2010年全国硕士研究生入学统考试
英 语()
(科目代码：201)
考生注意事项
1．考生必须严格遵守项考场规
2．答题前考生应准考证关容填写答题卡考生姓名报考单位考生编号等信息
3．答案必须求涂写填写指定答题卡
(1)英语知识运阅读理解A节B节答案2B铅笔涂写答题卡1改动必须橡皮擦干净
(2)阅读理解C节(英译汉)答案作文必须蓝(黑)色字迹钢笔圆珠笔签字笔写答题卡2字迹清楚
4．考试结束答题卡1答题卡2试题装入试题袋中交回
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
In 1924 America＇s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephoneparts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how shopfloor lighting 1 workers＇ productivity Instead the studies ended 2 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects＇ behavior
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant According to 5 of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased but also when it was dimmed It did not 6 what was done in the experiment 7 something was changed productivity rose A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers＇ behavior 10 itself
After several decades the same data were 11 to econometric analysis The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store 12 the descriptions on record no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened 15 lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday output
16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days 18 a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case before 20 a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down
1 [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2 [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3 [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
4 [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous
5 [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6 [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7 [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8 [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9 [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10 [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11 [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12 [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to
13 [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source
14 [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading
15 [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16 [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17 [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued
18 [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile
19 [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended
20 [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in Englishlanguage newspapers during the past quartercentury perhaps the most farreaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when highquality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity newspapers Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in generalcirculation dailies
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ at a time when newsprint was dirtcheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared In those faroff days it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered Theirs was a serious business and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman could be trusted to know what they were about These men believed in journalism as a calling and were proud to be published in the daily press So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism Newman wrote that I am tempted to define ＇journalism＇ as ＇a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are＇
Unfortunately these critics are virtually forgotten Neville Cardus who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975 is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket During his lifetime though he was also one of England＇s foremost classicalmusic critics and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a bestseller He was knighted in 1967 the first music critic to be so honored Yet only one of his books is now in print and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists
Is there any chance that Cardus＇s criticism will enjoy a revival The prospect seems remote Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized Moreover the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat
21 It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from bigcity newspapers
[B] Englishlanguage newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
[C] highquality newspapers retain a large body of readers
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
22 Newspaper reviews in England before World War Ⅱ were characterized by
[A] free themes
[B] casual style
[C] elaborate layout
[D] radical viewpoints
23 Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on
[A] It is writers＇ duty to fulfill journalistic goals
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing
24 What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition
25 What would be the best title for the text
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods Amazoncom received one for its oneclick online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box
Now the nation＇s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on businessmethod patents which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents In re Bilski as the case is known is a very big deal says Dennis D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law It has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents
Curbs on businessmethod claims would be a dramatic aboutface because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the socalled State Street Bank case approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive fights to specific types of online transactions Later more established companies raced to add such patents to their files if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch In 2005 IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 businessmethod patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them Similarly some Wall Street investment farms armed themselves with patents for financial products even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court＇s judges rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its State Street Bank ruling
The Federal Circuit＇s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders Last April for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventions that are obvious The judges on the Federal Circuit are reacting to the antipatent trend at the Supreme Court says Harold C Wegner a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School
26 Businessmethod patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to businesses
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting
[D] the controversy over their authorization
27 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions
[B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D] It may change the legal practices in the US
28 The word aboutface (Line 1 Para 3) most probably means
[A] loss of goodwill
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D] enhancement of dignity
29 We learn from the last two paragraphs that businessmethod patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders
[D] increase the incidence of risks
30 Which of the following would be the subject of the text
[A] A looming threat to businessmethod patents
[B] Protection for businessmethod patent holders
[C] A legal case regarding businessmethod patents
[D] A prevailing trend against ＇businessmethod patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals often called influentials who are unusually informed persuasive or well connected The idea is intuitively Compelling but it doesn＇t explain how ideas actually spread
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausiblesounding but largely untested theory called the tw0step flow of communication Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the twostep flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials those select people will do most of the work for them The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks brands or neighborhoods In many such cases a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work however some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed In fact they don＇t seem to be required at all
