最新推荐中考英语总复习资料总汇(完美版)


    新推荐中考英语总复资料总汇
    (完美版)
    名词数
    1.单数复数
      数名词单数复数两种形式复数形式通常单数形式加词尾s构成变法:
     (1)般情况词尾加s例:book→booksgirl→girlsboy→boyspen→pensdoctor→doctors boy→boys
     (2)sxchsh结尾词加es例:bus→busesclass→classesbox→boxeswatch→watchesbrush→brushes
     (3)ce se ze(d)ge结尾名词加s例:orange—oranges
     (4)辅音母加y结尾词变yi加es例:city→cities factory→factories country→countries family→families注意元音字母加y结尾名词复数形式加s:boy→boys day→days
     (5)o结尾词数加es例hero→heroespotato→potatoestomato→tomatoes词末两元音字母词加s例:zoo→zoosradio→radios某外词加s例:photo→photospiano→pianos
     (6)ffe结尾词数变fv加es例:knife→knivesleaf→leaves half→halves
      复数词尾s(es)读音方法表示
      复数词尾s(es)读音方法
    情 况
    读法
    例 词
    [p][t][k][f]等清辅音
    [s]
    cups hats cakes
    [s][z][t][][F]等音
    [iz]
    glasses pages oranges buses watchesfaces
    [b][d][][v]等浊辅音
    [z]
    beds dogs cities knives
     (7)少数名词规复数形式例:man→menwoman→womentooth→teethfoot→feetchild→childrenmouse→mice
      注意manwoman构成合成词复数形式menwomen例:an Englishmantwo EnglishmenGerman合成词复数形式 Germansman woman等作定语时单复数修饰名词单复数定:men workers women teachers
      名词单复数样例:ChineseJapanesesheepdeerfish等fish表示种类鱼时加复数词尾
     (8)单数形式意复数名词:people police等
     (9)数词+名词作定语时名词般保留单数形式中间加连字符例:tenminutes’ walk an 8yearold girl a tenmile walk
     (10)名词仅复数形式:trousersclotheschopsticksglassesgoodsashesscissorscompasses
     (11)作单数复数形式名词:
      科学名词:physics mathematicsmaths
      游戏名称:bowls
      专名词:the United States Niagara Falls
      名词:news falls
    2.数名词量表示方法
      英语中数名词果表示量概念两种方法:
     (1)much a little a lot oflots of some any等表示少例:
      The rich man has a lot of money.
      There is some milk in the bottle.
      Is there any water in the glass?
      I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
     (2)a piece of 类定语例:
      a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
      a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
      a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
      果表示两杯茶四张纸类概念时容器加复数例:
      two cups of tea
      four pieces of paper
      three glasses of water
      数名词a lot of lots of some any much等修饰
    二名词格
      名词格表示物领属关系
    1 表示生命名词格单数形式加 's复数形式s'例:a student's room students' rooms father's shoes
    2 结尾s复数形式加 's:Children's Day
    3 表示时间距离长度重量价格世界国家等名词格 's例:a twenty minutes' walkten miles' journeya boat's lengthtwo pounds' weight ten dollars' worth
    4 生命名词格必须of结构例:a map of Chinathe end of this termthe capital of our country the color of the flowers
    5 双重格例:a friend of my father's
    注意
      果两名词列分 's表示分例:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰玛丽间两间)Tom's and Mary's bikes(两行车)
      两名词列's表示例:John and Mary's room(约翰玛丽间)Tom and Mary's mother(TomMary兄妹)

    二形容词副词
    1 形容词法
    (1) 形容词句中作定语 表语 宾语补足语 例:
    Our country is a beautiful country (作定语)
    The fish went bad (作表语)
    We keep our classroom clean and tidy (作宾语补足语)
    (2) 形容词修饰something anything nothing everything等定代词时形容词放名词面
      I have something important to tell you
      Is there anything interesting in the film
    (3) and or 连接起两形容词作定语时般放修饰名词面起进步解释作
      Everybody man and woman old and young should attend the meeting
      You can take any box away big or small
    (4) the+形容词表示类物
    The rich should help the poor
    2 副词法
    (1) 副词句中作状语表语定语
    He studies very hard (作状语)
    Life here is full of joy (作定语)
    When will you be back (作表语)
    副词途含义分面五类:
    1)时间副词
    时间副词通常表示动作时间常见时间副词:now today tomorrow yesterday before late early never seldom sometimes often usually always等例:
    He often comes to school late
    What are we going to do tomorrow
    He is never been to Beijing
    2)点副词
    点副词通常表示动作发生点常见点副词:here there inside outside home upstairs downstairs anywhere everywhere nowhere somewhere down up off on in out等例:
    I met an old friend of mine on my way home
    He went upstairs
    Put down your name here
    3)方式副词
    方式副词般回答样?类问题中绝部分形容词加词尾ly构成 少数方式副词带词尾ly 形容词形常见方式副词:anxiously badly bravely calmly carefully proudly rapidly suddenly successfully angrily happily slowly warmly well fast slow quick hard alone high straight wide等例:
    The old man walked home slowly
    Please listen to the teacher carefully
    The birds are flying high
    He runs very fast
    4)程度副词
    程度副词数修饰形容词副词少数修饰动词介词短语常见程度副词:much (a) little a bit very so too enough quite rather pretty greatly completely nearly almost deeply hardly partly等例:
    Her pronunciation is very good
    She sings quite well
    I can hardly agree with you
    5)疑问副词引导特殊疑问句副词常见疑问副词:how when where why等例:
    How are you getting along with your studies
    Where were you yesterday
    Why did you do that
    (2)副词句中位置
    1)数副词作状语时放动词果动词带宾语放宾语例:
    Mr Smith works very hard
    She speaks English well
    2)频度副词作状语时通常放行动词前情态动词助动词be动词例:
    He usually gets up early
    I’ve never heard him singing
    She is seldom ill
    3)程度副词般放修饰形容词副词前面 enough作副词时通常放修饰词面例:
    It is a rather difficult job
    He runs very fast
    He didn’t work hard enough
    4)副词作定语时般放修饰名词例:
    On my way home I met my uncle
    The students there have a lot time to do their own research work
    (3)部分常副词法
    1) very much
    两副词表示法Very修饰形容词副词原级much修饰形容词副词较级例:
    She is a very nice girl
    I’m feeling much better now
    Much修饰动词very例:
    I don’t like the idea much
    They did not talk much
    2) too either
    两副词表示too肯定句either否定句例:
    She can dance and I can dance too
    I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either
    3) already yet
    already般语肯定句yet般否定句例:
    He has already left
    Have you heard from him yet
    He hasn’t answered yet
    4) so neither
    soneither倒装句 so表示肯定neither表示否定
    例:
    My brother likes football and so do I
    My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I
    3 形容词副词较级高级
    (1) 两事物较时(定方事物)较

