考研英语长难句分析技巧实践70例句
难句考研阅读完型填空翻译中出现频率高句子长结构复杂基成分组成结构说英语句子中谓语外成分均句者非谓语动词充句子身完整句子句句间关系包孕套嵌列行功说英语三复合句①名词性句包括语句宾语句表语句位语句②形容词性句常说定语句③状语句非谓语动词时态语态（分词外）逻辑语宾语状语等成分构成非谓语动词结构非谓语动词句特点英语句子理讲限延长
英语长句分析方法：枝叶留干
1） 划出句子中定语句状语句
2）划出介词短语（位be动词外）
3） 名词性句作整体找出句中谓语结构非谓语结构介词短语句引导词
4） 非谓语动词结构作整体
5）找出全句语谓语宾语句子干
6） 分析句结构非谓语动词部结构
长难句分析步骤举例：
典例题（2001年考研完型填空第二段）
In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press Lord Irvine the Lord Chancellor will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins
分析
第划出定语句状语句 that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins
第二划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press
第三句子结构分析
（1）干结构语（Lord Irvine含位语the Lord Chancellor）+时谓语（will introduce）+宾语（a draft bill）
（2）that引导定语句修饰draft bill中will propose 第谓语making payments to witnesses illegal动名词短语做宾语动名词短语部payments to witnesses做making宾语illegal宾补第二谓语will strictly control the amount of publicity宾语that can be given to a case before a trial begins孕含时间状语句（before a trial begins）定语句修饰publicity
请家述步骤认真分解70句子分解句子读熟甚背基解决考研长难句问题
1 This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields
结构分析句子干This will be particularly true…since引导原状语句句中套嵌关系代词that引导定语句修饰the highenergy American fashion定语句中that做语makes做谓语it做形式宾语定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields真正宾语（定式短语部to combine干few farmers宾语with high yields状语）possible做宾语补足语this指代前句中提种困境energy pinch译源匮乏in…fashion译…方法方式
译文：种困境确定疑源匮乏高量消耗种美国耕种方式难农业中继续种耕种方式投入少数农民获高产成
2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matterwe must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides avalidorfaircomparison
结构分析句子干we must be sure…since引导原状语句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter句中that引导宾语句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides avalidorfaircomparison宾语句中套嵌介词with+which引导定语句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scalescale处意尺度衡量标准
译文：然智力评估相较言必须确保象进行较时尺度够提供效公较
3 In generalthe tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined
结构分析句子框架the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…and连接两列分句列分句中皆when引导时间状语句分说明work most effectivelyand（work）least effectively第二时间状语句中语句what…predictedthe tests句语work动词做谓语qualities处数名词译质量译特征defined直译定义应译动语态界定
译文：般说需测定特征精确界定时测试效测定预测东西明确界定时测试效果差
4 For examplethey do not compensate for gross social inequalityand thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances
结构分析句子框架they do not compensate…and thus do not tell how…and连接两列分句第二列分句中how引导宾语句带虚拟条件句复合句中had he grown up…（If he had grown up…）省略连词if非真实条件句句语they代指文提tests able句中作might have been表语underprivileged译没特权译没位物质条件差
译文：例测试弥补明显社会公说明物质条件差年轻果较环境中成长话会干
5It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humansor with no consideration at all
结构分析句子框架It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset it invites you to think that…号复合句号前部分作进步说明复合句中that引导宾语句句中either…or…引导两列介词结构作状语修饰动词be treated中第with介词结构中省略关系代词thatwhich定语句humans extend to other humans修饰the considerationit代指文观点果权没达成致法谈动物权利徒劳介词短语at the outset译开始动词invites应转译促动宾结构extend consideration to意予关怀关心consideration应译考虑
译文：种说法开始讨引极端认应该样动物类身样关怀体谅完全冷漠情
6 But even more importantit was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the pastfor what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago
结构分析句子框架it was the farthest that…It was…that…句中强调句型it指句中提150亿年前形成巨云团（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth）that引导应定语句修饰先行词the farthestfor引导表示原分句分句中that引导定语句修饰the patterns and structure
译文：更重科学家观测关遥远景象150亿年前宇宙云形状结构
7 Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labortens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workerswith their wives and childrenwere forced into the cities in search of workand any workunder any conditionthat would keep them alive
结构分析句子框架it happened that…it做形式语that引导句做真正语语句中when引导时间状语句句tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…时间状语句中句语the new factories带定语句that were springing up that would keep them alive做work定语句spring up意发生出现建立
译文 出现样情况正新办工厂纷纷建立需劳动力时候成千万家饥肠辘辘农业生劳动者携家带口迫进入城市找活干什活什条件饿死行
8 As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experimentsshe will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure
结构分析句子框架…we have come to believe that…that引导句做believe宾语句句中that句作the sense位语句位语句中套嵌when引导时间状语句时间状语句套嵌定语句that endure修饰先行词discoveriesby way of意通…方法reward sb with意…报答酬劳endure处应译持久持续译忍受容忍
译文两三世纪科学研究成果逐渐相信果运合适观察实验方法然探究问题会真心实意答复永垂朽发现报答意义说然认识
9 These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting
结构分析句子框架These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details…面紧省略if引导虚拟条件句were it not for the fact that…if it were not for the fact that…that句作the fact位语句句中套嵌定语句修饰先行词the stage required for reliable weather forecasting分词短语修饰the kind of measurementssimply译仅仅应译简单
译文：理认识已达样阶段现已指出需种测量方式预报天气果做点述新观察力提供堆细节已
10 The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedesnamely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaceshas many different versionsof which the following is one
结构分析句子框架The story…has many different versions…what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes名词性句做介词of宾语namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes位语when immersed in a liquid省略语分词短语句子补充完整when the solid body is immersed in a liquid修饰句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid…it displaces省略关系代词that定语句修饰the liquidit代指前面提the solid body时of which the following is one构成先行词versions定语句displace意排（水）version译版处指根观点（事件等）说法法句尾one代指a version
译文固体浸没液体中时固体会失排出液体部分重量现通常谓阿基米德原理关发现事说法众面事中
11 We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely
结构分析句子框架We assumed that there were forces of attraction…that引导宾语句宾语句中套嵌which引导定语句修饰先行词forces of attraction so that the attraction between molecules…so that结构引导结果状语句状语句中干结构the attraction…was very small but became considerable…that were more than a few tenmillionths of a millimeter apart做定语句修饰先行词moleculeswhen the molecules approached more closely做状语句修饰…but became considerableconsiderable译相（）
译文：假定分子间存着引力种引力着分子间距离显著变化间距千万分毫米分子间引力分子时种引力会变相
12 This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable developmentwhich means that we mustfor the benefit of coming generationsleave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations
结构分析句子框架This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development…紧着which引导定语句修饰先行词sustainable development定语句谓语动词means套嵌that引导宾语句we must…leave enough environmental space宾语句中so that结构做句目状语be enshrined in意深深珍藏（铭记）…处转译动语态纳入sustainable development译持续发展
译文：需正式载入持续发展概念中谓持续发展指子孙代利益必须保留足够生存环境空间满足需施展抱负
13 Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and spacewhich is the special property of sculpture and architecturesince a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one timewhereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of viewthus supplying movements in space and time
