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初中英语语法知识点整理总结
词类句子成分构词法：
） 词类：英语词类分十种：
名词(n) 表示事物点抽象概念名称 boy morning bag ball class
代词(pron) 代名词 who she you it
形容词(adj) 表示事物性质特征 good right white orange
数词(num) 表示数目事物序 onetwofirstsecondthird
动词(v) 表示动作状态 am isarehavesee
副词(adv) 修饰动词形容词副词说明时间点程度等 now very here often slowly
冠词(art) 名词前帮助说明名词 a an the
介词(prep) 表示面名词代词句子成分关系 in on from above behind
连词(conj) 连接词短语句子 and but before
感叹词(interj) 表示喜怒哀乐等感情 oh well hi hello
二） 句子成分：
英语句子成分分七种：语谓语宾语定语状语表语宾语补足语
1语：句子体全句述说象回答谁者什般名词代词定式动名词
句担位句首
：The boy needs a pen Smoking is bad for you To smoke is bad for you
2谓语：说明语动作状态回答做(什)动词系动词加表语担常置语
：The train leaves at 6 o’clock
She is reading
3宾语：表示动作象回答做什般名词代词担常置谓语
：He won the game
He likes playing computer
注意：
1) 物动词带两宾语指物（直接宾语）指（间接宾语）
间接宾语般放直接宾语前面
：He wrote me a letter (写封信)
2) 时介词tofor加间接宾语前构成短语放直接宾语面强调间接宾语
：He wrote a letter to me (写封信)
4表语：表述语特征状态身份等回答什者样般名词形容词担
置系动词be动词
：He is a student We are tired
注意：be 系动词外动词作系动词
1)表感官动词 feel smell taste sound look appear seem 等
2)表转变变化动词 become get grow turn go等
3)表延续动词 remain keep hold stay rest等
5定语：名词代词起修饰限定作词短语句子
：The black bike is mine（形容词）
The boy in blue is Jim（介词短语）
I have nothing to do today（动词定式）
注意：
1）定语修饰定代词：nothing anything everything something等时定语放作置定
语例： I tell him something interesting
2）定式短语句作定语时放修饰名词
例：The boys who are in the room are playing games
6状语：修饰动词形容词副词全句通常形容词代词数词等担位置灵活1）修饰形容词副词时通常位修饰词前
：I am very sorry
2）表示时间点目状语般位句子两头强调时放句首
：In order to cheer him up I told him the truth
They are writing English in the classroom
3）表示确定时间（：often）程度（：almost）副词状语通常位be动词助动词情态动
词动词前
：We often help him
He is always late for class
7补语：补充说明宾语样干什nadj介宾分词定式等担常位宾语
：He made me sad（形容词）
She asks me to take an umbrella（定式）
The war made him a soldier（名词）
I find him at home（介词短语）
I saw a cat running along the wall（分词）
8位语：通常紧名词代词面进步说明情况 名词代词名词性短语句充
：Tom our monitor is a handsome boy
I myself will do the experiment
She is the oldest among them six
） 构词法：
英语构词法：合成法派生法转换法
1合成法：：spaceship headache basketball playground等等
2派生法：
(1)派生名词：①动词+eror ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤：inventor learner swi
mming congratulation kindness carelessness knowledge
(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+inged ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese Japanese ⑦En
glish ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an ：snowy sunny hopeful beautiful interesting follwing dai
ly(日)nervous delicious
(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②：slowly angrily full→fully good→well possible→possibly等等
3转换法：
(1)形容词→动词：dry(干燥)→dry(弄干) clean(干净)→clean(扫弄干净)等等(2)动词→名词：look walk rest work study swim go talk等等
(3)名词→动词：hand(手)→(传递)face(脸)→(面)等等
(4)形容词→副词：early→early fast→fast等等
(5)副词→连词：when(什时候)→(……时候)等等
(6)介词→副词：in(……里)→(里面家)on(…)→(进行继续)
名词：
） 名词数
1 数名词
般体名词a boy(男孩)集体名词a family(家庭)数名词句子中必须头尾
头aonean物代词尾复数形式
1) 规复数变化形式：
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
般情况 加s 清辅音读s浊辅音读
z
book→books
key→keys
o结尾表示生命名词 加es 读z
tomato→tomatoe
s
potato→potatoes
sshchx等结尾名词 加es 读iz
bus→buses
watch→watches
box→boxes
ceseze（d）ge等结尾名
词 加s 读iz
case→cases
orange→oranges
辅音字母+y结尾名词 变yi加es 读z
family→families
party→parties
ffe结尾名词
变ffev加e
s 读z
knife→knives
leaf→leaves2) 规复数变化形式：
变部元音字母footfeet goosegeese tooth teeth manmen
词尾加en childchildren oxoxen
单复数形 fish sheep deer means Chinese yuan jin li
3) 特殊复数形式
a) 集体名词：集体名词运具体数字修饰面集体名词aonetwo等修饰
前加the表示全体……
the police 警察(指全体警察) the English 英国(指全体英国)
b) 复合名词
a woman teacher—women teachers女教师 an Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
a brotherinlaw—brothersinlaw 叔伯 a grownup—grownups 成
2 数名词
专名词：NBA美篮协会 Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake 西湖
物质名词：液体：milk water tea coffee juice oil(油)
肉类：beef chicken mutton pork
天气：weather rain snow wind light 光
：news(新闻消息) bread(面包)