       Our teacher is taller than we are
       The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class
    (2) most 形容词连 the表示 极非常 十分
       It's most dangerous to be here
       太危险
    (3) The+形容词较级 the+形容词较级表示 越 越
       The more you study the more you know
     (4) 形容词较级 + and + 形容词较级 表示 越越
       It's getting hotter and hotter
     (5) 语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+句表示两者相
       This box is as big as mine
     (6) the + 形容词 表示某种
       He always helps the poor
     (7) 形容词副词高级三三物进行较
       Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China
    三动词
    1动词时态
      英语时态十六种时态中常8种:般现时般时般时现进行时现完成时进行时完成时时
    (1)般现时基法
    1) 常性惯性动作常表示频度时间状语连
      时间状语: every… sometimes at… on Sunday
      I leave home for school at 7 every morning
    2) 客观真理客观存科学事实
      The earth moves around the sun
      Shanghai lies in the east of China
    3) 表示格言警句中
      Pride goes before a fall
    注意法果出现宾语句中句时句谓语般现时
    例:Columbus proved that the earth is round
    4) 现时刻状态力性格性
      I don't want so much
    5) 某动词 come go move stop leave arrive be finish continue start 等般现时句中表示肯定会发生动作
       The train comes at 3 o'clock
      6) 时间状语句条件状语句中般现时代般时
       I'll help you as soon as you have problem
       Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him
    (2)般时法:                      
      表示某时刻某段时间发生动作情况通常般式带表示动作时间状语词词组句 yesterday the day before last last week two days ago 等文清楚时带时间状语
      I worked in that factory last year
    注意
    1) 常反复发生动作used towould加动词原形表达例:
    I used to go fishing on Sundays
    2) used to表示存状态例:
    This river used to be clean
    (3)般时法
    1)表示动作状态例:
       I shall attend the meeting tomorrow
    2)表示反复发生动作存状态例:
    He will go to see his mother every Saturdays
      3)表示意愿决心许诺 命令等时常will征求方意见语第称时常shall
       I will do my best to catch up with them
       Shall I open the door
      4)be + going + 动词定式种时句型表示算计划
    作某事
       I am going to Beijing next week
      5)be + 动词定式表示职责义务约定意图等
       There is to be a meeting this afternoon
       We are to meet the guests at the station
      6)be about + 动词定式表示马快作某事
       They are about to leave
    (4)现进行时法
      1) 现进行时法表示说话者说话时正发生者进行动作 注重
    现正进行动作动作什时间开始什时间结束
       What are you doing now
    I am looking for my key
      2) 现进行时表示目前段时间正进行动作(说话时动作定进行)
       The students are preparing for the examination
    3) 某动词现进行时表示发生动作动词 arrive come leave start等
       They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow
    注意动词般进行时态
    ①表示状态动词尤静态动词:be have
    ②表示认识知觉情感动词:know think hear find see like want wish prefer等
    (5)现完成时法
      1) 现完成时表示说话前已完成刚完成动作
       I have bought a tenspeed bicycle
       They have cleaned the classroom
      2) 现完成时表示动作开始持续现者持续动作状态 现完成时常for since 引导短语句连
       We have lived here since 1976
       They have waited for more than two hours
    注意
    般时现完成时区
      时表示某时发生动作单纯叙述事情强调动作现完成时发生强调事情现影响强调影响般时常具体时间状语连
    试较:
    I saw this film yesterday(强调动作发生涉现)
    I have seen this film (强调现影响电影容已知道)
    (6)进行时法
    表示某时正进行状态动作例:
      I was watching TV when she came to see me
    注意
    进行时般时发生事情进行时侧重表示某时刻正进行动作处状态强调动作连续进行般时表示单纯事实例:
    They were building a house last month (月正建造建造否知)
    They built a new house last month (月建造动作已完成)
    (7)完成时法
      完成时表示某时刻某动作前完成动作处状态完成时常 by before 等词组成短语句连
      We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year
      When we arrived at the station they had waited for more than twenty minutes
    (8)时法
    时表示某时间发生动作存状态时较运宾语句中例:
    They were going to have a meeting
    I told him that I would see him off at the station
    2动词语态
    语态两种:动语态动语态
    语动作发出者动语态语动作接受者动语态
    (1)动语态
    1) 动语态基句型结构: be +物动词分词
    2) 动语态中谓语动词定物动词
    动句中语动作承受者某短语动词look after think of take care of work out laugh at等动语态
    The children were taken good care of by her
    注意
    短语动词中介词副词变成动语态时遗漏
    3) 动语态变动语态加to情况
    宾语补足语带to 定式变动语态时该定式前加to类动词感官动词:feel hear help listen to look at make observe see notice watch等例:
    The teacher made me go out of the classroom
    I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher)
    4) 动形式表示动意义
    wash clean look cut sell read wear feel draw write sell等动词然做动形式表示动意义例:
    The food tastes good
    3非谓语动词
    非谓语动词考点:感官动词定式作宾语补足语动词ing形式作宾语补足语法特殊动词动词定式作宾语补足语时带to变动语态时带to动词接定式接动词ing形式作宾语表达意思历年中考重点
    (1)非谓语动词形式
    非谓语动词指句中起名词形容词副词作动词形式作谓语动词形式 动词非谓语形式分动名词分词动词定式
    (2)定式作宾语补足语
    Father will not allow us to play on the street       
    (3)定式作目状语
    He ran so fast as to catch the first bus 
    (4)定式分词作补足语动词
    样动词感官动词:see hear look notice observe feel等役动词:have make leave keep get等接定式表示动作完整性真实性+doing 表示动作连续性进行性
      I saw him work in the garden yesterday
      昨天见花园里干活(强调见事实)
      I saw him working in the garden yesterday(强调见正干活动作)
    昨天见正花园里干活
    (5)带to定式情况
    役动词: let have make等感官动词: see watch hear listen to smell feel find 等作宾补省略to动语态中to省掉
    (6)接动名词定式意义
    1) stop to do 停止中断做某事做件事
    stop doing 停止做某事
      2) forget to do 忘记做某事 (未做)
      forget doing 忘记做某事  (已做)
    3) remember to do 记做某事     (未做)
      remember doing 记做某事    (已做)
    4) try to do  努力企图做某事
      try doing  试验试着做某事
    5) go on to do 做件事接着做件事
    go on doing  继续做原做事
      6) mean to do  算想
    mean doing 意味着
    4 容易混淆常动词辨析
    (1) say speak talk tell法
    1) say表示讲话作物动词宾语宾语句
    He said he would go there
    It's time to leave We have to say goodbye to you
    2)speak表示讲话般作物动词时作物动词面种语言作宾语
    Do you speak English
    May I speak to Mr Pope please
    3) talk表示谈话物动词to about with等连接宾语
    What are you talking about
    Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now
    4) tell 表示告诉讲述物动词带双宾语复合宾语
    She told us an interesting story yesterday
    My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month
    (2) look see watchwatch法
    1) look强调动作物动词常at连然接宾语
    Look The girl is swimming in the lake
    Look at the picture carefully Can you find something unusual
    2) see 指见某物强调结果
    They can't see the words on the blackboard
    Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday
    3) watch 指观注视意
    The twins are watching TV now
    He will go to watch a volleyball match
    4) read指书报阅读意
    Don't read in the sun
    I like to read newspapers when I am free
    (3) borrow lendkeep区
    1) borrow意思入常常from连非延续性动词表示瞬间完成动作
    Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now
    May I borrow your dictionary
    2) lend 出意常常to连borrow样非延续性动词表示瞬间完成动作
    Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li
    Could you lend us your radio please
    3) keep保存意思动作延续
    How long can the recorder be kept
    The farmer kept the pat for two weeks
    (4) bring take carry get法
    1) bring意思带指某物某处带
    Bring me the book please
    May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday
    2) take意思走带走某物某里带某处意
    It looks like rain Take a raincoat with you
    Mother took the little girl to the next room
    3) carry 带着搬运携带意思指身携带背着扛着抱着提着含义表明方
    Do you always carry a handbag
    The box is heavy Can you carry it
    4) get某处某物回
    Please go to my office to get some chalk
    There is no water in the bottle Why not get some
    (5) wear put ondress区
    1) wear穿着戴着意思穿衣服穿鞋戴帽子戴手套佩戴首饰等强调穿着状态
    Tom always wears black shoes
    He wears a raincoat even when it is fine
    She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair
    2) put on穿戴意思穿衣服穿鞋戴帽等着重穿戴动作
    It's cold You'd better put on your coat
    He put on his hat and went out of the room
    3) dress作物动词物动词穿着扮意思作穿着解时穿衣服穿鞋戴帽戴手套作物动词时宾语衣服dress sb (某穿衣服)wear作穿着时物动词宾语物wear sth(穿着衣物)
    She always dresses well
    Get up and dress quickly
    Mary is dressing her child
    (6) take spend use法
    1) take指做某事少时间句型:It takestook will take + sb +some time + to do sth
    It took me three days to finish the work
    It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest
    It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai
    2) spend指某某事(物)花费时间钱句型:
    Someone spends + moneytime + on something(in) doing sth
    She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat
    He didn't spend much time on his lessons
    He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises
    Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes
    3) use表示工具手段等
    Do you know how to use the computer
    Shall we use your car
    (7)reach get arrive区
    1) reach物动词面直接表示点名词作宾语
    After the train had left they reached the station
    We reached the top of the mountain at last
    2) get动词常to连接名词面接表示点副词时toget to常口语中
    When the students got to the cinema the film had begun
    My sister was cooking when mother got home
    3) arrive物动词表示达方时arrive at 达方时arrive in
    The soldiers arrived at a small village
    The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow
    四冠词数词
    冠词法
    冠词虚词放名词前说明名词指事物冠词两种
    A(an)定冠词the定冠词A辅音前an元音前
    1 定冠词法
    (1) aan均单数名词前表示某类事物例:
    John is a student
    Mary is an English teacher
    (2) 指某类事物中例
    A steel worker makes steel
    Pass me an apple please
    (3) 指某某物具体说明物例:
    A student wants to see you
    A girl is waiting for you outside
    (4) 表示意思相every例:
    Take the medicine three times a day
    They go to see their parents once a week
    2 定冠词法
    (1) 特指某()某()事物例:
    The book on the desk is an English dictionary
    Beijing is the capital of China
    (2) 指说话听话熟悉事物例:
    Open the door please
    Jack is in the library
    (3) 文提事物例:
    Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike The bike cost him 200 yuan
    (4) 表示世界独二事物例:
    The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
    (5) 序数词形容词高级前例:
    Shanghai is the biggest city in China
    January is the first month of the year
    (6) 某形容词前表示某类事物例:
    The nurse is kind to the sick
    We should take good care of the old
    (7) 某专名词前某惯语中例:
    the Great Wall the Summer palace in the morning in the open air等
    (8) 姓氏复数前表示某某家某某夫妇例:
    the Browns the whites等
    3 冠词情况
    (1) 某专名词抽象名词物质名词前般冠词例:
    China Canada Japanese glass water love等
    (2) 名词前已作定语this that my your whose some any no each every等代词时冠词例:
    That is my cap
    I have some questions
    Go down this street
    (3) 复数名词表示类事物时冠词
    They are workers
    We are students
    (4) 称呼语前冠词表示头衔职务名词前加冠词例:
    I don’t feel well today Mother
    Bush was made president of the US
    (5) 三餐饭名称前球类活动学科节目名词前常冠词例:
    I have lunch at home
    He often plays football after class
    We have English and maths every day
    (6) 某固定词组里名词前常冠词例:
    By air at night at home go to bed go to school on foot from morning till night 等
    二 数词法
    数词分基数词序数词基数词表示数目序数词表示序
    1 基数词法
    (1) 基数词句中作语宾语定语表语位语例:
       Thirty of them are Party members(语)
       How many would you like?
       Three please.(作宾语)
       The nine boys are from Tianjing(定语)
       Six plus four is ten(表语)
       We four will go with you(位语) 
    (2) 表示具体数字时hundred thousand million律复数表示确定数字时复数例:
    Our country has a population of 1300 million people
    There are three thousand students in our school
    After the war thousands of people became homeless
    Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world
       They arrived in twos and threes.
      (3) 表示……十数词复数形式表示岁数年代例:
       He is in his early thirties.
       He died still in his forties.
       This took place in 1930s.
    (4) 表示时刻基数词例:
    We get up at six
    The workers begin work at eight
    表示点分介词past须半时例:
    ten past ten
    a quarter past nine
    half past twelve
    表示点差分介词to 分数须半时例:
    twenty to nine
    five to eight
    a quarter to ten
    表示点分直接基数词例:
    seven fifteen
    eleven thirty
    nine twenty
    2 序数词法
      (1)序数词作定语前面加定冠词例:
       The first truck is carrying a foot baskets.
       John lives on the fifteenth floor.
      (2)序数词时前面加定冠词表示样意思例:
       We'll have to do it a second time.
    Shall I ask him a third time?
       When I sat downa fourth man rose to speak.
    (3)序数词基数词拼写时应容易写错应特注意:onefirst twosecond threethird fivefifth eighteighth nineninth twelvetwelfth
    (4)表示年月日时 年基数词表示日序数词表示例:
    1949年十月日读作 October (the) first nineteen sixty
    2004年九月十日读作:September (the) tenth two thousand and four
    (5)表示分数时分子基数词表示分母序数词表示分子1时分母加s例:
    three fourths
    one second
    two fifths
    (6)序数词时缩写形式:
    first→1st                     second→2nd
    third→3rd                     fourth→4th
    twentysecond→22nd
    五代词
      代词代名词形容词数词词意义特征句中作分:称代词物代词指示代词反身代词相互代词疑问代词定代词关系代词等
    称代词
     1称代词称数格表示


