商业信息技术-3

PPT 内容
PPT 图集

1. PartⅡ 信息系统的技术基础Session 4. Modern IT Architecture （第六章、第七章、第八章、第九章） Session 5. Enterprise Information Systems Application （第十、第十四、第十五、第十八章）
2. Session 4. Modern IT Architecture1. Desktop Systems (one computer) PC Hardware Software Systems 2. Managing Data Resource Database technology Data Warehousing, OLAP, Data Mining 3. Distributed Systems (many computer) Computer Networks and the Internet Distributed application and Client/Server The World Wide Web and e-commerce Security and Encryption
3. INPUTDEVICESSECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE COMPUTER COMPONENTSCPUOUTPUT DEVICESCOMMUNICATIONS DEVICESBUSES
4. CPU & PRIMARY STORAGECPUPRIMARY STORAGEDATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUSINPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICESSECONDARY STORAGE
5. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)RAMPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNITROMCLOCK
6. EXAMPLE: 7+10=?Program: LD A, 7 ADD A,10 HALTInstruction Program: 0011 1110 操作码(LD A) 0000 0111 操作数(7) 1100 0110 操作码(ADD A) 0000 1010 操作数(10) 0111 0110 操作码(HALT) Assembly languageMachine Language
7. 计算机中的数据处理过程：机器指令和机器周期机器指令：1、取机器指令2、指令翻译3、把指令放到寄存器中4、把地址放到寄存器中5、把数据从内存中取到寄存器中6、命令ALU执行相应的操作7、ALU执行操作8、把结果送到累加器中指令周期执行周期5.20
8. The CPUCPU = Central Processing Unit Instruction execution is automatic (tick) find memory address of next instruction (tick) retrieve instruction from memory (tick) decode the instruction (tick) fetch argument from memory if necessary (tick) execute instruction (tick) store result in memory if necessary Internal clock ticks very fast (e. g., 100MHZ = 100 million ticks per second) activities are synchronized to start on a clock tick some activities take more than one clock tick
9. COMPUTER TIMEMillisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 sec Microsecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days Nanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND # PER COMPARED
10. TYPES OF MEMORYRAM: Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable *
11. DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE *SECONDARY STORAGE
12. STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER: 3rd party rents storage space *
13. INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES * © 2002 by Prentice Hall
14. POINTING DEVICES:KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN *© 2002 by Prentice Hall
15. SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONCaptures data in computer-readable form at the time and place the data are created OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): translate designed marks, characters, and codes into digital form. BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): translate characters written in magnetic ink into digital format Special ink identifies bank, account, amount *© 2002 by Prentice Hall
16. SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONPEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) *© 2002 by Prentice Hall
17. OUTPUT DEVICES:CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE *
18. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSMainframe Midrange & Minicomputer Server Personal Computer (PC) Workstation Supercomputer *
19. Computer hardware trendsPerformance----better Price----lower Size----more compact(1) The CPU (2) Storage devices (3) User Interfaces (4) Type of PCs
20. (1) CPU: Evolution of Microprocessors芯片发布时间时钟速度 8086 78.6 5-10MHz 80286 82.2 8-12MHz 80386 85.10 16-33MHz 80486 89.4 25-50MHz Pentium 93.3 60-166MHz Pentium Pro 95.3 150-200MHz Pentium II 1996 233-300MHz P6 1997 up to 400MHz Pentium III 99.2 450-1000MHz Pentium IV 2000.11 1500-2G MHz
21. 奔腾4发布 ---- 2000年11月21日，英特尔公司正式推出了主频已达1.5GHz的最新一代奔腾4处理器。奔腾4除了拥有令人眩目的主频，还增加了144条新指令以增强在视频、音频和3D方面的应用；NetBurst技术和400MHz的系统总线将确保英特尔的市场领先地位。 ---- 01-9-5, 英特尔公司在沪宣布推出２GHz奔腾４处理器。
22. 方正同步推出采用Intel最新2.2GHz P4的电脑 02-1-10，在Intel P4 2.2G Hz CPU最新发布之际，方正电脑同步推出了采用Intel P4 2.2GHz CPU 的方正卓越A家用电脑和商祺8000商用电脑。
23. Regatta服务器01-8-22, 据IBM称，运行Unix的Regatta服务器将提供与大型主机类似的性能。 Regatta将配置IBM的Power4微处理器，它最多可以配置多达32个Power4处理器。每个Power4处理器中包含二个运行速度在1GHz或更快的处理器内核。
24. “白色ASCI”的超级计算机01-8-17, 计算机世界网消息, 名叫“白色ASCI”的超级计算机，造价1.1亿美元。它占地2个篮球场，重量相当于17头成年大象。“白色”由IBM公司制造，主要用途是进行模拟核武器试验。它的计算速度为每秒12.3万亿次，是普通计算机1000万年才能完成的工作量。ASCI全称高级战略计算计划，是为美国能源部核武器库管理而制订的，目的是用超级计算机来实现对核武器的检查和测试。到2005年能生产出比真正的核爆炸速度还快的计算机，并能够模拟出核爆炸的实际情况。届时，计算机速度将达到每秒100万亿次。
25. “摩尔定律”该定律由英特尔创始人之一的戈登.摩尔（Golden Moore）在1965年提出主要是界定半导体发展的速度, 摩尔定律指出，半导体所能容纳的晶体管数量，是以每18个月为一个周期，逐期倍增。对微处理器来说，其功能每18个月大约翻一番,价格大约降一半；这个“定律”十几年来一直有效地反映着微处理器的发展状况；导致今天出现数字化信息技术革命
26. 个人电脑硬盘容量20年前，XT个人电脑刚问世时，电脑硬盘容量最大只有10MB; 而最近个人电脑硬盘最大容量已达到137GB，而美国电脑硬盘大厂麦斯特公司等即将开发出的新硬盘的容量可达144GB。
27. 东芝微型20G高密度硬盘2月上市 ---- 02-1-17 近日，东芝开发出1.8英寸硬盘可以存储20G的内容，将广泛用在MP3播放器、各种手持设备等上，20G硬盘将在二月份上市。已有10G和20G两个系列。硬盘直径只有1.8英寸，大约一枚一美元银币的大小，双面存储介质。 Creative, RCA,和SonicBlue 推出的新音乐播放器都使用东芝10G微型硬盘。
28. 英特尔助阵三星淘汰软驱 20亿市场“人间蒸发”02-1-21 ，英特尔公司将在今年下半年联合几大PC厂商将软驱从计算机的标准配置中“抹去”，以推动USB接口存储设备的推广。到2000年全球可擦写光盘的需求量已经首次超过软盘市场，USB移动硬盘和ZIP驱动器的需求也以每年100%的速度在增长。