抽象名词：fun love luck duty kindness善良happiness幸福progress进步
注意数物质名词复数形式表达意义
tea— different kinds of teas 种类茶
food 食品 — all kinds of foods 种样食品
fruit 水果 — all kinds of fruits 种样水果
glass 玻璃— a glass 玻璃杯 — glasses 眼镜玻璃杯
） 名词格
1表示生命东西名词格
①般单数复数名词加－＇s：Tom＇s chair the children＇s bedroom
②－s结尾复数名词直接加＇：the students＇ reading room
③列名词 表示属时两名词加’sw表示属时名词加＇s
：Tom and Mike＇s father 汤姆迈克父亲(俩父亲)
Tom’s and Mike’s fathers 汤姆父亲迈克父亲（俩父亲）
④表示店铺某家私开诊餐馆等格名词(shop等)省略
： at Tom’s 汤姆家里 at the tailor＇s裁缝店 at a chemist＇s药店
2表示生命东西名词格常常of+名词形式
：the covers of the book(s)书封面 a photo of my family张家全家福
注意：
①表示生命东西名词果名词较长名词定语较长．of+名词形式
：the works of Lu Xun Lao She and Mao Dun
the founding of the People＇s Republic of China 中华民国成立
②表示时间距离集体城市国家团体机构某惯语中名词－＇s
：yesterday＇s newspaper昨天报纸 five minutes’ drive开车五分钟路程
③of短语表示修饰名词具体容材料
： a map of the world 世界图 a ring of gold 金戒指
④某惯法中of短语换＇s结构
： teachers＇ office 教师办公室 children＇s book 童读物
二 代词：
英语中代词称代词物代词反身代词指示代词疑问代词关系代词定代词
） 称代词：
称 单 数 复 数
格 宾 格 格 宾 格
第称I me we us
第二称you you you you
第三称
he
she
it
him
her
it
they them通 称 one ones
1格做句子语表语
： I often go shopping on Sundays(星期天常购物)
Are they from Brazil(巴西？)
That’s it(回事) It’s he()
2宾格做物动词者介词宾语
：Who teaches you English this year(年谁教英语？)
Help me(救救) We often write letters to her(常写信)
3称代词作表语者放较状语句连词thanas时格形式宾格形式口语中
宾格： –It’s Ime()
三称时出现者语中包含时you→he→I序表达
：Both he and I are working at that computer company(家电脑公司班) –Who will g
o there(谁？) –You and me()
4称代词it指指物外表示时间天气温度距离情况等含义外
作非称代词代作语者宾语定式动名词者名词性句
：What’s the weather like today(天天气样？)—It’s fine(天气晴)
What’s the time(点啦？) –It’s 12：00(12点)
It’s a long way to go(走长路) It took him three days to clean his house
It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space(显然公众想知道
什时候进入太空)
We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well(发觉学门外语非常困难)
二） 物代词：
称 单 数 复 数
形容词性名词性 形容词性 名词性
第称my mine our ours
第二称your yours your yours
第三称his her its his hers itstheir theirs通 称 one＇s
1形容词性物代词作句子中名词修饰语面名词
：Is that your umbrella(伞？) I often go to see my aunt on Sundays
2名词性物代词相名词代事物表明属关系句子中独立作语宾语者表语面
千万名词
：This is your cup but where is mine(杯子？)
Your classroom is very big but ours is rather small(教室相)
3of + 名词性物代词称双重格作定语时放名词面：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday(朋友昨天) (指干朋友中)
[试较] My friend came to see me yesterday(朋友昨天)(指特定朋友)
三） 反身代词：
称 单 数 复 数
第称myself ourselves
第二称yourself yourselves
第三称
himself
herself
itself
themselves
通 称 oneself
1反身代词句子中作宾语表示反射(指动作回该动作执行者身)
：Don’t play with the knife you might hurt yourself(玩刀子会割伤)
2句子中作位语表示强调(强调名词代词语气)
：The story itself is good Only he didn’t tell it well(事身没讲)
四） 定代词：
常见someanyallnonebotheithereithereach otheranothermuchmanyfe
wlittleone等
五） 指示代词：
常见thisthatthesethose1 指示代词单独做句子语宾语表语作定语修饰名词
Who whom whosewhich what
谁（格）谁（宾格）谁 什
：What’s this(什？)
That model plane is made of plastic(模型飞机塑料做)(动句)
Remember never to do such things(记永远做样事情)
Do the same as the teacher tells you (老师说做)
Who is it(谁？) It’s me()
注意名词代词作语时谓语间单复数致问题：
1 语谓语基保持单复数致：语数名词单数数名词时谓语动词单数形式：
：The computer was a great invention(计算机起发明)
The water in the glass is very cold(玻璃杯里水冷)
2 集体名词(family class team group row police school等)做句子语时
3 果表示整体概念谓语单数形式
：Class Three is a very good class(三班班)
4 果表示中成员时谓语复数形式
：Class Three have a map of China(三班张中国图)
5 Chinese Japanese fish sheep people等表示单时谓语单数表示许时谓语复数
：There is a sheep in the yard(院子里绵羊)
6 There are some sheep in the yard(院子里绵羊)
7 maths news等然s结尾复数谓语单数：The news is very exciting (消息令兴
奋)
8 glasses shoes socks trousers gloves等名词复数形式谓语复数The trousers are very chea
p and I want to take them(裤子便宜想买)
9 a lot of 名词复数时谓语复数形式数名词时谓语单数形式：A lot of students are pla
ying baseball now(现许学生垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work(量时间花
工作)(动句)
10 and 连接两名词做语时谓语原复数两名词构成整体事物时谓语单数
：The teacher and his son are picking apples now(老师子摘苹果) Fish and chips is very f
amous food (鱼薯条种出名食品)11 there be 句型中be单复数般名词决定
