispanic students passed the strict tests (including a future secretary of state Colin Powell) That critics decided could not be squared with City's mission to serve all the citizens of New York At first the standards were tweaked but this was not enough and in 1969 massive student protests shut down City's campus for two weeks Faced with upheaval City scrapped its admissions standards altogether By 1970 almost any student who graduated from New York's high schools could attend
里出问题呢？简单点说城市学降低标准部分口统计关部分憨头憨脑热忱关20世纪60年代全美学面着招收少数民族学生强压力城市学色种敞开校门少数黑拉丁美洲裔学生通严格测试（中包括成国务卿科林•鲍威尔）持批评意见士断定符合城市学服务全纽约市民宗旨起初入学标准作调整够1969年学生规模抗议城市学停课两周面突变化城市学彻底废入学标准1970年纽约高等中学毕业学生进入城市学学
The quality of education collapsed At first with no barrier to entry enrolment climbed but in 1976 the city of New York which was then in effect bankrupt forced CUNY to impose tuition fees An era of free education was over and a university which had once served such a distinct purpose joined the muddle of America's lowerend education
教育质量骤然降开始没入学限制报名学数断攀升1976年实际已陷入破产困境纽约市逼迫城市学征收学费免费教育时代终结独特办学取学成美国低端教育乌合众
By 1997 seven out of ten firstyear students in the CUNY system were failing at least one remedial test in reading writing or maths (meaning that they had not learnt it to highschool standard) A report commissioned by the city in 1999 concluded that Central to CUNY's historic mission is a commitment to provide broad access but its students' high dropout rates and low graduation rates raise the question Access to what’
直1997年城市学系统新生十七未通阅读写作数学中少门加试（未达高中标准）1999年纽约市府发布项报告总结认纽约城市学历史性命核心承担面众教育义务学生高退学率低毕业率引发样问题：提供什教育？’
Using the report as ammunition profound reforms were pushed through by New York's then mayor Rudolph Giuliani and another alumnus Herman Badillo (1951) America's first Puerto Rican congressman A new head of CUNY was appointed Matthew Goldstein a mathematician (1963) has shifted the focus back towards higher standards amid considerable controversy
纽约市时市长鲁道夫•丘里安尼样城市学校友（1951届）美国第名波黎裔议员赫尔曼•巴蒂洛利该报告导火索城市学进行深入改革名新校长马修•高德斯坦名数学家争议焦点重新引回更高入学标准
For instance by 2001 all of CUNY's 11 senior colleges (ie ones that offer full fouryear courses) had stopped offering remedial education This prompted howls from the teaching faculty who said it would create a ghettolike separation between levels of colleges keeping black and Hispanic students out of the best schools In fact the racial composition of the senior schools monitored obsessively by critics has remained largely unchanged one in four students at the senior colleges is black one in five is Latino A third have ties to Puerto Rico Jamaica China and the Dominican Republic
例2001年城市学高级学院（提供全部四年培养课程学院）停止提供加试教育引起教师强烈满认造成学院水学生间犹太区般分裂黑拉丁美裔学生拒门外事实批评家直关注着高级学院学生种族构成部分保持变：高级学院学生中黑占四分拉丁美裔占五分三分波黎牙买加中国米尼加裔
Admissions standards have been raised Students applying to CUNY's senior colleges now need respectable scores on either a national state or CUNY test and the admissions criteria for the honours programme are the toughest in the university's history Contrary to what Mr Goldstein's critics predicted higher standards have attracted more students not fewer this year enrolment at CUNY is at a record high There are also anecdotal signs that CUNY is once again picking up bright locals especially in science One advanced biology class at City now has twice as many students as it did in the late 1990s Last year two students both born in the Soviet Union won Rhodes scholarships and a Bronx native who won the much soughtafter Intel Science Prize is now in the honours programme
入学标准提高申请进入城市学高级学院学学生需全国州者城市学考试中取优异成绩荣誉计划纳入标准成该学史严厉项标准高德斯坦先生预期恰恰相反更高入学标准吸引更学生非更少：年报名数创新高道消息称城市学正次挑选聪明居民尤科学方面门高级生物学目前课数20世纪90年代末期两倍年两名均出生前苏联学生荣获罗兹奖学金(译者注：获塞西尔•罗兹遗嘱设立奖学金学生该奖允许牛津学入学攻读两三年时期)名布朗克斯区（译者注：美国纽约市行政区位曼哈顿北部陆纽约东南部荷兰西印度公司工作丹麦琼纳斯•布朗克早定居该区1898年成纽约部分）出生学生荣获许梦寐求特尔科学奖现已获准进入荣誉计划
All this should not imply that CUNY is out of the woods Much of it looks run down CUNY's annual budget of 17 billion has stayed largely unchanged even as student numbers have risen With New York City's finances still precarious city and state support for the university has fallen by more than onethird since 1991 in real terms It has however begun to bring in private money
种种表示纽约城市学已走出泥潭方面况愈便学生数增加该学年17亿美元预算未较改观纽约市财政旧稳定市府州府资助1991年已降超三分然学校已开始私里赚取资金
A new journalism school will open in the autumn helped by a 4m grant from the Sulzberger family who control the New York Times and led by Business Week's former editor Steve Shepard (class of 1961) Efforts to raise a 12 billion endowment have passed the halfway mark helped by (formerly estranged) alumni Intel's former chairman Andrew Grove who graduated from City in 1960 as a penniless Hungarian immigrant donated 26m (about 30 of City's operating budget) to the engineering school calling his alma mater a veritable American dream machine
纽约时报老板苏尔兹伯格家族400万美元赞助商业周刊前编辑史蒂夫•谢巴德（1961届学生）牵头新办新闻学院秋季开学校友（前学校较疏远）帮助募集12亿美元捐赠行动已成功半1960年毕业身分文匈牙利移民特尔公司前席安德鲁•格罗夫工程学院捐赠2600万美元（约相学预算30）称赞母校部真正美国梦机器
There are broader lessons to draw from CUNY especially to do with creating opportunities in higher education for the poor Currently only 3 of the students in America's top colleges come from families in the lowest income quartile and only 10 from the bottom half according to a study by Anthony Carnevale and Stephen Rose for the Century Foundation Most students are relatively welloff and their numbers include plenty of racial minorities who receive preferential status independent of their economic circumstances
纽约城市学验值学尤关高等教育中穷创造机遇方面根安东尼•卡瓦斯蒂芬•罗斯项世纪基金研究目前美国顶尖学学生中仅约3低收入家庭仅10中等收入家庭数学生家境相较中包括许受济条件约束享受特权许少数民族学生
For all its imperfections CUNY's model of low tuition fees and high standards offers a different approach And its recent history may help to dispel the myth that high academic standards deter students and donors Elitism Mr Goldstein contends is not a dirty word
城市学完善方面言关低学费高标准模式展示众教育方法该学新发展进程许助破样谬学校高标准会学生捐助者步高德斯坦先生坚持认杰出物统治词难听
TEXT 2
Here be dragons
龙
Jan 26th 2006
From The Economist print edition
Google the internet search engine that has grown into a corporate giant began operations in China on January 25th Though critics suggest it has betrayed its own motto don't be evil by agreeing to censor certain sites Google maintains it will do more good than harm
已成公司巨国际互联网搜索引擎——Google1月25日启动中国业务评家认Google违背箴言——干坏事意特定站点进行审查Google公司坚持认样利弊
IN 2001 humanrights activists in China crowed that a littleknown search engine called Google was the most important tool ever created to skirt state censors Users could retrieve content that Beijing banned by clicking to call up a cached copy of the web page stored by Google Soon however Google itself was being sporadically blocked The firm was instructed to deactivate that particular feature and for a short time its web address was even rerouted by Chinese network operators to the website of a local rival
2001年种鲜知名Google搜索引擎成时避开国家审查重工具中国权激进分子幸灾乐祸户通点击开Google存储缓存储网页备份重新获政府封杀相关容Google公司快定期关闭该公司接通知求取消种特定功中国网络运营者甚度该公司网址链接改家中国搜索引擎（google竞争手）
The continual catandmouse game ended this week when Google now a corporate giant entered the dragon’s den On January 25th the search engine Googlecn began operations It is a first step towards beefing up the company’s local presence which will also mean placing computerservers in the country This will speed up service for mainland users who otherwise must penetrate the great firewall of China which dramatically slows down access to Googlecom
周现已成公司巨Google进入中国龙潭长久猫捉老鼠游戏结束1月25日中文搜索引擎Googlecn开始运行公司加强化实力迈出第步意味着公司计算机服务器放中国加快中国陆户服务速度外必然会穿越中国巨防火墙——面防火墙减慢户登录Google速度
Having local infrastructure gives an advantage to Google’s searchengine rivals such as China’s Baiducom (which enjoys around 40 of the Chinese search market compared with Google’s 30) and Yahoo and Microsoft’s MSN which have local Chinese operations China’s internet market with more than 100m users is one of the fastestgrowing and most lucrative in the world Can Google—with its motto don’t be evil—do business in China without betraying its soul
中国方政府部门倾支持Google搜索引擎方面竞争手中国百度（约占中国搜索业市场40份额Google30）中国业务雅虎微软MSN拥1亿户中国互联网市场全球发展快富利润市场干坏事诫Google公司着食言中国做成生意？
The company is making a concerted effort to do just that It has reached an agreement with the Chinese authorities that allows it to disclose to users at the bottom of a list of search results whether information has been withheld This is similar to what the company does in other countries where it faces content restrictions such as France and Germany (where Nazi sites are banned) and America (where it removes material that is suspected of copyright infringement) Although the disclosure is more prominent on these western sites putting such a message on its Chinese site is an important step towards transparency and furthermore is something its rivals do not do
Google公司正齐心协力食言已中国政府达成识允许搜索结果列表底部信息户开放否属禁止范围类似该公司样面容限制国家中做法法国德国（禁止纳粹站点）美国（疑似侵犯版权关材料删）西方国家信息公开化更突出Google中国站点出现讯息透明化迈出重步更甚者某种中国手法办事情
Furthermore Google is tiptoeing into the country with only a handful of services It is not offering email blogging or socialnetworking services because it worries that it will not be able to ensure users’ privacy It wishes to avoid the situation in which MSN and Yahoo find themselves whereby they are forced to obey the Chinese government’s orders in censoring content and revealing users’ identities Rather than be placed in a position where it may have to compromise its values Google instead is narrowing what it offers (although its news service will contain only governmentapproved media sources)
Google须提供限服务悄悄进入中国市场担心法确保保护户隐私该公司提供电子邮件博客社交网络服务Google公司希会落入MSN雅虎境——两家公司遵守中国政府关容审查泄露户身份方面规定Google公司目前处境损身利益相反缩减支出费（然提供新闻服务容源仅限政府认新闻媒体）
Google believes that entering China even with restraints on content lets it offer more information than if it remained outside Yet the decision comes as American internet firms such as Yahoo and MSN duck criticism that they are complicit with the Chinese authorities
Google相信进入中国诸容限制令提供更信息雅虎MSN美国互联网公司纷纷回避指责中国政府串通气言时Google公司终决心
Meanwhile in America