结构分析句子框架Painting lacks only the means…since…since引导原状语句修饰句关系代词which引导定语句修饰the means to represent movement in time and space property处应译性质特性译财产资产
译文：绘画缺少仅仅表现空间时间变化手法正雕塑建筑特性绘画时求某时刻空间点欣赏雕塑建筑创造求角度欣赏样表现出空间时间变化
14 Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classesand that they might lose their heritage in regular classesthese women have since given voiceloudly and persuasivelyto what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted countrytheir children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs
结构分析句子框架these women have…given voice…to what they know from experience that…that句做experience位语句句中套嵌unless引导条件状语句Once intimidated by arguments分词做状语修饰these women施动者arguments两that引导位语句修饰限定intimidated by arguments意点搞惊慌害怕feel at home直译感家译感give voice to意表达表露land jobs译找工作
译文：说孩子双语课堂里会感更加正规班级会丧失传统文化位母亲点搞惶恐安现发表响亮说服力意见身验中深知果孩子熟练掌握移居国家语言简单体力活外根谈学谈找理想工作
15 The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cellsthough now specializedstill contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on
结构分析句子框架The presumption is that all these cells…contain genetic instructions…and can do so…中介词on加which引导定语句修饰语the presumption that句表语句表语句中containcan do列做all these cells谓语表语句中插入though引导省略语all these cells步状语句补充完整though these cells are now specialized needed to make an entire individual分词短语做genetic instructions置定语列谓语can do soif条件句修饰rest on意赖避免重复do so代前文提make an entire individual
译文：类克隆赖存假定然细胞现已全部特化然包含发育完整体需母体完全致全部遗传指令果找方法失作部分恢复作细胞发育成完整体
16 Thusa regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories
结构分析：句子框架a regularity…will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity…介词for加关系代词which引导定语句修饰a regularityan empirical regularity定语句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修饰grounds意根理subsume意…入纳入
译文：条入更普遍法理基验规律相条具普遍理支持规律认条然法
17 It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a toolbut it is important to realize that this abilityon its owndoes not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned
结构分析句子框架It is because of…that…but it is important to realize that…but连接两列句but前列分句It is…that…强调结构强调because of引导状语but列分句that引导宾语句做realize宾语the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s mindsthe close association of tools with man（工具类密切联系）分隔开两列句中分able to use an object as a toolconcerned分做前面名词animalthe creature置定语man根文处指类男not necessarily译定未必on its own意独立力量转译身言
译文： 正数头脑中工具类联系密切类特关注力物体工具种动物值注意种力身言表明种动物什特智慧
18 The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposesand when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble
结构分析句子框架The point…is…when…and when…两when引导句列表语句at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance定语句修饰语the point第二when引导表语句中that引导定语句修饰a brandnew problemability to manipulate objects译操物体力…a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中withoutinsoluble双重否定译成肯定句
译文：种动物够操物体力适更广泛目标范围够发物体解决通工具解决崭新问题时工具制造肯定达具进化意义阶段
19 It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe
结构分析句子框架It was the desire…that brought about a wxdye…it is…that…强调句型强调语the desire to be scholarly关系代词which引导定语句修饰Latin terms关系副词when引导定语句修饰century句中scholarly做博学讲humanist movement译文义运动impetus意动力促进
译文：16世纪时候文义运动促进欧洲国学术运动想显示博学出现股拉丁字词潮流
20 So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you hxdyen’t heard beforeyou can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either
结构分析句子框架…don’t be surprised if you…and next time…
you can comfort yourself that…分号连接两列分句前面句子中if引导状语句关系代词that引导定语句修饰expressions面句子中you hear…省略关系副词when定语句修饰next time you hxdyen’t heard before省略关系代词which定语句修饰strange word句you can comfort yourself that…里that引导宾语句关系代词who引导定语句修饰native speakermaywell连表示充分理译（完全）（）
译文：果某教科书里碰某词组未见必惊讶果次听前未听新词样安慰说什方讲英语认识字呢
21 Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes hima person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enoughtake protective action in time
结构分析句子框架a person can…feel the bolt and…take protective action…and连接两列谓语动词句首despite介词引导介词短语作状语短语中that引导名词性句做saying位语位语句中if lightning…名词性句作know宾语if句中相whether句中if quick enough补充完整if he is quick enough条件状语句take action前提条件句中bolt译闪电
译文常说知道否遭闪电袭击时感觉闪电果动作快时采取保护措施
22 Theshareholderas such had no knowledge of the lives thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good
结构分析句子框架Theshareholderas such had no knowledge… and his influence…was not goodand连接两列分句as such做Theshareholder定语employed by the company in which he held shares分词短语作定语修饰workmen分词短语中含in which he held shares定语句修饰company
译文：样股东拥股份公司里雇工生活思想需求知劳资双方关系会产生积极影响
23 The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away
结构分析句子框架The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen…acting for the company做the paid manager定语which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge定语now passing away做the old family business定语
译文受聘公司代表公司理工需求关系更加直接连工没种熟识私间解现正消失古老家族公司种更加家长式制度雇常常工样私关系
24 When a journalist recently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty productsthe company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brandwhich was firmly associated in people’s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights
结构分析句子框架When…the company overtly appealed to the public…when引导时间状语句句中关系代词which引导定语句修饰corporate brand定语句中in people’s mindsassociated with分隔开beauty products译美容产品
译文：名记者日指责该公司美容产品测试缺乏整体性该公司公开利公司品牌求助公众公众心目中该品牌关系动物权利道德标准息息相关
25 Howeverthe criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiableso even when caught the police hxdye trouble proving the theft
结构分析句子框架the fraternity…came to realize that…so…the police hxdye trouble…列复合句两句子so连接前面句子里that引导宾语句做realize宾语句中which引导定语句修饰the chip so面句子里when caught分词做状语when caughtwhen the thief was caught proving现分词修饰trouble
译文 偷盗者认识电脑中真正值钱东西芯片（集成电路片）身携带法识场抓住警察难证明偷
26 Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patternsso vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe结构分析句子框架Although…so vast is the number of planets that…句so…that…结构引导结果状语句强调vastso vast放句首进行倒装正常语序the number of planets is so vast that…although引导步状语句句中套嵌关系代词that引导定语句修饰lifebe bound to意定必定
译文 然某处已开始生命中仅百分会发展成高度复杂智慧形式行星数目致智慧生命定宇宙天然组成部分
27 Such large impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business
结构分析：句子框架Such large impersonal manipulation greatly increased …shareholders as a class an element…语宾语较长短语of结构限定分句两and相连3部分组成分句an element…landowners 带两定语representing… detached…
译文： 资企业进行规模非操增加股东作阶级数量重性阶层作国计民生部分代表非责财富土土者应义务分离责理相分离
28．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large Comfortable classes who had retired on their income s and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders＇ meeting to dictate their orders to the management
结构分析：Towns…sprang up…classes who… and who…分析句子干容易典型定语句结构分句who…and who…两列结构组成注意like谓语介词短语作定语真正句谓语sprang ofretire on指什退休（表收入名词）that of drawing dividends 结构中draw收取意思dividend指红利that of sth结构名词性that指代relation注意面attendingdrawing列
译文：BournemouthEastboune样城市兴起批隐退享乐阶层士收入里着悠闲生活群体外没联系分取红利偶尔参加股东会议理员发号施令