：There is a table and four chairs in the room(房间里张桌子四张椅子)
12 both…and…连接两事物做语时谓语般复数
：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow(明天求)
13 语中含with短语时谓语单复数with前物决定
：A woman with a 7yearold child was standing at the side of the road (名妇女带着七岁
孩子(时)站路边)
14 either…or…者 neither…nor…连接两物做句子语时谓语采原
：Either you or he is right()
Neither you nor I am going there(算里)
15 表示段时间长度概念复数名词做语时谓语般单数
：Two months is not a short time(两月短时间)
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离)(两千千米相长段距离)
三 数词：
分类：数词基数词序数词两种英语数词作句子语宾语表语定语
） 基数词：表示数目词基数词
1 英语中常基数词：
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one(a) hundred
23
35
101
twentythree
thirtyfive
one hundred and one1000→one(a) thousand
10000→ ten thousand
100000→one hundred thousand
1000000→one million10000000→ten million
100000000→one hundred million
108→one hundred and eight 146→one hundred and fortysix
500→five hundred 1001→one thousand and one 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen
[注意]：
(1)百位十位间加and十万位万位亿位千万位间通常加and
(2)英语千百万等单位计数数字右左 隔三位划逗号倒数第逗号前thousand倒
数第二逗号前million倒数第三逗号前billion表示
(3) hundred thousand million作数词时复数前面加one two …等数词作名词时
复数表示成……面必须of前面加somemanyseveral等词：five hundred(五百) hu
ndreds of(成百千) ten thousand(万) thousands of(成千万) millions of(成百万)
） 序数词：表示序数词序数词
1英语序数词基变法：
(1) 般基数词加th
(2)ve结尾改fth
(3)ty结尾改tieth
(4)熟记特殊词
2序数词：
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
※first
※second
※third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
21st
22nd
23rd
35th
101st
twentyfirst
twentysecond
twentythird
thirtyfifth
one hundred and first10th
11th
12th
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
100th one undredth
1000th→one thousandth 1000000th→one millionth
第703→the seven hundred and third
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth
3注：
(1)两位序数词仅位数部分序数词余部分基数词：thirtysixth
(2) 序数词时般加定冠词the ：I’m in the third grade
(3) 序数词作分讲时复数形式：15→one fifth 23→ two thirds 47→ four sevenths
12→ a half 14→a quarter 34→ three quarters 50→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent)
4数词法：
1) 表示年份：2002 twenty thousand and two 1976 nineteen seventysix
2) 表示日期： 12月1日 Dec1stthe first of December2002年11月8日 Nov 8th 2002
3) 表示时刻： 5：15→ five fifteena quarter past five 8：30→ eight thirtyhalf past eight 10：45
→ ten fortyfivea quarter to eleven
4) 表示编号：Room 105→Room one 0 five Bus No13→Bus Number Thirteen P5→Page Five TelN
o7658659→Telephone Number sevensixfiveeightsixfivenine
5) 数读法：57→ five point seven 016 →zero point one six
6) 6半表达： 12→half 半时→half an hour 15时→one and a half hoursone hour and
a half
7) 序数词前面加the时表示序加aan时表示：The third lesson is rather difficult(第
三课相难) Shall we read the text a third time(课文读第三遍？)
冠词
） 冠词分类：
英语中冠词定冠词a an定冠词the两种常放名词前面限定名词意义起泛指特指作
冠词 分类 法 举例说明
定冠
词 a 辅音开头单数名词前面 a dogan 元音开头单数名词前
面
an orange
定冠词 the 数名词单数复数数名词前
面
the applethe apple
s
二） 定冠词a an法：
定冠词a an单数名词前面a辅音开头词前面 an元音开头词前面
(1) 表示某东西具体说明物
：There is a dog lying on the ground(狗躺)
(2) 表示某类事物区种类
：A elephant is much stronger than a man(象强壮)(译：头象强壮)
(3) 表示某类事物中
：He is a teacher of English(英语教师)
(4) 表示数量
：There is a table and four chairs in that diningroom(餐厅里张桌子四椅子)
(5) 定冠词语：a bit(点) a little(点) a few() a lot (许) a kind of(种) a pair of
(副双) a number of(量) a piece of (张片) half an hour(半时) have a good time(玩
开心) have a cold(感) make a noise(发出嘈杂声)等等
三） 定冠词the法：
定冠词the数名词单数复数数名词前面
1定冠词基法：
(1) 表示特指事物
：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack(手着朵花男杰克)
(1) 指谈话双方熟悉事物
：Look at the blackboardLily(莉莉请黑板)
(2) 复述前面提事物
：There is a man under the tree The man is called Robert(树 罗伯特)
(3) 表示世界独二事物
：The earth turns around the sun(球绕太阳旋转)
(4) 表示方位名词前面
：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River(长江南 区会刮风)(5) 序数词形容词高级前面
：Who is the first one to go(谁第？)
Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth(恒星中太阳离球)
(6) 常乐器名称前面
：He began to play the violin at the age of 5(五岁时开始拉提琴)
(7) 江河海洋山脉等名称前面