For Google taking the higher road happens to also be a way to differentiate its service This month America’s Department of Justice went to court to force Google to comply with a subpoena seeking more than 1m web addresses and a weeks’ worth of all users’ searches (down from an original demand of every web address it holds and two months of searches) albeit without any information that would identify individual users The government wants the data in order to examine the effectiveness of software filters to block pornography for a case involving a law prohibiting the content which the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional
美国国反响
Google言更高目标进发恰种服务样化途径1月美国司法部通法庭勒令Google公司履行前法院发出传票提供百万网址户数周搜索引擎记录（……两月搜索情况）需确认户身份相关信息美政府数想检验击网络色情软件滤性
The government requested and received information from Yahoo MSN and AOL—all of which initially stonewalled about whether they disclosed the data Yet Google resisted arguing that acceding to the request would suggest it is willing to reveal information about those who use its services This is not a perception that Google can accept The day the subpoena was made public Google’s shares dropped almost 9 its largest singleday decline since it began trading in 2004
美政府求业已收雅虎MSNAOL提交材料公司起初否公布关数举棋定Google公司终予拒绝称谁意求做表面谁愿意泄露户隐私Google感思议传票公布众天Google股价跌9创2004年市单日跌幅
Google’s stance could put commercial pressure on its rivals to adopt more customerfriendly policies and may serve as a warning to other internet firms to treat customers’ data with more care Yet such highmindedness will be tested as Google enters China Keeping its options open the company is not shutting down the Chineselanguage version of Googlecom It will remain available for those willing to wait a bit longer for their uncensored search results
商业Google公司态度迫竞争手采取更益户政策会提醒互联网公司户数时更谨慎然Google进驻中国种高尚品格受考验Google未关闭Googlecom中文界面然保持着选性想搜索未审查信息宁愿网速慢户言然路寻
TEXT 3
Food firms and fatfighters
食品公司减肥斗士
Feb 9th 2006
From The Economist Global Agenda
Five leading food companies have introduced a labelling scheme for their products in the British market in an attempt to assuage critics who say they encourage obesity But consumer groups are unhappy all the same Is the food industry like tobacco before it about to be *engulfed[1] by a wave of lawsuits brought on health grounds
五家业领先食品公司采取项方案投入英国市场食品作出标注力图堵住说鼓励肥胖批评士嘴消费者团体然开心食品业会前烟草样卷入场关健康诉讼中？
KEEPING fit requires a combination of healthy eating and regular exercise On the second of these at least the world’s food companies can claim to be setting a good example they have been working up quite a sweat in their attempts to fend off assaults by governments consumer groups and lawyers who accuse them of peddling products that encourage obesity This week saw the unveiling of another industry initiative five leading food producers—Danone Kellogg Nestlé Kraft and PepsiCo—introduced a labelling scheme for the British market which will show guideline daily amounts for calories fats sugar and salt on packaging The new labels will start to appear on the firms’ crisps chocolate bars cheese slices *and the like[2] over the next few months A number of other food giants such as Cadbury Schweppes and Masterfoods have already started putting guideline labels on their products
健康饮食惯常性锻炼二者结合身体保持健康少第二点言全球食品公司说树立典范：避开政府消费者团体律师抨击——指责食品公司四处兜售促进肥胖产品已累汗淋漓周食品业举措公诸世：五家业领先食品厂商——Danone Kellogg Nestlé KraftPepsiCo——英国市场实施项商品标注计划包装标明卡路里（热量）脂肪糖盐日摄入量指南接月里食品公司土豆条巧克力棒干酪片等等包装开始出现类新标注许食品业巨头Cadbury Schweppes Masterfoods已着手产品加入指导性标记
The food companies say doing this will empower consumers allowing them to make informed decisions about which foods are healthy （1）But consumer groups have cried foul They point out that the Food Standards Agency a government watchdog is due to recommend a different type of labelling scheme next month a traffic light system using colours to tell consumers whether products have low medium or high levels of fat salt and the like The food firms they say have rushed to introduce their own fuzzier guidelines first in a cynical attempt to undermine the government’s plan—which they fear might hurt their sales In consumer tests the traffic light performed better than rival labelling schemes
食品公司说做消费者确定种食品健康食品时心知肚明消费者团体声疾呼食品公司举纯属犯规指出作政府监督机构食品标准局应该月推出项标注措施——红绿灯方法应颜色提醒消费者食品脂肪糖盐分等含量低中等高说食品公司突然率先采定模糊指南政府计划恣意破坏害怕政府计划会产品卖出消费者进行调查显示红绿灯方法食品公司标注方案效果
Nevertheless the food companies argue that the trafficlight system is too simplistic and likely to scare people away from certain products that are fine if consumed in moderation or in conjunction with plenty of exercise—which most observers including the medical profession agree is crucial for anyone wanting to stay in shape They also point out that they have competitors to worry about—namely the big supermarket chains with their ownlabel products Last April Tesco the biggest of these announced that it was rejecting the trafficlight system in favour of a less stark signposting approach Its rivals fear that adopting colourcoding could put them at a competitive disadvantage
然食品公司辩称红绿灯方法简单某产品会吓跑消费者产品果食适量者结合充分锻炼十分益包括医学专家数观察士认食品想保持体形言关重时指出顾竞争者产品加标注型超市连锁店做法年四月家超市连锁店Tesco宣布反采红绿灯方法取代种更灵活路标法食品公司担心采颜色编码（红绿灯法）会令竞争中处劣势
Better labelling has become an important weapon of the food giants’ armoury as they fight back against their critics In October 2005 McDonald’s the world’s largest fastfood company said it would start printing nutritional facts on the packaging of its burgers and fries including the fat salt calorie and carbohydrate content Before that information about （2）bigsellers such as the Big Mac which contains 30g of fat could only be found on the firm’s website or in leaflets
食品业巨头回击批评意见程中更标注方式已成武器库中杀手锏2005年10月1日世界快餐公司麦劳称公司汉堡包炸薯条包装印营养常识包括脂肪盐分热量碳水化合物含量前食品公司网站宣传品销路食品关信息含30克脂肪Big Mac
But labelling is not enough the food firms know they must also offer healthier fare McDonald's has introduced salads and fruit to its menus Kraft and others have brought out lowcarbohydrate ranges Last year McDonald’s even announced a sporty makeover for Ronald McDonald its mascot clown in a bid to encourage children to be more active But some in the industry suspect that consumers are keener on seeing （3）lighter healthier meals on the menu than they are on actually buying and eating them such products are not what the industry calls （4）business builders That said some of Nestlé’s more nutritional products like its PowerBar range for athletes enjoy higher margins and growth than its traditional fare
标注够食品公司清楚必须生产出更加健康食品麦劳公司已沙拉水果引入点餐单中Kraft公司制造出系列低碳水化合物食品年麦劳甚宣布丑吉祥物——麦劳叔叔进行翻新改造具运动型外表鼓励孩子更活泼某业士提出质疑认消费者更渴点餐单加色素较健康膳食会真买吃类食品非产业中谓商业增洁剂说雀巢公司生产某更富营养食品运动员专PowerBar系列传统食品带更高利润增长
Wobbling all over the world
全球食品业正受震荡
The pressure on the industry is most acute in America which leads the world in obesity The proportion of Americans characterised as overweight has risen steadily from 47 (（5）bad enough in itself) in the late 1970s to around twothirds including over 30 who are clinically obese Fastfood chains’ American sales grew from about 6 billion in 1970 to an estimated 134 billion in 2005 Eric Schlosser author of Fast Food Nation an influential book attacking the industry has pointed out that Americans spend more on fast food than they do on higher education PCs or new cars—worrying when a single meal at a KFC of less than a poundweight of food plus a large Pepsi can top 1600 calories not far short of the daily intake recommended by the government for adults doing only light physical activity
肥胖数居世界首位美国食品业承受压力世纪70年代末期美国中超重口占例47（数字身已糟糕透）逐步增长约三分二中包括30床肥胖症患者美国快餐连锁店销售额1970年60亿美元增加2005年约1340亿美元旨抨击快餐业颇具影响力快餐国度书作者埃里克•施罗瑟指出美国吃快餐花钱花高等教育电脑者买新汽车钱令感担忧肯德基快餐店光吃顿磅重餐点喝杯百事乐摄入热量超1600卡路里美国政府仅事轻度体力活动成推荐日摄取量低少（言意餐摄取热量况日三餐？）
（6）Where the United States leads others are following In the European Union up to 27 of men are considered to be obese and almost a quarter of all children are deemed overweight Britain with its love of burgers and packaged meals is seen as following closest on America’s heels but the rate of obesity has started to swell on the continent too Some 11 of the adult population of France were obese in 2003 up from 8 in 1997 (the actual level may be higher still since the figures are based on polls asking people if they are fat and （7）selfreporting produces underestimates) France has *latched on to[3] the fastfood culture it is one of the biggest and most profitable European markets for McDonald’s
美国带头方国会步趋欧盟国家高达27男性认患肥胖症四分童认体重超常爱吃汉堡包包食物英国作美国贴屁虫肥胖队伍样开始日益壮法国成患肥胖症率1997年8子增加2003年11（统计数基问卷调查实际水更高——说情况导致低估实际水嘛）法国已领悟快餐文化真谛：麦劳公司欧洲赚钱市场
No wonder then that the past few years have been bad for food companies (8)in image terms—and terrible for the fastfood lot Attacks on the industry have changed the psychological climate in which it operates and they may yet change the legislative climate too So far lawsuits brought on healthandsafety grounds have been more of a warning than a general threat In 2003 a New York judge dismissed a lawsuit claiming that McDonald’s had misled customers into believing that its food was healthy (though the suit was later partially reinstated) A number of American states have passed commonsense consumption laws aimed at deterring obesity cases in local courts
年食品公司日子太快餐业更加糟糕食品业抨击已带消费心理变化许改变立法迄止基健康安全诉讼更种警醒没食品业形成真正威胁2003年纽约名法官驳回项诉讼该诉讼声称麦劳公司误导消费者相信食品健康（该诉讼受部分复议）美国州通消费常识法旨方法庭拒绝受理肥胖诉讼案例
Nevertheless some lawyers still see a similarity between the position of food companies now and that of tobacco companies in the 1960s and 1970s when private lawsuits paved the way for a coordinated attack on big tobacco by attorneysgeneral Worries about rising obesity rates among children and fear of subsequent legal actions have caused companies to （9）scale back their marketing of fatty food and soft drinks to minors
律师然察觉目前食品公司处境世纪六七十年代时烟草公司定相似处时众诉讼州首席检察官针烟草业巨头发动协攻击铺道路家食品公司关注童肥胖例正日益增长担心起诉已开始逐步缩减针未成年高脂食品软饮料销售
