体段写作
题句
1 整段话中心
2 直接支持全文题
3 宽窄适度言话
说（导性）
4 题句必须符合日常逻辑
题句扩展
Do not tell but show
1 cause and effect
arise from
stem from
Many factors contribute to this
phenomenon among which one
essential factor is that ____________
This follows that________
Consequently _______
Accordingly _______
Thus _____________
2较法
_A_______ __B__________
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
1Cowards die one hundred times before
their deaths the valiant never taste of
death but once
__A__________ whereas _B_______
Those who love beautiful things are
deeply asleep whereas those who love
beauty are wildly awake
__A____________ while _B______
The American educational paradigm
emphasizes reasoning and logic while
the Chinese educational style
emphasizes the ability of memorizing
__A__________ in violent contrast with
B whichwho ______________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
By contrastIn contrastBy comparison
On the contrary ______________
______
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
2SocratesPlatoAristotle
3 类法
Our bodies are the gardens to which our
wills are gardeners
_____________________________(简单
事例 ) LikewiseSimilarly In like
manner By the same token _________
(复杂证话题 )
__________________(复杂证话
题 ) This is similar to the situation of
___ where _____________________
4数证／调查证
____________ which is underlined
testifiedsubstantiated by a recent
survey indicating that
_________________
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
3According to a recent survey
_________
The result of a recent survey reveals
that _______________ lends a strong
support to the claim that
_____________
5 举例法
普通事例
名名事
literature William Shakespeare
Renaissance Humanity humanist
method
What a piece of work is a man how
noble in reason
how infinite in faculties in form and
moving
how express and admirable in action
how like an angel in apprehension
how like a god
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
4George Orwell－ 1984
big brother totalitarianism
thought police censorship
Politics and English Language
William Faulkner 福克纳
I believe that man will not merely
endure he will prevail He is immortal
not because he alone among creatures
has an inexhaustible voice but because
he has a soul a spirit capable of
compassion and sacrifice and
endurance

Freud Conscious unconscious (libido)
Oedipus Complex
MaslowHierarchy of needs
behaviorism
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
5stimulus response reward habit
mentalism
intellectuals
Bertrand Russell
How to Grow Old
What I Have Lived for
The Problem of China
Noam Chomsky linguist
乔姆斯基
speak the truth and unveil the lies of the
government
Responsibilities of intellectuals
Chomsky Ideas and Ideals (Neil Smith)
SocratesPlato Aristotle
Know thyself
Academy
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
6Socratic dialectic all the truth can only
be gained through dialogues the more
you discuss with others the closer you
are to truth
Plato is dear to me but still dearer is
truth
deductiondeductive method
inductioninductive method
scholar
man of letters
talent
psychoanalysis
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
7假设事例
If_______
Imagine_____
Assume ______
Suppose for example ______
_________ which can be exemplified by
the case of _____
Numerous scholars could be cited to
explain this claim and ______ is a case
in point
While such cases are rare they do
occur occasionally and shed many
lights on our understanding of _____
A typical illustration involves _____
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
8To illustrate this point let us consider
the case of _______
6 名言谚语例证
(1) 果名言较晦涩应该解释（解释
倾性证观点）
(2) 明确说明名言证观点
______观点 ________ which is in
line with the remark of XX ____ ___
（名言） _____
as结构
as I see it as far as I am concerned
I do结构
I suppose I assume
介词短语
in a sense in effect
How I Write
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
9According to XX ____ ___________
(名言 )
XX ___ is right in saying that
___________(名言 )
As a proverb goes _________ (谚语 )
This is another way of saying that ___
（解释名名言） __
This remark insightful and thought
provoking indicates that ___（解释）
______
e statistics and survey
According to a recent survey _______
This is underlined by a recent survey
which indicates that ____________
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
10f 设置假想敌
(1) 反驳证明方观点错误
(2) 承认方观点定合理处
At this point it is highly possible that a
counterargument might arise _______
Concerning this topic some one might
as well hold that __________
I concede that there is some truth in this
view especially concerning ___
________
g taking measures
结尾句：
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
11ThusThereforeConsequentlyHence
____
This indicates that___________
This lends sufficient support to the view
that _____________
cohesion & coherence
衔接连贯
容层次：重复关键词
语言形式层次：
段落部段落间衔接手段
cohesive & coherent
列 For one thing For another
On the one hand On the other hand
递进 Moreover In addition On top of
that Furthermore
转折 HoweverNeverthelessButYet On
the other hand
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
12类： Likewisesimilarly In like
mannerAnalogously By the same
token
果 Thus Hencetherefore
consequentlyaccordinglyA direct
result will be that ________ Following
this ____ stemarise from ________
步： having said that
that said that being said _____
分点发展
分层次：
individual society government global
(international)
individual career horizons
psychology selfreflection
society cultureconvention(moral
codes)
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
13logical positivism 逻辑实证义
cultural relativism ethnocentrism
falsify
Huntington
Clashes of Civilizations
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
14social welfare