29. 朗科推出移动存储设备——启动型优盘（01-10-18）体积小、重量轻最大容量2GB 在WinMe/2000/XP、Mac OS 9.x/Mac OS X以及Linux 2.4.x等操作系统上直接使用
30. Trends of User Interfaces Voice Recognition 01-7-31，AT&T公司发布新的语音软件 01-8-13, 我国推出会说汉语的语音芯片 Machine Vision Technology 01-8-28, 康柏电脑日前宣布采购星创科技开发的FaceOn PC Suite脸部辨识软件，搭配康柏Presario桌上型电脑随机销售，宣告以生物科技辨识科技提升个人电脑安全及隐私的时代正式来临。 Virtual Reality
31. 盖茨重提平板电脑概念 01-12-26，微软投资了数百万美元用于使平板电脑成功的四个主要领域，一是设计特别的视窗操作系统；二是研究先进的手写识别与声音识别技术；三是发布了特别的软件开发工具，使得软件人员可以编写能够应用于平板电脑的应用程序；四是与Acer、Compaq和其它电脑厂商一道开发平板电脑，使得其最终能够普及。比尔-盖茨预言该产品将逐步取代笔记本电脑，如果平板电脑能够与第三代移动通信技术(3G)相结合，使其成为集计算、通讯、传真、上网等功能在内的一体机，盖茨表示，他认为平板电脑将代表未来的移动PC。
32. 富士通开发出语音新设备 01-12-19，富士通研究所开发出可以自动读取事先登记的新闻网页以及行政宣传网页等各种主页，并自动播放声音／动态画像文件的“主页播放器”。
33. Type of PCsDesktop PC Laptop Computer Notebook Palmtop Computer PDA(Personal Digital Assistant) Smart Cards
34. 日立推出可穿戴PC 2002年2月21日，日立公司说，日立可穿戴PC将在本季度结束前开始在美国和日本销售。这种可穿戴PC包括一部使用户可以观看高分辨率图像的头戴式显示器，设备的其他部件可以装在兜里。日立与美国一家一直在发展类似产品的Xybernaut公司合作开发了这款可穿戴PC。日本的消费者将从日立公司购买到这款叫做WIA-100NB的设备；定位于美国消费者的Xybernaut公司将该产品取名为Poma，并已开始在其Web站点上接受订单。Poma的售价为1499美元。
35. 日立推出可穿戴PC(续）这款可穿戴PC采用Microsoft Windows CE操作系统，配置日立128MHz RISC处理器和32MB RAM。设备还提供CompactFlash卡插槽和USB端口。头戴显示器将使用户看到相当于13英寸彩色屏幕的图像。设备利用手持光鼠标进行操作。(IDG电讯)
36. 纳米科技01-12-21，世界科学领域今年进步最为明显的领域是纳米科技（超微细技术）。这是美国的科技杂志《Science》在其12月20日号上刊载的《进步最快的十个科学领域》文章中发表的。对高居榜首的纳米科技，该杂志认为，“它将分子大小的晶体管、电线和开关等连接起来，实现了纳米（十亿分之一米）水平的运算电路”，这一技术将开启“研制能够即时翻译或解开气候变动之谜的超微小计算机的道路。在今后几十年的时间内将领导科学实现新飞跃”。
37. 炭纳米管逻辑电路01-8-29, IBM公司表示，他们成功的开发出一个逻辑电路，该电路建立在一个只及人的头发丝的10万分之一细的圆柱型的结构之上。一个炭纳米管是个单分子，大约是10个原子的宽度，是当今多数计算机系统使用的硅的宽度的1/500. 它是自然界中强度最大的纤维――比刚的强度高上10倍。包括IBM研究员在内的一些科学家正在研究基于原子的量子计算机的可能性。
38. HP纳米芯片获专利 2002年2月21日，HP公司和美国加州大学科学家近日获得一项工艺的专利。这些科学家说这种工艺最终将生产出比针头还小的计算机。 HP说它在设计复杂的纳米芯片和零件上处于领先地位，可以在今后十来年中制造比细菌还小、可以编织到衬衣中的纳米计算机。本次宣布的专利是建设生产纳米芯片厂、实现纳米芯片商品化的关键。新专利包括把芯片分为进行独立计算的不同区域，将多种功能集成到一个纳米芯片中的工艺。 HP公司科学家说，这不仅仅是速度问题，而是可以将多少功能装在一起的问题。
39. 纳米计算机传统计算机“软硬分明”，而纳米计算机的软、硬件的界限将逐渐变得模糊。利用纳米技术和一种称做“纳米盒”的装置，软件将可以由物质构成。因为利用化学方法，由纳米材料制成的硬件可以切成一小块一小块。人们不仅可以在Internet上下载软件，还能下载硬件。甚至，某些肉眼看不见的机器人可以将某些物质拆成原子，再将这些原子组装成纳米计算机。 ----李正孝秘桂荣， “垂手可得——漫谈纳米技术最先可能取得突破的领域”, 计算机世界网，01-4-20
40. Group AssignmentTextbook pp.187 , Question 2: A firm would like to introduce computers into its order entry process but feels that it should wait for a new generation of machines to be developed. After all, any machine bought now will be quickly out of data and less expensive a few years from now. Do you agree? Why or why not?