29．Robert Fulton once wrote The mechanic should sit down among levers screws wedges wheels etc like a poet among the letters of the alphabet considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea
结构分析：句子干Robert Fulton once wrote The mechanic should sit down… like a… considering them as… in which a…considering…分句现分词做状语句首句尾in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea非限定性定语句
译文：罗博特•富尔顿写道机械工坐杠杆螺丝楔轮子等周围诗字母表中字母样作思路展示新组合传递新概念
30．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent selfaccelerating
结构分析：句子干Some of these causes are reasonable results… Others are consequences of advances…语some of these causes实际语some谓语单数复数取决of面成分单数复数being to some extent selfaccelerating现分词短语做定语意属
译文：原中完全然然社会需求科学定程度加速产生某特定发展必然结果
31．This trend began during the Second World War when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail结构分析：句子干This trend began during… when…引导时间状语句 第that引导位语句表明conclusion容第二that引导修饰demands定语句译文：种趋势始第二次世界战期间时国家政府出结：政府科研机构提出具体求通常法详预见
32．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future结构分析：句子干This seems…done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…not…but句型意…………译文：某前目标关产生影响科研提供支持通常效解决问题
33．However the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world＇s more fascination and delightful aspects结构分析：句子干However the world is so made that…systems are…unable to deal with some of the…aspectsso made指构成so面that构成so…that结构意……译文：然世界样般言完美体系法解决世界某更加引入胜课题
34．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they hxdye in the past giving rise to new standards of elegance结构分析：句子干New forms…must arise…as they hxdye in the past语new formsnew subjects介词短语as well as new subjects for thought谓语must ariseas里引导状语句as they hxdye in the pasthxdye省略arisen容句语致giving rise to…现分词短语做状语译文：样必然会出现新思维方式新思维象完美新标准
35．For Lloyd Nickson a 54 years old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering a terrifying death from his breathing condition结构分析：句子干the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…For Lloyd Nickson 状语a 54 years old…cancerLolyd Nicks位语句核心结构Rights means…he can get on with living without…宾语句译文：现年54岁居住达尔文肺癌患者尼克逊说法案意味着静生活须终日担心折磨：呼吸困难煎熬中死
36．Someone trxdyeling alone if hungry injured or ill often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement结构分析：句子干Someone had nowhere to turn totrxdyeling现分词修饰someone定语if引导句中均省略语＋be动词结构样显句子简洁译文：独旅行时果没食物受伤者生病通常屋者村落求救
37．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive an aspirin to quiet a headache some wine to be sociable coffee to get going in the morning a cigarette for the nerves结构分析：句子干We live in a society句句子长结构复杂号开始分两部分in which引导定语句该句分句谓语动词isare句中语usesubstances号部分中quiet物动词镇静意思译文：生活社会里物质（药品）广泛运社交医疗说服阿司匹林缓解头疼喝酒应酬早晨喝咖啡提神吸烟镇定情绪等
38．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued结构分析：句子干Dependence is marked first by… with… and then by…with引导伴结构作状语修饰整第分句描述状态and引导分句省略谓语动词marked 该分句隶属第分句列结构when引导第二分句时间状语句译文：赖初表现忍耐力增强量越越达预期效果旦停会产生舒服症状
39．But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music结构分析：句子干But he talked as well about … and he announced that…and连接两列成分构成第二分句中that引导宾语句译文：谈创作社会责间努力保持均衡问题宣布公司发起次活动制定关发行标识招致众反音乐种标准
40．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 23 last year close to its lowest level in 30 years before rising slightly to 25 this July结构分析：句子干Average inflation fellclose to相省略which was非限制性定语句Before面成分全句补充说明状语成分状语成分置句首置句末规定risingbefore里介词译文：年七工业国家通货膨胀率降23接30年低水年7月幅涨25许国家70年代80年代两位数低
41．Economists hxdye been particularly surprised by fxdyorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States since conventional measures suggest that both economies and especially America＇s hxdye little productive slack结构分析：句子干Economists hxdye been…surprised句现完成时hxdye been…Since引导表原状语句译文：特济学家感诧异英美两国通货膨胀带良性结果传统分析方法表明两国尤美国济生产没闲置生产资源
42．Actually it isn＇t because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights which is something the world does not hxdye结构分析：句子干Actually it isn’t…句简单because引导原状语句中that引导宾语句句中语an agreed account of human rightswhich引导非限制性定语句修饰非限制性定语句中限制性定语句the world does not hxdye修饰something译文：事实非种问法权利认识基础种认识存
43．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements结构分析：句子干Some philosophers argue that…that引导宾语句中as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充补语角色译文：哲学家张说权利存社会契约中责利益相交换部分
44．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice结构分析：句子干Arguing from the view that humans are… extremists of this…逗号前面现分词短语做状语里面that句做the view位语逗号面that句宾语句译文：类持极端法认动物相关方面相动物须考虑道德问题
45．When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankind＇s instinct for moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at结构分析：句子干When that happens it is not a mistake it is …instinct… an instinct that should be…号界全句分成两复合句前面复合句里when that happens时间状语句号面复合句里that句做instinct定语译文：种反应身没错类道德观念进行推理时起作种应鼓励应遭嘲弄
46．The Aswan Dam for examplestopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity结构分析：句子干The Aswan Dam …stopped the Nile flooding…but…插入语for example插入结构句子成分but面省略the Aswan Dam注意so…that…结构……意思译文：阿斯旺坝例挡住尼罗河洪水埃失洪水积肥沃土壤换回病态水库现水库积满泥沙发电
47．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend结构分析：句子干The trouble is that…is due to… and so is not…the trouble is that…表语句结构that引导修饰rebound定语句译文：问题期增长定程度商业运作周期涨落结果出济已呈现复苏态势结
48．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery new technology and investment in education and training结构分析：句子干New ways of…workplace…are only one contribution to… which is… and…两破折号中间成分插入结构视括号里面容Such as面容many other factors列举阅读时候基跳非面细节题考查里容译文：组织工作场新方法包括机构重组缩规模促进某济实体综合生产率提高项措施许素促进生产率提高机械设备联合投资采新技术教育培训投资等
49．His colleague Michael Beer says that far too many companies hxdye applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability结构分析：句子干His colleague… saysthat… 引导宾语句 chopping out costs without giving sufficient…现分词短语结构做状语without面动名词giving译文：事迈克尔•尔说数众公司简单机械方式进行结构重组降低成未充分考虑长期赢利
50 Levi Strauss persuaded the court that by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brandswhich could only lead to less innovation and in the long run would reduce consumer choice结构分析：that宾语句by动名词做宾语句状语宾语句中which引导非限制性定语句译文：利维斯特劳斯公司法庭相信特易购利维牛仔服皂粉香蕉等放起廉价销售做法形象受损品牌价值受影响势必会产品缺乏新意终减少消费者选择
51．Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenilejustice system and tried as adults according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute a research center in San Francisco结构分析：较长简单句more than twice as likely as their white counterparts种表示倍数表达方式to be transferred out of the juvenilejustice system and tried as adults定式短语修饰white counterparts according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute做状语a research center in San Franciscothe Justice Policy Institute位语译文：旧金山研究中心刑法政策研究周发表研究结果表明加利福尼亚犯重罪少年法庭转出成身份审判逮捕非白少年白少年两倍
52．Gaither＇s death has become a rallying point for gayrights organizations＇ and state legislators＇ pushing a bill that would extend Alabama＇s threeyearold hatecrimes law beyond race color religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well结构分析：for引导介词短语中that引导定语句修饰bill related to sexual orientation as well修饰crimes译文：Gaither死成种推动力促维护性恋权利组织州立法委员推行项议案阿拉巴马已通三年仇视罪条文涉关种族肤色宗教信仰出身外应该包括关性倾方面罪行