：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains(没喜马拉雅山)
(8) 含普通名词专名词前面
：He is from the United States of America(美利坚合众国)
(9) 姓氏前表示家
：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month(月格林家峨眉山)
(10) same前般the
：Lucy and Lily lookthe same(露西莉莉长样)
(12)定冠词语：at the same time (时)make the bed(铺床)in the end()all the time
(直)by the way(便说)on the way(路)等等
2冠词情况：
(1) 专名词(第次)数名词时前面通常
：China is a very large country(中国国)
Man needs air and water(类需空气水)
(2) 名词前已指示物定代词作定语时
：My pen is much more expensive than yours(钢笔昂贵)
(3) 周名月名季节名前般
：He was born on Monday February 181995
They usually plant trees on the hills in spring(春天通常山植树)
(4) (第次)复数名词表示事物类时
：Men are cleverer than monkeys(猴子聪明)
(5) 三餐饭前
：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school(家吃早饭校吃午饭)
(6) 节假日前般
：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents(童节男孩常父母礼物)
(7) 球类名词前
：The children play football on Saturday afternoons(孩子星期六午踢足球)
(8) 城市重建筑物名称前
：They are now at People’s Cinema(刻民电影院)
(9) 惯语中
：(1)at to from out of after for school (2) in to for after class ⑶in to out of into b
ed ⑷after at from out of to work⑸at to sea⑹ in from down to town⑺ at from home
⑻ at for to breakfastlunchsupper ⑼ at nightnoonmidnight⑽ on foot⑾ go to schoolbed ⑿
on top of⒀ in front of⒁ on showdisplaydutywatch⒂ in out of hospital⒃at all ⒄ onin time
⒅ at firstlastonce⒆ in ChineseEnglishetc⒇ take care of
形容词副词：
） 形容词：说明修饰名词代词词称形容词
1 形容词句法作：作句子中名词定语句子表语宾语补足语
1) 作定语般放修饰词前面形容词修饰something anything nothing everything等复合
定代词时须放形容词修饰疑问代词时须放
：It’s a cold and windy day
Would you like something hot to drink
2) 作表语放系动词面常见系动词be become get(变) make() turn(变) keep feel look
(起) seem smell sound taste
：He looks happy toady 天起高兴
Silk feels soft 绸子摸起软
Milk is able to turn bad easily in summer夏天牛奶容易变质
3) 作宾语补足语形容词作宾补时应放宾语表示宾语性质状态身份等
： We are making our country strong
2形容词句子中位置：
1) 作定语时放名词前面音节少词放音节词前
：a big yellow wooden wheel(黄色木轮)
2) 作表语时放连系动词
：The price sounds reasonable(价格听起算合理)
3) 作宾语补足语时放宾语
：We must try our best to keep our environment clean(必须力保持环境清洁)4) 置情况：
① 修饰复合定代词时放代词
：Something serious has happened to him(发生严重事)
② 表示长宽高重老远离词连时形容词置
：He’s 18 metres tall(身高18米)
The moon is about 380000 kilometres away from the earth(月球离38万公里)
） 副词：说明事情发生时间点原方式等含义说明形容词副词程度词做副
词
1 副词分类：(见表)
时 间 副 词 频度副词 点方位副词 程度副词 方式副词 疑问连接副词 副词
today tomorrow once here there very too well how too also
yesterday now twice home below enough hard where nor so
then early late always anywhere rather quite alone when as onoff
once soon just usually above outside how so fast why either
tonight long often in inside out much just together whether yes no
already yet before sometimes back up down nearly only suddenly however etc not neither
ago later ever since never away off far almost hardly ly结尾 关系副词 maybe
after whenever (seldom) near nearby as long as等 副词 where perhaps
first someday ever wherever even all why how certainly
sometime last everywhere a little a bit when
2副词句子中位置作：
注意：副词修饰动词形容词副词结构
副词位置：
1） 动词前2） be动词助动词
3） 助动词时副词般放第助动词
a 数方式副词位句尾宾语长副词提前句子衡
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us
b 方式副词wellbadly糟坏hard等放句尾
He speaks good English
二副词排列序：
1） 时间点副词单位前单位
2） 方式副词短前长andbut等连词连接
Please write slowly and carefully
3） 副词排列：程度+点+方式+时间副词
4） 副词very 修饰形容词修饰动词
改错：(错) I very like English () I like English very much
5） 副词enough放形容词面形容词enough放名词前
：I don＇t know him well enough
There is enough food for everyone to eat
There is food enough for everyone to eat
⑴作状语：
① 时间副词：般放句首句尾注意earlylatebeforelateryet等般放句尾alreadyjust
般放动词前面
：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow(明天参观长城)
They have already been to the UK twice(英王国两次)
Soon the lost boy found his way back home(久迷路孩子找回家路)
② 频度副词：般放be动词者助动词动词间sometimesoften等放句首句
尾usually放句首once放句尾twicethree times等般放句尾
：Sometimes I get up early(时起早)
The workers usually have lunch at the factory(工通常厂里吃午饭)
Take this medicine twice a day(种药天吃两次)
