2018年中考英语语法系列复习资料


    
    2018中考语法系列
    般现时
    般现时(The Simple Present Tense)
    般现时三种形式
    1 谓语be(amis/are)般现时
     
    ①肯定形式语+be+表语(形容词名词充表语)
    I am hungry
    You are beautiful
    He is a doctor
    ②否定形式:语+be+not+表语(形容词名词充表语)
    I am not hungry
    You aren't beautiful
    He isn't a doctor
    ③般疑问句形式Be+语+表语(形容词名词充表语)?ﻫ肯定回答Yes语+be  否定回答:No 语+ be+not
    —Are you hungry
    —YesI amNoI'm not.
    —Is he a doctor
    —Yes he isNo he isnt.
    ④特殊疑问句形式特殊疑问词+Be开头般疑问句
    What is he
    He is a doctor
    注意:be着语变 
    2 谓语动词实义动词(物动词物动词)般现时.
    ①肯定形式语+物动词+宾语语+物动词
    She has a little brother
    弟弟
    The sun rises in the east
    太阳东方升起
    ②否定形式语+don't/doesn’t+物动词+宾语语+don’tdoesn’t+物动词
    She doesn't have a little brother.
    没弟弟.
    I don’t eat every morning
    天早晨吃饭
    ③般疑问句形式:DoDoes+语+物动词原形+宾语DoDoes+语+物动词原形
    肯定回答:Yes语+do/does  否定回答:No 语+ don'tdoesn't
    —Do you eat every morning
    —Yes I doNo I don’t
    —Does she have a little brother
    —Yes she does/No she doesn't
    ④特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+dodoes开头般疑问句?
    What do you like?
    When do you go to school?
    注意根语确定dodoes
    3. 谓语情态动词canmay.+动词原形般现时
    ①肯定形式语+情态动词canmay+动词原形+宾语
    I can finish my homework.
    ②否定形式:语+情态动词can/may.+not+动词原形+宾语
    I can’t finish my homework
    ③般疑问句形式情态动词Can/May.+语+动词原形+语+宾语ﻫ肯定回答:Yes语+情态动词  否定回答:No 语+ 情态动词+not
    —Can you finish your homework?
    —YesI can.No I can’t
    ④特殊疑问句形式特殊疑问词+情态动词canmay开头般疑问句?
    —What can you do?
    —I can do my homework
    注意:情态动词canmay..+动词原形
    二 般现时法
    1. 般现时表示现状态 表示常性惯性动作表示语具备性格力表示客观事实普遍真理等例
    He is twelve 
    十二岁
    I go to school at seven every day 
    天七点学
    They can speak Japanese 
    会说日语
    2 般现时常表示时间频度副词连often usually sometimes always never等例:
    I often read books in the evening.
    常晚读书
    Do they usually go to school by bike 
    通常骑行车学?
    He doesn’t like milk He never drinks it 
    喜欢牛奶.喝
    Sometimes my mother gets back at five 
    时候妈妈五点钟回
    3 般现时常时间表达法连:in the morning in the afternoon in the evening at noon at night every day on Sunday(s) at seven 等例:
    Do they have math in the morning?
    早数学课
    She sleeps nine hours every night
    晚睡九时
    It takes me two hours to do my homework every day
    天写作业花费两时时间
    They don't have classes on Sundays  
    周日课
    4. 般现时表示含义
    a 列瞬时动词come go arrive leave start begin return般现时表示表示时间已确定安排事情
    例:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning 火车明天午六点开
    ——When does the bus star? 汽车什时候开
    —-It stars in ten minutes 十分钟
    b 复合句中句般时时间条件状语句谓语动词般现时表示发生动作谓现
    例:When Bill comes (will come) ask him to wait for me 尔等
    I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there 里写信
    三 动词第三称单数构成
    1 动词原形面直接加s
    looklooks 
    read—reads
    play—plays     
    stop—stops
    2 字母s xchsho结尾动词加—es
    miss-misses  
    fixfixes   
    watch—watches  
    washwashes
    go—goes  
    dodoes 
    3 辅音字母加y结尾动词变yi加-es
    carry–carries  
    study–studies
    hurry–hurries 
    cry–cries
    4 特殊变化
    havehas
    beis     
    二现进行时
     
    现进行时基结构
    肯定式amisare+doing(现分词)
    否定式:amis/are not +doing(现分词)
    般疑问式:Am/IsAre + 语 +doing(现分词)+
    特殊疑问式特殊疑问词+般疑问式
    They’re having a meeting now 现正开会
    They aren’t having a meeting now 现没开会
    Are they having a meeting now? 现正开会?
    What are they doing now 现正做什
    现进行时基法
    1. 表示时刻正发生事情常nowat the momentlooklisten等词连
    The little boy is watching TV now 男孩现正电视
    ListenShe is playing the guitar in the next room 听正隔壁房间弹吉
     
    2 表示现阶段直进行着重复发生着动作强调时刻正做常表示时间段时间状语连
    I am studying computer this term 学期直学计算机
    3 表示说话褒义贬义情感色彩赞许批评喜欢厌恶等时常alwayoften等频度副词连
    He is always thinking of others not of himself 总着想(表示赞许)
    One of my roommates is often leaving things about 室友常乱扔东西(表示满)
    4 表示期计划安排发生动作(现进行时表示般含义)
    ① 瞬时动词进行时情况表示含义动词包括go come  leavearrive  return等
    I am leaving
    离开
    I am leaving tomorrow 
    会明天离开
    ② 持续动词进行时时间状语语境情况表示含义
    An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon 
    天午位美国教授作报告(含义)
    An American professor is giving a lecture.
    美国教授正作报告(进行含义)
    现分词(doing)变化规
     
    1 般情况动词词尾加ing
     
    go——going
    play—playing
    know—knowing
    2. 发音字母e结尾动词先e加—ing
    make——making
    arrive——arriving
    come——coming
    3 重读闭音节结尾动词词尾辅音字母时先双写辅音字母加ing
    run—running     
    stop——stopping
    swim—swimming  
    run——running  
    put—putting  
    sit——sitting  
    begin—beginning  
    plan——planning
    cut—cutting  
    get——getting  
    shop—shopping  
    chat——chatting 
    regret——regretting
    dig—-digging  
    4 ie结尾先ie改成y加—ing
    tie—tying
    die—dying
    lie-—lying
    三般时
     
    般时含义
    般时表示某时间发生动作状态常发生动作状态
    般时基结构
    1 willshall+动词原形  
    will 陈述句中种称shall第称常will 代
    否定式will notwon’tshall notshan't
    般疑问式willshall+语+动词原形+
    特殊疑问式特殊疑问词+般疑问式?
    I willshall do a better job next time 次做
    Oil and water will not mix 油水没法混起 
    Will he help you with your English tonight 天晚会帮助学英语?
    -Yes he willNo he won't. 会会
    —When will you arrive for America 什时候美国
    —Tomorrow. 明天
    2 amisare going to +动词原形
    否定式amisare not going to +动词原形
    般疑问式amis/are +语+ going to + 动词原形+
    特殊疑问式特殊疑问词+般疑问式
    He is going to spend his holidays in London 算伦敦度假
    Look at the dark clouds There is going to be a storm 乌云快雨
    Is he going to collect any data for us? 会帮收集数
    What are you going to do tomorrow 明天算作什?
    般时法
    will+动词原形am/isare going to +动词原形法然表示发生动作情况般情况互换法区
    1 will三方面
    (1)表示观意愿
    They will go to visit the factory tomorrow. 
    明天厂参观工厂
    I'll come with Wang Bing Liu Tao and Yang Ling 
    王兵刘涛杨玲起
    (2)表示意志转移客观
    Today is Saturday Tomorrow will be Sunday 
    天星期六明天()星期日
    He will be thirty years old this time next year 
    明年时候()三十岁
    (3)表示时决定通常话中
    -Mary has been ill for a week
    玛丽病周
    —Oh I didn't know I will go and see her
    噢知道
    2 be going to两方面:
    (1)表示事先考虑安排算计划做某事
    Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon 
    天午爸爸算歌剧
    (2)表示根目前某种迹象判断某事非常发生表示推测
    Look There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain 
    瞧乌云密集天雨
    时态表示含义情况

