建筑物造型分：1层高层建筑2单层跨度建筑
层高层建筑常结构体系：1混合结构体系2框架结构体系3剪力墙结构体系
单层跨度建筑屋盖结构：1面结构体系：门式钢架薄腹梁结构衔架结构拱结构2空间结构体系：壳体结构网架结构悬索结构
混合结构优点：1承重结构墙体砖砌易取材2刚性较3壳节省三材料济指标缺点：砖砌结构强度低房屋层数受限制2抗震性差3工程繁重施工速度慢适范围：五层五层楼房
混合结构墙体布置方案：1横强承重特点：横强承重墙墙起维护隔断维持墙体整体作优点整体刚度缺点：横墙间距房屋布置灵活性差：宿舍等居住建筑2墙承重特点：墙承重墙横墙承受部分荷载优点：房屋空间较面布置灵活墙面积缺点：房屋刚度差适：教学楼实验楼办公楼医院3横墙承重特点：横墙时承重房屋刚度提高4框架承重特点：房屋空间刚度差适取较空间适教学楼医院商店旅馆
墙体构造求：1须注意横墙间距2墙易贯通3墙体适假设壁柱4墙体适设置伸缩缝5墙体适设置沉降缝补充：1衡墙间距15倍建筑物宽度增强墙体抗裂性2墙厚度24厘米梁跨度6米时梁支撑处墙体应加整柱承受吊车荷载墙体者承受风荷载墙体应加壁柱3般现浇式楼盖保温伸缩缝间距50米没30米宽度2——5厘米
装配式楼盖选型：铺板式楼盖常形式常预知铺板截面形式：实心板空心板槽型板檩条般房屋采空心板走道采心板者槽型板现浇式楼盖般板次梁梁组成单板肋梁楼盖荷载传递路线：板次梁梁柱者墙基础基双板传递路线：板梁柱基础基板厚单项板：单跨简支h≥L30 天面板h≥6厘米 跨连续时h≥L40楼面板h≥7厘米双板：单跨简支h≥L40 h≥8厘米 跨连续时h≥L50 悬臂板：h等l12
框架结构类型：框架梁柱刚性连接骨架结构 特点刚接点优点：强度高重轻整体性抗震性适范围：合理层数6~15层济10层左右框架结构般高度约5~7框架类型：框架构件组成划分：梁板式结构梁式结构框架施工方法分：现浇整体式装配式半现浇框架装配整体式承重结构划分：全框架框架框架构件分：短柱单梁式长柱单梁式组合单元式
框架布置：承重框架横布置 优点：结构合理建筑利立面处理室采光 应：般工业民房屋采结构布置承重结构布置 优点：利楼层净高效利房间合理划分承重结构横布置
框架柱网布置应力求简单规整齐柱网尺寸应符合济原量符合模数 层厂房柱网尺寸 柱距：般采6m 跨度：柱网形式分廊式柱网——常跨度60+24+60（m）69+30+69（m）等跨式柱网——常跨度6m75 m9 m12 m四种（济考虑宜超9 m般常6 m）层民房屋柱网尺寸柱距：33m~6m 跨度6~12m（济考虑宜超9m） 6构件截面尺寸： 框架横梁截面 梁高h(8~112)梁跨 梁宽b（12~13）h 框架柱截面款高约等（115~120）层高
抗震设防区框架体系房屋提醒结构布置求：房屋立面宜简单体型抗侧力结构布置应刚度中心震力合力作线接重合抗侧力结构布置应房屋中部分刚度均匀应分悬殊烈度较高抗震设防区楼电梯间宜布置结构单元两端拐角部位应注意控制房屋侧变位层间相变位填充墙采取适加强措施层楼板应量设置标高采复式框架房屋高低层宜牛腿连接宜防震缝分开柱子净高截面长边值宜
梁楼盖梁楼盖点：刚劲混凝土板直接支撑柱完全没梁次梁板厚度较梁楼盖厚柱端板整体连接处尺寸加形成柱帽作板支座
剪力墙：称抗风墙抗震墙房屋构筑物中承受风荷载震作引起水荷载墙体墙体提供抗剪强度刚度防止墙体剪切剖坏深梁：般指梁高跨lh
≤2简支梁lh≤25连续梁适身直接承受竖荷载深梁剪力墙结构体系类型：（1）框架剪力墙结构：特点：框架体系剪力墙辅属半刚性结构体系适25层房屋高宜超30层（2）剪力墙结构：特点：刚度强度较高定延性结构传力直接均匀整体性抗塌力强适住宅高层旅馆标准层40层较合适（3）框支剪力墙：特点：抗侧力刚度削弱刚度位前两者间适旅馆住宅等高层底层(4)筒式结构：特点：空间结构体系刚度极抗扭性强适种高层公建筑商业建筑剪力墙形状：开口：I型L型Z型T型剪力墙布置原：（1）房屋立面体型简单匀称（2）离开房屋重心（3）量抗侧力结构刚度中心水荷载合力作线连接重合（4）剪力墙刚度房屋高度宜突变（5）采取措施增加剪力墙承担竖荷载全歼体系剪力墙布置：①横剪力墙间距济考虑宜太密般雨等六八米②剪力墙般设二道三道四道③房屋面形状意时受力复杂处剪力墙加密框剪体系剪力墙布置：数量适间距宜L≤4B 剪力墙厚度：（1）边框时剪力墙厚度≥三十分墙体净高≥120mm（2）边框时剪力墙厚度≥二十五分≥140mm9剪力墙配筋：①厚度≤200mm单层配筋②≥200mm两层配筋③山墙相邻第道横墙楼梯间电梯间墙墙等双层配筋装配式轻钢楼板建筑体系类型特点：（1）板式体系：构件类型少制作规格统方便（2）框架体系：受力明确面分割灵活适面广（3）盒子体系：围合空间承受荷载适住宅办公台布置教局限装配式轻钢建筑体系优越性施工特点：（1）质量轻 工期短 效率高（2）创造赖工程规模市场条件（3）建筑提供样化（4）便开展合理化改善现场施工条件（5）利提高建筑质量（6）技术输出部件输出开辟国际市场提供利条件施工特点：2）部件精确度求高专业施工员必须熟练3)专工具更新4）专业工种交叉作业必须配合
种结构适范围：⑴砖混结构5层⑵框架结构15层（10层济）⑶框剪结构30层（11~25层适宜）⑷剪力墙结构40层（16~40适宜）⑸框筒结构30层⑹筒中筒结构30层超高层
保证楼面结构整体性构造措施：1）板间灌缝 增强板缝抗剪力2）板缝加筋 加强板间硂抗震力预制板具连续性3）板面做现浇层增强结构刚度
变形缝：1伸缩缝：避免温度应力混凝土收缩应力房屋构件产生裂缝设置2沉降缝：避免基均匀沉降时房屋构件中产生裂缝设置3防震缝：避免附加应力变形缝引起震灾害设置
控制侧移房屋形式：1外柱倾斜房屋形式2）窄宽3）圆形椭圆形4）三角形5)新月形
层高层室设置求：（1）求（2）出结构考虑需
层高层基础类型1）单独基础条形基础十字交叉基础2）片筏基础箱型基础3）桩基
转换层：改变方楼层柱子排列者度层剪力墙位置楼层结构梁基特点：1）鸡腿柱建筑物荷载作梁支撑柱连接处应力高度集中复杂容易引起震害抗震方面应做专门构造处理2）竖荷载成控制梁设计素承受样层数条件层杆件力变化基着层数增加线性非线性减少3）转换层梁跨度梁垂直绕度成严格控制目标4）保证转换层足够强度刚度转换层变高梁截面尺寸影响该层实空间重耗材早间昂贵5）连续施工劳动强度程施工复杂定难度等
转换层结构层高层建筑中设置原：1底层求空间2意层求敞开空间改变柱子情况3围绕巨芯筒底层四周敞开