The researchers＇ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media not interpersonal influence even the most influential members of a population simply don＇t interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who according to the twostepflow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example the cascade of change won＇t propagate very far or affect many people
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people＇s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced They found that the principal requirement for what is called global cascades the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but rather of a critical mass of easily influenced people
31 By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B] discuss influentials＇ function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people＇s intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials
32 The author suggests that the twostepflow theory
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33 What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34 The underlined phrase these people in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence
[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35 What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence
[A] The eagerness to be accepted
[B] The impulse to influence others
[C] The readiness to be influenced
[D] The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public Behind the scenes they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standardsetters Their rules moan the banks have forced them to report enormous losses and it＇s just not fair These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch
Unfortunately banks＇ lobbying now seems to be working The details may be unknowable but the independence of standardsetters essential to the proper functioning of capitaI markets is being compromised And unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers reviving the banking system will be difficult
After a bruising encounter with Congress America＇s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on longterm assets in their income statements Bob Herz the FASB＇s chairman cried out against those who question our motives Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls the use of judgment by management
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy a European commissioner warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real world and that Europe could yet develop different rules
It was banks that were on the wrong planet with accounts that vastly overvalued assets Today they argue that market prices overstate losses because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets not the likely extent of bad debts The truth will not be known for years But banks＇ shares trade below their book value suggesting that investors are skeptical And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains
To get the system working again losses must be recognized and dealt with America＇s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive Successful markets require independent and even combative standardsetters The FASB and IASB have been exactly that cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions for example against hostility from special interests But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions
36 Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B] collect payments frorn third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers
[D] reevaluate some of their assets
37 According to the author the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A] the diminishing role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks＇ longterm asset losses
[D] the weakening of its independence
38 According to Paragraph 4 McCreevy objects to the IASB＇s attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences
[B] evade the pressure from their peers
[C] act on their own in rulesetting
[D] take gradual measures in reform
39 The author thinks the banks were on the wrong planet in that they
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets
40 The author＇s attitude towards standardsetters is one of
[A] satisfaction
[B] skepticism
[C] objectiveness
[D] sympathy
Part B
Directions
For questions 4145 choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list AG and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer＇s growing preference for eating out the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005 This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent Meanwhile as the recession is looming large people are getting anxious They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe＇s largest markets are at a standstill leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow Most leading retailers have already tried ecommerce with limited success and expansion abroad But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market Definitely not The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers In other words it is up to the buyer rather than the seller to decide what to buy At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an evergrowing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold
[D] All in all this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges logistics and marketing intelligence Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby At least that is how it looks as a whole Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too
[E] Despite variations in detail wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined France Germany Italy and Spain are made out of the same building blocks Demand comes mainly from two sources independent momandpop grocery stores which unlike large retail chains are too small to buy straight from producers and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don＇t eat at home Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures but most of these businesses are known in the trade as horeca hotels restaurants and cafés Overall Europe＇s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market but the figures when added together mask two opposing trends
[F] For example wholesale food and drink sales came to 268 billion in France Germany Italy Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000 more than 40 percent of retail sales Moreover average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more
Europeans eat out more often and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate
[G] However none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains
41 →42 →43 →44 →E 45→
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and if its stability depends on its integrity they are entitled to continuance
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today We have no land ethic yet (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fisheating birds (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on worthless species Here again the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit real or fancied to itself
Some species of trees have been read out of the party by economicsminded foresters because they grow too slowly or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops (49) In Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community to be preserved as such within reason Moreover some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species ground flora and fauna is taken for granted
To sum up a system of conservation based solely on economic selfinterest is hopelessly lopsided (50) It tends to ignore and thus eventually to eliminate many elements in the land community that lack commercial value but that are essential to its healthy functioning It assumes falsely that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 Directions
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates＇ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization The notice should include
the basic qualifications for applicants and other information which you think is relevant
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice Use Postgraduates＇ Association instead (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统考试
英 语()
(科目代码：201)
考生注意事项
1．考生必须严格遵守项考场规
2．答题前考生应准考证关容填写答题卡考生姓名报考单位考生编号等信息
3．答案必须求涂写填写指定答题卡
(1)英语知识运阅读理解A节B节答案2B铅笔涂写答题卡1改动必须橡皮擦干净