    宾格


    单数
    I
    me
    复数
    we
    us
    第二

    单数
    you
    you
    复数
    you
    you






    he
    him
    she
    her
    it
    it


    they

    them


     2称代词格宾格分通常格作语宾格作宾语:
      I like table tennis (作语)
    Do you know him(作宾语)
    3称代词作表语作表语时宾格:
    Whos is knocking at the door
    It’s me
    4称代词than事物进行较时格宾格:
    He is older than me
    He is older than I am
    二 物代词
     1表示关系代词物代词物代词分形容词性物代词名词性
    物代词表示
    物代词


    形容词型
    名词型
    单数
    第称
    my
    mine
    第二称
    your
    yours
    第三称
    his
    his
    her
    hers
    its
    its
    复数
    第称
    our
    ours
    第二称
    your
    yours
    第三称
    their
    theirs

     2 形容词性物代词作相形容词句中作定语例:
      Our teacher is coming to see us
      This is her pencilbox
     3 名词性物代词作相名词句中作语宾语表语
       Our school is here and theirs is there(作语)
      Is this Englishbook yours (作表语)
      No Mine is in my bag
      I've already finished my homework Have you finished yours (作宾语)
    三 指示代词
      指示代词包括:thisthatthesethose
    1 thisthese般指时间空间较事物thatthose
    指时间空间较远事物例:
      This is a pen and that is a pencil.
      We are busy these days.
      In those days the workers had a hard time.
    2 时thatthose指前面讲事物this these指面讲
    事物例:
      I had a cold That's why I didn't come
      What I want to say is this pronunciation is very important in learning English.
    3 时避免重复提名词常thatthose代例:
      Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.
    4 this 电话语中代表that 代表方例:
    Hello This is Mary Is that Jack speaking
    四 反身代词
      英语中表示
    等意义代词称反身代词称身代名词形式表示