    1 现进行时表示
    瞬时动词持续动词现进行时表达含义表示规定时间预计发生事.(瞬时动词进行时时候表示含义持续动词进行时含时间状语语境条件表示)
    The bus is coming 公交车
    The students are leaving on Sunday 学生星期日出发
    We’re having a party next week. 星期开晚会.
    2 般现时表示
    (1)come go arrive leave start begin return等瞬时位移动词般现时表示含义表示时间已确定安排事情
    The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天午六点开
    (2)时间条件状语句中(现)
    I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there 里写信
    If it doesn’t rain tomorrow we will have a party in the park 果明天雨公园举行聚会
    There be结构般时
    肯定式There will beThere isare going to be
    否定式There won’t beThere is/are not going to be
    般疑问式:Will there beIsare there going to be.
    特殊疑问式特殊疑问词+般疑问式
    There will be a basketball match this afternoon
    =There is going to be a basketball match this afternoon
    天午会场篮球赛
    There won't be a basketball match this afternoon
    There isn’t going to be a basketball match this afternoon
    天午没篮球赛
    Will there be a basketball match this afternoon?
    =Is there going to be a basketball match this afternoon
    天午篮球赛
    When will there be a basketball match
    When is there going to be a basketball match
    什时候场篮球赛?
     
    四.般时
    般时基结构
    1 肯定句形式语+动词式+ 
    I was an English teacher one year ago 年前名英语老师
    I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon 昨天午买条黄裙子
    2 否定句形式:①waswere+not  ②行动词前加didn't时原行动词
    I wasn’t an English teacher one year ago 年前名英语老师
    I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon 昨天午没买条黄裙子
    3 般疑问句①waswere提句首 ②Did+语+动词原形+? 
    Were you an English teacher one year ago 年前名英语老师?
    Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon 昨天午买条黄裙子?
    4 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+般疑问句
    What were you one year ago 年前做什
    When did you buy a yellow dress 什时候买条黄裙子
    般时基法二
    1. 表示某时间发生动作处状态(现关) 常yesterday last week in 1989 just now a moment ago the other day等具体时间状语连.
    He was here just now 刚里.
    What did you do yesterday? 昨天做什事?
    2 段时间常性惯性动作
    We often played together when we were children 时候常起玩
    注:表示常发生动作used to would
    He used to smoke a lot but he doesn’t now 常抽烟现抽
    Whenever we were in trouble he would help us 遇困难会帮助
    3 表示语特征性格
    At that time she was very good at English 时英语学
    4 般时时表示现 want hope wonder think intend 等动词连语气更委婉
    I wondered if you could help me 知帮
    5 时般时时态致需
    I didn’t know you were here 没想里
    6注意
    (1)表示系列动作先般时两动词间and连结
    He opened the door rushed out and then disappeared 
    开门出然消失
    (2)注意语境中理解刚原…….
    ——Your phone number again I didn't quite catch it 请说次电话号码刚没听清楚
    ——2566666 
    7常见考法
    般时考查单选句型转换词语运形式考查学生具体语境中灵活运时态力.考试中会家判断否该般时动词式正确变化般时句型构成
    典型例题1 Xiao Lin went fishing this morning(改般疑问句)
    答案Did Xiao Lin go fishing this morning?
    解析道句型转换题考查学般时句型构成掌握般时般疑问句句型构成:Did+语+do+句首加 Did句中式原
    8误区提醒
    句子然没表示明确时间状语实际指发生动作存状态话时点中国学生出错特注意 
    典型例题I didn''t know you    (be)in Paris.  
    答案were
    解析题干意思知道巴黎说话时已知道巴黎句话指说话前时表示实际句话暗指But now I know you are here
    动词式变化规三
    1 规变化
    ①般情况直接加ed
    work—— worked 
    look—looked 
    walk——walked
    ②e结尾单词直接加d
    live ——lived 
    hope——hoped 
    use—used 
    ③辅音字母+y结尾变yi加ed
    study-—studied 
    carry—-carried  
     
    ④元音字母+y结尾直接加ed
    enjoy ——enjoyed
    play—played
    ⑤重读辅音字母结尾闭音节结尾动词双写辅音字母+ed
    stop—— stopped
    plan——planned
    prefer——preferred
    2. 规变化
    点击查:规动词分类记忆表
    五现完成时
    现完成时基结构
    肯定句:语+have/has+动词分词+
    否定句语+havehas+not+动词分词+
    般疑问句:HaveHas+语+动词分词+
    特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+般疑问句(havehas+语+分词+)
    现完成时法二
    1. 现完成时表示已完成动作现造成影响果说动作状态发生影响现存强调现
    I  have already posted the photo.
    已邮寄出片
    种法连时间状语时模糊时间状语already(肯定句句中) yet(否定句/疑问句句尾) just before recentlystill latelynever等
    2 现完成时表示动作状态发生某时刻持续现会继续持续
     
    He has lived here since 1978
    1978年直住(动作起始1978年直住现继续住)
    种法常for(+时间段)since(+时间点时句子)连谓语动词必须延续性动词
    瞬间动词变延续动词:
    go out———be out   
    finishbe over  
    open-——be open
    die——be dead   
    buy-have   
    fall ill—-—be ill
    come back—-be back   
    catch a cold———have a cold
     
    现完成时常见考法三
     
    现完成时考查单选句型转换词语运形式考查学生具体语境中灵活运时态力考试中会家判断否该现完成时者考查瞬间动词表示段时间状语连知识点.
     
    典型例题
    His father_____the party since 1978
    Ajoind     
    Bhas joined    
    Cwas in    
    Dhas been in
     
    答案:D
    解析:题考查学生现完成时熟练掌握. since 1978表达1978年直现表示件事情直持续现应该现完成时动词必须延续性动词AB均瞬间动词时间段连排C般时行
     
    较般时现完成时异四
    1. 点:动作完成
    I saw the film yesterday evening
    I have seen the film before
    (电影件事完成)
    2. 区
    ①现完成时强调发生动作现影响结果般时现没联系说明某动作发生时间
    ②般时通常具体明确时间状语连yesterday last week  two years agojust nowin 2002 等现完成时常 just already ever never 等模糊时间状语 these days this week since. for. 等表示段时间状语连
    典型例题 
    —______ you       your homework yet ?
    —Yes  I _____  it  a  moment ago
    ADid  do finished  
    BHave done  finished 
    CHave  done have finished
    答案B
    解析:题考查般时现完成时法区问句中yet表明应该现完成时回答中a moment ago 明确时间状语应该般时
    分词规变化五
    动词分词规变化动词式规变化相
    ① 般情况词尾直接加 ed
    work——worked—worked 
    visit—-visited—-visited
    ②  e 结尾动词词尾加 d . 
    live———lived—lived 
    ③ 辅音字母 + y 结尾动词 "y 变 i 加 ed
    study———studied—-studied 
    cry-—cried——cried
    ④ 重读闭音节结尾末尾辅音字母先双写该辅音字母加 ed
    stop-—stoppedstopped 
    drop——dropped—dropped
     