In several countries government pronouncements and actions have added to the pressure on the industry The British government’s push to introduce trafficlight labelling comes in the wake of a hardhitting report from the House of Commons Health Select Committee whose chairman said The devastating consequences of the epidemic of obesity are likely to have a profound impact over the next century In France a law has been passed to impose a 15 tax on the advertising budgets of food companies if they do not encourage healthy eating The industry may claim with some justification that ultimate responsibility for bad diet *rests with[4] the individual and that the amount of exercise you do is just as important as the amount of food you eat But as long as governments lawyers and health campaigners continue to pile on the pressure it will have to work hard to convince them it is (10)doing its bit to stop people piling on the pounds
国家政府已发布关声明采取举措食品业感压力倍增英国国会院健康特委员会份掷声报告迫英国政府开始全力引入红绿灯标识方案该委员会席说：肥胖症流行引发破坏性果会世纪产生深远影响法国已通项法律拟宣扬健康饮食食品公司征收15广告预算税食品业许会略显理直气壮申辩良饮食根责应消费者承担运动量进食少样重政府律师健康饮食倡议士停止施压食品业必须努力确信变越越胖正份绵薄力
注释：
[1]engulf：席卷吞没吞噬
[2]and the like 等等诸类
[3]latch on to 明白解latch义抓住占插插销
[4]rest with 属取决
抛砖引玉：
（1） 句中cried foul应该翻译合适？句话笔者译声疾呼食品公司举纯属犯规妥否？难道里cry foul赛场裁判喊犯规停？
（2） bigsellers中seller销售商销售商品？big指型销路者？
（3） light句子里意思应该轻吧？猜想应该原色基色浅色您认呢？
（4） builder建造者增洁剂？较专业请指教
（5） 思想找出数字身已糟糕透顶更译法许真更？
（6） Come on guys 谁句翻译更贴切更通达呢？
（7） 越译越晕心里明白selfreporting意思底表达出准确呢？
（8） in image terms啥意思？抛砖免砸着呵呵
（9） scale up例增加scale down例缩减scale back呢？想应该scale down 差吧？
（10） do one’s bits 词典没查相应短语bit词身少许意想译……绵薄力应坏您呢？
TEXT 4
A question of standards
关标准问题
Feb 9th 2006
From The Economist Global Agenda
More suggestions of bad behaviour by tobacco companies Maybe
许烟草公司良行应提点建议
ANOTHER round has just been fought in the battle between tobacco companies and those who regard them as spawn of the devil In a paper just published in the Lancet with the provocative title Secret science tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette toxicity David Hammond of *Waterloo University[1] in Canada and Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard two members of Physicians for a SmokeFree Canada a lobby group criticise the behaviour of British American Tobacco (BAT) They say the firm considered manipulating some of its products in order to （1）make them lowtar in the eyes of officialdom while they actually delivered high tar and nicotine levels to smokers
烟草公司视魔鬼子间刚刚进行新轮交锋新出版柳叶刀刊登篇题目颇具煽动性文秘密科研——烟草业开展吸烟行香烟毒性研究作者加沃特鲁学戴维•哈蒙德加名烟加医师游说团两名成员尼尔•科里肖辛西娅•加拉德英美烟草公司行提出批评称该公司拟某烟草产品进行处理企图监督部门误焦油含量低实际产品会烟民吸收高浓度焦油尼古丁
It was and is no secret as BAT points out that people smoke lowtar cigarettes differently from hightar ones The reason is that they want a decent dose of the nicotine which tobacco smoke contains They therefore *pull[2] a larger volume of air through the cigarette when they *draw on[3] a lowtar rather than a hightar variety （2）The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug
正英美烟草公司指出吸低焦油含量香烟感觉高焦油含量香烟现什秘密需烟草中含适量尼古丁抽低焦油品种香烟时吸入空气含量抽高焦油品种香烟时高（译者注：说尼古丁含量高烟难吸容易抽动）高出空气含量弥补瘾性物质（尼古丁）足
But a burning cigarette is a complex thing and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences In particular a bigger draw is generally a faster draw （3）That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette This in turn means more smoke per unit volume and thus more tar and nicotine The nature of the nicotine may change too with more of it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb
支点燃卷烟复杂玩意空气量增加会带意想结果特口吸烟时会快抽完支烟时吸入空气更燃烧烟草非卷烟纸侧意味着吸口空气会吸口焦油尼古丁数尼古丁种易体吸收形式存尼古丁性质发生改变
According to Dr Hammond and his colleagues a series of studies conducted by BAT's researchers between 1972 and 1994 quantified much of this The standardised way of analysing cigarette smoke as *laid down[4] by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) which regulates everything from computer code to greenhouse gases uses a machine to make 35millilitre puffs drawn for two seconds once a minute The firm's researchers by contrast found that real smokers draw 5070ml per puff and do so twice a minute （4）Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements that have taken place in the past few years mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States
哈蒙德医生事称英美烟草公司研究员已1972年1994年间通系列研究述部分问题进行定量检测卷烟烟尘分析标准方法国际标准化组织（ISO该组织包括计算机代码温室气体问题作出规定）制定法利台机器喷发出35毫升烟雾受试者分钟吸次次持续2秒吸完英美公司研究员发现真正烟民分钟2次吸完5070毫升烟雾哈蒙德医生烟草业提供量文献中出结年烟草业美国局直僵持遂签署类法律协议作中项容烟草业迫拱手交出文献
Dr Hammond suggests however the firm went beyond merely investigating how people smoked A series of internal documents from the late 1970s and early 1980s shows that BAT at least thought about applying this knowledge to cigarette design A research report from 1979 puts it thus There are three major design features which can be used either individually or in combination to manipulate delivery levels filtration paper permeability and filtertip ventilation A conference paper from 1983 says The challenge would be to reduce the mainstream nicotine determined by standard smokingmachine measurement while increasing the amount that would actually be absorbed by the smoker Another conference paper from 1984 says （5）We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table Ideally it should appear to be no different from a normal cigaretteIt should also be capable of delivering up to 100 more than its machine delivery
哈蒙德医生表示英美公司调查仅仅吸烟方式英美公司世纪70年代末80年代初系列部文献表明该公司少考虑知识卷烟设计1979年份研究报告样说道：分联合应设计关三素滤烟卷包装纸通透性滤嘴通气效果控制焦油尼古丁释放水1983年份会议文提关键提高吸烟者尼古丁实际吸收量时减少标准检测方法测定含量1984年份会议文说：应努力达效果检测中蒙混关理想化结果种香烟应般香烟差异…… 释放尼古丁焦油量机器释放高出100
None of the documents discovered by the three researchers shows that BAT actually did redesign its cigarettes in this way and the firm denies that it did However BAT's own data show that some of its cigarettes delivered far more nicotine and tar to machines which had the characteristics of real smokers than to those which ran on ISO standards In the most extreme example in a test carried out in 1987 the real smoking machine drew 86 more nicotine and 114 more tar from Player's Extra Light than the ISO machine detected although smoke intake was only 27 higher
三名研究员发现文献中没篇表明英美公司确采种方法生产卷烟进行改良该公司矢口否认干英美公司部资料显示生产某卷烟机器（具实际吸烟者特征）释放尼古丁焦油量远远超出ISO标准极端例子1987年进行项实验中真吸烟机器Player's Extra Light牌卷烟中吸收尼古丁焦油量ISO仪器实际检测量分高出86114烟雾摄入量仅高27
（6）Regardless of how this [b][color#0000FF]*came about[5] the irony is that lowtar brands may have ended up causing more health problems than hightar ones[color][b] As one of BAT's medical consultants put it as early as 1978 Perhaps the most important determinant of the risk to health or to a particular aspect of health is the extent to which smoke is inhaled by smokers If so then deeply inhaled smoke from lowtardelivery cigarettes might be more harmful than uninhaled smoke from hightar cigarettes The firm meanwhile points out that the ISO test has been regarded as unreliable since 1967 and says its scientists have been part of a panel that is working on a new ISO standard
事实真相样具讽刺意味低焦油卷烟竟然高焦油卷烟更损健康正名英美公司医学顾问1978年言许吸烟者吸烟时深浅度危健康者健康某特定方面重决定性素果真低焦油卷烟中深深吸入烟危害高焦油卷烟中未吸入烟更时英美公司指出1967年ISO试验直认言称公司科学家已加入某评估委员会正研究制定新ISO标准
注释：
[1]Waterloo：利时中部布鲁塞尔城镇破仑1815年6月18日遭决定性失败滑铁卢加安达略省东南部美国衣阿华州东北部座城市般译名沃特鲁示区分
[2]pull 深吸 烟饮料口吸喝
[3]draw on 吸收
[4]lay down 规定制定
[5]come about 发生
抛砖引玉——请文中划线短句出您译法（应序号）：
（1） make them lowtar in the eyes of officialdom
（2） The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug
（3） That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette
（4） Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements that have taken place in the past few years mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States
（5） We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table
（6） Regardless of how this came about the irony is that lowtar brands may have ended up causing more health problems than hightar ones
TEXT 5
Stuff of dreams
梦想精粹
Feb 16th 2006 | CORK AND LONDON
From The Economist print edition
（译者注：文关画展评）
Two exhibitions show how a pair of 18thcentury painters James Barry and Henry Fuseli inspired the modern visual ★romance with[1] the gothic
两画展展示两位18世纪画家——詹姆斯•巴里亨利•富塞利——唤起现代视觉哥特式艺术憧憬
THIS spring the bad boys of British art are ★making a comeback[2] Not Damien Hirst and his friends but the original ★enfants terribles[3]—★Henry Fuseli[4] (17411825) and James Barry (17411806)—who aimed above all to depict extremes of passion and terror in what they called the new art of the Sublime
春英国艺术界坏孩子次粉墨登场说达米恩•赫斯特朋友亨利•富塞利（17411825）詹姆斯•巴里（17411806）两位莽撞少年始作俑者首目标谓新派高尚艺术描绘极度激情恐怖
Barry and Fuseli are hardly household names indeed since Victorian times they have been virtually ignored But in the late 18th century Fuseli and for a short time Barry also were prominent members of the young Royal Academy of Arts (RA) and influential professors of painting there Barry's ★fall from grace[5] was the most dramatic but there is much to admire in this irascible Irish artist who like Fuseli once taught William Blake Barry's prolific historical paintings demonstrate his ambition to rival the painters of antiquity and the Renaissance and to practise what the then president of the RA Sir Joshua Reynolds always preached—that history painting was the noblest form of art （1）But Barry found it hard to be bound by rules and he turned history and myth into a series of ★tableaux[6] that were at once oddly expressionistic and deeply personal巴里富塞利两名字算家喻户晓实际维利亚时代世已闻问18世纪晚期富塞利早期皇家美术学院（RA）杰出会员颇具影响力画师巴里度巴里失宠众富戏剧性富塞利样威廉•布莱克传授技艺位性情暴躁爱尔兰艺术家拥许敬佩方众历史性画作表明热古代文艺复兴时期画家相抗衡始终信奉历史画尊贵艺术形式恰恰皇家美术学院时院长约书亚•雷诺兹爵士直倡导历史画受制约束巴里感难接受遂史实神话融体系列舞台造型加表现成流格格入表现派深深义烙印
His melodramatic King Lear Weeping over the Body of Cordelia and his sexually charged ★Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida[7] now both part of a retrospective of the artist's work in Cork （2）proved too full of feeling for a British audience raised on portraits and landscape paintings His only loyal patron was Edmund Burke who had ★coined[8] a theory of the Sublime
巴里情景画泪洒科蒂利亚亡体李尔王幅洋溢着性爱艾达峰朱庇特朱诺现已成科克城（爱尔兰南部港口城市）艺术家作品回顾展部分两幅画作表明英国观众肖画风景画投注极热情埃德蒙•伯克唯始终资助巴里正创立高尚艺术理
Barry felt he was a persecuted soul and he painted himself as various illfated characters most bizarrely ★Philoctetes[9] the sailor whom Odysseus abandoned on the island of Lemnos because he smelled so bad As if that weren't enough Barry also incited his RA students to revolt and then allegedly accused Reynolds of financial impropriety When he became too unbearable Barry became the first artist to be expelled by the academy