① 方式副词：般放行动suddenly放句首句尾动词前
：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people(老年走年轻样快) Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(突然黑黢黢山洞里见丝亮光)
② 点副词：般放句尾herethere放句首
：There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方)(里成千万
行车方流动)
The frightened wolf ran away(受惊吓狼逃开)
He walked out quietly and turned back soon(悄悄走出快返回)
⑤程度副词：修饰动词时放动词前修饰形容词副词时放形容词副词前注意enough总
放修饰形容词动词面only位置较灵活总放修饰词前面
：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again(果次告诉事全忘)
It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears(奇怪相信耳朵)
She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus(早早赶车站赶首班车)
⑥疑问副词：句子状语进行提问位置总句首
：When and where were you born(时出生？)
Why did little Edison sit on some eggs(爱迪生什坐鸡蛋？)
How do you do()
⑦连接副词：引导语句宾语句表语句句中作状语
：How I am going to kill the cat is still a question(算样杀死猫问题)
That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger(害怕老虎原)
He wondered how he could do it the next day(知道第二天样做事)
⑧关系副词：引导定语句句中作状语
：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived(张先生住方)
Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well(请告诉英语样学方
法)
⑨副词：too句尾also放动词前either 放句尾nor放句首s
o样放形容词副词前onoff开关放动词not放be助动词定
式动名词前maybeperhaps放句首certainly放句首动词前
：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there too(宫博物院)
Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket(许票里边衣袋里)
Tom doesn’t have a computer –Nor do I(汤姆没计算机没)
(2)作表语：点副词般作表语放be等连系动词说明物处位置
：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment(抱歉刻家)
I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years(离开家乡20年) Jim is over there(吉姆边)
(3)作定语：时间副词(nowthen)许点副词作名词定语放名词面
：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants(现常餐馆里吃节日晚宴)
Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s(二十世纪20年代女着怕日子)
(4)作宾语补足语：点副词般作宾语补足语
：Put your dirty socks away Jim They are giving out bad smell(吉姆脏袜子开散
发着臭气)
Father kept him in and doing his lessons(父亲关家里做作业)
[注意] 动词+副词宾语果代词该副词应该放代词
：He wrote down the word(写词)→He wrote it down(写)
3关副词重注释：
⑴as…as…常构成词组：as soon as…(旦……) as well as…(样) as+形容词副词+as possible(
……)
：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing(请北京写信)
Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible(高姐快赶校门口)
[注释] as long much as + 名词表示长达达…含义
：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan(幢房子花费高达50万元)
They stayed in the cave as long as two weeks(呆山洞里长达两周)
⑵laterafteragobefore法：
①段时间+laterago分表示(久)前
②afterbefore+某时刻分表示某时刻前时两词介词
③agobefore：ago时before完成时
：He had an accident a week ago(周前出事)
Some years later the boy became a very famous singer(数年男孩成著名歌唱家)
Have you been there before(前？)
After a few years he gave up smoking(年戒烟)
⑶ abovebelowoverunder法：方abovebelow高低处overunder abov
ebelowoverunder介词性质时意义相似
：The stars are high above in the sky(星星高挂空中)
A plane flew over quickly(架飞机头顶飞)
⑷tooalsoeithernor法：too()肯定句疑问句末尾逗号隔开also()肯定句句子谓语动词前either()否定句末尾逗号隔开nor()倒装句句
首
：Are you Americantoo(美国？)
He is not happy and I am not happy either(愉快)
He didn’t watch the football game Nor did I(没足球赛没)
You can also find the market is very good(发觉市场)
⑸enoughtoosoveryquitevery much法：enough (足够十分)放形容词副词
too(太)very(非常)quite(相)so()等放形容词副词前very much
(非常)放动词：It’s toosoveryquite expensive(太贵贵非常贵相贵)
I don’t like sweets very much(喜欢糖果)
[注意] very much区：
very修饰形容词副词原级现分词形容词
much修饰形容词副词较级much修饰疑问句否定句中动词very
：He is very stupid(笨)
The film was very moving and everyone swept(电影非常动家哭)
You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school(学更努力然考进
学校)
I don’t like him much(太喜欢)
⑹sometimes sometime some times some time法：sometimes(时)般现时so
metime(某时)时 some times(数次)表示次数some time(时间)表示段时间
：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains(时徒步旅行山里)
I will stay here some time(会呆时候)
I will meet your father sometime(什时候见见父亲)
⑺howwhat感叹句法：句子中形容词副词感叹时how事物(含形容词作修
饰语)进行感叹what
：What a fine day (it is) today(天天气真)
How difficult (the problem is)((问题)真难呀)