(2)阅读理解C节(英译汉)答案作文必须蓝(黑)色字迹钢笔圆珠笔签字笔写答题卡2字迹清楚
4．考试结束答题卡1答题卡2试题装入试题袋中交回
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions
Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
In 1924 America＇s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephoneparts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago It hoped they would learn how shopfloor lighting 1 workers＇ productivity Instead the studies ended 2 giving their name to the Hawthorne effect the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects＇ behavior
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant According to 5 of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased but also when it was dimmed It did not 6 what was done in the experiment 7 something was changed productivity rose A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers＇ behavior 10 itself
After several decades the same data were 11 to econometric analysis The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store 12 the descriptions on record no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened 15 lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday output
16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days 18 a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case before 20 a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down
1 [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2 [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3 [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
4 [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous
5 [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6 [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7 [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8 [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9 [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10 [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11 [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12 [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to
13 [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source
14 [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading
15 [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16 [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17 [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued
18 [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile
19 [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended
20 [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in Englishlanguage newspapers during the past quartercentury perhaps the most farreaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when highquality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity newspapers Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in generalcirculation dailies
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ at a time when newsprint was dirtcheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared In those faroff days it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered Theirs was a serious business and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman could be trusted to know what they were about These men believed in journalism as a calling and were proud to be published in the daily press So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism Newman wrote that I am tempted to define ＇journalism＇ as ＇a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are＇
Unfortunately these critics are virtually forgotten Neville Cardus who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975 is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket During his lifetime though he was also one of England＇s foremost classicalmusic critics and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a bestseller He was knighted in 1967 the first music critic to be so honored Yet only one of his books is now in print and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists
Is there any chance that Cardus＇s criticism will enjoy a revival The prospect seems remote Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized Moreover the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat
21 It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from bigcity newspapers
[B] Englishlanguage newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
[C] highquality newspapers retain a large body of readers
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
22 Newspaper reviews in England before World War Ⅱ were characterized by
[A] free themes
[B] casual style
[C] elaborate layout
[D] radical viewpoints
23 Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on
[A] It is writers＇ duty to fulfill journalistic goals
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing
24 What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition
25 What would be the best title for the text
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods Amazoncom received one for its oneclick online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box
Now the nation＇s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on businessmethod patents which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents In re Bilski as the case is known is a very big deal says Dennis D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law It has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents
Curbs on businessmethod claims would be a dramatic aboutface because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the socalled State Street Bank case approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive fights to specific types of online transactions Later more established companies raced to add such patents to their files if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch In 2005 IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 businessmethod patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them Similarly some Wall Street investment farms armed themselves with patents for financial products even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court＇s judges rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its State Street Bank ruling
The Federal Circuit＇s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders Last April for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventions that are obvious The judges on the Federal Circuit are reacting to the antipatent trend at the Supreme Court says Harold C Wegner a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School
26 Businessmethod patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to businesses
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting
[D] the controversy over their authorization
27 Which of the following is true of the Bilski case
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions
[B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D] It may change the legal practices in the US
28 The word aboutface (Line 1 Para 3) most probably means
[A] loss of goodwill
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D] enhancement of dignity
29 We learn from the last two paragraphs that businessmethod patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders
[D] increase the incidence of risks
30 Which of the following would be the subject of the text
[A] A looming threat to businessmethod patents
[B] Protection for businessmethod patent holders
[C] A legal case regarding businessmethod patents
[D] A prevailing trend against ＇businessmethod patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals often called influentials who are unusually informed persuasive or well connected The idea is intuitively Compelling but it doesn＇t explain how ideas actually spread
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausiblesounding but largely untested theory called the tw0step flow of communication Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the twostep flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials those select people will do most of the work for them The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks brands or neighborhoods In many such cases a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work however some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed In fact they don＇t seem to be required at all