    反身代词句中作宾语表语位语
      1 作宾语表示动作承受者动作发出者语宾语指

      He called himself a writer.
      Would you please express yourself in English 
    2 作表语
      It doesn't matter.I'll be myself soon.
      The girl in the news is myself.
      3 作语宾语位语表示亲
      I myself washed the clothes.(I washed the clothes myself)(作语位语)
      You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语位语)
    五 定代词
      指明代特定名词代词做定代词句中作语表
    语宾语定语现常定代词举例说明:
    1 someany区
    1)some肯定句表示作形容词时面接①数名词+单数动词②数名词+复数动词
    Look Some of the students are cleaning the library
    Some rice in the bag has been sold out
    2)any疑问句条件句否定句中表示作形容词时面接①数名词+单数动词②数名词+复数动词
    If you have any questions please ask me
    There isn't any orange in the bottle
    Have you got any tea
    3)anysome作代词表示any疑问句否定句中some肯定句中
    How many people can you see in the picture
    I can't see any
    If you have no money I'll lend you some
    注意:some any结合词something somebody someone anything anyone anybody肯定句否定句疑问句条件句中法致some any法相
    2 few a few little a little法区
    1)作形容词:
    含义

    表示肯定
    表示否定
    数名词
    a few少
    few没
    数名词
    a little少点
    little没什
    I'm going to buy a few apples
    He can speak only a little Chinese
    There is only a little milk in the glass
    He has few friends
    They had little money with them
    2)a littlelittle作副词a little表示点稍微little表示少
    I'm a little hungry (修饰形容词hungry)
    Let him sleep a little (修饰动词sleep)
    Mary go a little faster please (修饰副词较级)
    She slept very little last night
    3 other the other another others the others区


    代名词
    形容词
    单数
    复数
    单数
    复数

    another

    others

    another (boy)
    (男孩)
    other (boys)
    男孩
    特定
    the other

    the others
    余物
    the other (boy)
    男孩
    the other (boys)
    余男孩

    1)other作形容词面单数复数名词意思

    Where are his other books
    I haven't any other books except this one
    2)other作代词冠词the连构成the other表示两物中常one搭配构成one the other 句型
    He has two brothers One is 10 years old the other is 5 years old
    She held a ruler in one hand and an exercisebook in the other
    3)other作代词时复数others泛指外物常some搭配构成some others 句型
    Some went to the cinema others went swimming
    This coat is too large Show me some others please
    4)the others表示特指某范围物
    We got home by 4 o'clock but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock
    In our class only Tom is English the others are Chinese
    5)another作形容词修饰面名词意代词one
    You can see another ship in the sea can't you
    Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt Would you please show her another one
    6)another作代词表示
    I'm still hungry after I've had this cake Please give me another
    4 everyeach区
    each
    every

    1)单独
    1)单独

    2)做代名词形容词
    2)仅作形容词

    3)着重
    3)着重全体毫例外

    4)两者两者中物
    4)三者三者物

    The teacher gave a toy to each child
    Each ball has a different colour
    说each child each studenteach teacher时想情况说every childevery student时想全体情况every意思all接表示
    Every student loves the English teacher All students love the English teacher
    Every child likes playing All children like playing
    5 allboth法
    1)all指三者数东西谓语动词单数作复数句中作语表语宾语位语定语
    All of us like Mr Pope 喜欢Pope先生(作语)
    We all like Mr Pope (作位语)
    All the water has been used up (作语)
    That's all for today (作表语)
    Why not eat all (of) the fish (作宾语)
    All the leaders are here (作定语)
    2)both作代词
    ①名词代词列出现表示两
    Lucy and Lily both agree with us
    They both passed on their sticks at the same time
    How are your parents They're both fine
    ②of +代词(名词)连表示两者
    Both of them came to see Mary
    Both of the books are very interesting
    ③单独表示两者()
    Michael has two sons Both are clever
    I don't know which book is the better I shall read both
    3)both作形容词放名词前修饰该名词表示两者
    Both his younger sisters are our classmates
    There are tall trees on both sides of the street
    六 相互代词
    表示相互关系代词做相互代词相互代词each other one another两种形 式代英语中each otherone another没什区相互代词句中作宾语定语作定语时相互代词格形式
      We should learn from each other one another (作宾语)
      Do you often write to each other one another (作宾语)
      We often borrow each other's one another's books (作定语)
      The students corrected each other's one another's mistakes in their homework
    (作定语)
    七 疑问代词
    疑问代词whowhomwhosewhatwhich等疑问代词特殊疑
    问句中般放句首句子中作某句子成分例:
    Who is going to come here tomorrow (作语)
    What is that (作表语)
    Whose umbrella is this (作定语)
    Whom are you waiting for (作宾语)
    八关系代词
    关系代词种引导句起连接句句作代词关系代词 who whose whom that which 句中作语表语宾语定语 句中代表着句修饰名词代词例:
    I hate people who talk much but do little
    I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter
    With the money that he had saved he went on with his studies
    Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster
    六介词连词