53 Chicago officials along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court might do well to look at one state where antigang lingering prosecutions hxdye withstood constitutional challenges California结构分析：along with the League of Cities and 31 states句子中做伴状语中that引导定语句进行修饰句中where引导句修饰state译文：加利福尼亚州关反帮派闲荡起诉已接受宪法挑战芝加哥官员法庭支持城市联盟31州政府考虑州做法
54 Even before the tragedy Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults结构分析：Even before the tragedy句时间状语句Pfingst had stood behind…that 引导宾语句修饰law句中as…as词组意思…样出现第三as介词treat搭配意思作译文：场悲剧发生前Pfingst已开始支持加利福尼亚州项争议法规该法规规定成身份受审谋杀嫌疑犯年龄十四岁
55The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy pointing to a provision allowing managedcare plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was healthcare operations结构分析：句中pointing to 做伴状语分词短语包含介词without引出方式状语if引导条件状语句句子结构变较复杂译文：医生认法规实际破坏隐私权中条法规规定理式医疗保健计划（managedcare plan）开展医疗保健工作时许信息
56The 1993 Family and Medical Lexdye Act was supposed to help families like Garro’s offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives结构分析：句干The Act was supposed to help…be supposed to do something 表示应该做某事通常强调义务责等Offering 句子结尾现分词做状语中含定语句定语句中含三列动词短语做谓语want to…tend to…or care for…safety net 原义防止坠落受伤安全网引申安全保障译文：1993年颁布家庭医疗休假法应该帮助加罗样家庭请假顾新生治疗重病者顾患病亲员工提供安全保障
57A vague entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money the committee and its chief fundraiser Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans swiftly collected 83 millionmore than twice the 39 million Al Gore＇s recount committee raised to pay its lawyers结构分析：句包含位语附说明长句a nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money 委员会位语起补充说明作破折号成分句子补充说明译文：法律求性质模糊机构透露资金情况该委员会筹资克萨斯州石油商（现商务部长）唐伊万斯快筹集830万美元支付律师费笔钱艾尔戈尔重新计票委员会筹集390万美元资金两倍
58 And there the story might hxdye ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society结构分析：句子干the story might hxdye ended there but for …句中包含虚拟语气but for 引导虚拟条件表示…might hxdye done表示会发生某事类介词者介词词组引起虚拟条件学者应该特留心否容易产生理解错误引导虚拟条件词withoutotherwise等译文：约翰莱茵哈德懈努力事许结束莱茵哈德位国家理协会资助独立考古学家
59 What is frightening is that these discoveries make it clear how little astronomers know about planets and they add to the dawning realization that our solar systemand by implication Planet Earthmay be a cosmic oddball结构分析：句子干句what is frightening is that …复杂句包含语句（what frightening）表语句（is 面部分）宾语句（how little引导部分）位语句（realization面that引导部分）插入语等外成语词组出现增加句子难度dawning realization（渐渐认识）by implication（含蓄 寓意）等译文：真正令震惊发现说明天文学家行星解十分限清醒认识太阳——言喻球颗行星——许宇宙中异数
60 Well it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 yearsover Asia in particularwith the help perhaps of some increased cloudiness may hxdye exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm结构分析：句子干it appears that…句宾语句中well语气词宾语句语increased air pollution中increased形容词over Asia in particular作补充说明with the help perhaps of some increased cloudiness介词短语补充说明语may hxdye exerted a cooling influence 宾语句谓语even as意思正…时候恰…时候引导状语句句中种作译文：30年中全球特亚洲断加剧气污染助数量增加云度整球表面起种冷作时二氧化碳温室气体促气变暖
61 But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia) and it is much the same as those of two countries Bulgaria and Romania which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007结构分析：句子干it is not far off that…and it is much the same as复杂句句子体结构列句第列分句里which引导定语句修饰new members第二列分句里which引导非限制性定语句修饰Bulgaria and Romaniathat引导定语句修饰accession talks译文：2004年5月1日加入欧盟十新成员国（拉脱维亚）相土耳差算太远保加利亚罗马尼亚相相差两国家周刚刚完成加入欧盟谈判2007年1月获完全成员位
62 Mr Cantalupo was a McDonald＇s veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants indifferent service and growing concern about junk food结构分析：句子干Mr Canalupo was a McDonald veteran表语veteran面分词短语brought out of retirement做置定语定语带两状语定式短语做目状语外after引导时间状语句句中because of引导原状语bring sb out of retirement意思某退休状态召回译文：坎塔卢波麦劳工作年公司餐厅环境卫生服务态度差垃圾食品断质疑导致业绩降2003年退休中召回帮助公司进行改革
63 Even so everyone at McDonald＇s must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency结构分析：句子干everyone must be hoping that…句子中包含that引导宾语句before引导状语句句子难点before词理解通常before译例：It had been two days before I realized the problem （两天意识问题）译文：便相信麦劳定希期面类紧急情况
64 Merck a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible sideeffects of its arthritis drug Vioxx is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all reelected (or otherwise) annually结构分析：句子干Merck is allowing its directors to run their full term句子语较长位语短语句子中before引导状语状语中含which引导定语句before种情况通常译译文：默克制药公司生产关节炎药物Vioxx存潜副作陷入困境现公司允许董事期直届满然会引入年重新选遍（者方法）制度
65 At the margin extra demand has come from those who think dollarsindeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation lowa decidedly risky investment mainly because America with the world＇s reserve currency has been able to create and borrow so many of them结构分析：句子干extra demand has comefrom介词引导状语中包含who 引导定语句修饰those插入语句because引导原状语句nothing more than意思仅仅译文：跌情况导致金价扬额外需求认美元——者种抑制通胀许诺支撑货币—疑种高风险投资美国拥美元世界储备货币直够制造美元
66 Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction in commodity markets such as the NYMEX pressure from localsselfemployed tradersis helping to prop up openoutcry although some reckon that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems结构分析：句子干pressure …is helping to prop up openoutcry复杂句包含两although引导步状语句that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems做reckon宾语prop up意思支持译文：然绝数交易正取消种公开价交易方式纽约商品交易类商品市场里营商压力起支持公开价作估计客户支付五倍电子系统费
67 In his models auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today＇s financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers结构分析：句子干auctions… were less efficient than ones…句子语auctions面that引导定语句进行修饰句子体结构中包含较级较象ones面that引导定语句进行修饰译文：模型中现数金融交易中采买卖双方时竞价拍卖方式起需买卖双方提出更竞价模型效率低
68 The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalization of the complicated foreignexchange controls that India still maintains despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes结构分析：句子干The size of this cushion has triggered some calls…句然包含定语句结构算太复杂容易造成理解困难cushion词Cushion原意垫子里引申缓利果东西保障译文：1993年印度已允许进行贸易目卢兑换印度目前外汇控制非常复杂现样巨额储备作保障开始呼吁印度政府进步放开现外汇控制
69 The experience of 1991 when India ran out of money has left the central bank prone to cautionan approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 19971998结构分析：句子干The experience…has left the central bank prone to caution句中when引导修饰1991定语句省略that修饰approach定语句译文：1991年印度完外汇储备历中央银行倾谨慎方式 119971998年东亚危机证实种方式正确性
70 Fiat＇s belated willingness to take tough steps to align capacity with demand is down to the group＇s new boss Gabriele Galateri chosen in June to rescue the firm which is 30 owned by Agnelli family interests结构分析：句子干Fiat belated willingness…is down to the group new boss语面带定式短语作定语分词chosen带短语作boss定语面which引导非限制性定语句句子译文：菲亚特迟迟愿采取qy措施产需致直六月份加布里埃莱•加拉泰雷危受命成集团新总裁种状况改变该公司30股份艾格尼尔利家族拥