The researchers＇ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media not interpersonal influence even the most influential members of a population simply don＇t interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who according to the twostepflow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example the cascade of change won＇t propagate very far or affect many people
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people＇s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced They found that the principal requirement for what is called global cascades the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but rather of a critical mass of easily influenced people
31 By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B] discuss influentials＇ function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people＇s intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials
32 The author suggests that the twostepflow theory
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33 What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34 The underlined phrase these people in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence
[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35 What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence
[A] The eagerness to be accepted
[B] The impulse to influence others
[C] The readiness to be influenced
[D] The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public Behind the scenes they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standardsetters Their rules moan the banks have forced them to report enormous losses and it＇s just not fair These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch
Unfortunately banks＇ lobbying now seems to be working The details may be unknowable but the independence of standardsetters essential to the proper functioning of capitaI markets is being compromised And unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers reviving the banking system will be difficult
After a bruising encounter with Congress America＇s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on longterm assets in their income statements Bob Herz the FASB＇s chairman cried out against those who question our motives Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls the use of judgment by management
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy a European commissioner warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real world and that Europe could yet develop different rules
It was banks that were on the wrong planet with accounts that vastly overvalued assets Today they argue that market prices overstate losses because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets not the likely extent of bad debts The truth will not be known for years But banks＇ shares trade below their book value suggesting that investors are skeptical And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains
To get the system working again losses must be recognized and dealt with America＇s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive Successful markets require independent and even combative standardsetters The FASB and IASB have been exactly that cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions for example against hostility from special interests But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions
36 Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B] collect payments frorn third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers
[D] reevaluate some of their assets
37 According to the author the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A] the diminishing role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks＇ longterm asset losses
[D] the weakening of its independence
38 According to Paragraph 4 McCreevy objects to the IASB＇s attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences
[B] evade the pressure from their peers
[C] act on their own in rulesetting
[D] take gradual measures in reform
39 The author thinks the banks were on the wrong planet in that they
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets
40 The author＇s attitude towards standardsetters is one of
[A] satisfaction
[B] skepticism
[C] objectiveness
[D] sympathy
Part B
Directions
For questions 4145 choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list AG and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer＇s growing preference for eating out the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005 This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent Meanwhile as the recession is looming large people are getting anxious They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe＇s largest markets are at a standstill leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow Most leading retailers have already tried ecommerce with limited success and expansion abroad But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market Definitely not The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers In other words it is up to the buyer rather than the seller to decide what to buy At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an evergrowing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold
[D] All in all this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges logistics and marketing intelligence Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby At least that is how it looks as a whole Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too
[E] Despite variations in detail wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined France Germany Italy and Spain are made out of the same building blocks Demand comes mainly from two sources independent momandpop grocery stores which unlike large retail chains are too small to buy straight from producers and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don＇t eat at home Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures but most of these businesses are known in the trade as horeca hotels restaurants and cafés Overall Europe＇s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market but the figures when added together mask two opposing trends
[F] For example wholesale food and drink sales came to 268 billion in France Germany Italy Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000 more than 40 percent of retail sales Moreover average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more
Europeans eat out more often and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate
[G] However none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains
41 →42 →43 →44 →E 45→
Part C
Directions
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and if its stability depends on its integrity they are entitled to continuance
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today We have no land ethic yet (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fisheating birds (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on worthless species Here again the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit real or fancied to itself
Some species of trees have been read out of the party by economicsminded foresters because they grow too slowly or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops (49) In Europe where forestry is ecologically more advanced the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community to be preserved as such within reason Moreover some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species ground flora and fauna is taken for granted
To sum up a system of conservation based solely on economic selfinterest is hopelessly lopsided (50) It tends to ignore and thus eventually to eliminate many elements in the land community that lack commercial value but that are essential to its healthy functioning It assumes falsely that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51 Directions
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates＇ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization The notice should include
the basic qualifications for applicants and other information which you think is relevant
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice Use Postgraduates＇ Association instead (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)
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