    分词规变化六
     
    详情请点击:规动词分类记忆表
     
    六.进行时
    定义
    进行时表示某时刻时间段正进行事情动作
    二 结构
    进行时谓语动词结构waswere +doing (现分词)
    三. 法
    1 进行时表示某段时间持续进行动作者事情
    常时间状语this morning the whole morning all day yesterday from nine to ten last evening when while等例
    We were watching TV from seven to nine last night
    昨天晚七点九点时候电视.
    What was he researching all day last Sunday?
    周日整天研究什
    My brother fell and hurt himself while he was riding his bicycle
    哥哥骑行车时候车摔受伤
    It was raining when they left the station
    离开车站时候天正雨
    When I got to the top of the mountain the sun was shining
    达山顶时候阳光灿烂
    2. 进行时表示某时间点发生事情
    时间点介词短语副词句表示例
    What was she doing at nine o’clock yesterday?
    昨天晚九点做什? (介词短语表示时间点)
    She was doing her homework then
    时候正写作业(副词表示时间点)
    When I saw him he was decorating his room
    见时候正装饰房间 (when句表示时间点)
    3  复合句中果动作背景动作延续时发生句动词进行时
    When he was waiting for the bus he was reading a newspaper
    边等车边报 (两动作延续)
    He was cleaning his car while I was cooking
    擦车时做饭(两动作时进行)
    典型例题
    1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger 
    A made  
    B is making  
    C was making
    D makes
    答案C 割伤手指已发生事情应时时when表时间时性玛丽做衣服时提供事情发生背景进行时
    2) As she ___ the newspaper Granny ___ asleep
    A. read was falling
    B was reading fell 
    C was reading was falling 
    D readfell
    答案B句中as = when while意"……时"描述件事发生背景时进行长动作发生时候短动作发生句意 报纸时奶奶睡着句中 fell (fall时)系动词形容词:fall sick
    四 进行时般时区
    1 般时叙述旧事进行时描述背景
    2 般时表示行整体存状态进行时表某行片断
    I read the book yesterday (已读完表整读)
    I was reading the book at that time (未读完读片段)
    3 段持续时间状语进行时连
    It was raining all night(优先was raining rained 持续动词)
    He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon (短暂动词持续时间连表反复连续发生般时)
    五 注意
    英语中四类动词般进行时(现进行时进行时)
    1 表心理状态情感动词
    love hate like care respect please prefer know 等进行时词意改变
    I’m forgetting it  (beginning to forget )
    2 表存状态动词
    appear exist lie remain stand seem等
    3 表感官动词
    see hear feel smell sound taste等
    4. 表非延续性动词
    accept allow admit decide end refuse permit promise等
     
    七时
     时含义
     
    表示某时间发生动作存状态时常宾语句中例
    I didn’t know if he would come
    知道否会
    They never knew that population would become a big problem.
    知道口问题会成问题
     
    She didn't tell me where she would go
    没告诉
    Betty said she would visit the Great Wall next Saturday
    贝蒂说周六参观长城.
    二 时结构法
     
    1would+动词原形常表示观意愿.例
    He said he would come to see me
    说.
    He told me he would go to Beijing
    告诉北京
    2was were+going to+动词原形常表示计划安排发生事.例:
    She said she was going to start off at once
    说立出发
    I was told that he was going to return home
    告诉准备回家
    结构表示根某种迹象发生事情.例
    It seemed as if it was going to rain

    3 come go leave arrive start等瞬时动词动词进行时表示含义例:
    He said the train was leaving at six the next morning
    说火车第二天早晨六点离开
    She told me she was coming to see me
    告诉
    4 条件状语句时间状语句中须般时代时例:
    The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didn’t work hard
    老师说果努力学话难取进步
    三 时典型错误例析
    1 知道否会发言
    误:We didn’t know whether he is going to speak at the meeting
    正We didn’t know whether he was going to speak at the meeting
    析该句句时宾语句表示某时间发生动作句时态
    2 老师问汤姆长准备干什
    误The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he would grow up.
    正The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he grew up
    析:时间状语句中常般时表示发生动作
    3 说果星期天雨农场
    误:They said that they were going to the farm if it would not rain the next Sunday
    正:They said that they were going to the farm if it didn’t rain the next Sunday
    析:条件状语句中常般时表示发生动作
    4 王林电话告诉妈妈买书
    误:Wang Lin rang up to tell her mother that she should buy some books
    正Wang Lin rang up to tell her mother that she would buy some books
    析:时助动词should/would+动词原形构成should般第称would种称
     
    八完成时
    完成时概念结构
    概念:表示某时间动作前已发生完成动作( pastin—thepast )"
    构成助动词 had +   分词中 had 通种称 
    They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel达旅馆前已吃早饭
    She had finished writing the composition by 1000 this morning 天早晨10点前已写完作文
    二 完成时法 
    法1 表示动作状态某时间动作前已完成结束发生例 
    When I woke up it had stopped raining
    醒时雨已停(雨停发生醒前) 
    法2 表示某动作状态某时前已开始直延续时间动作尚未结束然继续.例
    By the end of last year he had worked in the factory for twenty years 年年底止已工厂工作20年( 年年底止已工作 20 年继续进行)
    三 完成时判断 
    1 时间状语判定 
    般说种时态特定时间状语完成时连时间状语: 
    (1)by + 时间点例:
    I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night  
    昨天晚九点钟止已读完说
    (2)by the end of + 时间点例
    We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term
    学期末止已学两千单词
    (3)before + 时间点例:
    They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
    周三前已植六百棵树
    2 判定
    完成时表示指某动作前已发生完成动作动作先关系动作前完成时般时种法常出现: 
    (1)宾语句中 
    宾语句句般时句动作先句动作时句完成时例 
    She said that she had seen the film before  
    说前部电影
    (2)状语句中  
    时间条件原方式等状语句中句动作发生先关系动作前完成时动作般时例 
    When I got to the station the train had already left
    达车站时候火车已离开
    注意: before after 引导时间状语句中 before  after 身已表达动作先关系句表示动作紧密相连句般时例 
    Where did you study before you came here
    里前里学
    After he closed the door he left the classroom
    关门离开教室
    (3)表示意动词hope wish expect think intend mean suppose等完成时表示原…未…例:
    We had thought that you would come but you didn't
    原认会没
    3 根文判定
    I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
    昨天街遇王涛北京直没见彼
    四 完成时般时区 
    然两种时态表示发生动作存状态时应注意两点:
    1 时间状语完成时时间强调般时强调某特定时间试较 
    They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday
    昨天十点止已达车站
    They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
    昨天十点时候达车站
    2 没明确时间状语作标志时谓语动词动作发生时间先须文判断先发生完成时发生般时例 
    She was very happy Her whole family were pleased with her too She had just won the first in the composition competition 
    高兴.全家满意刚刚作文赛中第


    2018中考语法系列(二)
    .名词重点难点考点
    名词表示事物方现象抽象概念名称词 
    名词分专名词普通名词.
    专名词表示具体事物点机构等专名称
    GuangzhouMikeUNESCO等
    专名词般情况第字母写
    普通名词表示类事物抽象概念名称
    policeeggsrice等
    普通名词分体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词二
    体名词:表示某类某类东西中体
    monkeypandarulerboy等 
    集体名词表示群类事物总称
    :familypoliceclasspeople等 
    物质名词:表示法分体具备确定形状实物
    Waterairmilk等 
    抽象名词表示抽象概念词
    :hopelovespirit
    英语名词数名词数名词两种
    般说体名词集体名词数名词物质名词抽象名词数名词
    名词单数变复数规总结三
    1 规变化
    (1)般名词词尾加-s ﻫmap—maps图
    bird—birds鸟
    orange—oranges 桔子
    bikebikes行车 
    (2)s x ch sh结尾名词加"—es
    box—boxes盒子
    classclasses班级
    watch—watches手表
    dish-dishes盘碟子餐具
    (3)o结尾生命名词面加—s
    photophotos相片
    radio—radios收音机
    zoo—zoos动物园 
    o结尾生命名词面加es
    tomato—tomatoes西红柿
    potato—potatoes土豆 ﻫhero—heroes英雄
    negro—negroes黑
    (4)辅音字母加y结尾名词变yi加—es "
    baby—babies婴
    family—families家庭ﻫ元音字母加y结尾名词直接加—s 
    boyboys男孩
    toy—toys 玩具
    (5)fef结尾名词fef变v加—es
    knife—knives刀 
    wife—wives妻子 
    leaf—leaves树叶 
    2 规变化
     
    (1)child——children
    foot-—-feet
    tooth—-teeth 
    mouse——mice
    manmen
    woman-women 
    注意: man woman构成合成词复数形式 —men -women 
    : an Englishmantwo Englishmen.
    German合成词复数形式Germans
    Bowman姓复数the Bowmans 
    (2)单复形名词
    : deer鹿sheep绵羊fish鱼
    Chinese中国Japanese日 ﻫli里jin斤yuan元
    注意民币元角分外美元英镑法郎等复数形式: 
    a dollar two dollars a meter two meters 
    (3)集体名词单数形式出现实复数 
     people police警察 cattle牛等身复数说 a peoplea policea cattle
     