    1 介词功
    介词种虚词表示名词相名词词语句中词关系单独介词名词相名词词构成介词短语介词短语句中作定语状语表语宾语补足语例:
    The boy over there is John’s brother (定语)
    The girl will be back in two hours (状语)
    Our English teacher is from Australia (表语)
    Help yourself to some fish (宾语补足语)
    2 常介词法辨析
    (1)表时间介词
    1)at in on
    表示时间点at例:at six o’clock at noon at midnight表示某世纪某年某月某季节早晨午午晚时in例:in the ninettenth century in 2002 in may in winter in the morning in the afternoon等表示具体某天某天午午晚时on例:on Monday on July 1st on Sunday morning等
    2)since after
    sinceafter 引导词组表示某点开始时段since词组表示时段直延续说话时刻现完成时连after词组表示时段纯系般时连例:
    I haven’t heard from him since last summer
    After five days the boy came back
    3)in after
    in时态连时表示长时间意思面表示段时间词语After时态连时面表示时间点词语After时态连时面表示段时间词语例:
    He will be back in two months
    He will arrive after four o’clock
    He returned after a month
    (2)表示点介词
    1)at in on
    at般指方in般指方某范围on表示某物体表面例:
    He arrived in Shanghai yesterday
    They arrived at a small village before dark
    There is a big hole in the wall
    The teacher put up a picture on the wall
    2)over above on
    over onabove表示……面具体含义Over表示位置高某物某物正方反义词under above表示位置高某物定正方反义词belowOn指两物体表面接触面例:
    There is a bridge over the river
    We flew above the clouds
    They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk
    3)across through
    acrossthrough均表示边边法Across含义on关表示动作某物体表面进行Throgh含义in关表示动作三维空间进行例:
    The dog ran across the grass
    The boy swam across the river
    They walked through the forest
    I pushed through the crowds
    4) in front of in the front of
    in front of 表示某某物前面某范围外in the front of 表示……前部某范围例:
    There are some tall trees in front of the building
    The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom
    3 介词固定搭配
    介词词类形成固定搭配关系记住种固定搭配关系正确介词
    (1)介词动词搭配
    listen to laugh at get to look for wait for hear from turn on turn off worry about think of look after spend…on… 等
    (2)介词名词搭配
    on time in time by bus on foot with pleasure on one’s way to in trouble at breakfast at the end of in the end等
    (3)介词形容词搭配
    be late for be afraid of be good at be interested in be angry with be full of be sorry for等
    4 连词功
    连接词短语句句子词连词连词种虚词句中单独连词分两类:列连词属连词
    5 列连词
    列连词连接具列关系词短语句子常见列连词:
    (1)表列关系and both…and not only…but also neither…nor等
    (2)表选择关系or either…or等
    (3)表转折关系but while等
    (4)表果关系for so等
    6 属连词
    属连词引导句常见属连词:
    (1)引导时间状语句after before when while as until till since as soon as等(2)引导条件状语句if unless等
    (3)引导原状语句because as since等
    (4)引导目状语句so that in order that等
    (5)引导步状语句though although even if等
    (6)引导结果状语句so that so…that such…that等
    (7)引导较状语句than as…as等
    (8)引导名词句that if whether等
    7 常连词法辨析
    (1) while when as
    三连词引导时间状语句法
    1) 某事正进行时候发生件事While when as 引导表示背景时间状语句例:
    AsWhenWhile I was walking down the street I noticed a police car
    2) 两长动作时进行时候常while例:
    While mother was cooking lunch I was doing my homework
    3) 两动作表示发展变化情况时常as例:
    As children get older they become more and more interested in things around them
    4) 两短动作时发生时表示边…边…时常as例:
    Just as he caught the fly he gave a loud cry
    She looked behind from time to time as she went
    5) 句动作先句动作时通常when例:
    When he finished his work he took a short rest
    6) 句瞬间动作句延续性动作时通常when例:
    When John arrived I was cooking lunch
    (2)as because since for
    四词表原法区
    1) 果原构成句子部分般becausebecause引导句放句末例:
    I stayed at home because it rained
    Why aren’t you going
    Because I don’t want to
    2) 果原已知句子部分重assinceSinceas稍微正式点Assince 引导句般放句子开头例:
    As he wasn’t ready we left without him
    Since I have no money I can’t buy any food
    3) for补充说明种理for引导句放括号里For引导句子放句子开头例:
    I decided to stop and have lunchfor I was feeling quite hungry
    (3)if whether
    ifwhether作否讲引导宾句般互换例:
    I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school
    I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film
    列情况whetherif:
    1) 引导语句时例:
    Whether he will come to the party is unknown
    2) 引导表语句时例:
    The question is whether I can pass the exam
    3) 定式前例:
    I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not
    (4)so…that suchthat
    1) so…that中so副词形容词副词suchthat中such形容词接名词名词短语例:
    I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther
    It was such a warm day that he went swimming
    2) 果名词前many much little few时sosuch例:
    He has so little education that he is unable to get a job
    I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over
    (5)either…or… neither…nor not only…but also…
    三连词词组连接两列成分连接两列语时
    谓语动词相邻语变化例:
    Either you or he is wrong
    Neither he nor his children like fish
    Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book
    (6)although but
    两连词句子中例:说Although he is
    over sixty but he works as hard as others句子应改:Although he is over sixty he works as hard as othersHe is over sixty but he works as hard as others
    (7)because so
    两连词样句子中例:说Because John
    was ill so I took him to the doctor 句子应改Because John was ill I took him to the doctorJohn was ill so I took him to the doctor
    七句子种类
    陈述句构成形式基法
    1 陈述句:
       陈述句陈述事实表达说话法(包括肯定否定)句子通常降调句末句号
      Tom has a new car
      The flower isn’t beautiful
    2 陈述句否定式构成
      (1) 果肯定陈述句谓语部分含助动词情态动词连系动词be需动词加not构成否定式
        He is playing the guitar(肯定)
    He is not playing the guitar(否定)
        We can get there before dark(肯定)
         We can’t get thee before dark(否定)
      (2) 果陈述句谓语动词实义动词中没情态动词助动词时需根称时态该实义动词前加don’t doesn’tdidn’t时该实义动词变原形
        He plays the violin well(肯定)
        He doesn’t play the violin well(否定)
        She won the game(肯定)
        She didn’t win the game(否定)
    (3) 果句子there be结构谓语动词have()behave加not外句中果some变any例:
    There is some water in the cup →There is not any water in the cup
    He has some books →He has not any books
    (4) not外否定词no never nothing nobody few等构成否定句例:
    There is something wrong with his bike →There is nothing wrong with his bike
    I have seen the film →I have never seen the film
    二 祈句构成形式基法
        祈句表示命令请求建议号召等句子谓语动词原形句末感叹号句号朗读时般降调
    1 肯定祈句:
    (1)祈句语you时you常省略果特强调方表达某种强烈情绪时语称呼语
        Be quiet
        You be quiet
    (2)Do+祈句表示种强烈感情请求do起强调作
        Do come back at once
        Do be careful
    (3)please祈句中表示种客气语气please句末时必须逗号余部分分开
        Open the window please
    (4)Let引导祈句时面需称代词称呼语称代词般第第三称
        Let Jack wait a minute
        Let’s go to school
    (5)祈句中Let’s Let us区Let’s包括说话者Let us包括听话者点反意疑问句时明显出
        Let’s go skating shall we(表示部建议)
        Let us try again will you(表示发出请求)
    2 否定祈句通常Don’tNever开头结构通常:Don’t(Never)+动词原形+成分 例:
    Don’t do that again
    Never leave today’s work for tomorrow
    Don’t be late next time
    三 般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句构成形式基法
    1 般疑问句:
      (1)般疑问句肯定形式
        般疑问句般指助动词情态动词be动词have()开始通常求yesno回答疑问句般疑问句读时通常升调
        Do you know Mr Smith
        Can you swim
      (2)般疑问句否定结构
        ① 般疑问句否定结构中副词not放般疑问句语果not简略形式n’t须n’t般疑问句句首be have助动词情态动词写起实际运中般采简略式
    Are you not a football fan
    Aren’t you a football fan
    Will she not like it
    Won’t she like it
         ② 汉语英语般疑问句否定结构答语否定肯定全答语否定肯定决定答语肯定yes加肯定结构答语否定no加否定结构
        Aren’t you a football fan 足球迷?
    Yes I am
    No I am not
        Won’t she like it
      Yes she will
      No she won’t
    2 特殊疑问句
    特殊疑问句疑问代词疑问副词+般疑问句构成句子般倒装语序果语疑问代词疑问代词修饰时陈述句语序特殊疑问句yesno回答读时降调例:
    Who is on duty today
    How long have you been in Beijing
    What time do you get up every morning
    What must I do now
    3 选择疑问句:
        选择疑问句说话者提出两种两种情况方选择回答疑问句结构疑问句+选择部分选择部分or连接or前面部分读升调or面部分读降调
        选择疑问句yesno回答必须具体选择答复
        Is your bag yellow or black  It’s black
        Would you like some tea or coffee  Either will do
        Which do you like better singing or dancing   I like dancing better
    4 反意疑问句:
        反意疑问句指陈述句附加意思相反简短问句问方否赞疑问句附加问句否定式必须缩写
    (1)肯定陈述句否定附加问句否定陈述句肯定附加问句
        I am your teacher aren’t I
        He didn’t study hard did he
    (2)果陈述句中含否定副词never(决)hardly()表示否定代词形容词nothing none no one nobody neither few little等附加问句肯定式:
       They hardly write to each other do they
       He has found nothing has he
       Few people knew the secret did they
    (3)反意疑问句否定陈述句+肯定附加问句时英语汉语回答惯存差异英语回答时实际情况答语具体容肯定Yes+肯定结构答语具体容否定No+否定结构译成汉语时必须yes译no译成
      You won’t be away for long will you 会离开太久?
       Yes I will会离开久 
    No I won’t会离开久
       I don’t think she’ll come by bike will she 认会骑行车会?
       Yes she will会骑行车 
    No she won’t会骑行车
    四 what how引导感叹句构成形式法区
      感叹句表示喜怒哀乐惊异等感情句子句末感叹号读时降调感叹句whathow引导what修饰名词how修饰形容词副词动词
    1 what引导感叹句:
     (1)what + aan +形容词+单数数名词+陈述句(语+谓语)
       What a beautiful city it is
       What an interesting story she told
     (2)what+形容词+复数数名词数名词+陈述句(语+谓语)
       What expensive watches they are
       What terrible weather it is
    2.How引导感叹句:
     (1)How+形容词副词+陈述句(语+谓语)
       How cold it is
         How hard he works
     (2)How+陈述句(语+谓语)
       How he loves his son   
    How I miss you
     (3)How+形容词+aan+单数数名词+陈述句(语+谓语)
       How tall a tree it is 
    (4)述两种感叹句互相转换例:
    What a clever boy he is→How clever the boy is
    What a cold day it is→How cold it is
    八宾语句
    宾语句种类
    宾语句种名词性句句中作物动词宾语介词宾语
    形容词宾语根引导宾语句连词宾语句分三类
    1 that引导宾语句That语法作没实意义口语
    非正式文体中省略例:
    He said (that) he wanted to stay at home
    She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill
    I am sure (that) he will succeed
    2 连接代词who whom whose what which连接副词when where why how引导宾语句连接代词连接副词宾语句中充某成分例:
    Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe
    He asked whose handwriting was the best
    Can you tell me where the No3 bus stop is
    I don’t know why the train is late
    3 ifwhether引导宾语句Ifwhether句中意思否例:
    I want to know if (whether) he lives there
    He asked me whether (if) I could help him
    二 宾语句语序
    宾语句语序应陈述句语序例:
    I hear (that) physics isn’t easy
    I think (that) you will like this school soon
    Can you tell me how I can get to zoo
    Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting
    三 宾语句时态
    1 果句时态般现时宾语句该什麽时态什麽时态

