16. 人力资本理论的产生亚当·斯密和马歇尔:在各种资本投资中,对人本身的投资是最有价值的
舒尔茨:《人力资本的投资》(Investment in Human Capital)
完整的资本概念应当包括物力资本和与其相对应的人力资本两个方面
人的知识、能力、健康等人力资本的提高对经济增长的贡献远比物质资本、劳动力数量的增加重要得多
1929到1957年,美国教育投资对经济增长率的贡献是33%
贝克尔:《人力资本:特别关于教育的理论与经验分析》(1964)现代人力资本理论最终确立的标志概念——人力资本理论
47. DemographicsEconomicsLegal and Regulatory IssuesTechnologyAttitudes and Values Workforce makeup, age, education, gender
Migration, immigration, birthrates Wage rates, inflation, competition, M&A
Globalization, growth, level of development, shift Equal opportunity, safety, benefits
Labor relations, plant closings, dismissals Communications and transportation
Computers, lasers, fiber optics, and breakthroughs Work ethic, business conduct guidelines
Loyalty to company, career views环境——DELTA
48. InternationalMultinationalGlobal环 境GlobalizationExpanding overseas from a domestic baseCloning new versions of themselves in other countriesProducts are made by global teams for global customers
49. More than ever, organizations are likely to be fluid, continually changing, and have many new relationships, from joint ventures, alliances, and partnerships to use of vendors and subcontractors.
Embattled organizations are continually under pressure to increase outputs, improve cycle time, enhance competitiveness.
A focus on short-term achievements is an imperative. Corporate acquisitions may often seen as a better bet than undertaking long-term product development.
Important skills and talent are to be hired as needed rather than developed internally over a long period. Conversely, unneeded employees should be quickly converted or disposed of.环 境Organizations shifts
50. Expect few long-term commitments from employers.
Accept that career development is mostly your own responsibility.
It is a good idea to keep a “parachute” handy (through an up-to-date resume and a network of contacts).
When it comes to job skills and experiences, there is a need for continuous development.
In general, a certain amount of distrust and suspicion about employers is probably wise.
Expect and seek quicker advancement when you merit it and don’t depend on mere length of service or employer beneficence.Assumptions that many workers now operate (or should operate) with 环 境