    说 a persona policemana head of cattle
    the Englishthe Britishthe Frenchthe Chinesethe Japanesethe Swiss 等名词表示国民总称时作复数. 
    : The Chinese are hard—working and brave
    中国民勤劳勇敢 
    3 s结尾单数名词
    (1)maths数学politics政治(学)physics物理学等学科名词数名词单数
    (2)news消息新闻数名词 
    (3)the United States美国the United Nations联合国应视单数. 
    The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国1945年组建起 
    (4)复数形式出现书名剧名报纸杂志名视单数 
    The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story—book 
    〈〈千零夜>〉非常趣事书 
    4. 注意两点
    (1)表示两部分构成东西glasses (眼镜) trousers clothes 表达具体数目助数量词 pair(双) suit(套) a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers 
    (2)名词复数形式时表示特意思goods货物waters水域fishes(种)鱼
    数名词
    数名词意味着名词单数没复数形式数目字one two等连加定冠词a(n)
    数名词没单数复数分生活中时候必需词计量采种方法:a+表示东西单位+of+数名词
    :a cup of teaa box of milka piece of paper等
    果表示概念表示东西单位变成复数
    a cup of tea——3 cups of teaa box of milk—12 boxes of milkA piece of paper———100pieces of paper 
    注意
    a 物质名词转化体名词时数. 例:
    Cake is a kind of food蛋糕种食物(数)
    These cakes are sweet 蛋糕吃(数)
    b 物质名词表示该物质种类时数例:
    This factory produces steel工厂生产钢材(数)
    We need various steels需种样钢材(数) 
    c 物质名词表示份数时数例
    Our country is famous for tea 国茶叶闻名
    Two teas please. 请两杯茶
    d 抽象名词表示具体事例时数例:
    four freedoms 四
    the four modernizations 四现代化
    二.代词知识点总结
    代词分类称代词物代词反身代词指示代词关系代词疑问代词连接代词定代词相互代词等
     
    1 称代词称代词代事物名称分格宾格两种形式
     


    称单数
    第二
    称单数
    第三称单数
    第称复数
    第二称复数
    第三称复数
    阳性
    阴性
    中性


    I
    ()
    you ()
    he
    ()
    she
    ()
    it
    ()
    we
    ()
    you
    ()
    they ()


    me
    ()
    you ()
    him
    ()
    her
    ()
    it
    ()
    us
    ()
    you
    ()
    them ()
     
    (1)格作句子语表语
    I often go shopping on Sundays(星期天常购物)
    Are they from Brazil(巴西?)
    Where have they gone(?)
    It’s he()
    (2)宾格作物动词者介词宾语.
    Who teaches you English this year(年谁教英语)
    Help me(救救)
    We often write letters to her(常写信)
    (3)称代词作表语者放较状语句连词thanas时格形式宾格形式口语中宾格
    –It’s I/me()
    (4)三称时出现者语中包含时you→he→I序表达
    Both he and I are working at that computer company(家电脑公司班)
    –Who will go there?(谁?)
    –You and me()
     
    (5)称代词it指指物外表示时间天气温度距离情况等含义外作非称代词代作语者宾语定式动名词者名词性句
    What’s the time?(点啦)
    –It's 1200(12点)
    It’s a long way to go(走长路.)
    It took him three days to clean his house(扫屋子花三天时间)
    It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space(显然公众想知道什时候进入太空)
    2 物代词说明事物属关系代词分形容词性名词性两种


    称单数
    第二
    称单数
    第三称单数
    第称复 数
    第二称复数
    第三称复数
    阳性
    阴性
    中性
    形容
    词性
    my
    ()
    your
    ()
    his
    ()
    her
    ()
    its
    ()
    our
    ()
    your
    ()
    their ()
    名词

    mine
    ()
    Yours
    ()
    his
    ()
    hers
    ()
    its
    ()
    ours
    ()
    yours
    ()
    theirs()
     
    (1)形容词性物代词作句子中名词修饰语面名词
    Is that your umbrella?(伞?)
    I often go to see my aunt on Sundays(常星期天阿姨)
    They are their books(书)
    (2)名词性物代词相名词代事物表明属关系句子中独立作语宾语者表语面千万名词.
    This is your cupbut where is mine?
    (杯子?)
    Your classroom is very big but ours is rather small
    (教室相)
    (3)of + 名词性物代词称双重格作定语时放名词面
    A friend of mine came to see me yesterday
    (朋友昨天) (指干朋友中)
    My friend came to see me yesterday
    (朋友昨天)(指特定朋友)
    3 反身代词表示谓语动作语关者宾语补足语动作宾语关

    称单数
    第二
    称单数
    第三称单数
    第称复数
    第二称复数
    第三称复数
    阳性
    阴性
    中性
    myself
    ()
    yourself
    ()
    himself
    ()
    herself
    ()
    itself
    ()
    ourselves
    ()
    yourselves
    ()
    themselves (/)
    (1)反身代词句子中作宾语表示反射(指动作回该动作执行者身)
    Don't play with the knife you might hurt yourself
    (玩刀子会割伤)
    (2)句子中作位语表示强调(强调名词代词语气)
    The story itself is good Only he didn’t tell it well新课标第网
    (事身没讲)
    4 指示代词:指示说明处者远处文者文前者现事物
     
    单数
    复数
    含义
    this()
    these()
    指较物
    that()
    those()
    指较远物
    such (样/物)
    指文提物
    same (样物)
    指文提相物
    it (物)
    指太清楚谁者什时
    指示代词单独做句子语宾语表语作定语修饰名词
    What’s this(什) 
    That model plane is made of plastic(模型飞机塑料做)(动句) 
    Remember never to do such things.(记永远做样事情) 
    Do the same as the teacher tells you (老师说做)
    —Who is it(谁?) 
    —It’s me()
    5. 关系代词:引导定语句代词关系代词
    (1)关系代词who which that whomwhoseas 等定语句句连接起英语中关系代词方面句中担定成分方面起连接作.
    The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正画画学生年级)
    (2)关系代词who whom指果作句宾语时省略
    Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat
    (认识戴着红帽子男)
    (3)关系代词which 指物果作句宾语时省略
    Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?
    (找天前丢失书?)
    (4)关系代词that指指物果作句宾语时省略.
    Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank (见着河跑男狗)
     
    6 连接代词引导宾语句语句表语句连接词称连接代词英语中连接代词:whatwhowhomwhichwhose
    7 疑问代词提出问题代词称疑问代词
    (1)whowhomwhosewhatwhich特殊疑问句中般放句首口语中常who代whom作宾语介词whom
    Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party(邀请谁参加生日聚会) 
    What does she want to be when she grows up(长想干什)
    (2)疑问代词分单复数视代事物决定单复数通常单数果修饰名词名词单复数准
    Who is (are) in that playhouse(谁游戏房里?)
    What is that (什)
    What are those (什)
    What colours do they have?(颜色?)
    8 定代词代修饰特指事物代词定代词
    单数
    含义
    some
    any
    no
    none


    each
    (every)
    one
    either
    neither
    so
    the other
    another
    复合
    定代词

    含义
    much
    little
    a little
    all





    复数
    含义
    many
    few
    a few
    ones
    both
    others
    the others
    ※ 注复合定代词12something(某事) someone(某) somebody(某) anything(事) anyone() anybody() nothing(什没)nobody(没) no one(没) everything(切) everyone() everybody()
    (1)someany法
    some般肯定句中意思某作定语时修饰数名词数名词
    I have some work to do today(天事情做)
    They will go there some day(日会)
    some 疑问句时表示建议请求希肯定回答
    Would you like some coffee with sugar?(加糖咖啡)
    any 般疑问句否定句中意思作定语时修饰数数名词
    They didn't have any friends here (里没朋友)
    Have you got any questions to ask(问题问)
    any 肯定句时意思"
    Come here with any friend.(便带什朋友吧)
    (2)nonone法
    no形容词作定语意思没修饰数名词(单数复数)数名词
    There is no time left Please hurry up(没时间请快点) 
    They had no reading books to lend(没阅读书出)
    none独立句子中作语宾语表语意思没(事物)表示复数单数
    None of them isare in the classroom(中没教室里) 
    I have many books but none is interesting(书没趣)
    (3)allboth法
    all指三者三者物代修饰数名词代修饰数名词both指两物代修饰数名词allboth句子中作语宾语表语定语等
    I know all of the four British students in their school
    (学校里四英国学生全认识)
     