巴里认灵魂受戕害便画成形形色色充满晦气物中怪异菲罗克忒忒斯位臭气熏天奥德修斯抛弃利姆诺斯岛水手似够巴里鼓动皇家美术学院学生造反说甚指控雷诺兹财政存违法问题巴里变越越忍忍成第学院开艺术家
Barry knew Fuseli and （3）he makes a minor appearance in Gothic Nightmares Fuseli Blake and the Romantic Imagination the ★brainchild[10] of an engaging British ★polymath[11] Sir Christopher Frayling who heads the Arts Council of England and the Royal College of Art Sir Christopher has long been fascinated by the horror ★genre[12]—he once presented a popular television programme on the topic—and his favourite painting is Fuseli's The Nightmare (pictured above) an unsettling image of a sleeping maiden with an ★incubus[13] ★perched[14] on her stomach and a ★ghoulish[15] horse peering through a curtain
巴里认识富塞利作特邀嘉宾参加哥特式梦魇——富塞利布莱克浪漫义幻想画展次画展英格兰艺术理事会皇家艺术学院席富号召力英国克里斯托弗•弗雷林爵士策划克里斯托弗爵士长期痴迷恐怖艺术——题推出档颇受欢迎电视节目——钟爱画作富塞利梦魇（图）画中描绘位熟睡女腹部栖息着梦淫恶鬼布帘面匹长食尸鬼般马正探头窥视整幅画感心神宁
Sir Christopher sees this painting together with Fuseli's scenes from Milton and Shakespeare as part of a search for national myths in the late 18th century （4）Indeed his interpretation illuminates an Enlightenment world that hovered between reason and ★bigotry[16] and where a quasiscientific interest in the ★occult[17] and the emerging genre of the novel fed a public that was hungry for tales of wonder
克里斯托弗爵士认富塞利幅画取材密尔顿莎士亚作品画作探寻18世纪民族神话部分事实评注纠缠理智偏见间教化世界带曙光样教化世界中玄妙事半带科学性热诚涌现出相关说流派众惊愕事渴求极满足
Unlike Barry Fuseli—a former preacher who was forced to leave his native Zurich—looked rationally at the London art scene He saw that（5）the only way to compete for wall power at the allimportant annual exhibition of the RA was to carve out his own niche the more eyecatching and ★esoteric[18] the better In 1782 Fuseli exhibited The Nightmare for the first time drawing record crowds of up to 3000 people a day Perplexed critics asked what the painting was about In an age when art was supposed to depict an actual person or event （6）it came as a shock that this was a painting not of a nightmare but of the nightmare as a generalized experience
传教士迫离开祖国瑞士富塞利巴里样较理智伦敦艺术境况发现想关重皇家美术学院年度画展争取支持力量标新立异越引注目越生涩越1782年富塞利首次展出梦魇作天观摩者创纪录达3000批评家画中表现题感百思解艺术认应该描写真真事年代幅画诞生世感震惊：单单般恶梦简单描绘恶梦体验次真实现
Interestingly it was not until 1793 that anyone suggested publicly that the painting of a scantily ★clad[19] woman stretched out on a bed might be about sex In a postFreud world it is impossible to look at The Nightmare and see anything else（7） There is a softporn ★perversity[20] about many of Fuseli's muscular superheroes and ★nubile[21] ★nymphs[22] particularly his Titania from A Midsummer Night's Dream The ★erotic[23] drawings and prints by him and his pupil Theodor von Holst are so explicit that the Tate has hung a veil between them and Fuseli's popular fairy paintings nearby which are a favourite with children
意思直1793年公开指出幅画女丝挂躺床性关弗洛伊德时代盯着梦魇想入非非富塞利画中肌肉结实超级英雄含苞欲放美丽少女尤取材仲夏夜梦泰坦尼亚模糊色情描绘少心慌意乱富塞利学生霍尔斯特素描版画色情描绘直接泰特美术馆悬挂起块幕布画旁富塞利迎合众尤孩子爱仙女画隔开
Unsurprisingly Fuseli's work was ★vilified[24] by the Victorians and he came back into favour only when the Surrealists—（8）★enthralled[25] by his weird mix of deviance death and dreams—claimed him as a hero Today the artist who bred his own moths in order to depict them accurately in his fairy paintings hangs in the same gallery as those other attentionseekers Mr Hirst and Tracey Emin it is almost as if he were their longlost ancestor
富塞利作品遭维利亚女王时代艺术家非难意料中事直超现实义者――集反社会死亡幻想等诡异元素身富塞利令着迷――称英雄时候重新受宠位准确描绘仙女画中飞蛾亲养殖艺术家万众瞩目赫斯特特雷西•艾明样进入美术陈列室鼻祖
While Fuseli's rehabilitation is admirable the Tate's obsession with inclusiveness dilutes Sir Christopher's ideas （9）Viewers are overloaded with ★mawkish[26] pictures that the curators call Gothic gloomth borrowing a phrase from Horace Walpole Instead of rising to Sir Christopher's wideranging themes which link Fuseli and Blake with other great European painters including Goya and Caspar David Friedrich the Tate has taken a ★parochial[27] view showing virtually every mediocre British artist who ever ★dabbled[28] in gothic fantasy Thankfully James Gillray is also there and his ★biting[29] caricatures lift the spirits
然富塞利重振旗鼓令肃然起敬坚持包罗万象泰特美术馆弱化克里斯托弗观念众索然味绘画充斥着观众视野美术馆长引贺瑞斯•沃波尔条成语画称作哥特式晦暗克里斯托弗爵士崇尚题广泛富塞利布莱克包括戈亚卡斯帕•戴维•弗雷德里希欧洲杰出画家机结合起泰特美术馆反道行展出哥特式幻想沾点边入流英国艺术家作品眼界狭窄见斑令欣慰里面包括詹姆斯•基尔雷讽刺画发深省令精神振奋
The last room is one of the best（10） Here Sir Christopher has added his crosscultural ★hallmark[30] a series of horror film clips that invoke Fuseli's The Nightmare as the ultimate shockhorror icon And at the exit Angela Carter's words We live in gothic times are emblazoned on the wall The spirit of Barry and Fuseli lives on
间展室克里斯托弗爵士跨文化印记展现系列富塞利梦魇终惊悚形象恐怖电影短片展室出口处墙安吉拉•卡特名言生活哥特式时代赫然目巴里富塞利精神常驻间
★★★注释★★★
[1]romance with：……迷恋
：a childhood romance with the sea 时海浪漫（憧憬）
[2]make a comeback 恢复复原（指名誉位知名度流行性）
：The film star made an unexpected comeback 位电影明星出意料复出
according to 根……说[3]enfant terrible：莽汉（令惊愕合传统行工作思想困窘惊慌）复数形式enfants terribles
：The radical painter was the enfant terrible of the art establishment激进派画家艺术权派怕莽汉
[4]亨利•富塞利生瑞士英国画家作品包括恶梦 （1781年）风格怪诞恐怖20世纪二三十年代超现实义者定影响
[5]fall from grace 失天恩堕落（名誉位贬低）
[6]tableaux 舞台造型(活扮演)静态画面场面
[7]Jubiter：朱庇特（古罗马保护神）：木星
Juno：：罗马万神庙里女神朱庇特妻子姐姐司婚姻妇女安康
Mount Ida：艾达峰克里特岛中部山峰海拔24577m(8058英尺）该岛高点古代宙斯崇拜密切相关
[8]coin：设计杜撰（新词语）
：Do not coin terms that are intelligible to nobody生造谁懂词语
[9]Philoctetes：菲罗克忒忒斯希腊神话中物特洛伊战争中父力神Hercules遗弓毒箭杀死特洛伊王子Paris英雄
[10]brainchild：指计划想法创作等脑力劳动创造物
[11]polymath：学识渊博
[12]genre：类型流派（文艺作品）
[13]incubus：阴库巴斯恶鬼梦淫妖（说会趁女熟睡压女身交配恶鬼）梦魇沉重负担
[14]perch：v 栖息栖止
：Birds perched on the branch鸟停树枝
[15]ghoulish：adj食尸鬼似残忍 ghoul：n食尸鬼盗尸者
[16]bigotry：n固执顽固偏见
[17]occult：n神秘学神秘事玄妙事
[18]esoteric：adj深奥秘传公开披露
：Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary 单词实太生僻未收入词典
[19]clad：穿衣覆盖着
：The woods on the mountain sides were clad in mist高山坡树林笼罩片薄雾中
[20]perversity：n反常刚愎性错乱
[21]nubile：adj适结婚结婚年龄性成熟
[22]nymph：n美少女居山林水泽仙女罗马神话中宁芙女神
[23]erotic：adj性欲色色情
[24]vilify：v污蔑诋毁诽谤辱骂
[25]enthrall：v迷住着迷
：The boy was enthralled by the stories of adventure孩子险事迷住
[26]mawkish：adj作情愁善感令作呕令厌恶
[27]parochial：adj教区眼界狭窄方性
[28]dabble：v涉水涉足 dabble in：涉猎涉足意做……
：She just dabbles in chemistry便搞化学
[29]biting：adj尖锐尖刻刺痛
：His remark has a biting edge to it评语非常尖锐
[30]hallmark：n标记特点
：The sense of guilt is the hallmark of civilized humanity犯罪感文明显易见特征
[31]emblazon：v纹章装饰醒目装饰颂扬
★★★砖已抛玉？★★★（见文中划线部分）
（1） But Barry found it hard to be bound by rules and he turned history and myth into a series of tableaux that were at once oddly expressionistic and deeply personal
（2） proved too full of feeling for a British audience raised on portraits and landscape paintings
（3） he makes a minor appearance in Gothic Nightmares Fuseli Blake and the Romantic Imagination
（4） Indeed his interpretation illuminates an Enlightenment world that hovered between reason and bigotry and where a quasiscientific interest in the occult and the emerging genre of the novel fed a public that was hungry for tales of wonder
（5） the only way to compete for wall power at the allimportant annual exhibition of the RA was to carve out his own niche the more eyecatching and esoteric the better
（6） it came as a shock that this was a painting not of a nightmare but of the nightmare as a generalized experience
（7） There is a softporn perversity about many of Fuseli's muscular superheroes and nubile nymphs particularly his Titania from A Midsummer Night's Dream
（8） enthralled by his weird mix of deviance death and dreams
（9） Viewers are overloaded with mawkish pictures that the curators call Gothic gloomth borrowing a phrase from Horace Walpole
（10） Here Sir Christopher has added his crosscultural hallmark a series of horror film clips that invoke Fuseli's The Nightmare as the ultimate shockhorror icon
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Rebuilding the American dream machine
重建美国梦机器
Jan 19th 2006 | NEW YORK
From The Economist print edition
FOR America's colleges January is a month of reckoning Most applications for the next academic year beginning in the autumn have to be made by the end of December so a university's popularity is put to an objective standard how many people want to attend One of the more unlikely offices to have been flooded with mail is that of the City University of New York (CUNY) a public college that lacks among other things a famous sports team bucolic campuses and raucous parties (it doesn't even have dorms) and until recently academic credibility
美国学言月清算月份数进入秋季开学学年学申请必须12月底前完成学声客观：申请少纽约城市学公立学院学校相没支声名显赫运动队没田园诗般校园没喧嚣嘈杂派——甚连宿舍没直没取学术信度学办公室塞满学生寄申请函简直令难置信
A primary draw at CUNY is a programme for particularly clever students launched in 2001 Some 1100 of the 60000 students at CUNY's five top schools receive a rare thing in the costly world of American colleges free education Those accepted by CUNY's honours programme pay no tuition fees instead they receive a stipend of 7500 (to help with general expenses) and a laptop computer Applications for early admissions into next year's programme are up 70
城市学吸引方2001年开始聪明学生设立培养计划6万名城市学五顶尖学院学生中约1100免费教育花费巨美国学界件稀罕事纳入城市学荣誉计划学生需支付学费相反获份7500美元定期生活津贴（补助日常开销）笔记电脑学校申请早批准进入学年计划学生达70
Admission has nothing to do with being an athlete or a child of an alumnus or having an influential sponsor or being a member of a particularly aggrieved ethnic group—criteria that are increasingly important at America's elite colleges Most of the students who apply to the honours programme come from relatively poor families many of them immigrant ones All that CUNY demands is that these students be diligent and clever
批准否学生名运动员者校友子弟者没颇具影响力台者某爱抱民族社团成员毫干系——美国知名学府中已日益成重标准申请加入荣誉计划学生数相贫困家庭中许移民城市学唯需学生必须勤奋聪颖
Last year the average standardised test score of this group was in the top 7 in the country Among the rest of CUNY's students averages are lower but they are now just breaking into the top third (compared with the bottom third in 1997) CUNY does not appear alongside Harvard and Stanford on lists of America's top colleges but its recent transformation offers a neat parable of meritocracy revisited