    I don’t think (that) you are right
    Please tell us where he is
    Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station
    2 果句时态般时宾语句相应时态(般时 进行时 时完成时)例:
    He asked what time it was
    He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet
    He asked if you had written to Peter
    He said that he would go back to the US soon
    3 果宾语句陈述客观真理时态常般现时例:
    Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year
    Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun
    九状语句
    修饰句中动词副词形容词句状语句根含义状语句分时间状语句点状语句条件状语句 原状语句结果状语句较状语句目状语句步状语句
    1 时间状语句
    (1)时间状语句常when as while before after since till until as soon as等连词引导例:
    It was raining hard when got to school yesterday
    While he was doing his homework the telephone rang
    As he walked along the lake he sang happily
    He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China
    After he finished middle school he went to work in a factory
    (2)时间状语句里通常时态现时态表示动作状态例:
    I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York
    I will tell him everything when he comes back
    He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes
    (3)带tilluntil引导时间状语句复合句里果句肯定式含义直……时谓语动词延续性动词果句否定式含义直………… ……前…… 谓语动词瞬间动词例:
    The young man read till the light went out
    Let’s wait until the rain stops
    We won’t start until Bob comes
    Don’t get off until the bus stops
    2 条件状语句
    (1)条件状语句通常if unless引导例:
    What shall we do if it snows tomorrow
    Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to
    (2)条件状语句里谓语动词通常现时态表示动作状态例:
    I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow
    He won’t be late unless he is ill
    (3)祈句 + and (or)+ 陈述句 意思相带条件状语句复合句例:
    Hurry up or you’ll be late
    If you don’t hurry up you’ll be late
    Study hard and you will pass the exam
    If you study hard you will pass the exam
    3 原状语句
    (1)原状语句通常because since as引导例:
    He didn’t come to school because he was ill
    As it is raining we shall not go the zoo
    Since you can’t answer the question I’ll ask someone else
    (2)because表示直接原语气强Because引导原状语句放句回答why提出问题becauseAssince语气较弱般表示明显原assince引导原状语居放句首例:
    Why aren’t going there
    Because I don’t want to
    As he has no car he can’t get there easily
    Since we have no money we can’t buy it
    (3)becauseso句子里
    4 结果状语句
    (1)结果状语句so…that such…that so that引导例:
    He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son
    She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her
    My pencil fell under the desk so that I couldn’t see it
    (2)so…that语suchthat互换例:
    sothat引导结果状语句中so副词形容词连结构 so + 形容词(副词)+ that + 句例:
    He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word
    The hall is so big that it can hold 2000 people
    Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her
    such…that引导结果状语句中such形容词修饰单数复数数名词数名词名词前面带形容词带果单数数名词前面需加定冠词aan例:
    It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything
    He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling
    He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the midterm
    时述两种结构互换例:
    It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again
    The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again
    It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it
    The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it
    (3)果名词前many much little few等词修饰时so such例:
    Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses
    He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you
    5 较状语句
    较状语句通常as…as 较级 + than…等连词引导例:
    Tom runs faster than John does
    This classroom is as big as that one
    6 目状语句
    (1)目状语句通常 so that in order that引导例:
    We started early so that we could catch the first train
    He studies hard so that he could work better in the future
    We used the computer in order that we might save time
    (2)so that引导目状语句引导结果状语句区两种句办法两:1)目状语句里带情态动词can could may might等2)意思目状语句表示目明确例:
    Speak clearly so that they may understand you (目状语句)
    Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest (结果状语句)
    7 步状语句
    (1)步状语句通常although though等连词引导例:
    Though he is young he knows a lot
    Although I am tired I must go on working
    (2)although(though)句子中例:
    说:Though it was raining hard but he still went out
    应该说:Though it was raining hard he still went outIt was raining hard but he still went out
    8 点状语句
    点状语句常常where引导例:
    Go where you like
    Where there is a will there is a way