41. Session 4. Modern IT Architecture1. Desktop Systems (one computer) PC Hardware Software Systems 2. Managing Data Resource Database technology Data Warehousing, OLAP, Data Mining 3. Distributed Systems (many computer) Computer Networks and the Internet Distributed application and Client/Server The World Wide Web and e-commerce Security and EncryptionTextbook pp194-
42. Software: Detailed instructions to control computer operation of a computer systems. Without software, the computer hardware could not perform any tasks.The functions of software are to (1) manage the computer resources of the organization, (2) provide tools for human beings to take advantage of the these resources (3) act as intermediary between organizations and stored information. PROGRAM: Set of instructions to the computer STORED: Program must be in primary storageSOFTWARE“ 软件是计算机的灵魂”
43. Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users. -Programming Language APPLICATION SOFTWAREGeneralized programs that manage the resources of the computer, including -Operating System: Scheduled computer event Allocates computer resources Monitors events -Language translators: Interpreters Compilers -Utility Programs: Routine operations Manage SYSTEM SOFTWARESOFTWARE HARDWARE
44. Operating system• Allocates and assigns: – memory » e. g., file system, virtual memory – processor time » e. g., multitasking, multiprocessing – input- output devices » e. g., printer, keyboard, etc. • May also provide other capabilities useful to many users or programs – Graphical User Interface (GUI) capabilities – Fonts, network protocols, ...
45. Operating system as magician(魔术师）The four illusions Many separate computers, one for each process – “Multitasking” Large memory – “Virtual memory” Disks and other secondary storage are organized as collections of files – “File systems” Windows and menus – “Graphical User Interface (GUI)”
46. Operating Systems Capabilities: Multiprogramming, MultitaskingOPERATING SYSTEMUNUSED MEMORYPROGRAM 1TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEMUNUSED MEMORYPROGRAM 1PROGRAM 2PROGRAM 3MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
47. Operating Systems Capabilities: Virtual StorageVirtual Storage is the method of handling several programs in primary storage: Program divided into Fixed length portions(pages) OR Variable length (segments) Current portions reside in primary storage, portions swapped out when done.
48. Operating Systems Capabilities: time sharingMANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: Time in CPU divided into slices (e.g.: 2 microseconds) Each user has access to CPU during slice. Single CPU is fast, can do much during time slice User’s job swapped out at end of slice
49. Operating Systems Capabilities: MultiprocessingLinks together two or more CPUs to work in parallel in a single computer systems to execute two or more instructions. Program can be divided to be processed by multiple CPUs. Can process large programs more rapidly *
50. Operating Systems Capabilities: File Systems• Reality: – Disks are sets of tracks – Tracks are sets of sectors – Sectors can store fixed- sized byte blocks • Illusion: – Disks are sets of directories – Directories contain other directories or files – Files are variable- size byte sequences – Directories and files have names