高层建筑防火：方式：（1）动防火措施：a 火灾中保持建筑结构稳定措施 b 水垂直两方面建筑物划分控制火灾干分区 c 布置疏散通道动防火（2）栋防火措施：a 火警装置烟火探测器 b 动灭火设计入喷水器防火措施范围：1身保护 2财产保护 3防火效时间
防火程度范围标准门式刚架结构分类：绞刚架两绞刚架三绞刚架门式刚架
柱距般6米横般取3米整数倍
薄腹梁：屋盖梁结构跨度较减轻重截面常工字形T形梁腹部显薄名薄腹梁分单坡式双坡式优点：制作构造吊装较简单侧刚度缺点：重较适跨度6~18米尺寸：1梁端部高度：般60cm2双坡式屋面坡度：18~1123梁截面高度：单坡梁高h（118~112）L 普通钢筋混凝土时双坡梁中间高 h（114~16）L 预应力1梁腹厚度：般6~10cm2翼缘宽度：取决屋面板支承稳定考虑通常采25~40cm3翼缘宽度：取决钢筋布置需通常采20~30cm
桁架结构：优点：1）扩梁式结构适跨度2）桁架种材料制造3）桁架体型样化4）施工方便特点：1）屋架节间均匀杆件力致突变太2）屋架腹杆长度杆件力变化相致两者协调矛盾3）节点采齿连接跨度范围：9~21m济跨度：9~15m包括：6~9m 四节间 9~12m六节间12~15m八节间典型形式劳克式屋架钢筋混凝土屋架时节点构造简单求节点相交杆件数目5腹杆弦杆交角30度框架选型般原：建筑跨度36m时宜选钢屋架侵蚀介质中宜采钢结构节约钢材跨度36m时宜选预应力钢筋混凝土屋架跨度18~24m间预应力条件时选普通钢筋混凝土屋架建筑跨度18m时选钢筋混凝土组合屋架房屋部读取相湿度75通风良着者具侵蚀性质介质建筑宜选木屋架钢屋架屋架种类：木屋架 撑式五角星屋架 三角工组合屋架 旗杆拱形屋架 斜腹屋架 梯形刚屋架
拱结构：类型：1）力学结构分三铰拱两铰拱铰拱三种2）建筑外形分半圆拱抛物线拱受拱水推力结构处理方法：1）利基基础直接承受水推力2）利侧面框架结构承受水推力3）利拉杆承受水推力
薄壳结构：优点：材料省济重曲板曲面样化缺点：体型复杂施工便隔热效果差音响效果形抵抗结构：材料造成定形式获强度承受荷载结构薄壳结构形式：球面壳圆柱壳双曲扁壳折结构幕结构薄壳结构圆屋顶分类：滑圆顶肋形圆顶面圆顶圆柱形薄壳：1）工程中L1L2 (跨度波长)值分长薄壳短薄壳2）壳板边梁横隔构件组成3）L1L2等1长薄壳般15~25达3~4跨度L达30m壳板厚度般3~8cmL1L21 短薄壳通常等05短壳壳板边梁横隔件组成4）边梁宜采矩形截面高度般115~110L宽高15~2515扁壳壳板四周边缘构件组成
折板结构：类型：边梁—预制V形板边梁—筒壳式折板结构优点：跨度（30~60m）刚度稳定性结构安全度济美观1
网架结构：外形分类：曲面网架面网架行网架结构形式：两正交正放网架两正交斜放网架三交错网架椎体网架板网架尺寸：1）网格尺寸宜超3*3m轻型屋面时般3~6m间板网架受力特点：空间工作
悬索结构：特点：1）承重构件索受轴拉力2）整索网结构重强度跨越跨度3）应注意支座水反力处理采合理支座型式4）边缘结构悬索结构组成部分决定悬索结构型式重悬索构组成：索网边缘结构支承结构型式：单曲面型单悬索结构 双曲面型凸凹车轮形悬索结构两组弯曲方马鞍形悬索结构悬索结构优点：（1）受力合理节约材料（2）跨越跨度需中间支承形成建筑空间（3）施工方便速度较快（4）创造具良物理性建筑物悬索屋盖结构特点：轻二软
薄膜结构：薄膜作两特征：（1）薄膜应力 包括拉应力剪应力总产生薄膜面（2）薄膜作实质决定薄膜形状特性决定曲率扭转
充气建筑结构分类：1压式：气式 气肋式2承式：透视形形状绳索网状物增强气承式充气结构材料分两类1作般气承式壳体材料2专制作需长期独特气承式建筑物材料
请您删容O(∩_∩)O谢谢2015年中央电期末复考试抄全电期末考试必备抄电考试必抄After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin The Sheraton Sens on the Bund and a sprinkling of other topnotch venues Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010 Sort of The Shanghaiborn chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof house at this Sinan Mansions＇stalwart It’s certainly a responsibility to be the head chef and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well the 31yearold tells Enjoy Shanghai In hotels for example these jobs are strictly demarcated so it’s a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for and a vote of confi dence from a company that to date has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries And for added pressure the Shanghai branch was also CPK’s China debut For sure it was a big step and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises they decided to manage it directly to begin with says Simpson Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong with a mainlandbased ＇brand ambassador’ on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative hearthbaked pizzas a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype They are very innovative he says The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday at least the place is teeming The kidseatforfree policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw as well as is the spacious secondfl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week Still the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better as good in fact as in CPK’s second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened and it hasn’t been easy for any of the tenants here adds Simpson We’re planning a third outlet in the city in 2015 and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats One thing the centuryold Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food pastries in particular One of the most popular tearooms in Paris Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience efficient service and beautiful comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai At the flagship dinein and takeout space in Shanghai everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century in Paris the height of Belle Epoque The paintings on the wall for example are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France the hometown of the owner and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate The famous hot chocolate known as L’Africain is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai It’s sinfully sweet rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light but equally gratifying contrast It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway The signature MontBlanc chestnut cake consists of three parts the pureed chestnut on top the vanilla cream like stuffing and the meringue as base Get all three layers in one scoop not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century even in a country like France perhaps the world’s most competitive place for desserts A much overlooked pairing is the ParisNew York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecanflavored whipped cream while the tea a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon cocoa and rose petals offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate Ordering these two items featuring a muted sweetness makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress Breakfast brunch lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines according to the management team The semicooked
foie gras terrine is seductive and deceptive It’s generously served at the size and shape of a toast while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney The flavor however is honest strong smooth and sublime And you don’t actually need the toast for crunchiness This is the season for high teas with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites But there is one high tea with a difference and Pauline D Loh finds out just exactly why it is special Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break inbetween intensive bouts of holiday season shopping And for those who prefer savory to sweet there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth an inbetween indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch The afternoon tea special at ShangXi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements It is a pampering meal with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell a sort of Chinese version of the Western volauvent but classier Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles This is a master touch and chef Simon Choi who presides unchallenged at ShangXi has scored a winner again Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles — what’s not to love His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry — a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut but which you can put straight into the mouth It crumbles immediately and the slightly sweet nutty morsel is so easy to eat you’ll probably reach straight for another My favorite is the dessert that goes by the name yangzhi ganlu or ambrosia from the gods The hotel calls it chilled mango cream with sago pomelo and bird’s nest – made with ingredients that resonate with every female soul It does taste like ambrosia with the sweetsour fragrance of the mango forming the first layer of taste and sensation and the pomelo sacs and sago pearls providing the tactile contrast The bird’s nest — it’s the ingredient that gilds the lily since it is supposed to nourish and nurture a perfect complexion For those unfamiliar with this exotic ingredient the bird’s nest is not a bundle of twigs but is instead the dried secretion that cave swifts use to build their nest Technically it’s bird saliva but the Chinese believe that it has collagenboosting properties essential to beauty To me it just tastes good adding a slight gelatinous crunch to the back of the teeth There is also a baked mushroom puff pastry that includes the highly prized Matsutake or pine mushroom You also get a choice of teas but I strongly recommend the aged Pu’er from Yunnan province It is a mellow tea that will go perfectly with the rich little nuggets and will warm you up on a cold afternoon Incidentally the general guide is green tea such as Longjing or Dragonwell for the hot season semifermented teas like Wulong or Iron Buddha for autumn and more warming teas like Pu’er for winter The ShangXi afternoon tea costs 228 yuan (37) per person and 388 yuan for the more opule