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难句考研阅读完型填空翻译中出现频率高句子长结构复杂基成分组成结构说英语句子中谓语外成分均句者非谓语动词充句子身完整句子句句间关系包孕套嵌列行功说英语三复合句①名词性句包括语句宾语句表语句位语句②形容词性句常说定语句③状语句非谓语动词时态语态（分词外）逻辑语宾语状语等成分构成非谓语动词结构非谓语动词句特点英语句子理讲限延长
英语长句分析方法：枝叶留干
1） 划出句子中定语句状语句
2）划出介词短语（位be动词外）
3） 名词性句作整体找出句中谓语结构非谓语结构介词短语句引导词
4） 非谓语动词结构作整体
5）找出全句语谓语宾语句子干
6） 分析句结构非谓语动词部结构
长难句分析步骤举例：
典例题（2001年考研完型填空第二段）
In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press Lord Irvine the Lord Chancellor will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins
分析
第划出定语句状语句 that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins
第二划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press
第三句子结构分析
（1）干结构语（Lord Irvine含位语the Lord Chancellor）+时谓语（will introduce）+宾语（a draft bill）
（2）that引导定语句修饰draft bill中will propose 第谓语making payments to witnesses illegal动名词短语做宾语动名词短语部payments to witnesses做making宾语illegal宾补第二谓语will strictly control the amount of publicity宾语that can be given to a case before a trial begins孕含时间状语句（before a trial begins）定语句修饰publicity
请家述步骤认真分解70句子分解句子读熟甚背基解决考研长难句问题
1 This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields
结构分析句子干This will be particularly true…since引导原状语句句中套嵌关系代词that引导定语句修饰the highenergy American fashion定语句中that做语makes做谓语it做形式宾语定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields真正宾语（定式短语部to combine干few farmers宾语with high yields状语）possible做宾语补足语this指代前句中提种困境energy pinch译源匮乏in…fashion译…方法方式
译文：种困境确定疑源匮乏高量消耗种美国耕种方式难农业中继续种耕种方式投入少数农民获高产成
2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matterwe must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides avalidorfaircomparison
结构分析句子干we must be sure…since引导原状语句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter句中that引导宾语句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides avalidorfaircomparison宾语句中套嵌介词with+which引导定语句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scalescale处意尺度衡量标准
译文：然智力评估相较言必须确保象进行较时尺度够提供效公较
3 In generalthe tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined
结构分析句子框架the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…and连接两列分句列分句中皆when引导时间状语句分说明work most effectivelyand（work）least effectively第二时间状语句中语句what…predictedthe tests句语work动词做谓语qualities处数名词译质量译特征defined直译定义应译动语态界定
译文：般说需测定特征精确界定时测试效测定预测东西明确界定时测试效果差
4 For examplethey do not compensate for gross social inequalityand thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances
结构分析句子框架they do not compensate…and thus do not tell how…and连接两列分句第二列分句中how引导宾语句带虚拟条件句复合句中had he grown up…（If he had grown up…）省略连词if非真实条件句句语they代指文提tests able句中作might have been表语underprivileged译没特权译没位物质条件差
译文：例测试弥补明显社会公说明物质条件差年轻果较环境中成长话会干
5It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humansor with no consideration at all
结构分析句子框架It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset it invites you to think that…号复合句号前部分作进步说明复合句中that引导宾语句句中either…or…引导两列介词结构作状语修饰动词be treated中第with介词结构中省略关系代词thatwhich定语句humans extend to other humans修饰the considerationit代指文观点果权没达成致法谈动物权利徒劳介词短语at the outset译开始动词invites应转译促动宾结构extend consideration to意予关怀关心consideration应译考虑
译文：种说法开始讨引极端认应该样动物类身样关怀体谅完全冷漠情
6 But even more importantit was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the pastfor what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago
结构分析句子框架it was the farthest that…It was…that…句中强调句型it指句中提150亿年前形成巨云团（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth）that引导应定语句修饰先行词the farthestfor引导表示原分句分句中that引导定语句修饰the patterns and structure
译文：更重科学家观测关遥远景象150亿年前宇宙云形状结构
7 Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labortens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workerswith their wives and childrenwere forced into the cities in search of workand any workunder any conditionthat would keep them alive
结构分析句子框架it happened that…it做形式语that引导句做真正语语句中when引导时间状语句句tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…时间状语句中句语the new factories带定语句that were springing up that would keep them alive做work定语句spring up意发生出现建立
译文 出现样情况正新办工厂纷纷建立需劳动力时候成千万家饥肠辘辘农业生劳动者携家带口迫进入城市找活干什活什条件饿死行
8 As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experimentsshe will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure
结构分析句子框架…we have come to believe that…that引导句做believe宾语句句中that句作the sense位语句位语句中套嵌when引导时间状语句时间状语句套嵌定语句that endure修饰先行词discoveriesby way of意通…方法reward sb with意…报答酬劳endure处应译持久持续译忍受容忍
译文两三世纪科学研究成果逐渐相信果运合适观察实验方法然探究问题会真心实意答复永垂朽发现报答意义说然认识
9 These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting
结构分析句子框架These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details…面紧省略if引导虚拟条件句were it not for the fact that…if it were not for the fact that…that句作the fact位语句句中套嵌定语句修饰先行词the stage required for reliable weather forecasting分词短语修饰the kind of measurementssimply译仅仅应译简单
译文：理认识已达样阶段现已指出需种测量方式预报天气果做点述新观察力提供堆细节已
10 The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedesnamely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaceshas many different versionsof which the following is one
结构分析句子框架The story…has many different versions…what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes名词性句做介词of宾语namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes位语when immersed in a liquid省略语分词短语句子补充完整when the solid body is immersed in a liquid修饰句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid…it displaces省略关系代词that定语句修饰the liquidit代指前面提the solid body时of which the following is one构成先行词versions定语句displace意排（水）version译版处指根观点（事件等）说法法句尾one代指a version
译文固体浸没液体中时固体会失排出液体部分重量现通常谓阿基米德原理关发现事说法众面事中
11 We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely
结构分析句子框架We assumed that there were forces of attraction…that引导宾语句宾语句中套嵌which引导定语句修饰先行词forces of attraction so that the attraction between molecules…so that结构引导结果状语句状语句中干结构the attraction…was very small but became considerable…that were more than a few tenmillionths of a millimeter apart做定语句修饰先行词moleculeswhen the molecules approached more closely做状语句修饰…but became considerableconsiderable译相（）
译文：假定分子间存着引力种引力着分子间距离显著变化间距千万分毫米分子间引力分子时种引力会变相
12 This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable developmentwhich means that we mustfor the benefit of coming generationsleave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations
结构分析句子框架This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development…紧着which引导定语句修饰先行词sustainable development定语句谓语动词means套嵌that引导宾语句we must…leave enough environmental space宾语句中so that结构做句目状语be enshrined in意深深珍藏（铭记）…处转译动语态纳入sustainable development译持续发展
译文：需正式载入持续发展概念中谓持续发展指子孙代利益必须保留足够生存环境空间满足需施展抱负
13 Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and spacewhich is the special property of sculpture and architecturesince a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one timewhereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of viewthus supplying movements in space and time
结构分析句子框架Painting lacks only the means…since…since引导原状语句修饰句关系代词which引导定语句修饰the means to represent movement in time and space property处应译性质特性译财产资产