    —Would you like this one or that one?
    -Both
    (——两.)
    (4)everyeach法
    every形容词作定语修饰单数名词意思表示整体概念each形容词代词作语宾语定语等意思者表示单概念each放名词前of短语
    (5)eitherneither法
    either意思两者中中neithereither否定形式意思两者中中"neithereither句子中作语宾语定语等作单数
    I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do (介意喝什两中便行)
    Will you go there by bus or by car? —Neither I will go there by train(-坐公车坐轿车?坐坐火车)
    (6)manymuch法
    many意思数名词复数连much意思数名词连句中作语宾语定语等.
    I don’t have many friends here(里没朋友) Many died in the bus accident(许公交车祸中丧失)
    We can learn much with the help of him(帮助学)
    manymuch般否定句肯定句中通常a lot of 者lots of many  much肯定句时前面加sotoo.
    There are a lot of people on the playground(操场许)
    They haven’t got much work to do(没少事情做)
    There are too many people in the room(房间里太)
    (7)fewlittlea fewa little法
    fewlittle意思少没否定意思
    a fewa little意思肯定意思
    fewa few数名词连代数事物
    littlea little数名词连代数事物
    He is very poor and he has little money(穷没什钱)
    Don’t worry There is still a little time left(着急点时间呢)
    In that polar region there live few people(极区住)
    You can get a few sweets from him(弄糖果)
    (8)复合定代词somebody something anything nothing everything everybody等some any no every 加body onething构成做复合定代词句子中单数.
    somebody something someone 般肯定句中anything anybodyanyone般疑问句否定句条件状语句中修饰复合定代词定语应放面
    HeyLily There is someone outside the door.(嗨丽丽门外)
    Did you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday(星期天学校时见什)
    He has nothing much to do today(天没少事情做)
    (9)oneones代文事物前面加冠词形容词指示代词which等
    Which jacket would you like this one or that one
    (件夹克件件)
    I don’t like the green ones.
    (喜欢绿色)
    (10)so代件事情作句子宾语表语
    I don't think so(认样)
    (11)a lot oflots ofa number of( /large numbers of)a great deal ofplenty of区五名词+介词短语表示量许
    a lot of(lots of)修饰数名词修饰数名词复数形式
    plenty of足够量"修饰数名词修饰数名词复数形式
    a number of large numbers of修饰数名词复数形式
    a great deal of修饰数名词
    A lot of people think that time is money
    (许认时间金钱)
    I don't have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time(着赶忙充足时间)
    I have a number of letters to write today.
    (天信写)
    I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping
    (购物方面花费量时间金钱)
    (12)noneno onenobody区
    no onenobody表示没仅指面of 短语作语时谓语单数形式
    none表示没物指指物面of短语作语时谓语单数复数.
    No one knows how he managed to get the ticket
    (没知道样搞张票)
    Nobody handed in histheir composition(s) yesterday.
    (昨天没交作文)
    None of my friends came to see me that day
    (天没朋友)
    9 相互代词表示相互关系词相互代词
    each other one another相互代词译成互相通each other表示两者中两两间one anther表示三者两两间格形式each other’s one another’s
    We must help each other when we are in trouble
    (身处困境时互相帮助)
    They sat there without talking to one another / each other(坐互相说话)

    三.形容词副词较等级重难点全总结
    形容词副词三较等级1 原级原形2 较级表示较……更……意思(两者间较)3 高级表示……意思 (三者三者较)
    首先先形容词副词较级高级构成?
    1 单音节词少数er—ow结尾双音节单词较级面加—er高级面加-est
    ① 单音节单词
    small→smaller→smallest     
    short→shorter→shortest ﻫtall→taller→tallest  
    great→greater→greatest
    ② 少数—er—ow结尾双音节单词
    clever→cleverer→cleverest      
    narrow→narrower→narrowest 
    2 发音e结尾单音节单词较级原形加—r高级原级加st
    large→larger→largest   
    nice→nicer→nicest    
    able→abler→ablest
    3 辅音字母结尾闭音节(辅音+元音+辅音)单词中先双写末尾辅音字母较级加-er高级加est
    big→bigger→biggest  
    hot→hotter→hottest  
    fat→fatter→fattest
    4. 辅音字母+y"结尾双音节词 y改i较级加—er高级加—est.
    easy→easier→easiest     
    heavy→heavier→heaviest 
    busy→busier→busiest    
    happy→happier→happiest
    5 双音节词音节词较级前面加more高级前面加most.
    beautiful→more beautiful→most beautifulﻫdifferent→more different→most different 
    easily→more easily→most easily
    6 少数形容词副词较级高级规必须熟记
    good→better→best  
    well→better→bestﻫbad→worse→worst
    ill→worse→worstﻫold→older/elder→oldesteldest 
    many/much→more→most     
    little→less→least ﻫfar →furtherfarther→ furthest/farthest
    接着学形容词副词原级法
    1 as…asnot as/so…as结构中形容词副词原级(原形)
    This ruler is as long as that one 
    尺子尺子样长 
    Jim is not asso tall as Tom 
    吉姆汤姆高
    2. 程度副词very so quite too等面形容词副词原级(原形)
    This box is too heavy 
    箱子太重 
    She speaks English very well 
    英语讲
    形容词副词原级法较简单接起学形容词副词较级法
    1 较级句型结构
    ①甲+be+(倍数)+形容词较级+than+乙表示甲乙…甲乙…倍
    Tom is taller than Kate
    汤姆凯特高
    This room is three times bigger than that one
    房间三倍
    ②甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词较级+than+乙表示甲乙…"甲乙…倍
    I got up earlier than my mother this morning.
    天早晨起床妈妈早
    He runs three times faster than his brother
    跑速度弟弟快三倍
    ③甲+be+形容词较级+than+any other+单数名词+介词短语(表范围)表示甲范围物……甲……
    The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China
    The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China长江中国条河长
    The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.长江中国河长
    The Yangtze River is the longest river in China长江中国长河流
    ④甲+实意动词+副词较级+than+any other+单数名词+介词短语表示甲范围物……甲……
    Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class
    Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class迈克班学校早
    Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class迈克班学校早
    Mike gets to school earliest in his class迈克班校早.
     
    ⑤甲+be+the+形容词较级+of the two+……表示甲两者中较……
    Look at the two boys My brother is the taller of the two
    两男孩弟弟两中较高
    ⑥较级+and+较级表示越越……
    He is getting taller and taller
    变越越高
    The flowers are more and more beautiful
    花越越漂亮
    He does his homework more and more carefully.
    做作业越越认真
    ⑦the+较级the+较级表示越……越……
    The more careful you arethe fewer mistakes you’ll make越认真犯错误越少
    ⑧特殊疑问词+be+形容词较级甲or乙
    Which is biggerthe earth or the moon
    球月球
    ⑨特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词较级甲or乙
    Who draws betterJenny or Danny
    谁画较詹妮丹尼?
    2 修饰较级常单词
    mucha lotfara littlea bitevenstillany
    Lesson One is far easier than Lesson Two
    第课远第二课容易
    Tom looks even younger than before
    汤姆前更年轻
    He studies even harder 
    学更努力.
    This train runs much faster than that one
    辆火车辆跑快
    She drives still more carefully than her husband
    开车丈夫更认真
    You must come a little earlier tomorrow 
    明天必须早点
    This story is much more interesting than that one. 
    事趣
    家牢记形容词副词较级9句型常修饰词时考试中考中高频考点.
    形容词副词高级法(句型)
    1语+be+the+形容词高级(+单数名词)+in/of表示…………中……
    Tom is the tallest in his classof all the students
    汤姆班学生中高
    This apple is the biggest of the five 
    苹果五中
    2语+实意动词+(the)+副词高级+in/of表示…………中…….
    I jump (the) farthest in my class
    班跳远
    3语+be+one of the+形容词高级+复数名词+in/of表示…………中……
    Beijing is one of the largest cities in China
    北京中国城市
    4特殊疑问词+be+the+高级甲乙or丙三者三者较
    Which country is the largestChinaBrazil or Canada
    国家中国巴西加
    5特殊疑问词+助动词+语(+the)+副词高级+甲乙or丙三者三者较
    Which season do you like (the) bestspringsummer or autumn
    喜欢季节春天夏天秋天
    注意副词高级句中时前加the加形容词高级句中时前般加the
     