51. Windows and Menus• Reality: Screen is an array of pixels（象素数组） • Illusion 1: Menus – Depending on where you click, different action happens – Technique: OS looks up location where mouse was clicked, executes appropriate action • Illusion 2: Overlapping windows – A window may cover part or all of another – When a window is uncovered, its contents are redisplayed – Technique: OS saves bitmap（位图） of covered windows » Application does not need to know how to redraw the contents of its window
52. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, networkingPaired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devicesWindows 98 & 95Windows NT Me & 2000Windows CEOS/2OPERATING SYSTEMFEATURES
53. OPERATING SYSTEMMac OSFor Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia UnixFor powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platformsDOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K LinuxFree, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-sourceFEATURESMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
54. Popular Operating Systems Operating SystemMS-DOSOS/2 Warp 4Windows 95Macintosh System 7.6Windows NTUNIXDeveloperMicrosoftIBMMicrosoftAppleMicrosoftAT&T,SUN,IBM,…MarketPCsPCs ServersPCsMacintoshesServers,PCsServers & WSCPUIntel Intel Power PCIntel Motorola Power PCIntelManyGUIYesYesYesYesYesSingle UserYesYesYesYesYesMultitaskingYesYesYesYesYesVirtual MemoryYesYesYesYesYesNetworkingYesYesYesYesYesMultiuserYesYesYesNetwork ManagementYesYesYes
55. Windows XP中文版 Windows XP中文版包括专业版和家庭版，是Windows操作系统家族的最新版本，Windows XP继承了Windows 2000的内核，这也是Windows XP具有高度稳定性的重要因素。 Windows XP增强了安全性，使用独立账户保护数据，而且在多媒体处理上有长足的进步，界面也比以前的版本简洁精致。
56. Linux是1991年由芬兰大学生编写的一套Unix相容却又免费的Unix 克隆，后经Internet的传播，获得众多电脑玩家响应和GNU基金会的支持，可以说是一套无国界的操作系统。其最大特点是免费的软件，可以自由安装，任意修改软件的原代码。自中国政府在1999年明确表示大力支持Linux的开发和应用至今，在短短的不到两年的时间，Linux在中国已经取得了突飞猛进的发展，诸如冲浪平台Xteam Linux、Turbo Linux、红旗Linux、蓝点Linux等一批中文Linux供应商如春后竹笋般破土而出。
57. 北京市政府软件采购2001年12月28日，北京市政府通报了软件采购招标结果，6家国内软件厂商产品全部中标，微软榜上无名。此次采购包括操作系统、办公软件以及杀毒软件，其中操作系统2801套，产品由中软和中科红旗提供；办公软件选择了金山的WPS和中文2000的Red Office，共计11143套；杀毒软件中标的是瑞星、金山、江民的产品，共计13619套。惟独没有微软。操作系统和办公软件是微软的强项，巨人微软遭遇“出局”，业界为之震动。
58. 微软受挫原因产品报价高就在北京市政府采购拍板的前几天，微软发布了紧急声明：XP产品在通用即插即用部件的缓存管理方面存在安全问题，可导致“系统受损”，紧急要求所有的XP用户立即打上相关补丁，采取防范措施。另外，对于微软产品不可以移除的远端控制功能、激活功能等等，也无法证明是否存在安全隐患。出于此种考虑，德国和法国等国家开始逐渐放弃微软操作系统，改用Linux等产品。
59. 问题中软Linux捆绑的OpenOffice、红旗Linux附带的StarOffice都还是原汁原味的英文版，完全没有经过中文本地化，政府采购了2801套Linux桌面操作系统软件，而基于Linux平台的办公软件到现在为止还没有正式版产品，中软、红旗的最新版都还在报送测试的进程中，正在测试的Red Office for Linux最早也得在2002年1月下旬出正式版产品。
60. 掌上电脑操作系统在2001年9月6日的加州Demomobile大会上，微软公司将为其即将到来的便携式PC 2002操作系统推出一个低端版本和一个高端版本。新版操作系统的代号为Merlin，与即将发布的Windows XP桌面操作系统类似，附加了802.11b无线网络功能，而且更加安全可靠。微软公司发布的这两种新版掌上电脑操作系统，将给Palm公司以沉重的打击。 Palm的操作系统目前用于Palm、Handspring和Sony的掌上电脑。微软公司的操作系统则在康柏、惠普和Casio的掌上电脑中运行。
61. Operating System Selection• Is our existing software compatible with the OS? • Does the OS have a large base of compatible software? • How reliable is the OS? Does it crash frequently? • Is the OS available for a wide variety of hardware? • How quickly does it run? • How easy it is to learn and use? • How easy is it to install and configure? • How much does it cost?