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层高层建筑常结构体系：1混合结构体系2框架结构体系3剪力墙结构体系
单层跨度建筑屋盖结构：1面结构体系：门式钢架薄腹梁结构衔架结构拱结构2空间结构体系：壳体结构网架结构悬索结构
混合结构优点：1承重结构墙体砖砌易取材2刚性较3壳节省三材料济指标缺点：砖砌结构强度低房屋层数受限制2抗震性差3工程繁重施工速度慢适范围：五层五层楼房
混合结构墙体布置方案：1横强承重特点：横强承重墙墙起维护隔断维持墙体整体作优点整体刚度缺点：横墙间距房屋布置灵活性差：宿舍等居住建筑2墙承重特点：墙承重墙横墙承受部分荷载优点：房屋空间较面布置灵活墙面积缺点：房屋刚度差适：教学楼实验楼办公楼医院3横墙承重特点：横墙时承重房屋刚度提高4框架承重特点：房屋空间刚度差适取较空间适教学楼医院商店旅馆
墙体构造求：1须注意横墙间距2墙易贯通3墙体适假设壁柱4墙体适设置伸缩缝5墙体适设置沉降缝补充：1衡墙间距15倍建筑物宽度增强墙体抗裂性2墙厚度24厘米梁跨度6米时梁支撑处墙体应加整柱承受吊车荷载墙体者承受风荷载墙体应加壁柱3般现浇式楼盖保温伸缩缝间距50米没30米宽度2——5厘米
装配式楼盖选型：铺板式楼盖常形式常预知铺板截面形式：实心板空心板槽型板檩条般房屋采空心板走道采心板者槽型板现浇式楼盖般板次梁梁组成单板肋梁楼盖荷载传递路线：板次梁梁柱者墙基础基双板传递路线：板梁柱基础基板厚单项板：单跨简支h≥L30 天面板h≥6厘米 跨连续时h≥L40楼面板h≥7厘米双板：单跨简支h≥L40 h≥8厘米 跨连续时h≥L50 悬臂板：h等l12
框架结构类型：框架梁柱刚性连接骨架结构 特点刚接点优点：强度高重轻整体性抗震性适范围：合理层数6~15层济10层左右框架结构般高度约5~7框架类型：框架构件组成划分：梁板式结构梁式结构框架施工方法分：现浇整体式装配式半现浇框架装配整体式承重结构划分：全框架框架框架构件分：短柱单梁式长柱单梁式组合单元式
框架布置：承重框架横布置 优点：结构合理建筑利立面处理室采光 应：般工业民房屋采结构布置承重结构布置 优点：利楼层净高效利房间合理划分承重结构横布置
框架柱网布置应力求简单规整齐柱网尺寸应符合济原量符合模数 层厂房柱网尺寸 柱距：般采6m 跨度：柱网形式分廊式柱网——常跨度60+24+60（m）69+30+69（m）等跨式柱网——常跨度6m75 m9 m12 m四种（济考虑宜超9 m般常6 m）层民房屋柱网尺寸柱距：33m~6m 跨度6~12m（济考虑宜超9m） 6构件截面尺寸： 框架横梁截面 梁高h(8~112)梁跨 梁宽b（12~13）h 框架柱截面款高约等（115~120）层高
抗震设防区框架体系房屋提醒结构布置求：房屋立面宜简单体型抗侧力结构布置应刚度中心震力合力作线接重合抗侧力结构布置应房屋中部分刚度均匀应分悬殊烈度较高抗震设防区楼电梯间宜布置结构单元两端拐角部位应注意控制房屋侧变位层间相变位填充墙采取适加强措施层楼板应量设置标高采复式框架房屋高低层宜牛腿连接宜防震缝分开柱子净高截面长边值宜
梁楼盖梁楼盖点：刚劲混凝土板直接支撑柱完全没梁次梁板厚度较梁楼盖厚柱端板整体连接处尺寸加形成柱帽作板支座
剪力墙：称抗风墙抗震墙房屋构筑物中承受风荷载震作引起水荷载墙体墙体提供抗剪强度刚度防止墙体剪切剖坏深梁：般指梁高跨lh
≤2简支梁lh≤25连续梁适身直接承受竖荷载深梁剪力墙结构体系类型：（1）框架剪力墙结构：特点：框架体系剪力墙辅属半刚性结构体系适25层房屋高宜超30层（2）剪力墙结构：特点：刚度强度较高定延性结构传力直接均匀整体性抗塌力强适住宅高层旅馆标准层40层较合适（3）框支剪力墙：特点：抗侧力刚度削弱刚度位前两者间适旅馆住宅等高层底层(4)筒式结构：特点：空间结构体系刚度极抗扭性强适种高层公建筑商业建筑剪力墙形状：开口：I型L型Z型T型剪力墙布置原：（1）房屋立面体型简单匀称（2）离开房屋重心（3）量抗侧力结构刚度中心水荷载合力作线连接重合（4）剪力墙刚度房屋高度宜突变（5）采取措施增加剪力墙承担竖荷载全歼体系剪力墙布置：①横剪力墙间距济考虑宜太密般雨等六八米②剪力墙般设二道三道四道③房屋面形状意时受力复杂处剪力墙加密框剪体系剪力墙布置：数量适间距宜L≤4B 剪力墙厚度：（1）边框时剪力墙厚度≥三十分墙体净高≥120mm（2）边框时剪力墙厚度≥二十五分≥140mm9剪力墙配筋：①厚度≤200mm单层配筋②≥200mm两层配筋③山墙相邻第道横墙楼梯间电梯间墙墙等双层配筋装配式轻钢楼板建筑体系类型特点：（1）板式体系：构件类型少制作规格统方便（2）框架体系：受力明确面分割灵活适面广（3）盒子体系：围合空间承受荷载适住宅办公台布置教局限装配式轻钢建筑体系优越性施工特点：（1）质量轻 工期短 效率高（2）创造赖工程规模市场条件（3）建筑提供样化（4）便开展合理化改善现场施工条件（5）利提高建筑质量（6）技术输出部件输出开辟国际市场提供利条件施工特点：2）部件精确度求高专业施工员必须熟练3)专工具更新4）专业工种交叉作业必须配合
种结构适范围：⑴砖混结构5层⑵框架结构15层（10层济）⑶框剪结构30层（11~25层适宜）⑷剪力墙结构40层（16~40适宜）⑸框筒结构30层⑹筒中筒结构30层超高层
保证楼面结构整体性构造措施：1）板间灌缝 增强板缝抗剪力2）板缝加筋 加强板间硂抗震力预制板具连续性3）板面做现浇层增强结构刚度
变形缝：1伸缩缝：避免温度应力混凝土收缩应力房屋构件产生裂缝设置2沉降缝：避免基均匀沉降时房屋构件中产生裂缝设置3防震缝：避免附加应力变形缝引起震灾害设置
控制侧移房屋形式：1外柱倾斜房屋形式2）窄宽3）圆形椭圆形4）三角形5)新月形
层高层室设置求：（1）求（2）出结构考虑需
层高层基础类型1）单独基础条形基础十字交叉基础2）片筏基础箱型基础3）桩基