social mind
国 家
government national interest national
security
international cooperation& conflicts
分情况：
a两分法：
continuum tension
钱穆：湖闲思录
体 外部社会
精神／ 物质
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
15感性／理性
文 科学
individual psychology
cultural system social belief social
order morality
制约
少数数
individual society government
国 家
b 分情况考虑
适度度
分领域：文化／教育／济／历史／学术／
科技／商业／政治／法律／媒体／行
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
16p47／
段落间承启句型
In addition to such factors as ___ and
___ another noteworthy element is
that______
Not only ______ but also_______
It is in a sense not difficult to fathom
the above dimensions such as ___ and
____ but one factor although
significantly noteworthy may escape
our attention _________
unfathomable
fathomless
discern
winkle out
make out detect perceive
To be is to be perceived
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
17unfathomable
Although it is true that_________
_______
While ___________ an overextension of
this claim may give rise to some
potential risks
The above ____ is significant only when
they are under the control of _____ and
when it is out of the control some
potential risks may arise
DespiteNotwithstanding the above____
there are some undercurrents of ____ if
___________ _
增加文章分析深度
1附加限制条件
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
182讨表象深层动 结果
3貌似想干问题机联系
起（延伸（ FREEDOM
OF THE PARK指出
致性））
4萃取问题质
5段落间联系 （段落开头语
言形式容联系）
(扩展具体题目 )

适度
度
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
19段落间承启句型
In addition to such factors as ___ and
___ another noteworthy element is
that______
Not only ______ but also_______
It is in a sense not difficult to fathom
the above dimensions such as ___ and
____ but one factor although
significantly noteworthy may escape
our attention _________
Although it is true that_________
_______
While ___________ an overextension of
this claim may give rise to some
potential risks
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
20The above ____ is significant only when
they are under the control of _____ and
when it is out of the control some
potential risks may arise
DespiteNotwithstanding the above____
there are some undercurrents of ____ if
____________
Despite the surface prosperity there is
the undercurrent of riot in this country
增加文章分析深度
1附加限制条件
2 讨表象深层动 结果
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
213 貌似想干问题机联系起（
延伸（ FREEDOM OF THE PARK指
出致性））
4 萃取问题质 (p49235p43207
p48228改革质 )
5 段落间联系 （段落开头语言形式
容联系）
On Cynical Youth
making
universal
All issues are political issues
explanation
critical theory
logical positivism 逻辑实证义
结尾段
点：立场＋
1 issue原文评价基点
a 反结尾
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
22思路：次扼指出原话中错误总结
全文出结
In sum the speaker overlooks some
essential elements and jumps to a hasty
conclusion that ________ A scrutiny of
the issue reveals that such factors as
____ ____ and ____ should also be
taken into account which then leads to
a more rational corollary that ________
To conclude a claim about ___ that
ignores ______ is misconceived
dubious In the final analysis a rational
understanding of ___ should be based
on a broader perspective which
embraces such keys elements as
______ ____ and __________
_________ (承认 issue中道理成分 )
but _________ (观点 )
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
23 It is fairly clear that the speaker fails to
recognize that ______________
Therefore although ______________
(issue中道理方 ) one should
never turn a blind eye to such key
factors as ___ ____ and ____ for only
with them can a full picture of ___ be
hopefully presented
b赞成结尾
思路： issue中道理方出
正文指出需考虑方
To sum up the above analysis of _____
supports the assertion of the speaker
that __________ That being said an
overextension of this conclusion should
be prevented or some potential
dangers such as _____ may occur thus
undermining the rationality of the
assertion
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
24Overall the assertion that _________ is
firmly grounded which sheds many
lights on __________ While this claim is
appreciated it also should be noted that
some extreme situations such as ____
may lead to its potential vulnerability A
rational perspective then is to embrace
the major points of the assertion on the
one hand and to resist the seemingly
minor but potentially harmful extreme
situations on the other hand
2直接总结全文立场
a先立场
The above analysis thus leads to the
conclusion that__________________
because _______________________
To conclude a corollary of the above
analysis is that______________
_________________ ( )
b先 立场
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
25The vexed issues like _____ inexorably
invariably involve multidimensions As
far as ____ is concerned a series of
perspectives such as ___ ____ and
______ have to be taken which lead to
the conclusion that _______ That being
said the scenario that _____ although
seemingly rare should also be
considered so that a more rational
understanding of ___ can be arrived at
adversity makes a man
comfort ruins a man


Maslow Freud
精神分析引
conscious
unconscious subconscious
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
26libido id
oedipus complex
superego
ego
id

literatureart
Hierarchy of needs dubious
physiological needs
safetysecurity
belonging
selfesteem
selfactualization
语言：句子结构动词型态单词意义选
择
语篇容：
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
27persuasive
（ 1）否围绕题核心
（ 2）否符合基逻辑理性
（ 3）否定思想深度
(4)否具体清晰表达意义
（ 5）句句联系否紧密
cohesion and coherence
readersfriendly
specific precise
矛盾
次矛盾
分层次
individual
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
28daily life study career
selfreflection
society
culture social welfare moral codes
sense of community (social mind)
国 家
country
patriotism
national security
governmental public policy
politics (human rights democracy)
globe environment
communication conflict
a两分法：
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
29体 外部社会
物质／ 精神
感性／ 理性
制约
freedom
David Hume 休谟
skepticism
external pressure
coercion
b 分情况考虑
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
30分领域：文化／教育／济／历
史／学术／科技／商业／政治／
法律／媒体／行
Developing the Body Freddy_Hu
31

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