⑻ alreadyyet法：完成时中already般肯定句yet般否定句疑问句
：Have you done it already(已做？)
I have not had my breakfast yet(没吃早饭呢)
⑼hardhardly法：hard作副词意思：努力猛烈hardly否定词意思：
般情态动词cancould连
：They study English very hard(英语学刻苦)You can hardly see a person spit in a public place(公场吐痰)
⑽likevery muchlikebetter(prefer)likebest法：三短语分表示非常喜欢更
喜欢喜欢
：I like baseball very much(非常喜欢棒球)
Do you like butter better than cheese( They like hamburgers best
⑾quitewhat+a+形容词+名词法：记住：
①quitesuchwhat+a+形容词+名词
②toosohow+形容词+a+名词
③rather+a+形容词+名词 a+ rather+形容词+名词
：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙)(未见样奇怪家伙) It is quite a nice day for
a walk(真散步日子)
⑿ how 短语：how often常隔久般时态表示频度词语进行提问 how soo
n久时态 how long久时完成时时态how many time
s少次时完成时总计次数进行提问how much少程度进行提问
数量(数)金钱进行提问
：How long have you been like this(样已久？)
How often does he wash his face(隔久洗次脸？)
⒀ muchmoremost法：三词形容词作名词修饰语外程度副词much表
示修饰原级形副more表示更构成音节形副较级most表示构成音节
形副高级外much修饰较级形副
：This park is muchmore beautiful than that one(公园漂亮)
It is the most instructive film I have ever seen(教育意义电影)
⒁ no moreno longernotany morenoany longer法：表示时间no longernot
ny morenoany longerno longer放谓语动词前表示程度no morenotany m
ore
：He no longer lived there(住里)
Tom wanted no more cakes(想蛋糕)
He didn’ t smoke any morelonger(抽烟)
⒂动语态中方式副词般放be谓语动词间
：The runner was badly hurt(赛跑运动员受重伤)
English is widely spoken in the world today(世界英语说广泛)
⒃ tootosothat问题：副词tooso面形容词副词to面动词that面句Toot
o (太……致……)否定结构简单句sothat(…致…)肯定结构复合
句：The child is too young to join the army(孩子年龄太参军)
He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box(强壮搬动重箱子)
⒄形容词副词单词：early late long last next first near enough much all hard alone
fast slow high low straight等等
：It was a long holiday(长假) He stayed there very long(呆久)
Think hard then you will find a way(想会找办法)
He is a very hard(难付) person(难玩家伙)
⒅fartherfurther法区：表示点方距离时两词义意思更远较远further
表示更进步额外等意思时换farther
：They decided to go fartherfurther the next day(决定第二天走远)
This problem will be further discussed(问题进步讨)
Every one of them had their further studies after they left college(学毕业继续进修)
⒆ratherquite法区：very样两词表示形容词副词程度quite表示高程度
预料ratherquite更接very含义含令惊讶意思见图nice程度描绘：
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice
：It’s quite a nice film(部片子)(意味着部电影)
It’srather a nice film(部错电影)(意味着数电影)
[注意]注意quiterather面次序词序
⒇maybepossiblyperhaps区：maybe许外两词更正式更便性
possibly者许性较否定句疑问句中表示perhaps
较常正式性
：You could put it over theremaybe(许放边)
I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time(短时间
完成长书) I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting(许
期盼信件)
(21)mostmostly区：most作形容词名词时意思数部分作副词时意思
十分mostly仅副词意思半部分
：I was at home most of the time when I was free(空时部分时间家)Most children are na
ughty(部分孩子淘气) This is the most exciting part of the film(电影中令兴奋部分)S
he is mostlyout on Sundays(星期天般家)
(22)(be) worth(be) worthy of区：worth般作介词面接名词者动名词动表示动
含义副词well修饰worthy of表示值配面动名词动形式
：What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(值做值做)
The house is worth 300000(房子价值30万元) This book is well worth reading several times(书值读遍)
It is a thing worthy of being seen(值东西)
(23)almostnearly区：两词意思相表示数情况互换否定词连
时almostnearly almost no 相hardly any(没)
：He had done almost nothing today(天没干什)
We are almostnearly there(里)
Almost nobodyHardly anybody understood his words(没懂话)
(24)a bita little区：两名词短语常作副词修饰形容词副词原级较级互换
语气rather弱
：This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive(台数码相机点贵)
It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday(天昨天冷点)
外a little直接加数名词a bit 采a bit + of +名词(数数名词复数)形式
：I have got a bit of a cold(点感)
Go and get a little water for me please(请搞点水)
[注意]not a bit(not at all)意根 not a little意非常点
） 形容词 副词原级较级高级
1分类：形容词副词原级较级高级三级
原级变较级高级规变化规变化两种
2规变化
(1)单音节部分双音节形容词副词原级面加erest构成较级高级
a)直接加erest ：
b)重读闭音节结尾双写辅音字母加erest：
c)辅音字母+y结尾先y改i加erest：
(2)两音节两音节原级前加more most
3规变化
原级 较级 高级
good better更 best
well(身体)
badbadly糟糕糟糕 worse更糟糕更糟糕(身体)更舒 worst糟糕糟糕(身体)舒 服 服