年城市学学生标准化考试均分位居全美高分7列城市学学生均分较低进前三名（相1997年倒数前三名）城市学法哈佛斯坦福样美国顶尖学校肩然新转变清楚领略实力义现（段请高手参详）
Until the 1960s a good case could be made that the best deal in American tertiary education was to be found not in Cambridge or Palo Alto but in Harlem at a small public school called City College the core of CUNY America's first free municipal university founded in 1847 offered its services to everyone bright enough to meet its gruelling standards
20世纪60年代前例子说说美国高等教育理剑桥学者Palo Alto学哈莱姆（黑住宅区）名城市学公立学校里纽约城市学核心美国第市立免费学创建1847年聪明智足应付严格入学标准提供服务
City's golden era came in the last century when America's best known colleges restricted the number of Jewish students they would admit at exactly the time when New York was teeming with the bright children of poor Jewish immigrants In 193354 City produced nine future Nobel laureates including the 2005 winner for economics Robert Aumann (who graduated in 1950) Hunter its affiliated former women's college produced two and a sister branch in Brooklyn produced one City educated Felix Frankfurter a pivotal figure on the Supreme Court (class of 1902) Ira Gershwin (1918) Jonas Salk the inventor of the polio vaccine (1934) and Robert Kahn an architect of the internet (1960) A leftwing place in the 1930s and 1940s City spawned many of the neoconservative intellectuals who would later swing to the right such as Irving Kristol (class of 1940 extracurricular activity antiwar club) Daniel Bell and Nathan Glazer
城市学黄金时代开始世纪时美国知名学限制犹太学生入学时纽约处贫苦犹太移民聪明孩子1933年1954年间城市学培养出9获诺贝尔奖中包括2005年济学奖获者罗伯特•奥曼（毕业1950年）城市学前附属女子学院培养出两名诺贝尔奖获者布鲁克林分校培养出名城市学培养出高法院关键物费利克斯•法兰克福（1902届）埃拉•格什温（1918届）天花疫苗发明者乔纳斯•索尔克（1934届）互联网设计者罗伯特•卡恩（1960届）等20世纪三四十年代城市学作左翼分子活动区城市学孕育许新保守义知识分子转右翼欧文•克里斯托（1940届校外活动积极分子参加反战俱乐部）丹尼尔•贝尔森•格雷泽
What went wrong Put simply City dropped its standards It was partly to do with demography partly to do with earnest muddleheadedness In the 1960s universities across the country faced intense pressure to admit more minority students Although City was open to all races only a small number of black and Hispanic students passed the strict tests (including a future secretary of state Colin Powell) That critics decided could not be squared with City's mission to serve all the citizens of New York At first the standards were tweaked but this was not enough and in 1969 massive student protests shut down City's campus for two weeks Faced with upheaval City scrapped its admissions standards altogether By 1970 almost any student who graduated from New York's high schools could attend
里出问题呢？简单点说城市学降低标准部分口统计关部分憨头憨脑热忱关20世纪60年代全美学面着招收少数民族学生强压力城市学色种敞开校门少数黑拉丁美洲裔学生通严格测试（中包括成国务卿科林•鲍威尔）持批评意见士断定符合城市学服务全纽约市民宗旨起初入学标准作调整够1969年学生规模抗议城市学停课两周面突变化城市学彻底废入学标准1970年纽约高等中学毕业学生进入城市学学
The quality of education collapsed At first with no barrier to entry enrolment climbed but in 1976 the city of New York which was then in effect bankrupt forced CUNY to impose tuition fees An era of free education was over and a university which had once served such a distinct purpose joined the muddle of America's lowerend education
教育质量骤然降开始没入学限制报名学数断攀升1976年实际已陷入破产困境纽约市逼迫城市学征收学费免费教育时代终结独特办学取学成美国低端教育乌合众
By 1997 seven out of ten firstyear students in the CUNY system were failing at least one remedial test in reading writing or maths (meaning that they had not learnt it to highschool standard) A report commissioned by the city in 1999 concluded that Central to CUNY's historic mission is a commitment to provide broad access but its students' high dropout rates and low graduation rates raise the question Access to what’
直1997年城市学系统新生十七未通阅读写作数学中少门加试（未达高中标准）1999年纽约市府发布项报告总结认纽约城市学历史性命核心承担面众教育义务学生高退学率低毕业率引发样问题：提供什教育？’
Using the report as ammunition profound reforms were pushed through by New York's then mayor Rudolph Giuliani and another alumnus Herman Badillo (1951) America's first Puerto Rican congressman A new head of CUNY was appointed Matthew Goldstein a mathematician (1963) has shifted the focus back towards higher standards amid considerable controversy
纽约市时市长鲁道夫•丘里安尼样城市学校友（1951届）美国第名波黎裔议员赫尔曼•巴蒂洛利该报告导火索城市学进行深入改革名新校长马修•高德斯坦名数学家争议焦点重新引回更高入学标准
For instance by 2001 all of CUNY's 11 senior colleges (ie ones that offer full fouryear courses) had stopped offering remedial education This prompted howls from the teaching faculty who said it would create a ghettolike separation between levels of colleges keeping black and Hispanic students out of the best schools In fact the racial composition of the senior schools monitored obsessively by critics has remained largely unchanged one in four students at the senior colleges is black one in five is Latino A third have ties to Puerto Rico Jamaica China and the Dominican Republic
例2001年城市学高级学院（提供全部四年培养课程学院）停止提供加试教育引起教师强烈满认造成学院水学生间犹太区般分裂黑拉丁美裔学生拒门外事实批评家直关注着高级学院学生种族构成部分保持变：高级学院学生中黑占四分拉丁美裔占五分三分波黎牙买加中国米尼加裔
Admissions standards have been raised Students applying to CUNY's senior colleges now need respectable scores on either a national state or CUNY test and the admissions criteria for the honours programme are the toughest in the university's history Contrary to what Mr Goldstein's critics predicted higher standards have attracted more students not fewer this year enrolment at CUNY is at a record high There are also anecdotal signs that CUNY is once again picking up bright locals especially in science One advanced biology class at City now has twice as many students as it did in the late 1990s Last year two students both born in the Soviet Union won Rhodes scholarships and a Bronx native who won the much soughtafter Intel Science Prize is now in the honours programme
入学标准提高申请进入城市学高级学院学学生需全国州者城市学考试中取优异成绩荣誉计划纳入标准成该学史严厉项标准高德斯坦先生预期恰恰相反更高入学标准吸引更学生非更少：年报名数创新高道消息称城市学正次挑选聪明居民尤科学方面门高级生物学目前课数20世纪90年代末期两倍年两名均出生前苏联学生荣获罗兹奖学金(译者注：获塞西尔•罗兹遗嘱设立奖学金学生该奖允许牛津学入学攻读两三年时期)名布朗克斯区（译者注：美国纽约市行政区位曼哈顿北部陆纽约东南部荷兰西印度公司工作丹麦琼纳斯•布朗克早定居该区1898年成纽约部分）出生学生荣获许梦寐求特尔科学奖现已获准进入荣誉计划
All this should not imply that CUNY is out of the woods Much of it looks run down CUNY's annual budget of 17 billion has stayed largely unchanged even as student numbers have risen With New York City's finances still precarious city and state support for the university has fallen by more than onethird since 1991 in real terms It has however begun to bring in private money
种种表示纽约城市学已走出泥潭方面况愈便学生数增加该学年17亿美元预算未较改观纽约市财政旧稳定市府州府资助1991年已降超三分然学校已开始私里赚取资金
A new journalism school will open in the autumn helped by a 4m grant from the Sulzberger family who control the New York Times and led by Business Week's former editor Steve Shepard (class of 1961) Efforts to raise a 12 billion endowment have passed the halfway mark helped by (formerly estranged) alumni Intel's former chairman Andrew Grove who graduated from City in 1960 as a penniless Hungarian immigrant donated 26m (about 30 of City's operating budget) to the engineering school calling his alma mater a veritable American dream machine
纽约时报老板苏尔兹伯格家族400万美元赞助商业周刊前编辑史蒂夫•谢巴德（1961届学生）牵头新办新闻学院秋季开学校友（前学校较疏远）帮助募集12亿美元捐赠行动已成功半1960年毕业身分文匈牙利移民特尔公司前席安德鲁•格罗夫工程学院捐赠2600万美元（约相学预算30）称赞母校部真正美国梦机器
There are broader lessons to draw from CUNY especially to do with creating opportunities in higher education for the poor Currently only 3 of the students in America's top colleges come from families in the lowest income quartile and only 10 from the bottom half according to a study by Anthony Carnevale and Stephen Rose for the Century Foundation Most students are relatively welloff and their numbers include plenty of racial minorities who receive preferential status independent of their economic circumstances
纽约城市学验值学尤关高等教育中穷创造机遇方面根安东尼•卡瓦斯蒂芬•罗斯项世纪基金研究目前美国顶尖学学生中仅约3低收入家庭仅10中等收入家庭数学生家境相较中包括许受济条件约束享受特权许少数民族学生
For all its imperfections CUNY's model of low tuition fees and high standards offers a different approach And its recent history may help to dispel the myth that high academic standards deter students and donors Elitism Mr Goldstein contends is not a dirty word
城市学完善方面言关低学费高标准模式展示众教育方法该学新发展进程许助破样谬学校高标准会学生捐助者步高德斯坦先生坚持认杰出物统治词难听
TEXT 2
Here be dragons
龙
Jan 26th 2006
From The Economist print edition
Google the internet search engine that has grown into a corporate giant began operations in China on January 25th Though critics suggest it has betrayed its own motto don't be evil by agreeing to censor certain sites Google maintains it will do more good than harm
已成公司巨国际互联网搜索引擎——Google1月25日启动中国业务评家认Google违背箴言——干坏事意特定站点进行审查Google公司坚持认样利弊
IN 2001 humanrights activists in China crowed that a littleknown search engine called Google was the most important tool ever created to skirt state censors Users could retrieve content that Beijing banned by clicking to call up a cached copy of the web page stored by Google Soon however Google itself was being sporadically blocked The firm was instructed to deactivate that particular feature and for a short time its web address was even rerouted by Chinese network operators to the website of a local rival
2001年种鲜知名Google搜索引擎成时避开国家审查重工具中国权激进分子幸灾乐祸户通点击开Google存储缓存储网页备份重新获政府封杀相关容Google公司快定期关闭该公司接通知求取消种特定功中国网络运营者甚度该公司网址链接改家中国搜索引擎（google竞争手）
The continual catandmouse game ended this week when Google now a corporate giant entered the dragon’s den On January 25th the search engine Googlecn began operations It is a first step towards beefing up the company’s local presence which will also mean placing computerservers in the country This will speed up service for mainland users who otherwise must penetrate the great firewall of China which dramatically slows down access to Googlecom
周现已成公司巨Google进入中国龙潭长久猫捉老鼠游戏结束1月25日中文搜索引擎Googlecn开始运行公司加强化实力迈出第步意味着公司计算机服务器放中国加快中国陆户服务速度外必然会穿越中国巨防火墙——面防火墙减慢户登录Google速度
Having local infrastructure gives an advantage to Google’s searchengine rivals such as China’s Baiducom (which enjoys around 40 of the Chinese search market compared with Google’s 30) and Yahoo and Microsoft’s MSN which have local Chinese operations China’s internet market with more than 100m users is one of the fastestgrowing and most lucrative in the world Can Google—with its motto don’t be evil—do business in China without betraying its soul