译文：绘画缺少仅仅表现空间时间变化手法正雕塑建筑特性绘画时求某时刻空间点欣赏雕塑建筑创造求角度欣赏样表现出空间时间变化
14 Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classesand that they might lose their heritage in regular classesthese women have since given voiceloudly and persuasivelyto what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted countrytheir children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs
结构分析句子框架these women have…given voice…to what they know from experience that…that句做experience位语句句中套嵌unless引导条件状语句Once intimidated by arguments分词做状语修饰these women施动者arguments两that引导位语句修饰限定intimidated by arguments意点搞惊慌害怕feel at home直译感家译感give voice to意表达表露land jobs译找工作
译文：说孩子双语课堂里会感更加正规班级会丧失传统文化位母亲点搞惶恐安现发表响亮说服力意见身验中深知果孩子熟练掌握移居国家语言简单体力活外根谈学谈找理想工作
15 The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cellsthough now specializedstill contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on
结构分析句子框架The presumption is that all these cells…contain genetic instructions…and can do so…中介词on加which引导定语句修饰语the presumption that句表语句表语句中containcan do列做all these cells谓语表语句中插入though引导省略语all these cells步状语句补充完整though these cells are now specialized needed to make an entire individual分词短语做genetic instructions置定语列谓语can do soif条件句修饰rest on意赖避免重复do so代前文提make an entire individual
译文：类克隆赖存假定然细胞现已全部特化然包含发育完整体需母体完全致全部遗传指令果找方法失作部分恢复作细胞发育成完整体
16 Thusa regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories
结构分析：句子框架a regularity…will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity…介词for加关系代词which引导定语句修饰a regularityan empirical regularity定语句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修饰grounds意根理subsume意…入纳入
译文：条入更普遍法理基验规律相条具普遍理支持规律认条然法
17 It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a toolbut it is important to realize that this abilityon its owndoes not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned
结构分析句子框架It is because of…that…but it is important to realize that…but连接两列句but前列分句It is…that…强调结构强调because of引导状语but列分句that引导宾语句做realize宾语the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s mindsthe close association of tools with man（工具类密切联系）分隔开两列句中分able to use an object as a toolconcerned分做前面名词animalthe creature置定语man根文处指类男not necessarily译定未必on its own意独立力量转译身言
译文： 正数头脑中工具类联系密切类特关注力物体工具种动物值注意种力身言表明种动物什特智慧
18 The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposesand when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble
结构分析句子框架The point…is…when…and when…两when引导句列表语句at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance定语句修饰语the point第二when引导表语句中that引导定语句修饰a brandnew problemability to manipulate objects译操物体力…a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中withoutinsoluble双重否定译成肯定句
译文：种动物够操物体力适更广泛目标范围够发物体解决通工具解决崭新问题时工具制造肯定达具进化意义阶段
19 It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe
结构分析句子框架It was the desire…that brought about a wxdye…it is…that…强调句型强调语the desire to be scholarly关系代词which引导定语句修饰Latin terms关系副词when引导定语句修饰century句中scholarly做博学讲humanist movement译文义运动impetus意动力促进
译文：16世纪时候文义运动促进欧洲国学术运动想显示博学出现股拉丁字词潮流
20 So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you hxdyen’t heard beforeyou can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either
结构分析句子框架…don’t be surprised if you…and next time…
you can comfort yourself that…分号连接两列分句前面句子中if引导状语句关系代词that引导定语句修饰expressions面句子中you hear…省略关系副词when定语句修饰next time you hxdyen’t heard before省略关系代词which定语句修饰strange word句you can comfort yourself that…里that引导宾语句关系代词who引导定语句修饰native speakermaywell连表示充分理译（完全）（）
译文：果某教科书里碰某词组未见必惊讶果次听前未听新词样安慰说什方讲英语认识字呢
21 Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes hima person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enoughtake protective action in time
结构分析句子框架a person can…feel the bolt and…take protective action…and连接两列谓语动词句首despite介词引导介词短语作状语短语中that引导名词性句做saying位语位语句中if lightning…名词性句作know宾语if句中相whether句中if quick enough补充完整if he is quick enough条件状语句take action前提条件句中bolt译闪电
译文常说知道否遭闪电袭击时感觉闪电果动作快时采取保护措施
22 Theshareholderas such had no knowledge of the lives thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good
结构分析句子框架Theshareholderas such had no knowledge… and his influence…was not goodand连接两列分句as such做Theshareholder定语employed by the company in which he held shares分词短语作定语修饰workmen分词短语中含in which he held shares定语句修饰company
译文：样股东拥股份公司里雇工生活思想需求知劳资双方关系会产生积极影响
23 The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away
结构分析句子框架The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen…acting for the company做the paid manager定语which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge定语now passing away做the old family business定语
译文受聘公司代表公司理工需求关系更加直接连工没种熟识私间解现正消失古老家族公司种更加家长式制度雇常常工样私关系
24 When a journalist recently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty productsthe company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brandwhich was firmly associated in people’s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights
结构分析句子框架When…the company overtly appealed to the public…when引导时间状语句句中关系代词which引导定语句修饰corporate brand定语句中in people’s mindsassociated with分隔开beauty products译美容产品
译文：名记者日指责该公司美容产品测试缺乏整体性该公司公开利公司品牌求助公众公众心目中该品牌关系动物权利道德标准息息相关
25 Howeverthe criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiableso even when caught the police hxdye trouble proving the theft
结构分析句子框架the fraternity…came to realize that…so…the police hxdye trouble…列复合句两句子so连接前面句子里that引导宾语句做realize宾语句中which引导定语句修饰the chip so面句子里when caught分词做状语when caughtwhen the thief was caught proving现分词修饰trouble
译文 偷盗者认识电脑中真正值钱东西芯片（集成电路片）身携带法识场抓住警察难证明偷
26 Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patternsso vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe结构分析句子框架Although…so vast is the number of planets that…句so…that…结构引导结果状语句强调vastso vast放句首进行倒装正常语序the number of planets is so vast that…although引导步状语句句中套嵌关系代词that引导定语句修饰lifebe bound to意定必定
译文 然某处已开始生命中仅百分会发展成高度复杂智慧形式行星数目致智慧生命定宇宙天然组成部分
27 Such large impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business
结构分析：句子框架Such large impersonal manipulation greatly increased …shareholders as a class an element…语宾语较长短语of结构限定分句两and相连3部分组成分句an element…landowners 带两定语representing… detached…
译文： 资企业进行规模非操增加股东作阶级数量重性阶层作国计民生部分代表非责财富土土者应义务分离责理相分离
28．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large Comfortable classes who had retired on their income s and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders＇ meeting to dictate their orders to the management
结构分析：Towns…sprang up…classes who… and who…分析句子干容易典型定语句结构分句who…and who…两列结构组成注意like谓语介词短语作定语真正句谓语sprang ofretire on指什退休（表收入名词）that of drawing dividends 结构中draw收取意思dividend指红利that of sth结构名词性that指代relation注意面attendingdrawing列
译文：BournemouthEastboune样城市兴起批隐退享乐阶层士收入里着悠闲生活群体外没联系分取红利偶尔参加股东会议理员发号施令