ill(身体)舒服
many许(数) more更更 most
much许(数)非
常
little少 less更少 least少
far远远 farther更远更远 farthest远远
further进步() furthest深刻()
4形容词副词原级较级高级法：
(1)讲述某物身情况时原级基句型：
语(sbsth) + 谓语动词 + (verytoosoquiterather…) + 形容词副词原级 +…
：He is very old now(现老)
They ran quite fast(跑相快)
The weather looks rather bad(天气相糟)
I am so happy(快乐)
☆表示两者间没差时句型：
语(第物) + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词副词原级 + as + 第二物 +…
：He is as excited as his younger sister(妹妹样兴奋)
Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady(莉莉骑车老太太样慢)
They picked as many apples as the farmers (did)(摘苹果农民样)
☆表示第第二时句型：
语(第物)+谓语动词(否定式)+ asso + 形容词副词原级+as+ 第二物+…
：He is not so as excited as his younger sister(没妹妹兴奋)
Lily did not ride her bike so as slowly as an old lady (莉莉骑车老太太样慢)
They didn’t pick so as many apples as the farmers (did) (摘苹果农民)
(2) 讲述两者差异第物超第二物时较级基句型：
语(A’)+谓语动词+(mucha littleevenstill)+形容词副词较级+than+第二物(B’)+… ：A modern train is much faster than a car(现代火车轿车快)
This book didn’t cost me more than that one(书花费钱)
讲述两者差异第物第二物时较级句型：
语(A’)+ 谓语动词+ less+(音节形副)较级 + than + 第二物(B’) +…
：I think English is less difficult than maths(认英语数学难)
Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language(认学外语重？)
(3)讲述某物群中突出时高级句型：
语(sbsth) + 谓语动词 +(the) +形容词副词高级 +in of …
：The Changjiang River is the longest in China(长江中国长河流)
He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys)(三男生中跳高)
关较等级重注释：
1 六句型中果动词物物动词面副词果面连系动词面形容词
：This car is the fastest of the four(形容词)(辆汽车四辆中快)
This car runs (the) fastest of the four(副词)(辆汽车四辆中跑快)
2 较级+and+较级表示越越……
：The weather is getting warmer and warmer(天越越温暖)
3 the+较级…the+较级…表示越…越…
：The more trees we plantthe better it will be(栽树越情况会越)
The harder you trythe greater your progress is(越努力进步越)
1 般形容词副词较级前面加mucha littleevenstill表示数量more前加som
e any no one two many several a lot等词
：It is much colder today than yesterday(天昨天冷)
Would you like some more coffee(咖啡？)
He did not eat any more(没吃)
2 more than less than分理解少相副词more thanover less thanunder
：I lived in New York for more than four months(纽约生活四月)
3 one of the +高级+名词(复数)整短语单数含义谓语单数形式
One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire(古老幢房子场火烧毁)
4 Which Who+动词+形副□□or□句型中果两选项形副较级果三选项形副
高级：Who has more books Lin Tao or Han Mei(林涛韩梅谁书？)
Which is the heaviesta piga horse or an elephant(猪马象重？)
5 文中含botheitherneithertwotwins等表示两事物词时较级加the含
allnoneno one every 等表示三三事物时高级
： Do you like the smaller one—Neither(点喜欢？喜欢)
Which do you like best –All of them(喜欢？全部)
介词：
） 介词法：
介词种虚词独立介词般名词代词(宾格)相名词词类短语句作
宾语构成介词短语介词两词构成短语介词：out of(…中出) because of(
) away from(距离…) on top of(…顶) ever since(…) next to(…隔壁) according to(根…) i
n front of(…前方)等
） 介词分类：
1 点(位置范围)介词：above…前 about…附 across…面 after…面 against倚着 alo
ng…旁 among…中间 around…周围 behind in the middle of中间 at the end of
末端等等
2 方(目标趋)介词：across横越 against抗 along着 around绕着 round环绕 at着 b
ehind…面 etween…and…past超 away from远离
3 时间介词：about约 after… at… (时刻) before…前 by…止 during…期间 for
(久) from…(时)起 in(午) past…(时) at the time of时
4 方式介词：as作作 by in…(语言) like…样 on骑(车)徒(步)通(收音机电视机) o
ver通(收音机) through通 with(材料)(手脚耳眼) without没…
5 涉介词 about关 except… besides… for…言 in…(方面) of…关 o
n关关 to…言 towards针 with…言
6 介词
a) 目介词 for from防止… to…
b) 原介词 for with… because of
c) 较介词 as…样like象…样thanto…相 unlike…
d) 伴状态介词 against…起(赛)at(班休息学家etc)in穿着…(衣服颜色)into变成o
n(值日) with…起带着长着 without没…起
二） 介词短语句法作：
介词短语相形容词副词作状语定语表语
：The man came
The woman
三） 介词短语句子中位置：
1 介词短语做状语时果表示时间点放句首句尾果表示方方式伴涉原目
较般放句尾介词短语作表语时放连系动词介词短语作定语时放修饰名词
：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year(状语)(想年海找份工作)
They searched the room for the thief(房间里搜索偷)
The letters are for you(表语)(信)
Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs(定语)(见黑头白腿猫？)
2[重注释：]
⑴ this that these those last next a every each等词构成时间短语前面介词
：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao(年国外游客游览窑)
He had a bad cold that week(星期患重感)
⑵ for时引出动词定式逻辑语常翻译成…言