中国方政府部门倾支持Google搜索引擎方面竞争手中国百度（约占中国搜索业市场40份额Google30）中国业务雅虎微软MSN拥1亿户中国互联网市场全球发展快富利润市场干坏事诫Google公司着食言中国做成生意？
The company is making a concerted effort to do just that It has reached an agreement with the Chinese authorities that allows it to disclose to users at the bottom of a list of search results whether information has been withheld This is similar to what the company does in other countries where it faces content restrictions such as France and Germany (where Nazi sites are banned) and America (where it removes material that is suspected of copyright infringement) Although the disclosure is more prominent on these western sites putting such a message on its Chinese site is an important step towards transparency and furthermore is something its rivals do not do
Google公司正齐心协力食言已中国政府达成识允许搜索结果列表底部信息户开放否属禁止范围类似该公司样面容限制国家中做法法国德国（禁止纳粹站点）美国（疑似侵犯版权关材料删）西方国家信息公开化更突出Google中国站点出现讯息透明化迈出重步更甚者某种中国手法办事情
Furthermore Google is tiptoeing into the country with only a handful of services It is not offering email blogging or socialnetworking services because it worries that it will not be able to ensure users’ privacy It wishes to avoid the situation in which MSN and Yahoo find themselves whereby they are forced to obey the Chinese government’s orders in censoring content and revealing users’ identities Rather than be placed in a position where it may have to compromise its values Google instead is narrowing what it offers (although its news service will contain only governmentapproved media sources)
Google须提供限服务悄悄进入中国市场担心法确保保护户隐私该公司提供电子邮件博客社交网络服务Google公司希会落入MSN雅虎境——两家公司遵守中国政府关容审查泄露户身份方面规定Google公司目前处境损身利益相反缩减支出费（然提供新闻服务容源仅限政府认新闻媒体）
Google believes that entering China even with restraints on content lets it offer more information than if it remained outside Yet the decision comes as American internet firms such as Yahoo and MSN duck criticism that they are complicit with the Chinese authorities
Google相信进入中国诸容限制令提供更信息雅虎MSN美国互联网公司纷纷回避指责中国政府串通气言时Google公司终决心
Meanwhile in America
For Google taking the higher road happens to also be a way to differentiate its service This month America’s Department of Justice went to court to force Google to comply with a subpoena seeking more than 1m web addresses and a weeks’ worth of all users’ searches (down from an original demand of every web address it holds and two months of searches) albeit without any information that would identify individual users The government wants the data in order to examine the effectiveness of software filters to block pornography for a case involving a law prohibiting the content which the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional
美国国反响
Google言更高目标进发恰种服务样化途径1月美国司法部通法庭勒令Google公司履行前法院发出传票提供百万网址户数周搜索引擎记录（……两月搜索情况）需确认户身份相关信息美政府数想检验击网络色情软件滤性
The government requested and received information from Yahoo MSN and AOL—all of which initially stonewalled about whether they disclosed the data Yet Google resisted arguing that acceding to the request would suggest it is willing to reveal information about those who use its services This is not a perception that Google can accept The day the subpoena was made public Google’s shares dropped almost 9 its largest singleday decline since it began trading in 2004
美政府求业已收雅虎MSNAOL提交材料公司起初否公布关数举棋定Google公司终予拒绝称谁意求做表面谁愿意泄露户隐私Google感思议传票公布众天Google股价跌9创2004年市单日跌幅
Google’s stance could put commercial pressure on its rivals to adopt more customerfriendly policies and may serve as a warning to other internet firms to treat customers’ data with more care Yet such highmindedness will be tested as Google enters China Keeping its options open the company is not shutting down the Chineselanguage version of Googlecom It will remain available for those willing to wait a bit longer for their uncensored search results
商业Google公司态度迫竞争手采取更益户政策会提醒互联网公司户数时更谨慎然Google进驻中国种高尚品格受考验Google未关闭Googlecom中文界面然保持着选性想搜索未审查信息宁愿网速慢户言然路寻
TEXT 3
Food firms and fatfighters
食品公司减肥斗士
Feb 9th 2006
From The Economist Global Agenda
Five leading food companies have introduced a labelling scheme for their products in the British market in an attempt to assuage critics who say they encourage obesity But consumer groups are unhappy all the same Is the food industry like tobacco before it about to be *engulfed[1] by a wave of lawsuits brought on health grounds
五家业领先食品公司采取项方案投入英国市场食品作出标注力图堵住说鼓励肥胖批评士嘴消费者团体然开心食品业会前烟草样卷入场关健康诉讼中？
KEEPING fit requires a combination of healthy eating and regular exercise On the second of these at least the world’s food companies can claim to be setting a good example they have been working up quite a sweat in their attempts to fend off assaults by governments consumer groups and lawyers who accuse them of peddling products that encourage obesity This week saw the unveiling of another industry initiative five leading food producers—Danone Kellogg Nestlé Kraft and PepsiCo—introduced a labelling scheme for the British market which will show guideline daily amounts for calories fats sugar and salt on packaging The new labels will start to appear on the firms’ crisps chocolate bars cheese slices *and the like[2] over the next few months A number of other food giants such as Cadbury Schweppes and Masterfoods have already started putting guideline labels on their products
健康饮食惯常性锻炼二者结合身体保持健康少第二点言全球食品公司说树立典范：避开政府消费者团体律师抨击——指责食品公司四处兜售促进肥胖产品已累汗淋漓周食品业举措公诸世：五家业领先食品厂商——Danone Kellogg Nestlé KraftPepsiCo——英国市场实施项商品标注计划包装标明卡路里（热量）脂肪糖盐日摄入量指南接月里食品公司土豆条巧克力棒干酪片等等包装开始出现类新标注许食品业巨头Cadbury Schweppes Masterfoods已着手产品加入指导性标记
The food companies say doing this will empower consumers allowing them to make informed decisions about which foods are healthy （1）But consumer groups have cried foul They point out that the Food Standards Agency a government watchdog is due to recommend a different type of labelling scheme next month a traffic light system using colours to tell consumers whether products have low medium or high levels of fat salt and the like The food firms they say have rushed to introduce their own fuzzier guidelines first in a cynical attempt to undermine the government’s plan—which they fear might hurt their sales In consumer tests the traffic light performed better than rival labelling schemes
食品公司说做消费者确定种食品健康食品时心知肚明消费者团体声疾呼食品公司举纯属犯规指出作政府监督机构食品标准局应该月推出项标注措施——红绿灯方法应颜色提醒消费者食品脂肪糖盐分等含量低中等高说食品公司突然率先采定模糊指南政府计划恣意破坏害怕政府计划会产品卖出消费者进行调查显示红绿灯方法食品公司标注方案效果
Nevertheless the food companies argue that the trafficlight system is too simplistic and likely to scare people away from certain products that are fine if consumed in moderation or in conjunction with plenty of exercise—which most observers including the medical profession agree is crucial for anyone wanting to stay in shape They also point out that they have competitors to worry about—namely the big supermarket chains with their ownlabel products Last April Tesco the biggest of these announced that it was rejecting the trafficlight system in favour of a less stark signposting approach Its rivals fear that adopting colourcoding could put them at a competitive disadvantage
然食品公司辩称红绿灯方法简单某产品会吓跑消费者产品果食适量者结合充分锻炼十分益包括医学专家数观察士认食品想保持体形言关重时指出顾竞争者产品加标注型超市连锁店做法年四月家超市连锁店Tesco宣布反采红绿灯方法取代种更灵活路标法食品公司担心采颜色编码（红绿灯法）会令竞争中处劣势
Better labelling has become an important weapon of the food giants’ armoury as they fight back against their critics In October 2005 McDonald’s the world’s largest fastfood company said it would start printing nutritional facts on the packaging of its burgers and fries including the fat salt calorie and carbohydrate content Before that information about （2）bigsellers such as the Big Mac which contains 30g of fat could only be found on the firm’s website or in leaflets
食品业巨头回击批评意见程中更标注方式已成武器库中杀手锏2005年10月1日世界快餐公司麦劳称公司汉堡包炸薯条包装印营养常识包括脂肪盐分热量碳水化合物含量前食品公司网站宣传品销路食品关信息含30克脂肪Big Mac
But labelling is not enough the food firms know they must also offer healthier fare McDonald's has introduced salads and fruit to its menus Kraft and others have brought out lowcarbohydrate ranges Last year McDonald’s even announced a sporty makeover for Ronald McDonald its mascot clown in a bid to encourage children to be more active But some in the industry suspect that consumers are keener on seeing （3）lighter healthier meals on the menu than they are on actually buying and eating them such products are not what the industry calls （4）business builders That said some of Nestlé’s more nutritional products like its PowerBar range for athletes enjoy higher margins and growth than its traditional fare
标注够食品公司清楚必须生产出更加健康食品麦劳公司已沙拉水果引入点餐单中Kraft公司制造出系列低碳水化合物食品年麦劳甚宣布丑吉祥物——麦劳叔叔进行翻新改造具运动型外表鼓励孩子更活泼某业士提出质疑认消费者更渴点餐单加色素较健康膳食会真买吃类食品非产业中谓商业增洁剂说雀巢公司生产某更富营养食品运动员专PowerBar系列传统食品带更高利润增长
Wobbling all over the world
全球食品业正受震荡
The pressure on the industry is most acute in America which leads the world in obesity The proportion of Americans characterised as overweight has risen steadily from 47 (（5）bad enough in itself) in the late 1970s to around twothirds including over 30 who are clinically obese Fastfood chains’ American sales grew from about 6 billion in 1970 to an estimated 134 billion in 2005 Eric Schlosser author of Fast Food Nation an influential book attacking the industry has pointed out that Americans spend more on fast food than they do on higher education PCs or new cars—worrying when a single meal at a KFC of less than a poundweight of food plus a large Pepsi can top 1600 calories not far short of the daily intake recommended by the government for adults doing only light physical activity
肥胖数居世界首位美国食品业承受压力世纪70年代末期美国中超重口占例47（数字身已糟糕透）逐步增长约三分二中包括30床肥胖症患者美国快餐连锁店销售额1970年60亿美元增加2005年约1340亿美元旨抨击快餐业颇具影响力快餐国度书作者埃里克•施罗瑟指出美国吃快餐花钱花高等教育电脑者买新汽车钱令感担忧肯德基快餐店光吃顿磅重餐点喝杯百事乐摄入热量超1600卡路里美国政府仅事轻度体力活动成推荐日摄取量低少（言意餐摄取热量况日三餐？）