    定语句功结构
    复合句中修饰某名词代词句做定语句定句修饰词做先行词定语句必须放先行词引导定语句关联词关系代词关系副词例:
    This is the present that he gave me for my birthday
    Do you know everybody who came to the party
    I still remember the night when I first came to the village
    This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived
    二 关系代词关系副词功
    关系代词关系副词引导定句先行词定语句间起纽带作二者联系起关系代词关系副词定语句中充成分关系客做语宾语定语关系副词作状语
    1 作语:关系代词定语句中作语时句谓语动词称数须先行词致例:
    I don’t like people who talk much but do little
    The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well
    2 作宾语:
    She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday
    The book that my grandmother gave me is called The Great Escape
    3 作定语
    关系代词whose定语句中作定语例:
    What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor
    The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard
    4 作状语
    I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing
    This is the house where I was born
    三 关系代词关系副词具体法
    1 who 指定语句中作语例:
    The person who broke the window must pay for it
    The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever
    2 whom指定语句中作宾语例:
    Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?
    Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come
    3 whose 指定语句中作定语例:
    The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today
    I know the boy whose father is a professor
    4 which指物定语中作语宾语例:
    A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words
    Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday
    5 that指物时指定语句中作语宾语例:
    I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news
    Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there
    6 when 指时间定语句中作状语例:
    I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm
    He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left
    7 where 指点定语句中作状语例:
    This is the house where we lived last year
    The factory where his father works is in the east of the city
    四 关系代词 whom which 定语句中作介词宾语时介词起放先行词定语句间时关系紧凑 whom which 先行词紧挨着书写介词置定语句面:
    That was the room in which we had lived for ten years That was the room
    which we had lived in for ten years
    五 具体时注意列问题:
    1 thatwhich 情况:
    (1) 先行词all few little nothing everything anything 等定代词时例:
    All that he said is true
    (2) 先行词only no any all等词修饰时例:
    He is the only foreigner that has been to that place
    (3) 先行词序数词序数词修饰词例:
    He was the second (person) that told me the secret
    (4) 先行词形容词高级形容词高级修饰词
    This is the best book (that) I have read this year
    (5) 先行词包括包括物时例:
    He talked about the people and the things he remembered
    2 whichthat 情况:
    (1) 非限制性定语中例:
    The meeting was put off which was exactly what we wanted
    (2) 定语句介词+关系代词引导先行词物时例:
    The thing about which he is talking is of great importance
    十谓致
    谓语受语支配须语称数保持致做谓致谓
    致般遵循三条原:语法致原意义致原致原
    1 语法致原
    (1)单数名词代词动词定式短语作语时谓语动词单数语复数时谓语复数例:
    He goes to school early every morning
    The children are playing outside
    To work hard is necessary for a student
    (2)andboth……and连接列成分作语时谓语动词复数例:
    Both he and I are right
    Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom
    列语果指事物概念谓语动词单数例:
    His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl
    The poet and writer has come
    (3)and连接列单数语前果分each every修饰时谓语动词单数形式例:
    In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education
    Each man and each woman is asked to help
    (4)语单数时面 but except besides with 等介词短语谓语动词单数例:
    The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum
    Nobody but two boys was late for class
    Bread and butter is a daily food in the west
    (5) 复数形式名词people police cattle clothes等作语时谓语动词复数例:
    A lot of people are dancing outside
    The police are looking for lost boy
    (6)each some any no every 构成复合代词作语时谓语动词单数例:
    Is everybody ready
    Somebody is using the phone
    (7)两部分构成物体名词glasses shoes trousers chopsticks scissors 等作语时谓语动词复数例:
    Where are my shoes I can’t find them
    Your trousers are dirty You’d better change them
    果类名词前a pair of等作单数谓语动词单复数形式取决pair单复数形式例:
    Here are some new pairs of shoes
    My new pair of socks is on the bed
    2 意义致原
    (1)表时间距离价格度量衡等名词作语时谓语动词通常单数例:
    Twenty years is not a long time
    Ten dollars is too dear
    (2)集合名词family team等作语时作整体谓语动词单数指中成员复数例:
    My family is big one
    My family are watching TV
    (3)定代词all most more some any none作语时代词表示意义决定谓语动词单复数形式果代词代表复数数名词谓语动词复数果代词代表单数数名词数名词谓语动词单数例:
    All of the work has been finished
    All of the people have gone
    (4)疑问代词作语时谓语动词两种情况:语表示复数意义谓语动词复数语表示单数意义谓语动词单数例:
    Who is your brother
    Who are League members
    (5)分数百分数+of+名词构成词组作语时谓语动词of面名词定名词复数谓语动词复数:名词单数谓语动词单数例:
    It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women
    Three –fourths of the surface of the earth is sea
    (6)half the rest等表示定数量名词作语时果指复数意义动词复数果指单数意义动词单数例:
    I have read a large part of the book the rest is more difficult
    Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick
    (7)what 引导句作语时通常谓语动词单数形式果指容复数意义时谓语动词复数形式例:
    What she said is correct
    What she left me are a few old books
    (8)定冠词+形容词(分词)作语根意义致原决定谓语动词单复数形式果种语指类谓语动词复数果指抽象概念谓语动词单数形式例:
    The sick have been cured and the lost have been found
    The dead is a famous person
    3 邻致原
    (1)连词or either……or neither……nor not only…but also等连接列语果单数复数谓语动词致原语致例:
    Either you or I am right
    Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it
    (2)There be 句型中谓语动词语致
       There are two apples and one egg in it
      (3)as well as 名词连时谓语动词第名词相致
       He as well as I is responsible for it
       件事责
    (4)here开头句子谓语动词语致
    Here is a letter and some books for you
    十二 短语动词句型
    英语中许短语动词意义整体法相物动词相物动词兼物动词物动词特征
    1 短语动词分类
    (1)动词+介词
    常见look for look after ask for laugh at hear of 等类短语动词宾语放介词:
    Don’t laugh at others
    Tom asked his parents for a bike
    (2)动词+副词
    常见give up pick up think over find out hand in等类短语动词宾语果名词放副词前边放副词边宾语果称代词反身代词放副词前边:
    You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow
    Please don’t forget to hand it in
    (3)动词+副词+介词
    常见 go on with catch up with等类短语动词宾语放介词边:
    Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes
    After a short rest he went on with his research work
    (4)动词+名词+介词
    常见take care of make use of pay attention to make fun of 等类短语动词宾语放介词边:
    You should pay attention to your handwriting
    We should make full use of our time
    (5)动词+形容词
    常见leave open set free cut open等类短语动词宾语果名词宾语放形容词前边放边宾语果称代词反身代词必须放形容词前边:
    The prisoners were set free
    He cut it open
    (6)动词+名词
    常见take place make friends等类短语动词作物动词:
    This story took place three years ago
    I make friends with a lot of people
    2 短语动词辨析
    (1)be made in(……生产制造)be made of(……组成构成)
    (2)come down(落)come along()come to oneself(苏醒)come true(实现)come out(花开发芽出现出)come over(便访)come in(进)come on(吧着赶快) come up with(找提出)
    (3)do one’s best(努力) do well in(……干) do one’s homework(做作业)do some reading(阅读)
    (4)fall asleep(入睡)fall behind(落…面)fall off(……掉)fall down(跌倒)
    (5)get down(落)get on(车)get to(达)get up(起床)get back(回取回)get off()get on well with(……相处融洽)get married(结婚)get together(相聚)
    (6)give up(放弃)give…a hand(……帮助)give a concert(开音乐会)
    (7)go back(回)go on(继续)go home(回家)go to bed(睡觉)go over(遍仔细检查)go out(外出外面)go wrong(走错路)go on doing(继续做某事)go shopping(买东西)go boating(划船) go fishing(钓鱼)go hiking(徒步旅行)go skating(滑冰)go straight along(着……直前走)
    (8)have a look() have a seat(坐) have supper(吃晚餐) have a rest(休息) have sports(进行体育活动) have a cold(感) have a cough(咳嗽) have a good time(愉快) have a headache(头痛)have a try(尝
    试努力)
    (9)look for(寻找)look out(留神 注意)look over(仔细检查)look up(抬头)look after(顾 )look at( 观)look like(起)look the same(起)
    (10)make friends(交朋友)make phone calls(电话)make money(赚钱)make the bed(整理床铺)make a noise(吵闹)make a faces(做鬼脸)make one’s way to(……走)make room for(……腾出方)make a decision(做出决定)make a mistake(犯错误)make up one’s mind(决心)
    (11)put on(演穿戴)put up(挂起举起)put down(某物放)put away(某物收起) put off(推迟)
    (12)take off(脱掉衣服)take photos(相)take time(花费时间)take out(取出)take a seat(坐)take an active part in(积极参加)take care of(顾料注意)take exercise(做运动)take one’s place(坐某位置代某职务)take turn(轮流)