：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour(区区时完成项工作太难
)
The house is big enough for 10 men to live in(房子够容10住)
⑶of时表示面物正前面表语逻辑语
：It’s very nicekind of you to do so(做真太)
⑷ 介词时会宾语分离宾语前置
① 宾语疑问词时Who are you talking about(谈谁？)
② 宾语句中连接词时He has a younger brother who he must take good care of( 需
顾弟) Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there(知道老师边
什谈话？)
③ 动词定式作定语该动词物动词面介词I finally found a chair to sit on( 终找
张椅子坐)
(1) 记住固定词组：
arrive atin(达…) on foot(步行) not…at all(根)
to the north of(…北) in the east of(…东部) in the night(夜间)
at night(晚) be afraid of(害怕…) be full of(充满 装满…)
be filled with(充满) look after(料…) be made of(…做成)
look for(寻找…) help sb with(帮某做…) be goodbad for(…益害)
be made from(…制造) play with(玩耍……) look out of(…外面)at the end of(结束时) by the end of(…末止) on a bike(by bike)骑车
with the help of (…帮助) get on (well) with(某相处[融洽])等等
3某介词法辨析：
⑴ 时间点介词inonat法区：表示时间时 in表示段时间里(时句子中表示段
时间) on表示具体某天者某天午等 at表示某时刻者瞬间 表示点时 in表示
某范围 on表示某面面相接触at表示某具体场点
：He was born on the morning of May 10th(出生五月十日早晨)
I usually get up at 7：00in the morning(通常早七点钟起床)
His glasses are right on his nose(眼镜架鼻子)
He is at the cinemaat the moment(刻正电影院)
(2) afterin表示时间法区：after+(具体时刻句)表示…时刻常般时态in
+(段时间)表示(久)常时态
：He said that he would be here after 6：00(说六点钟会)
My father is coming back from England in about a month(父亲约月英国回)
⑶sincefor表示时间法区：since+(具体时刻that句)表示…起直现for +
(段斶间)表示总…久常完成时态
：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970(李叔叔1970年起家工厂工作)
Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years (李叔叔家工厂已工作30年)
⑷byinwith表示方式法区：表示工具手段by表示坐某交通工具
……方式动句中表示动作执行者in表示某种语言文字with表示某
具体工具手段
：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet(眼睛东西双脚走路)
Please write that article(文章)in English(请英语写篇文章)
Let’s go to the zoo by taxi(动物园吧) It was written by Lao She(老舍写)
⑸abouton法区：表示关…about意义较广on表示关…(专题课
程)
：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America(汤姆作美国历史报告)
They are very excited talking about the coming field trip(兴致勃勃谈着野外旅游)
⑹throughacrossover法区： through指穿…(门洞群树林) acrossover
指跨越…(街道河流)互换表示翻…时over
：Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road(时老鼠跑路面)
There is a bridge acrossover the river(河座桥)
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time(翻山提前达里)The visitors went through a big gate into another park(参观者穿门公园)
(2) aslike区：两词表示……as译作……表示职业职务作等事实l
ike译……样表示外表事实
：Let me speak to you as a father(父亲身份讲话)(说话者听者父亲)
Let me speak to you like a father(位父亲样讲话)(说话者听者父亲)
(3) at the end ofby the end ofto the endin the end法区：at the end of…表示时
间表示点译…末…头常时连by the end of…表示时间译…
前…止常完成时 in the endat last基等义表示终通常时t
o the end译…终点止前面表示运动连续性动词
：By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III(学期期末已学第三册16
单元)
At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows(路头找幢
棕色窗户白房子)
They left for Beijing at the end of last week(周末动身北京)
In the end he succeeded in the final exams(终期末考试中考格)
We should go on with the work to the end(应该工作干底)
Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office(条路走底见家邮电局)
(4) for a momentfor the momentin a momentat the moment区：for a moment会
片刻(for a while)常持续性动词连for the moment暂时目前常现时in a m
oment会立马(soon in a few minutes)般时at the moment刻眼
(now)现进行时
：Please wait for a moment(请稍等)
Let’s leave things as they are for the moment(暂时维持现状吧)
I’ll come back in a moment(会回)
I am very busy at the moment(眼忙)
(5) but问题：介词but引出动词时注意：果前面do面原形动词前面没do时面
动词加to
：I could do nothing but wait(什做等)
They had no choice(选择) but to fight(没选择战斗)
(6) in front of in the front of： in front of…前面 in the front of…前部
：A car was parking in front of the hall(厅前停着辆汽车)
In the front of the hall stood a big desk(厅前部立着讲台)
(7) exceptbesides区：except表示排掉某物包含besides表示包
含仅…………：Everyone went to the Palace Museumexcept Tom(Tom家宫博物院)(Tom没
宫)
Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects(汉语外学许功课)(汉语
学功课)
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