62. Computer System Operating Process7+10=17 ?How to operate in computer ?
63. EXAMPLE: 7+10=?Program: LD A, 7 ADD A,10 HALTInstruction Program: 0011 1110 操作码(LD A) 0000 0111 操作数(7) 1100 0110 操作码(ADD A) 0000 1010 操作数(10) 0111 0110 操作码(HALT) Assembly languageMachine Language
64. INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE
65. TRANSLATION PROCESSSOURCE CODE PROGRAMCOMPILEROBJECT CODELINKAGE EDITORLOAD MODULEOTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES UTILITY PROGRAMSHigh-level language instructionsTranslates high-level code into machine languageReady for computer
66. GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES
67. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC language *
68. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESPASCAL: Used to teach structured programming practices. Weak in file handling, input / output C and C++: Powerful PC Language for developing applications. Efficient execution; cross platform. C++ is object oriented *
69. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)4GL consists of a variety of software tools that enable end users to develop software applications with minimal or no technical assistance or that enhance the productivity of professional programmers. SIX CATEGORIES *
70. FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)Query language/ Report generatorsSQL RPG-IIIeg.Graphic languageSAS Graph SystatApplication generatorsPower Builder Microsoft FrontPageVery high-level Programming languageGPSS APL Nomad2Application software packageSAP R/3PC toolsLotus 1-2-3 Internet Explore Access
71. MIDDLEWARESOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA *APPLICATION AAPPLICATION BMIDDLE WAREDATA
72. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGOBJECT: combines data and procedures into a single OBJECT Object-Oriented program sends message to object to perform embedded procedure. Creates reusable code Reduces time and cost of writing software *
73. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGJAVA: Sun Microsystems Object-oriented programming language HTML: Hypertext markup language, current favorite for Web pages XML: eXtensible Markup Language, further development of HTML describes data more fully XHTML: Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web ActiveX: Controls for Windows software environment to enable OBJECTS: e.g.,charts, tables animations, to be embedded in a web page *
74. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)OPERATING SYSTEM USES: GRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons, bars, boxes POINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screen TO ISSUE COMMANDS MAKE SELECTIONS *
75. Application Software(1) Software packages tailored for a specific purpose, e.g., inventory control, payroll, accounting, finance, MRP, MRPII, ERP, Supply chain management, E-business, etc. Software packages have been developed by a vendor and is available for purchase. (2) Specific application software developed using programming languages or software development tools, when a package is not available for a certain situation.
76. Application Software(3) General-purpose application programs: Word processing: WPS, Word, Wordperfect, Amipro, PageMaker, …… Spreadsheet ：Excel, Lotus1-2-3, …… Network communication：Terminal, Mail, CC-mail, …… Presentation：Powerpoint, Freelance, ShowPartner, …… Statistical software：SAS, SPSS, BMDP, …… Groupware: Lotus Notes, GDSS, …… Graphics: VISIO professional, AUTOCAD, …… Others：e.g.,Chinese software: Chinese Star2.0+, RicnWIN4.2, ……
77. Trends of Software硬件和软件的发展是不对称的。硬件是以等比的速度增长（每1.5年增长一倍）, 而软件是等差级数增长（每年增长4-7%）.
78. 软件危机“软件危机”在六十年代已经存在一些过来人把软件人员形容为“陷入泥潭中的一群野兽” 七十年代后期愈演愈烈: 根据美国政府统计局1979年公布的统计数字表明，几个联邦软件计划共投资6.8百万美元，47％(＄3.2M)交付但从来未使用，29％(＄2.0M)投资了但未交付，19％(＄1.3M)被费弃或返工，3％(0.2M)经过某种改变后被使用，仅2％(0.1M)交付后被使用。
79. 软件危机90年代，软件危机尚未过去 (如Widows 2000的发行) 根据微软一份备忘录显示：微软共发现63000个“潜在问题”，可能影响Windows 2000的运行逾21000“延迟性”设计缺陷，其中相当多部分被微软公司认定为“真正的问题”，逾27000条“Bug”，在微软看来，这代表“尚未完成的工作”或“久被遗忘的问题”。实力最强大的软件公司尚如此，何况其他软件产品呢？
80. Software TrendsFore example: 微软提出的下一代互联网构想Microsoft　.NET ，在这一构想中，计算将超越网络浏览，进入一个更为先进的互联网平台和极为丰富的软件服务新世界。Visual Studio .NET 和.NET Framework是微软用于在.NET 平台上方便地创建、构建和部署XML Web服务的强大的应用程序工具和平台。XML Web 服务为企业提供了一种将互联网作为开发平台进行部署的全新方式，使企业能够跨独立系统和平台无缝地进行交互操作。这些产品支持20多种编程语言，它们使开发人员可以现有技巧进行扩展以容纳新的XML Web服务。

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