    四.情态动词重难点
    情态动词具体词义助动词样需动词原形起构成句子谓语外情态动词没称数变化情态动词必须动词原形
    10重情态动词法
    1. can
    ⑴ 表示力般译会尤指生具备力
    She can swim fast but I can’t
    会游泳会
     
    ⑵ 表示许常口语中
    You can use my dictionary
    词典
     
    ⑶ 表示推测意常否定句疑问句中时can’t译
    Can the news be true
    消息真?
    It can’t be our teacher He is on a visit to the Great Wall
    老师.正参观长城呢
    2. could
    ⑴ can式意会表示力
    He could write poems when he was 10
    十岁时候会写诗
    ⑵ could疑问句中表示委婉请求语气时could没式意思
    Could you do me a favour
    帮忙?
    —Could I use your pen 钢笔
    —Yes you can.(注意回答).
    3. may
    ⑴ 表示请求许can正式
    May I borrow your bike
    行车?
    You may go home now
    现回家
    ⑵ 表示推测谈性意许般肯定句中
    It may rain tomorrow 
    明天会雨
    ⑶ may式 mightmight 表示性低may(时might没式意思)
    He is away from school He might be sick
    离开学校许病
     
    ⑷ 表示希祈求祝愿常译祝愿通常may ++V
    May you have a good time
    祝玩愉快
    May you be happy
    祝快乐
    May you succeed
    祝成功
    4 must
    ⑴ must 表示观法意必须
    You must stay here until I come back
    必须里直回
    Must I hand in my homework right now?
    现必须交作业
    ⑵ must引导疑问句肯定回答must否定回答needn’t don't have to
    —Must I finish my homework? 必须完成作业
    No you needn’t. 必
    ⑶ must表示握推测意 定肯定肯定句
    The light is on so he must be at home now
    灯开着现定家
    ⑷ 否定形式mustn’t表示禁止许
    You mustn’t play with fire
    许玩火
    You mustn’t be late
    许迟
    注意:反意问句构成形式:
    must表示肯定判断推测时反意疑问句实际问句助动词构成
     
    She must have seen the film beforehasn’t she?(注意反意疑问句半部分)
    前定部电影难道没?
    You must have met uncle Wang in the shop yesterdaydidn’t you (注意反意疑问句半部分)
    昨天定商店见王叔叔难道没
    5 need
    ⑴ need表示需否定句疑问句中否定形式needn’t意必.
    need提问时肯定回答must否定回答needn'tdon’t have to
    —Need I stay here any longer? 需里
    —Yes you must 必须
    No you needn’t don’t have to 必
    (2) need作实义动词时称数时态变化果作语边接动词定式
    I need to do it right now
    需现做件事
     
    注意果物作语般need doingneed to be done种情况应注意两点
     
    ① 动形式动名词doing具动含义
    ② 该动名词改动词定式动形式句子意义变
    The door needs painting = The door needs to be painted
    门需油漆
    6 dare
    dare意敢敢法似need两种词性:
    ⑴ dare作情态动词否定句疑问句条件句中第三称单数形式般现时般时
    Dare he tell them what he knows?
    敢告诉知道事情?
     
    I daren’t ask her Will you do it for me
    敢问问?
    ⑵ dare作实义动词时称数时态变化
    He doesn't dare to break his promise. 
    敢违背承诺
    注意:口语中dare种形式常带to定式连
    Do you dare tell her what I said?
    敢告诉说话?
    7 shall
    shall表示征求方意见(第三称)
    Shall we go out for a walk
    出散步?
    Shall the driver wait outside?
    司机外面等
    8 should
    ⑴ should 意应该表示劝告建议义务责等
    We should protect the environment
    应该保护环境
    ⑵ Should have done 意应该做某事没做表示动作责备批评
    You should have finished your homework
    应该完成作业(实际没)
    9 will
    will 表示意愿意志算种称
    I will help you if I’m free this afternoon
    果午空会帮
    10 had better
    had better 意没称变化面接带to定式否定形式:had better not
     
    We had better go now

    二 情态动词动语态
    含情态动词动语态结构情态动词+ be + done (动词分词)做题时兼顾情态动词动语态两方面
    三 情态动词表示推测法
    1 can表示具体事物推测时般否定句疑问句
    That man can't be her husband She is still single
    定丈夫单身
    注意can 表推测肯定句时指具体事物推测表示事物属性特征
    The British people can talk about weather when they meet
    英国见面时候会谈天气
    2 must表示肯定推测般肯定句中
    He must be in his office now
    现定办公室里
    3 might表示推测时定may式表示性较
    The man may be the headmaster
    校长
    4 could表示推测时语气can较弱
    —Could it be an animal? 动物
    —It could not bebecause it is not moving 没移动
    5 should表示推测性较表示前提推测仅must性点意说应该.
    It is already 10 o’clock now  They should be there
    现已十点说应该
     
    五感叹句祈句
    感叹句
    表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时感叹句感叹句分两种种what引导种how引导句尾感叹号降调
    What a clever boy he is聪明男孩啊
    How clever the boy is男孩聪明啊
    1 what 引导感叹句
    句型:
    (1)what + a/an +形容词+单数数名词+陈述句(语+谓语)
    What a beautiful city it is 美丽城市啊
    What an interesting story she told 讲趣事啊
    (2)what+形容词+复数数名词数名词+陈述句(语+谓语)ﻫWhat expensive watches they are  时昂贵手表啊ﻫWhat terrible weather it is 糟糕天气啊
    2 how 引导感叹句
    句型
    (1)How+形容词副词+陈述句(语+谓语)
    How hot it is today天天气热啊    
    How hard he works  工作努力啊
    (2)How+陈述句(语+谓语)
    How he loves his son 爱子啊 
     
    (3)How+形容词+aan+单数数名词+陈述句(语+谓语)ﻫHow tall a tree it is 棵高树啊
    3 述两种感叹句互相转换
    What a clever boy he is→How clever the boy isﻫWhat a hot day it is today→How hot it is today
    注意whathow引导两种感叹句口语中常简略式省略部分(陈述句部分):
    How cold冷啊
    What heavy traffic交通挤啊
    4 较:感叹句特殊疑问句
    感叹句How busy you are(陈述句语序)忙啊
    疑问句:How busy are you(疑问句语序)忙
    两种句子根区感叹句面陈述句语序疑问句语序颠倒
    二 祈句
    祈句表示请求命令建议等等谓语动词律原形句子中通常语句末惊叹号者句号降调
    1. 肯定祈句
    句型动词原形do+sth(省略语)
    Be careful心
    Stand up起立.
    时加强语气动词前加do
    Do sit down. 务必请坐
    Do study hard 定努力学
    2 否定祈句
    句型:Don’t +动词原形 do sth
    Don't swim in the river河里游泳
    Don't be late.迟Please don't be noisy
    请声喧哗
    3 客气语气表示祈句时句首句尾加please果句尾加pleaseplease前定加逗号
    Go this wayplease 请边走
    4 祈句中果唤语定逗号隔开放句首句尾.
    Li Mingcome here 李明
    Come hereLi Ming 李明
    注意
    (1)表示禁止时尤标语等No+动名词表示
    No smoking. 禁止吸烟
    No parking 禁止停车
    (2)Let’s包括方Let us包括方反意疑问句时明显
    Let's goshall we吧样?
    Let us gowill you吧行(征求方意见)
    回答Let’s do sth反意疑问句句型时肯定时Yeslet’s否定时NOlet's not
    六.宾语句
    宾语句中考英语必考点会出现中考英语题型中学必须掌握语法点中考英语宾语句考查集中时态语序两点起走宾语句真身吧
    宾语句含义
    整句子中做宾语句做宾语句
     