（6）Where the United States leads others are following In the European Union up to 27 of men are considered to be obese and almost a quarter of all children are deemed overweight Britain with its love of burgers and packaged meals is seen as following closest on America’s heels but the rate of obesity has started to swell on the continent too Some 11 of the adult population of France were obese in 2003 up from 8 in 1997 (the actual level may be higher still since the figures are based on polls asking people if they are fat and （7）selfreporting produces underestimates) France has *latched on to[3] the fastfood culture it is one of the biggest and most profitable European markets for McDonald’s
美国带头方国会步趋欧盟国家高达27男性认患肥胖症四分童认体重超常爱吃汉堡包包食物英国作美国贴屁虫肥胖队伍样开始日益壮法国成患肥胖症率1997年8子增加2003年11（统计数基问卷调查实际水更高——说情况导致低估实际水嘛）法国已领悟快餐文化真谛：麦劳公司欧洲赚钱市场
No wonder then that the past few years have been bad for food companies (8)in image terms—and terrible for the fastfood lot Attacks on the industry have changed the psychological climate in which it operates and they may yet change the legislative climate too So far lawsuits brought on healthandsafety grounds have been more of a warning than a general threat In 2003 a New York judge dismissed a lawsuit claiming that McDonald’s had misled customers into believing that its food was healthy (though the suit was later partially reinstated) A number of American states have passed commonsense consumption laws aimed at deterring obesity cases in local courts
年食品公司日子太快餐业更加糟糕食品业抨击已带消费心理变化许改变立法迄止基健康安全诉讼更种警醒没食品业形成真正威胁2003年纽约名法官驳回项诉讼该诉讼声称麦劳公司误导消费者相信食品健康（该诉讼受部分复议）美国州通消费常识法旨方法庭拒绝受理肥胖诉讼案例
Nevertheless some lawyers still see a similarity between the position of food companies now and that of tobacco companies in the 1960s and 1970s when private lawsuits paved the way for a coordinated attack on big tobacco by attorneysgeneral Worries about rising obesity rates among children and fear of subsequent legal actions have caused companies to （9）scale back their marketing of fatty food and soft drinks to minors
律师然察觉目前食品公司处境世纪六七十年代时烟草公司定相似处时众诉讼州首席检察官针烟草业巨头发动协攻击铺道路家食品公司关注童肥胖例正日益增长担心起诉已开始逐步缩减针未成年高脂食品软饮料销售
In several countries government pronouncements and actions have added to the pressure on the industry The British government’s push to introduce trafficlight labelling comes in the wake of a hardhitting report from the House of Commons Health Select Committee whose chairman said The devastating consequences of the epidemic of obesity are likely to have a profound impact over the next century In France a law has been passed to impose a 15 tax on the advertising budgets of food companies if they do not encourage healthy eating The industry may claim with some justification that ultimate responsibility for bad diet *rests with[4] the individual and that the amount of exercise you do is just as important as the amount of food you eat But as long as governments lawyers and health campaigners continue to pile on the pressure it will have to work hard to convince them it is (10)doing its bit to stop people piling on the pounds
国家政府已发布关声明采取举措食品业感压力倍增英国国会院健康特委员会份掷声报告迫英国政府开始全力引入红绿灯标识方案该委员会席说：肥胖症流行引发破坏性果会世纪产生深远影响法国已通项法律拟宣扬健康饮食食品公司征收15广告预算税食品业许会略显理直气壮申辩良饮食根责应消费者承担运动量进食少样重政府律师健康饮食倡议士停止施压食品业必须努力确信变越越胖正份绵薄力
注释：
[1]engulf：席卷吞没吞噬
[2]and the like 等等诸类
[3]latch on to 明白解latch义抓住占插插销
[4]rest with 属取决
抛砖引玉：
（1） 句中cried foul应该翻译合适？句话笔者译声疾呼食品公司举纯属犯规妥否？难道里cry foul赛场裁判喊犯规停？
（2） bigsellers中seller销售商销售商品？big指型销路者？
（3） light句子里意思应该轻吧？猜想应该原色基色浅色您认呢？
（4） builder建造者增洁剂？较专业请指教
（5） 思想找出数字身已糟糕透顶更译法许真更？
（6） Come on guys 谁句翻译更贴切更通达呢？
（7） 越译越晕心里明白selfreporting意思底表达出准确呢？
（8） in image terms啥意思？抛砖免砸着呵呵
（9） scale up例增加scale down例缩减scale back呢？想应该scale down 差吧？
（10） do one’s bits 词典没查相应短语bit词身少许意想译……绵薄力应坏您呢？
TEXT 4
A question of standards
关标准问题
Feb 9th 2006
From The Economist Global Agenda
More suggestions of bad behaviour by tobacco companies Maybe
许烟草公司良行应提点建议
ANOTHER round has just been fought in the battle between tobacco companies and those who regard them as spawn of the devil In a paper just published in the Lancet with the provocative title Secret science tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette toxicity David Hammond of *Waterloo University[1] in Canada and Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard two members of Physicians for a SmokeFree Canada a lobby group criticise the behaviour of British American Tobacco (BAT) They say the firm considered manipulating some of its products in order to （1）make them lowtar in the eyes of officialdom while they actually delivered high tar and nicotine levels to smokers
烟草公司视魔鬼子间刚刚进行新轮交锋新出版柳叶刀刊登篇题目颇具煽动性文秘密科研——烟草业开展吸烟行香烟毒性研究作者加沃特鲁学戴维•哈蒙德加名烟加医师游说团两名成员尼尔•科里肖辛西娅•加拉德英美烟草公司行提出批评称该公司拟某烟草产品进行处理企图监督部门误焦油含量低实际产品会烟民吸收高浓度焦油尼古丁
It was and is no secret as BAT points out that people smoke lowtar cigarettes differently from hightar ones The reason is that they want a decent dose of the nicotine which tobacco smoke contains They therefore *pull[2] a larger volume of air through the cigarette when they *draw on[3] a lowtar rather than a hightar variety （2）The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug
正英美烟草公司指出吸低焦油含量香烟感觉高焦油含量香烟现什秘密需烟草中含适量尼古丁抽低焦油品种香烟时吸入空气含量抽高焦油品种香烟时高（译者注：说尼古丁含量高烟难吸容易抽动）高出空气含量弥补瘾性物质（尼古丁）足
But a burning cigarette is a complex thing and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences In particular a bigger draw is generally a faster draw （3）That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette This in turn means more smoke per unit volume and thus more tar and nicotine The nature of the nicotine may change too with more of it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb
支点燃卷烟复杂玩意空气量增加会带意想结果特口吸烟时会快抽完支烟时吸入空气更燃烧烟草非卷烟纸侧意味着吸口空气会吸口焦油尼古丁数尼古丁种易体吸收形式存尼古丁性质发生改变
According to Dr Hammond and his colleagues a series of studies conducted by BAT's researchers between 1972 and 1994 quantified much of this The standardised way of analysing cigarette smoke as *laid down[4] by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) which regulates everything from computer code to greenhouse gases uses a machine to make 35millilitre puffs drawn for two seconds once a minute The firm's researchers by contrast found that real smokers draw 5070ml per puff and do so twice a minute （4）Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements that have taken place in the past few years mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States
哈蒙德医生事称英美烟草公司研究员已1972年1994年间通系列研究述部分问题进行定量检测卷烟烟尘分析标准方法国际标准化组织（ISO该组织包括计算机代码温室气体问题作出规定）制定法利台机器喷发出35毫升烟雾受试者分钟吸次次持续2秒吸完英美公司研究员发现真正烟民分钟2次吸完5070毫升烟雾哈蒙德医生烟草业提供量文献中出结年烟草业美国局直僵持遂签署类法律协议作中项容烟草业迫拱手交出文献
Dr Hammond suggests however the firm went beyond merely investigating how people smoked A series of internal documents from the late 1970s and early 1980s shows that BAT at least thought about applying this knowledge to cigarette design A research report from 1979 puts it thus There are three major design features which can be used either individually or in combination to manipulate delivery levels filtration paper permeability and filtertip ventilation A conference paper from 1983 says The challenge would be to reduce the mainstream nicotine determined by standard smokingmachine measurement while increasing the amount that would actually be absorbed by the smoker Another conference paper from 1984 says （5）We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table Ideally it should appear to be no different from a normal cigaretteIt should also be capable of delivering up to 100 more than its machine delivery
哈蒙德医生表示英美公司调查仅仅吸烟方式英美公司世纪70年代末80年代初系列部文献表明该公司少考虑知识卷烟设计1979年份研究报告样说道：分联合应设计关三素滤烟卷包装纸通透性滤嘴通气效果控制焦油尼古丁释放水1983年份会议文提关键提高吸烟者尼古丁实际吸收量时减少标准检测方法测定含量1984年份会议文说：应努力达效果检测中蒙混关理想化结果种香烟应般香烟差异…… 释放尼古丁焦油量机器释放高出100
None of the documents discovered by the three researchers shows that BAT actually did redesign its cigarettes in this way and the firm denies that it did However BAT's own data show that some of its cigarettes delivered far more nicotine and tar to machines which had the characteristics of real smokers than to those which ran on ISO standards In the most extreme example in a test carried out in 1987 the real smoking machine drew 86 more nicotine and 114 more tar from Player's Extra Light than the ISO machine detected although smoke intake was only 27 higher
三名研究员发现文献中没篇表明英美公司确采种方法生产卷烟进行改良该公司矢口否认干英美公司部资料显示生产某卷烟机器（具实际吸烟者特征）释放尼古丁焦油量远远超出ISO标准极端例子1987年进行项实验中真吸烟机器Player's Extra Light牌卷烟中吸收尼古丁焦油量ISO仪器实际检测量分高出86114烟雾摄入量仅高27
（6）Regardless of how this [b][color#0000FF]*came about[5] the irony is that lowtar brands may have ended up causing more health problems than hightar ones[color][b] As one of BAT's medical consultants put it as early as 1978 Perhaps the most important determinant of the risk to health or to a particular aspect of health is the extent to which smoke is inhaled by smokers If so then deeply inhaled smoke from lowtardelivery cigarettes might be more harmful than uninhaled smoke from hightar cigarettes The firm meanwhile points out that the ISO test has been regarded as unreliable since 1967 and says its scientists have been part of a panel that is working on a new ISO standard
事实真相样具讽刺意味低焦油卷烟竟然高焦油卷烟更损健康正名英美公司医学顾问1978年言许吸烟者吸烟时深浅度危健康者健康某特定方面重决定性素果真低焦油卷烟中深深吸入烟危害高焦油卷烟中未吸入烟更时英美公司指出1967年ISO试验直认言称公司科学家已加入某评估委员会正研究制定新ISO标准
注释：
[1]Waterloo：利时中部布鲁塞尔城镇破仑1815年6月18日遭决定性失败滑铁卢加安达略省东南部美国衣阿华州东北部座城市般译名沃特鲁示区分
[2]pull 深吸 烟饮料口吸喝
[3]draw on 吸收
[4]lay down 规定制定
[5]come about 发生
抛砖引玉——请文中划线短句出您译法（应序号）：
（1） make them lowtar in the eyes of officialdom
（2） The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug
（3） That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette
（4） Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements that have taken place in the past few years mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States
（5） We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table
（6） Regardless of how this came about the irony is that lowtar brands may have ended up causing more health problems than hightar ones
TEXT 5
Stuff of dreams
梦想精粹
Feb 16th 2006 | CORK AND LONDON
From The Economist print edition
（译者注：文关画展评）
Two exhibitions show how a pair of 18thcentury painters James Barry and Henry Fuseli inspired the modern visual ★romance with[1] the gothic
两画展展示两位18世纪画家——詹姆斯•巴里亨利•富塞利——唤起现代视觉哥特式艺术憧憬