29．Robert Fulton once wrote The mechanic should sit down among levers screws wedges wheels etc like a poet among the letters of the alphabet considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea
结构分析：句子干Robert Fulton once wrote The mechanic should sit down… like a… considering them as… in which a…considering…分句现分词做状语句首句尾in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea非限定性定语句
译文：罗博特•富尔顿写道机械工坐杠杆螺丝楔轮子等周围诗字母表中字母样作思路展示新组合传递新概念
30．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent selfaccelerating
结构分析：句子干Some of these causes are reasonable results… Others are consequences of advances…语some of these causes实际语some谓语单数复数取决of面成分单数复数being to some extent selfaccelerating现分词短语做定语意属
译文：原中完全然然社会需求科学定程度加速产生某特定发展必然结果
31．This trend began during the Second World War when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail结构分析：句子干This trend began during… when…引导时间状语句 第that引导位语句表明conclusion容第二that引导修饰demands定语句译文：种趋势始第二次世界战期间时国家政府出结：政府科研机构提出具体求通常法详预见
32．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future结构分析：句子干This seems…done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…not…but句型意…………译文：某前目标关产生影响科研提供支持通常效解决问题
33．However the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world＇s more fascination and delightful aspects结构分析：句子干However the world is so made that…systems are…unable to deal with some of the…aspectsso made指构成so面that构成so…that结构意……译文：然世界样般言完美体系法解决世界某更加引入胜课题
34．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they hxdye in the past giving rise to new standards of elegance结构分析：句子干New forms…must arise…as they hxdye in the past语new formsnew subjects介词短语as well as new subjects for thought谓语must ariseas里引导状语句as they hxdye in the pasthxdye省略arisen容句语致giving rise to…现分词短语做状语译文：样必然会出现新思维方式新思维象完美新标准
35．For Lloyd Nickson a 54 years old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering a terrifying death from his breathing condition结构分析：句子干the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…For Lloyd Nickson 状语a 54 years old…cancerLolyd Nicks位语句核心结构Rights means…he can get on with living without…宾语句译文：现年54岁居住达尔文肺癌患者尼克逊说法案意味着静生活须终日担心折磨：呼吸困难煎熬中死
36．Someone trxdyeling alone if hungry injured or ill often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement结构分析：句子干Someone had nowhere to turn totrxdyeling现分词修饰someone定语if引导句中均省略语＋be动词结构样显句子简洁译文：独旅行时果没食物受伤者生病通常屋者村落求救
37．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive an aspirin to quiet a headache some wine to be sociable coffee to get going in the morning a cigarette for the nerves结构分析：句子干We live in a society句句子长结构复杂号开始分两部分in which引导定语句该句分句谓语动词isare句中语usesubstances号部分中quiet物动词镇静意思译文：生活社会里物质（药品）广泛运社交医疗说服阿司匹林缓解头疼喝酒应酬早晨喝咖啡提神吸烟镇定情绪等
38．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued结构分析：句子干Dependence is marked first by… with… and then by…with引导伴结构作状语修饰整第分句描述状态and引导分句省略谓语动词marked 该分句隶属第分句列结构when引导第二分句时间状语句译文：赖初表现忍耐力增强量越越达预期效果旦停会产生舒服症状
39．But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music结构分析：句子干But he talked as well about … and he announced that…and连接两列成分构成第二分句中that引导宾语句译文：谈创作社会责间努力保持均衡问题宣布公司发起次活动制定关发行标识招致众反音乐种标准
40．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 23 last year close to its lowest level in 30 years before rising slightly to 25 this July结构分析：句子干Average inflation fellclose to相省略which was非限制性定语句Before面成分全句补充说明状语成分状语成分置句首置句末规定risingbefore里介词译文：年七工业国家通货膨胀率降23接30年低水年7月幅涨25许国家70年代80年代两位数低
41．Economists hxdye been particularly surprised by fxdyorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States since conventional measures suggest that both economies and especially America＇s hxdye little productive slack结构分析：句子干Economists hxdye been…surprised句现完成时hxdye been…Since引导表原状语句译文：特济学家感诧异英美两国通货膨胀带良性结果传统分析方法表明两国尤美国济生产没闲置生产资源
42．Actually it isn＇t because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights which is something the world does not hxdye结构分析：句子干Actually it isn’t…句简单because引导原状语句中that引导宾语句句中语an agreed account of human rightswhich引导非限制性定语句修饰非限制性定语句中限制性定语句the world does not hxdye修饰something译文：事实非种问法权利认识基础种认识存
43．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements结构分析：句子干Some philosophers argue that…that引导宾语句中as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充补语角色译文：哲学家张说权利存社会契约中责利益相交换部分
44．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice结构分析：句子干Arguing from the view that humans are… extremists of this…逗号前面现分词短语做状语里面that句做the view位语逗号面that句宾语句译文：类持极端法认动物相关方面相动物须考虑道德问题
45．When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankind＇s instinct for moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at结构分析：句子干When that happens it is not a mistake it is …instinct… an instinct that should be…号界全句分成两复合句前面复合句里when that happens时间状语句号面复合句里that句做instinct定语译文：种反应身没错类道德观念进行推理时起作种应鼓励应遭嘲弄
46．The Aswan Dam for examplestopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity结构分析：句子干The Aswan Dam …stopped the Nile flooding…but…插入语for example插入结构句子成分but面省略the Aswan Dam注意so…that…结构……意思译文：阿斯旺坝例挡住尼罗河洪水埃失洪水积肥沃土壤换回病态水库现水库积满泥沙发电
47．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend结构分析：句子干The trouble is that…is due to… and so is not…the trouble is that…表语句结构that引导修饰rebound定语句译文：问题期增长定程度商业运作周期涨落结果出济已呈现复苏态势结
48．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery new technology and investment in education and training结构分析：句子干New ways of…workplace…are only one contribution to… which is… and…两破折号中间成分插入结构视括号里面容Such as面容many other factors列举阅读时候基跳非面细节题考查里容译文：组织工作场新方法包括机构重组缩规模促进某济实体综合生产率提高项措施许素促进生产率提高机械设备联合投资采新技术教育培训投资等
49．His colleague Michael Beer says that far too many companies hxdye applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability结构分析：句子干His colleague… saysthat… 引导宾语句 chopping out costs without giving sufficient…现分词短语结构做状语without面动名词giving译文：事迈克尔•尔说数众公司简单机械方式进行结构重组降低成未充分考虑长期赢利
50 Levi Strauss persuaded the court that by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brandswhich could only lead to less innovation and in the long run would reduce consumer choice结构分析：that宾语句by动名词做宾语句状语宾语句中which引导非限制性定语句译文：利维斯特劳斯公司法庭相信特易购利维牛仔服皂粉香蕉等放起廉价销售做法形象受损品牌价值受影响势必会产品缺乏新意终减少消费者选择
51．Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenilejustice system and tried as adults according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute a research center in San Francisco结构分析：较长简单句more than twice as likely as their white counterparts种表示倍数表达方式to be transferred out of the juvenilejustice system and tried as adults定式短语修饰white counterparts according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute做状语a research center in San Franciscothe Justice Policy Institute位语译文：旧金山研究中心刑法政策研究周发表研究结果表明加利福尼亚犯重罪少年法庭转出成身份审判逮捕非白少年白少年两倍
52．Gaither＇s death has become a rallying point for gayrights organizations＇ and state legislators＇ pushing a bill that would extend Alabama＇s threeyearold hatecrimes law beyond race color religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well结构分析：for引导介词短语中that引导定语句修饰bill related to sexual orientation as well修饰crimes译文：Gaither死成种推动力促维护性恋权利组织州立法委员推行项议案阿拉巴马已通三年仇视罪条文涉关种族肤色宗教信仰出身外应该包括关性倾方面罪行