    She knew that the teacher had seen the film
    知道位老师部电影
    (that the teacher had seen the film做 knew 宾语时连接词 that 引导句做宾语句)
    二 宾语句分类
    1 动词宾语句:顾名思义位动词面宾语句
     
    例:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.问班谁书法
     
    2 介词宾语句顾名思义位介词面宾语句
     
    例I agree with what you said just now意刚说话
     
    3 形容词宾语句:顾名思义位形容词面宾语句
     
    例:I am afraid that I will be late 恐怕迟
    三 引导名词性句连接词
     
    1 that没含义宾语句中做成分
     
    2whetherif表示否宾语句中做成分
    I don't know if whether he still lives here after so many years 知道年否住里
    3连接代词what which who whom whose(宾语句中做宾表定语)
    连接副词:where when how why(宾语句中做状语)
    The small children don't know what is in their stockings.(what 宾语句中做语)
    孩子知道什长筒袜里
    Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?(why 宾语句中做原状语)
    告诉什天早开会迟?
    四 做宾语句题目时应注意两点
     
    1 时态
    ①句现时态时宾语句根需时态
    I don't know when he will come back知道时回
    He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.告诉姐姐昨天回
    ②句时态时宾语句必须种时态
    She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.问否知道谁钢笔
    He said that he could finish his work before supper.说会晚饭前完成工作
    ③表示客观事实普遍真理句子做宾语句时时候般现时
    The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说球绕着太阳转
    2.语序
    句陈述句语序宾语句然例外
    七定语句
    . 定语句概念
    复合句中修饰某名词代词句定语句修饰名词代词先行词引导定语句词关系词定语句般放先行词面
     
    二 引导定语句关系词
    引导定语句关系词关系代词关系副词常见关系代词包括that which who(宾格whom格whose)等关系副词包括where when why等关系代词关系副词放先行词定语句间起连接作时作定语句重成分
    三 定语句分类
    根定语句先行词关系定语句分限制性定语句非限制性定语句限制性定语句紧先行词句句逗号分开句省非限制性定语句句间逗号分开起补充说明作省意思完整
    四 关系代词法
    1 that 指指物句中作语宾语表语作语时省略作宾语省略例:
    Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle
    玛丽喜欢轻柔音乐(that作语)
    The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue
    放桌子件外套蓝色(that作宾语)
    2which指物句中作语宾语表语作语省略作宾语省略例
    The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket
    位火车站附座楼家超市(作语)
    The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful 
    昨天晚部电影.(作宾语)
    3who whom指who 作语whom作宾语口语中时who代whomwhowhom作宾语时省略例
    The girl who often helps me with my English is from England
    常英语方面帮助女孩英国(作语)
    Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 
    正李明谈话老师谁(作宾语)
    注意
    (1)定语句中含介词介词放句末时whowhomthat which省略介词关系代词前时介词+whichwhom结构例
    This is the house in which we lived last year
    年居住房子
    Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel请告诉谁英文说
    (2)含介词固定动词词组中介词前置放原位置例
    This is the person whom you are looking for. 

     
    (3)that 作介词宾语时介词放前面放句中动词面例
    The city that she lives in is very far away
    居住城市非常远
    (4)关系词that情况:
    a 先行词序数词形容词高级修饰身序数词基数词形容词高级时thatwhich例
    He was the first person that passed the exam 
    第通考试.
    b. 修饰先行词all any much many everything anything none the one等定代词指物时thatwhich例:
    Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop 
    商店里什东西买?
    c 先行词the only the very the same the last little few 等词修饰时thatwhich例:
    This is the same bike that I lost
    丢辆行车
    d. 先行词里时含物时that which例:
    I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room
    清楚记房间见片
    e. whowhich引导特殊疑问句避免重复that例
    Who is the girl that is crying? 
    正哭泣女孩谁?
    f 句there be 结构修饰语定语句thatwhich例:
    There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom 
    桌子书汤姆
    (5)关系词whichthat 情况:
    a 先行词that those时which that例
    What’s that which is under the desk? 
    桌子底东西什?X k B 1  . c o m
    b 关系代词前介词时whichthat例
    This is the room in which he lives 
    居住房间
    c 引导非限制性定语句先行词指事物时which that例:
    Tom came back which made us happy 
    汤姆回高兴
    五 关系副词法
    1 when指时间先行词表示时间when定语句中作时间状语例:
     
    This was the time when he arrived
    达时间
    2 where指点先行词表示点where定语句中作点状语例
    This is place where he works
    工作点.
    3 why 指原先行词原why定语句中做原状语例:
    Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school 
    没知道什学总迟
     
     
    八.时间条件原状语句
    状语句指句子中作状语句.根作分时间点原条件目结果步方式较等九种状语句
    初中阶段学状语句时间状语句条件状语句原状语句天学三种状语句
    . 时间状语句
    连词whenwhileasas soon as(..)beforeaftersince等
    注意1时间状语句符合现原句般时句般现时例
    I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing
    北京电话
    I will give you a call when I arrive at London
    伦敦会电话
    注意2since 法 since引导时间状语句必须般时句必须时现完成时例
    Since I came to Beijing I have lived here
    北京直住里
    注意3while 引导时间状语句中谓语动词必须时持续 when 引导时间状语句中谓语动词持续持续例
     
    While I was away last summer my dog was taken good care of
    年夏天离开段日子里狗顾
    When I lived in that small villageI often went to play in the field
    住山村时候常里玩耍
    When the film endedall the people began to go out of the cinema
    电影结束开始走出电影院
    二 条件状语句
    连词:if unless(非ifnot.) as long as()等
    注意条件状语句符合现原:句般时句般现时例 
    If it is fine tomorrowwe will have a picnic outdoors
    果明天天气会户外野餐
    Unless you work hard you won't succeed(If you don't work hard you won’t succeed)
    非努力工作否会取成功
    As long as you go I will go

    三 原状语句
    连词:because as() since(然)等
    注意because 引导原未知原assince引导原已知原例:
    I didn't go to school because I was ill
    病没学
    As it is raining heavily we won't go to the park
    雨公园.
    Since everyone is here let's begin our meeting.
    然家开始会议吧
    (整理初中英语资料)


    2018中考语法系列(三)(简约版)
    文纳词法八种基时态三基句历年中考英语必考语法点
      词 法
    1 名词
    (1)名词数数
    数名词指表示事物数计量单数复数两种形式数名词指表示事物数计量物质名词抽象名词般法数目统计成数名词
    数名词前般冠词aan表示数量没复数形式表示……概念须加a piece of类短语注意许名词汉语里数名词英语里数.:chalkpaperbreadricegrassnews等
    (2)名词复数规变化
    A.般情况加—s
    Bs x ch sh 结尾加—es
    C辅音字母加y结尾改yi加—es
    Dffe结尾掉ffe变成v加—es
    (3)名词格
    A 单数名词词尾加’s复数名词词尾没s加’s
    :the worker’s bikethe Children’ s ball
    B 表示样东西需名字加' s表示需名字' s
    : This is Lucy and Licy’ s room
    These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms
    C 果通词尾加—s构成复数形式名词加’
    :the students' booksthe girls’ blouses
    (外:名词+of+名词名词生命’s结构表示关系果名词表示事物生命名词+of+名词结构表示关系)
    2 代词
     
    称代词物代词反身代词指示代词定代词
    (1)称代词
    第称单数
    I me my mine myself
    复数 we us our ours ourselves
    第二称
    单数 you you your yours yourself
    复数 you you your yours yourselves
    第三称
    单数 he him his his himself
    she her her hers herself
    it it its its itself
    复数 they them their theirs themselves
    (2)物代词
    物代词法形容词性物代词面定名词
    名词性物代词作语表语宾语
    (3)反身代词
    反身代词构成分两种:第二称反身代词形容词性物代词加selfselves第三称反身代词宾格代词加selfselves
    反身代词法:种作宾语语发出动作回动作者身.I enjoyed myself at the party 种作名词代词位语加强语气I can do it myself
    (4)指示代词
    指示代词特殊法
    (1)避免重复thatthose代前面提名词thisthese.
    (2)thisthat时代句子句子中部分
    (5)定代词
    onesomeanyotheranotherallbotheachneithermanymuch等
    3 冠词
    (1)定冠词an元音读音开头(指元音字母)词前余定冠词a
     