THIS spring the bad boys of British art are ★making a comeback[2] Not Damien Hirst and his friends but the original ★enfants terribles[3]—★Henry Fuseli[4] (17411825) and James Barry (17411806)—who aimed above all to depict extremes of passion and terror in what they called the new art of the Sublime
春英国艺术界坏孩子次粉墨登场说达米恩•赫斯特朋友亨利•富塞利（17411825）詹姆斯•巴里（17411806）两位莽撞少年始作俑者首目标谓新派高尚艺术描绘极度激情恐怖
Barry and Fuseli are hardly household names indeed since Victorian times they have been virtually ignored But in the late 18th century Fuseli and for a short time Barry also were prominent members of the young Royal Academy of Arts (RA) and influential professors of painting there Barry's ★fall from grace[5] was the most dramatic but there is much to admire in this irascible Irish artist who like Fuseli once taught William Blake Barry's prolific historical paintings demonstrate his ambition to rival the painters of antiquity and the Renaissance and to practise what the then president of the RA Sir Joshua Reynolds always preached—that history painting was the noblest form of art （1）But Barry found it hard to be bound by rules and he turned history and myth into a series of ★tableaux[6] that were at once oddly expressionistic and deeply personal巴里富塞利两名字算家喻户晓实际维利亚时代世已闻问18世纪晚期富塞利早期皇家美术学院（RA）杰出会员颇具影响力画师巴里度巴里失宠众富戏剧性富塞利样威廉•布莱克传授技艺位性情暴躁爱尔兰艺术家拥许敬佩方众历史性画作表明热古代文艺复兴时期画家相抗衡始终信奉历史画尊贵艺术形式恰恰皇家美术学院时院长约书亚•雷诺兹爵士直倡导历史画受制约束巴里感难接受遂史实神话融体系列舞台造型加表现成流格格入表现派深深义烙印
His melodramatic King Lear Weeping over the Body of Cordelia and his sexually charged ★Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida[7] now both part of a retrospective of the artist's work in Cork （2）proved too full of feeling for a British audience raised on portraits and landscape paintings His only loyal patron was Edmund Burke who had ★coined[8] a theory of the Sublime
巴里情景画泪洒科蒂利亚亡体李尔王幅洋溢着性爱艾达峰朱庇特朱诺现已成科克城（爱尔兰南部港口城市）艺术家作品回顾展部分两幅画作表明英国观众肖画风景画投注极热情埃德蒙•伯克唯始终资助巴里正创立高尚艺术理
Barry felt he was a persecuted soul and he painted himself as various illfated characters most bizarrely ★Philoctetes[9] the sailor whom Odysseus abandoned on the island of Lemnos because he smelled so bad As if that weren't enough Barry also incited his RA students to revolt and then allegedly accused Reynolds of financial impropriety When he became too unbearable Barry became the first artist to be expelled by the academy
巴里认灵魂受戕害便画成形形色色充满晦气物中怪异菲罗克忒忒斯位臭气熏天奥德修斯抛弃利姆诺斯岛水手似够巴里鼓动皇家美术学院学生造反说甚指控雷诺兹财政存违法问题巴里变越越忍忍成第学院开艺术家
Barry knew Fuseli and （3）he makes a minor appearance in Gothic Nightmares Fuseli Blake and the Romantic Imagination the ★brainchild[10] of an engaging British ★polymath[11] Sir Christopher Frayling who heads the Arts Council of England and the Royal College of Art Sir Christopher has long been fascinated by the horror ★genre[12]—he once presented a popular television programme on the topic—and his favourite painting is Fuseli's The Nightmare (pictured above) an unsettling image of a sleeping maiden with an ★incubus[13] ★perched[14] on her stomach and a ★ghoulish[15] horse peering through a curtain
巴里认识富塞利作特邀嘉宾参加哥特式梦魇——富塞利布莱克浪漫义幻想画展次画展英格兰艺术理事会皇家艺术学院席富号召力英国克里斯托弗•弗雷林爵士策划克里斯托弗爵士长期痴迷恐怖艺术——题推出档颇受欢迎电视节目——钟爱画作富塞利梦魇（图）画中描绘位熟睡女腹部栖息着梦淫恶鬼布帘面匹长食尸鬼般马正探头窥视整幅画感心神宁
Sir Christopher sees this painting together with Fuseli's scenes from Milton and Shakespeare as part of a search for national myths in the late 18th century （4）Indeed his interpretation illuminates an Enlightenment world that hovered between reason and ★bigotry[16] and where a quasiscientific interest in the ★occult[17] and the emerging genre of the novel fed a public that was hungry for tales of wonder
克里斯托弗爵士认富塞利幅画取材密尔顿莎士亚作品画作探寻18世纪民族神话部分事实评注纠缠理智偏见间教化世界带曙光样教化世界中玄妙事半带科学性热诚涌现出相关说流派众惊愕事渴求极满足
Unlike Barry Fuseli—a former preacher who was forced to leave his native Zurich—looked rationally at the London art scene He saw that（5）the only way to compete for wall power at the allimportant annual exhibition of the RA was to carve out his own niche the more eyecatching and ★esoteric[18] the better In 1782 Fuseli exhibited The Nightmare for the first time drawing record crowds of up to 3000 people a day Perplexed critics asked what the painting was about In an age when art was supposed to depict an actual person or event （6）it came as a shock that this was a painting not of a nightmare but of the nightmare as a generalized experience
传教士迫离开祖国瑞士富塞利巴里样较理智伦敦艺术境况发现想关重皇家美术学院年度画展争取支持力量标新立异越引注目越生涩越1782年富塞利首次展出梦魇作天观摩者创纪录达3000批评家画中表现题感百思解艺术认应该描写真真事年代幅画诞生世感震惊：单单般恶梦简单描绘恶梦体验次真实现
Interestingly it was not until 1793 that anyone suggested publicly that the painting of a scantily ★clad[19] woman stretched out on a bed might be about sex In a postFreud world it is impossible to look at The Nightmare and see anything else（7） There is a softporn ★perversity[20] about many of Fuseli's muscular superheroes and ★nubile[21] ★nymphs[22] particularly his Titania from A Midsummer Night's Dream The ★erotic[23] drawings and prints by him and his pupil Theodor von Holst are so explicit that the Tate has hung a veil between them and Fuseli's popular fairy paintings nearby which are a favourite with children
意思直1793年公开指出幅画女丝挂躺床性关弗洛伊德时代盯着梦魇想入非非富塞利画中肌肉结实超级英雄含苞欲放美丽少女尤取材仲夏夜梦泰坦尼亚模糊色情描绘少心慌意乱富塞利学生霍尔斯特素描版画色情描绘直接泰特美术馆悬挂起块幕布画旁富塞利迎合众尤孩子爱仙女画隔开
Unsurprisingly Fuseli's work was ★vilified[24] by the Victorians and he came back into favour only when the Surrealists—（8）★enthralled[25] by his weird mix of deviance death and dreams—claimed him as a hero Today the artist who bred his own moths in order to depict them accurately in his fairy paintings hangs in the same gallery as those other attentionseekers Mr Hirst and Tracey Emin it is almost as if he were their longlost ancestor
富塞利作品遭维利亚女王时代艺术家非难意料中事直超现实义者――集反社会死亡幻想等诡异元素身富塞利令着迷――称英雄时候重新受宠位准确描绘仙女画中飞蛾亲养殖艺术家万众瞩目赫斯特特雷西•艾明样进入美术陈列室鼻祖
While Fuseli's rehabilitation is admirable the Tate's obsession with inclusiveness dilutes Sir Christopher's ideas （9）Viewers are overloaded with ★mawkish[26] pictures that the curators call Gothic gloomth borrowing a phrase from Horace Walpole Instead of rising to Sir Christopher's wideranging themes which link Fuseli and Blake with other great European painters including Goya and Caspar David Friedrich the Tate has taken a ★parochial[27] view showing virtually every mediocre British artist who ever ★dabbled[28] in gothic fantasy Thankfully James Gillray is also there and his ★biting[29] caricatures lift the spirits
然富塞利重振旗鼓令肃然起敬坚持包罗万象泰特美术馆弱化克里斯托弗观念众索然味绘画充斥着观众视野美术馆长引贺瑞斯•沃波尔条成语画称作哥特式晦暗克里斯托弗爵士崇尚题广泛富塞利布莱克包括戈亚卡斯帕•戴维•弗雷德里希欧洲杰出画家机结合起泰特美术馆反道行展出哥特式幻想沾点边入流英国艺术家作品眼界狭窄见斑令欣慰里面包括詹姆斯•基尔雷讽刺画发深省令精神振奋
The last room is one of the best（10） Here Sir Christopher has added his crosscultural ★hallmark[30] a series of horror film clips that invoke Fuseli's The Nightmare as the ultimate shockhorror icon And at the exit Angela Carter's words We live in gothic times are emblazoned on the wall The spirit of Barry and Fuseli lives on
间展室克里斯托弗爵士跨文化印记展现系列富塞利梦魇终惊悚形象恐怖电影短片展室出口处墙安吉拉•卡特名言生活哥特式时代赫然目巴里富塞利精神常驻间
★★★注释★★★
[1]romance with：……迷恋
：a childhood romance with the sea 时海浪漫（憧憬）
[2]make a comeback 恢复复原（指名誉位知名度流行性）
：The film star made an unexpected comeback 位电影明星出意料复出
according to 根……说[3]enfant terrible：莽汉（令惊愕合传统行工作思想困窘惊慌）复数形式enfants terribles
：The radical painter was the enfant terrible of the art establishment激进派画家艺术权派怕莽汉
[4]亨利•富塞利生瑞士英国画家作品包括恶梦 （1781年）风格怪诞恐怖20世纪二三十年代超现实义者定影响
[5]fall from grace 失天恩堕落（名誉位贬低）
[6]tableaux 舞台造型(活扮演)静态画面场面
[7]Jubiter：朱庇特（古罗马保护神）：木星
Juno：：罗马万神庙里女神朱庇特妻子姐姐司婚姻妇女安康
Mount Ida：艾达峰克里特岛中部山峰海拔24577m(8058英尺）该岛高点古代宙斯崇拜密切相关
[8]coin：设计杜撰（新词语）
：Do not coin terms that are intelligible to nobody生造谁懂词语
[9]Philoctetes：菲罗克忒忒斯希腊神话中物特洛伊战争中父力神Hercules遗弓毒箭杀死特洛伊王子Paris英雄
[10]brainchild：指计划想法创作等脑力劳动创造物
[11]polymath：学识渊博
[12]genre：类型流派（文艺作品）
[13]incubus：阴库巴斯恶鬼梦淫妖（说会趁女熟睡压女身交配恶鬼）梦魇沉重负担
[14]perch：v 栖息栖止
：Birds perched on the branch鸟停树枝
[15]ghoulish：adj食尸鬼似残忍 ghoul：n食尸鬼盗尸者
[16]bigotry：n固执顽固偏见
[17]occult：n神秘学神秘事玄妙事
[18]esoteric：adj深奥秘传公开披露
：Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary 单词实太生僻未收入词典
[19]clad：穿衣覆盖着
：The woods on the mountain sides were clad in mist高山坡树林笼罩片薄雾中
[20]perversity：n反常刚愎性错乱
[21]nubile：adj适结婚结婚年龄性成熟
[22]nymph：n美少女居山林水泽仙女罗马神话中宁芙女神
[23]erotic：adj性欲色色情
[24]vilify：v污蔑诋毁诽谤辱骂
[25]enthrall：v迷住着迷
：The boy was enthralled by the stories of adventure孩子险事迷住
[26]mawkish：adj作情愁善感令作呕令厌恶
[27]parochial：adj教区眼界狭窄方性
[28]dabble：v涉水涉足 dabble in：涉猎涉足意做……
：She just dabbles in chemistry便搞化学
[29]biting：adj尖锐尖刻刺痛
：His remark has a biting edge to it评语非常尖锐
[30]hallmark：n标记特点
：The sense of guilt is the hallmark of civilized humanity犯罪感文明显易见特征
[31]emblazon：v纹章装饰醒目装饰颂扬
★★★砖已抛玉？★★★（见文中划线部分）
（1） But Barry found it hard to be bound by rules and he turned history and myth into a series of tableaux that were at once oddly expressionistic and deeply personal
（2） proved too full of feeling for a British audience raised on portraits and landscape paintings
（3） he makes a minor appearance in Gothic Nightmares Fuseli Blake and the Romantic Imagination
（4） Indeed his interpretation illuminates an Enlightenment world that hovered between reason and bigotry and where a quasiscientific interest in the occult and the emerging genre of the novel fed a public that was hungry for tales of wonder
（5） the only way to compete for wall power at the allimportant annual exhibition of the RA was to carve out his own niche the more eyecatching and esoteric the better
（6） it came as a shock that this was a painting not of a nightmare but of the nightmare as a generalized experience
（7） There is a softporn perversity about many of Fuseli's muscular superheroes and nubile nymphs particularly his Titania from A Midsummer Night's Dream
（8） enthralled by his weird mix of deviance death and dreams
（9） Viewers are overloaded with mawkish pictures that the curators call Gothic gloomth borrowing a phrase from Horace Walpole
（10） Here Sir Christopher has added his crosscultural hallmark a series of horror film clips that invoke Fuseli's The Nightmare as the ultimate shockhorror icon
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