    (13)talk about(谈话交谈)talk with(……交谈)
    (14)turn on(开电灯收音机煤气水等)turn off(关电灯收音机煤气水等)turn down(关调低)turn…over(…翻)
    (15)think of(认想起)think about(考虑)
    3句子基句型结构
    根句子动词句子纳五基句型
    (1)语+连系动词+表语例:
    My mother is a doctor
    Her voice sounds nice
    (2)语+物动词例:
    He runs fast
    We study hard
    (3)语+物动词+宾语例:
    Children often sing this song
    He studies English
    1)常ing形式 定式作宾语动词:enjoy finish feel like consider practise keep suggest mind等例:
    She enjoys reading novels and swimming
    I finished reading the book last night
    2)常定式ing形式作宾语动词:wish hope agree plan decide refuse等例:
    Where do wish to sit
    Tom agreed to lend some money
    3)物动词定式ing形式作宾语意义类动词常见:remember forget等例:
    Please remember to post the letter for me
    请记住发封信
    I remember posting the letter
    记封信寄
    Stop法面词相仿stop面定式作宾语作状语试较列句子:
    He stopped to smoke 停吸烟
    He stopped smoking 停止吸烟
    4)物动词宾语定式ing形式意义基相类动词常见:like love hate begin start continue等例:
    I like to swim in summer
    I like swimming in summer
    (4)语+物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语例:
    My father bought me a new bike
    He gave me an apple
    1)物动词双宾语指指物指间接宾语
    指物直接宾语般情况间接宾语前直接宾语果
    间接宾语放直接宾语间接宾语前需加介词例:
    Please pass me a cup of tea Please pass a cup of tea to me
    Show me your new book please Please show your new book to me
    2)间接宾语放直接宾语间接宾前时加介词to 时加介词for取决谓语动词般动词give tell sell lend show加to动词buy make get等加for例:
    Would you lend me your dictionary please Would you lend your dictionary to me please
    Tom’s mother bought him a pair of new shoes Tom’s mother bought a pair of new shoes for him
    (5)语+物动词+宾语+宾语补足语例:
    We keep our classroom clean and tidy
    I hear someone singing in the next room
    1)物动词指复合宾语宾语宾语补足语宾语宾语补足语间逻辑谓关系例:
    We call him Jack
    Don’t get your hands dirty
    2)物动词定式作宾语补足语ing形式作宾语补足语表示
    意思定式作宾语补足语指事情全程ing形式作
    宾语补足语指正进行动作部分例:
    I heard him sing that song (听唱首歌)
    When I came back I heard him singing in the room
    (回时听见正房间里唱歌)
    3)感官动词see hear feel watch listen to look at役动词let make have等复合宾语种定式须省to变动句时省to加例:
    I saw him go into the room
    He was seen to go into the room
    4 初中阶段句型法
    1 It's time to (for) 表时间该干…时间意
    It's time to go home
    It's time for school
    注意:to面接动词短语for面接名词
    2 It's bad (good) for 表示…害(益)含义
    Please don't smoke It's bad for your health
    Please take more exercise It's good for your health
    3 be late for (school) 学(迟)意for面接meetingclass
    He was late for school this morning
    Don't be late for class please
    4 had better do not do sth 表示做做某事意
    You had better put on the coat when you go out It's cold outside
    We had better stop to have a rest
    注意:had better时面定直接动词原形决加to do sth 否定定第二动词前动词定式否定式
    5 be (feel) afraid of 表示恐怕害怕…意
    He is afraid of snakes
    Mary feels afraid of going out alone
    6 enjoy doing sth 喜欢(爱)做某事意doing动名词作动词enjoy宾语enjoy欣赏意
    Are you enjoy living in Beijing
    Do you enjoy listening to music
    7 stop doing sth 停止做某事
    stop to do sth 停做某事
    It's time for class Stop talking please
    When she saw me she stopped to talk with me
    8 Let (make) sb do ()某做某事
    Let's go to school
    Father made his son clean the room again
    注意:make sb do sth 动语态时第二动词前面定加to:
    His son was made to clean the room again
    he was made to work twelve hours a day in the past
    9 like to do like doing sth 喜欢做某事意
    like to do sth 表示较具体喜欢做某事like doing sth 表示宠统喜欢做某事:
    I like to swim in the swimming pool
    喜欢游泳池中游泳(喜欢具体方游泳)
    I like swimming 喜欢游泳(讲喜欢项运动)
    10 ask (tell) sb to do (not to do) sth 请()某()做某事
    Jim asked his mother to help him with his lessons
    When did you tell him not to shout loudly
    11 give (lend) sb sth give (lend) sth to sb ()某某物
    Mike gave me a new pair of stockings
    Please lend us your car
    12 be busy doing sth 表示忙做某事意
    The students are busy getting ready for the exams
    Is Mrs Black busy washing clothes
    13 too to 表示太…致…含义
    She is too young to go to school
    The old man was too tired to walk farther
    14 not……until …… 直…………意
    My daughter didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock last night
    We won't have time to rest until the summer holiday comes
    15 so ……that ……致……意思
    Peter is so clever that all the teachers like him very much
    The song is so wonderful that everyone likes to listen to it
    16 neither ……nor ………………意
    Mr Smith is neither a worker nor a soldier He is a scientist
    Neither you nor I am free
    17 enough to do sth 足做某事意
    She is old enough to go to school
    Peter was tall enough to reach the apple
    19 prefer……to ……起……喜欢……喜欢意
    I prefer English to maths I like English better than maths
    He prefers playing football to playing basketball
    20 not ……at all ……根……意
    I don't know Mr King at all
    David doesn't like singing at all
    21.keep sb doing sth 某继续做某事意
    Mr Wang didn't come to school on time She kept me waiting for two hours
    Don't keep your mother doing everything for you You should do it by yourself
    22 keep sth + adj 保持某物处某种状况意
    Please keep our classroom clean and tidy
    That wool sweater kept her body warm enough
    23 see sb doing sth 表示见某正做某事意
    When my brother passed the post office he saw a little boy crying at the door
    Did you see a car coming here
    24 see sb do sth 见某做某事意
    That girl saw an old woman fall down on the road yesterday
    Have you seen the leaves drop into the river
    25 hear sb doing sth 听某正做某事意
    Listen Can you hear someone singing on the hill
    We heard him talking with Mr Li loudly just now
    26 hear sb do sth 表示听见某做某事意
    He was often heard to sing in his room in the past
    Why didn't you hear me come into the sitting rom
    27 be used for doing sth 做某事意思
    Knives are used for cutting things
    Teapot is used for keeping tea warm
    28 It's three metres long high wide 三米长(高宽)形容词放面作置定语句型It 语+ be +数词+米公里+形容词
    His father is one and seventy metres tall
    That river is fifty metres wide
    29 What's wrong with What's the problem with What's the trouble with What's the matter表示出什毛病?…舒服?啦?含义
    What's wrong with your car
    What's wrong with you little girl
    What's the matter with your watch
    30 Would you like (to do) 想…?意思like面接名词词组动词定式提出种建议邀请
    Would you like some fish
    Would you like to go to the cinema with me
    31 Will you please do sth 想做……?
    Will you please say it more slowly
    Will you please not open the window I feel cold
    32 It takes sb some time to do sth 做某事花费某段时间意般现时般式般时态
    It will take us two hours to go over all the words and expressions
    It took Mr Wang half an hour to clean the bedroom
    33 I'd like sb to do sth 希某做某事意
    I'd like my friend to help me with my lessons
    He'd like Jim to teach him how to use the computer
    34 There's sth wrong with 某物出问题某物毛病意
    There is something wrong the TV set Something is wrong with the TV set
    There must be something wrong with the car It doesn't move
    35 I don't think that + clause 想…会…认……意
    I don't think that any of the questions is difficult
    We don't think he will have time tomorrow
    36 What about 表示征求意见询问消息…?…样?意
    What about some tea
    What about your mother Is she all right
    37 Why not do 表示建议什……?意
    Why not have a rest You have already worked for four hours
    Why not come to play games with us Why don't you come to play games with us
    38 What do you mean by 请问…什意思?意
    What do you mean by scientist please
    What do you mean by manager please
    说What is the meaning of managerWhat does the manager mean
    39 You like singing very much So do I 非常喜欢唱歌非常喜欢
    So do I I like singing very much too
    So句型so + be (have助动词情态动词)+语中样意思表示前面说情况适合(物)
    He saw the accident and so did I
    She can ride a horse and so can I
    40 It's easy for him to learn English well 学英语说容易
    It's + adj + for sb + to do sth 某说做某事样意It代词作形式语真正语动词定式(短语)避免句子头重脚轻语放面
    It is dangerous for children to play in the street
    It was easy for her to tidy her room just now
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