53 Chicago officials along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court might do well to look at one state where antigang lingering prosecutions hxdye withstood constitutional challenges California结构分析：along with the League of Cities and 31 states句子中做伴状语中that引导定语句进行修饰句中where引导句修饰state译文：加利福尼亚州关反帮派闲荡起诉已接受宪法挑战芝加哥官员法庭支持城市联盟31州政府考虑州做法
54 Even before the tragedy Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults结构分析：Even before the tragedy句时间状语句Pfingst had stood behind…that 引导宾语句修饰law句中as…as词组意思…样出现第三as介词treat搭配意思作译文：场悲剧发生前Pfingst已开始支持加利福尼亚州项争议法规该法规规定成身份受审谋杀嫌疑犯年龄十四岁
55The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy pointing to a provision allowing managedcare plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was healthcare operations结构分析：句中pointing to 做伴状语分词短语包含介词without引出方式状语if引导条件状语句句子结构变较复杂译文：医生认法规实际破坏隐私权中条法规规定理式医疗保健计划（managedcare plan）开展医疗保健工作时许信息
56The 1993 Family and Medical Lexdye Act was supposed to help families like Garro’s offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives结构分析：句干The Act was supposed to help…be supposed to do something 表示应该做某事通常强调义务责等Offering 句子结尾现分词做状语中含定语句定语句中含三列动词短语做谓语want to…tend to…or care for…safety net 原义防止坠落受伤安全网引申安全保障译文：1993年颁布家庭医疗休假法应该帮助加罗样家庭请假顾新生治疗重病者顾患病亲员工提供安全保障
57A vague entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money the committee and its chief fundraiser Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans swiftly collected 83 millionmore than twice the 39 million Al Gore＇s recount committee raised to pay its lawyers结构分析：句包含位语附说明长句a nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money 委员会位语起补充说明作破折号成分句子补充说明译文：法律求性质模糊机构透露资金情况该委员会筹资克萨斯州石油商（现商务部长）唐伊万斯快筹集830万美元支付律师费笔钱艾尔戈尔重新计票委员会筹集390万美元资金两倍
58 And there the story might hxdye ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society结构分析：句子干the story might hxdye ended there but for …句中包含虚拟语气but for 引导虚拟条件表示…might hxdye done表示会发生某事类介词者介词词组引起虚拟条件学者应该特留心否容易产生理解错误引导虚拟条件词withoutotherwise等译文：约翰莱茵哈德懈努力事许结束莱茵哈德位国家理协会资助独立考古学家
59 What is frightening is that these discoveries make it clear how little astronomers know about planets and they add to the dawning realization that our solar systemand by implication Planet Earthmay be a cosmic oddball结构分析：句子干句what is frightening is that …复杂句包含语句（what frightening）表语句（is 面部分）宾语句（how little引导部分）位语句（realization面that引导部分）插入语等外成语词组出现增加句子难度dawning realization（渐渐认识）by implication（含蓄 寓意）等译文：真正令震惊发现说明天文学家行星解十分限清醒认识太阳——言喻球颗行星——许宇宙中异数
60 Well it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 yearsover Asia in particularwith the help perhaps of some increased cloudiness may hxdye exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm结构分析：句子干it appears that…句宾语句中well语气词宾语句语increased air pollution中increased形容词over Asia in particular作补充说明with the help perhaps of some increased cloudiness介词短语补充说明语may hxdye exerted a cooling influence 宾语句谓语even as意思正…时候恰…时候引导状语句句中种作译文：30年中全球特亚洲断加剧气污染助数量增加云度整球表面起种冷作时二氧化碳温室气体促气变暖
61 But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia) and it is much the same as those of two countries Bulgaria and Romania which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007结构分析：句子干it is not far off that…and it is much the same as复杂句句子体结构列句第列分句里which引导定语句修饰new members第二列分句里which引导非限制性定语句修饰Bulgaria and Romaniathat引导定语句修饰accession talks译文：2004年5月1日加入欧盟十新成员国（拉脱维亚）相土耳差算太远保加利亚罗马尼亚相相差两国家周刚刚完成加入欧盟谈判2007年1月获完全成员位
62 Mr Cantalupo was a McDonald＇s veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants indifferent service and growing concern about junk food结构分析：句子干Mr Canalupo was a McDonald veteran表语veteran面分词短语brought out of retirement做置定语定语带两状语定式短语做目状语外after引导时间状语句句中because of引导原状语bring sb out of retirement意思某退休状态召回译文：坎塔卢波麦劳工作年公司餐厅环境卫生服务态度差垃圾食品断质疑导致业绩降2003年退休中召回帮助公司进行改革
63 Even so everyone at McDonald＇s must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency结构分析：句子干everyone must be hoping that…句子中包含that引导宾语句before引导状语句句子难点before词理解通常before译例：It had been two days before I realized the problem （两天意识问题）译文：便相信麦劳定希期面类紧急情况
64 Merck a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible sideeffects of its arthritis drug Vioxx is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all reelected (or otherwise) annually结构分析：句子干Merck is allowing its directors to run their full term句子语较长位语短语句子中before引导状语状语中含which引导定语句before种情况通常译译文：默克制药公司生产关节炎药物Vioxx存潜副作陷入困境现公司允许董事期直届满然会引入年重新选遍（者方法）制度
65 At the margin extra demand has come from those who think dollarsindeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation lowa decidedly risky investment mainly because America with the world＇s reserve currency has been able to create and borrow so many of them结构分析：句子干extra demand has comefrom介词引导状语中包含who 引导定语句修饰those插入语句because引导原状语句nothing more than意思仅仅译文：跌情况导致金价扬额外需求认美元——者种抑制通胀许诺支撑货币—疑种高风险投资美国拥美元世界储备货币直够制造美元
66 Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction in commodity markets such as the NYMEX pressure from localsselfemployed tradersis helping to prop up openoutcry although some reckon that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems结构分析：句子干pressure …is helping to prop up openoutcry复杂句包含两although引导步状语句that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems做reckon宾语prop up意思支持译文：然绝数交易正取消种公开价交易方式纽约商品交易类商品市场里营商压力起支持公开价作估计客户支付五倍电子系统费
67 In his models auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today＇s financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers结构分析：句子干auctions… were less efficient than ones…句子语auctions面that引导定语句进行修饰句子体结构中包含较级较象ones面that引导定语句进行修饰译文：模型中现数金融交易中采买卖双方时竞价拍卖方式起需买卖双方提出更竞价模型效率低
68 The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalization of the complicated foreignexchange controls that India still maintains despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes结构分析：句子干The size of this cushion has triggered some calls…句然包含定语句结构算太复杂容易造成理解困难cushion词Cushion原意垫子里引申缓利果东西保障译文：1993年印度已允许进行贸易目卢兑换印度目前外汇控制非常复杂现样巨额储备作保障开始呼吁印度政府进步放开现外汇控制
69 The experience of 1991 when India ran out of money has left the central bank prone to cautionan approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 19971998结构分析：句子干The experience…has left the central bank prone to caution句中when引导修饰1991定语句省略that修饰approach定语句译文：1991年印度完外汇储备历中央银行倾谨慎方式 119971998年东亚危机证实种方式正确性
70 Fiat＇s belated willingness to take tough steps to align capacity with demand is down to the group＇s new boss Gabriele Galateri chosen in June to rescue the firm which is 30 owned by Agnelli family interests结构分析：句子干Fiat belated willingness…is down to the group new boss语面带定式短语作定语分词chosen带短语作boss定语面which引导非限制性定语句句子译文：菲亚特迟迟愿采取qy措施产需致直六月份加布里埃莱•加拉泰雷危受命成集团新总裁种状况改变该公司30股份艾格尼尔利家族拥
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