    (2)定冠词基法
    A 重新提事物前面
    B 指谈话双方知道事物前面
    C 单数数名词前面表示某类事物
    (3)定冠词特殊法
    A 世界独二事物方位名词前
    B 序数词形容词高级only修饰名词前
    C 江河海洋山脉湖泊群岛名称前面
    D. 普通名词外词构成专名词前面
    E 姓氏复数形式前面表示全家姓夫妇二
    F 乐器名称前
    G 某形容词连表示某类事物
    (4)名词前冠词情况
    A 专名词 (包括名名节日月份季节) 物质名词抽象名词前—般冠词Festival组成民间节日前加the
    B 表示类事物复数名词前.
    C 名词前物代词指示代词定代词名词格修饰时冠词
    D 三餐饭球类棋类游戏名称前般冠词正词组中冠词含义
    (sit) at table餐 sit at the table坐桌边
    go to school学go to the school学校in hospital住院in the hospital医院里
    4. 数词
    (1)数字表示
     
    三位数数词百位十位(十位位)间加and
    1000数字前第三位数加"第前thousand第二前million第三前billion
    (2)序数词firstsecondthird外余基数词尾加—th构成
    (3)分数分子前分母分子基数词分母序数词分子1时分母序数词变成复数
    (4)hundreds(thousandsmillions)of……
    5 形容词副词
    (1)形容词位置
    A 形容词作定语般放名词前面形容词修饰定代词somethingnothinganything时放修饰定代词something importantnothing serious
    B 形容词带表示度量词词组作定语表语时定语表语置:
    We have dug a hole two meters deep
    The hole is about two metres deep
    (2)形容词较等级
    单音节词少数双音节词词尾加—(e)r—(e)st构成较级高级双音节词音节词前面加moremost构成较级高级.
    popular———more popular——most popular
    important—more important—most important
    (3)副词较等级
    单音节副词双音节副词通加—er—est构成较级高级绝数副词助moremost构成较级高级
    (4)少数形容词副词较级/高级规变化:
     
    原级        较级       高级
    well ——  better —  best
    badly -— worse ——  worst
    much ——   more ——  most
    little ——   less —-  least
    far ——  farther ——  farthest
    farthest   furthest
    late —   later  —  latest
    (5)副词高级前面加定冠词the
    6. 介词
    (1)表示时间介词介词短语
    in at on beforeaftertillsincefor fromto until byin the middle ofat the beginning of at the end ofat half past fiveat nightin a weekin the morningin classat sunrise in springsummerautumn/winteron Sundayon Saturday afternoonon a winter eveningfor a long timefor two monthsafter schoolsince liberationbefore lunchat the time ofat the age of
    (2)表示点介词介词短语
    inatintotoonbesidebeforebehindaboveunderoutsideinsideupfromfarfromnearacross off down among pastbetweenout ofaroundin the front of in the middle of at the back ofat the foot ofat homeat the gateat the tablein the sky on the groundin a tree in the southin the sunin the bedon one's way homeby the side of
    二 八 种基 时 态
    1. 般现时
    概念 表示常发生动作常存状态
    常 always  often usually  sometimes every day 等表时间状语连
    1) I go to school every day  天学校(表常)
    2) He is always like that  总样 (表状态)
    构成: 1) 语 + be (am are / is ) +……
    2) 语 + 实义动词/三单动词 + …
    2般时
    概念 1) 表示某时间发生动作存状态
    常表示时间状语连 yesterday  last week in 1998  two days ago等
    I went to a movie yesterday 昨天场电影
    2) 表示常反复发生动作
    He always went to work by bike last week
    构成 1) 语 + be (was were ) +……
    2) 语 + 实义动词式 +
    3 现进行时
    概念 表示现(说话瞬间)正进行发生动作
    : He is singing
    They are watching TV now
    构成 语 + 助动词be(amare/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.
    4 进行时
    概念 表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作 特定时间文暗示外般时间状语表示
     1) ———What were you doing
    ——I was jumping
    2) ——What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived
    ——He was sleeping
    构成: 语 + 助动词be(waswere) + 动词ing形式构成
    5 般时
    概念 表示某时间发生动作存状态表示常反复发生动作常表示时间状语连 tomorrow next week next year in the future等.
    : He will go shopping tomorrow
    They are going to play basketball next week
    构成 1) 语 + 助动词will + 动原 +…
    2) 语 + be going to + 动原 + …
    6 时
    概念 表示某时间发生动作存状态
    构成 1) 语(第称) + 助动词should + 动原 +…
    2) 语 + would + 动原 + …
    3) 语 + was were going to +动原…
    法: 时文暗示外般常间接引语中句谓语动词时态
    1) I should go
    2) You knew I would come
    3) They were going to Naning
    7 现完成时
    构成: 语 + 助动词 ( have  has ) + 动词分词 +…
    法 例句
    表示发生已完成动作现造成影响结果 —-Have you had your lunch yet
    —Yes I have (现饿)
    8 完成时
    构成 语 + 助动词 had + 动词分词 +…
    法 例句
    表示某时间动作前已发生完成动作表示动作发生时间表示某时间by before 等构成短语when before 等引导句者通文表示
     I had finished my homework when my mom came back home
    三 三 基 句
    句特点
    句指句子中充成分句子充什成分什句:充宾语宾语句充定语成分定语句.
    定义中出关句特点句句子.
    句特点:1句连接词 2.句陈述语序(陈述语序语前谓语:He is a teacher语 He 谓语is前陈述语序Is he a teacher 语 He 谓语is陈述语序)
    1 宾语句
    宾语句指句子中充宾语句子He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up
    宾语句特点:
    ①宾语句连接词 
    ②宾语句陈述语序 
    ③宾语句时态
    (1)宾语句连接词:宾语句连接词包括thatifwhether(否)特殊疑问词
    (2)宾语句语序
    A 宾语句连接词加陈述语序(语前谓语):I want to know if he can come tomorrow
    B 连接词身宾语句语时面直接加谓语动词:She asked me who had helped him
    (3)宾语句时态记住口诀现客观真理般现
    A 现句果般现时句根时间状语需八种时态中选种1.He tells me he likes English very much(般现时)
    B :句果般时句根时间状语需四种带字时态中选种带字时态分:般时进行时时完成时
    He told me that he liked playing football(般时)
    C 客观真理般现客观真理永远般现时
    1He says the moon goes around the earth
    2 状语句
    (1)时间状语句:句子中作时间状语句子
    时间状语连接词when(…时候) while(…时候) as(…时候) after(…) before(…前) as soon as(…) since(…现) till until(直…
    ) by the time(…止)旧连接词加陈述语序
    举例when…时候(般情况句时时候句般现时)
    Mozart started writing music when he was four years old
    (2)原状语句句子中作原状语句子
    连接词连词because since as引导 for now that 等词引导
    举例I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill
    (3)条件状语句:句子中作条件状语句子
     
    连接词if果 unless (if not) 非(步)
    举例If it doesn't rain tomorrow we will go hiking
    (4)目结果状语句
    目状语句指句子中充目状语句子.
    结果状语句指句子中充结果状语句子
    目状语句连接词so that so…that  in order that 引导
    结果状语句连接词 so…that such…that so muchmany…that引导
    举例so…that …
    The scientist's report was so instructive that we were all very excited
    (5)步状语句
    步状语句指句子中作步状语句子
    连接词 though although.whether…or not
    举例:Although he is rich yet he is not happy
    3.no matter句
    结构"no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序 特殊疑问词+缀ever+陈述语序"
    No matter what happened he would not mind
    注意no matter 引导语句宾语句
    3 定语句
    定语指句子中修饰名词代词成分
    I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower(中beautiful定语)
    定语句指句子中作定语句子定语句放修饰词
    I have met the doctor who is in the No1 hospital
    定语句连接词
    连接代词:whowhichwhomwhosethat
    连接副词whenwherewhy
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