转换层：改变方楼层柱子排列者度层剪力墙位置楼层结构梁基特点：1）鸡腿柱建筑物荷载作梁支撑柱连接处应力高度集中复杂容易引起震害抗震方面应做专门构造处理2）竖荷载成控制梁设计素承受样层数条件层杆件力变化基着层数增加线性非线性减少3）转换层梁跨度梁垂直绕度成严格控制目标4）保证转换层足够强度刚度转换层变高梁截面尺寸影响该层实空间重耗材早间昂贵5）连续施工劳动强度程施工复杂定难度等
转换层结构层高层建筑中设置原：1底层求空间2意层求敞开空间改变柱子情况3围绕巨芯筒底层四周敞开
高层建筑防火：方式：（1）动防火措施：a 火灾中保持建筑结构稳定措施 b 水垂直两方面建筑物划分控制火灾干分区 c 布置疏散通道动防火（2）栋防火措施：a 火警装置烟火探测器 b 动灭火设计入喷水器防火措施范围：1身保护 2财产保护 3防火效时间
防火程度范围标准门式刚架结构分类：绞刚架两绞刚架三绞刚架门式刚架
柱距般6米横般取3米整数倍
薄腹梁：屋盖梁结构跨度较减轻重截面常工字形T形梁腹部显薄名薄腹梁分单坡式双坡式优点：制作构造吊装较简单侧刚度缺点：重较适跨度6~18米尺寸：1梁端部高度：般60cm2双坡式屋面坡度：18~1123梁截面高度：单坡梁高h（118~112）L 普通钢筋混凝土时双坡梁中间高 h（114~16）L 预应力1梁腹厚度：般6~10cm2翼缘宽度：取决屋面板支承稳定考虑通常采25~40cm3翼缘宽度：取决钢筋布置需通常采20~30cm
桁架结构：优点：1）扩梁式结构适跨度2）桁架种材料制造3）桁架体型样化4）施工方便特点：1）屋架节间均匀杆件力致突变太2）屋架腹杆长度杆件力变化相致两者协调矛盾3）节点采齿连接跨度范围：9~21m济跨度：9~15m包括：6~9m 四节间 9~12m六节间12~15m八节间典型形式劳克式屋架钢筋混凝土屋架时节点构造简单求节点相交杆件数目5腹杆弦杆交角30度框架选型般原：建筑跨度36m时宜选钢屋架侵蚀介质中宜采钢结构节约钢材跨度36m时宜选预应力钢筋混凝土屋架跨度18~24m间预应力条件时选普通钢筋混凝土屋架建筑跨度18m时选钢筋混凝土组合屋架房屋部读取相湿度75通风良着者具侵蚀性质介质建筑宜选木屋架钢屋架屋架种类：木屋架 撑式五角星屋架 三角工组合屋架 旗杆拱形屋架 斜腹屋架 梯形刚屋架
拱结构：类型：1）力学结构分三铰拱两铰拱铰拱三种2）建筑外形分半圆拱抛物线拱受拱水推力结构处理方法：1）利基基础直接承受水推力2）利侧面框架结构承受水推力3）利拉杆承受水推力
薄壳结构：优点：材料省济重曲板曲面样化缺点：体型复杂施工便隔热效果差音响效果形抵抗结构：材料造成定形式获强度承受荷载结构薄壳结构形式：球面壳圆柱壳双曲扁壳折结构幕结构薄壳结构圆屋顶分类：滑圆顶肋形圆顶面圆顶圆柱形薄壳：1）工程中L1L2 (跨度波长)值分长薄壳短薄壳2）壳板边梁横隔构件组成3）L1L2等1长薄壳般15~25达3~4跨度L达30m壳板厚度般3~8cmL1L21 短薄壳通常等05短壳壳板边梁横隔件组成4）边梁宜采矩形截面高度般115~110L宽高15~2515扁壳壳板四周边缘构件组成
折板结构：类型：边梁—预制V形板边梁—筒壳式折板结构优点：跨度（30~60m）刚度稳定性结构安全度济美观1
网架结构：外形分类：曲面网架面网架行网架结构形式：两正交正放网架两正交斜放网架三交错网架椎体网架板网架尺寸：1）网格尺寸宜超3*3m轻型屋面时般3~6m间板网架受力特点：空间工作
悬索结构：特点：1）承重构件索受轴拉力2）整索网结构重强度跨越跨度3）应注意支座水反力处理采合理支座型式4）边缘结构悬索结构组成部分决定悬索结构型式重悬索构组成：索网边缘结构支承结构型式：单曲面型单悬索结构 双曲面型凸凹车轮形悬索结构两组弯曲方马鞍形悬索结构悬索结构优点：（1）受力合理节约材料（2）跨越跨度需中间支承形成建筑空间（3）施工方便速度较快（4）创造具良物理性建筑物悬索屋盖结构特点：轻二软
薄膜结构：薄膜作两特征：（1）薄膜应力 包括拉应力剪应力总产生薄膜面（2）薄膜作实质决定薄膜形状特性决定曲率扭转
充气建筑结构分类：1压式：气式 气肋式2承式：透视形形状绳索网状物增强气承式充气结构材料分两类1作般气承式壳体材料2专制作需长期独特气承式建筑物材料
请您删容O(∩_∩)O谢谢2015年中央电期末复考试抄全电期末考试必备抄电考试必抄After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin The Sheraton Sens on the Bund and a sprinkling of other topnotch venues Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010 Sort of The Shanghaiborn chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof house at this Sinan Mansions＇stalwart It’s certainly a responsibility to be the head chef and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well the 31yearold tells Enjoy Shanghai In hotels for example these jobs are strictly demarcated so it’s a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for and a vote of confi dence from a company that to date has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries And for added pressure the Shanghai branch was also CPK’s China debut For sure it was a big step and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises they decided to manage it directly to begin with says Simpson Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong with a mainlandbased ＇brand ambassador’ on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative hearthbaked pizzas a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype They are very innovative he says The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday at least the place is teeming The kidseatforfree policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw as well as is the spacious secondfl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week Still the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better as good in fact as in CPK’s second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened and it hasn’t been easy for any of the tenants here adds Simpson We’re planning a third outlet in the city in 2015 and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats One thing the centuryold Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food pastries in particular One of the most popular tearooms in Paris Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience efficient service and beautiful comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai At the flagship dinein and takeout space in Shanghai everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century in Paris the height of Belle Epoque The paintings on the wall for example are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France the hometown of the owner and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate The famous hot chocolate known as L’Africain is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai It’s sinfully sweet rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light but equally gratifying contrast It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway The signature MontBlanc chestnut cake consists of three parts the pureed chestnut on top the vanilla cream like stuffing and the meringue as base Get all three layers in one scoop not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century even in a country like France perhaps the world’s most competitive place for desserts A much overlooked pairing is the ParisNew York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecanflavored whipped cream while the tea a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon cocoa and rose petals offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate Ordering these two items featuring a muted sweetness makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress Breakfast brunch lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines according to the management team The semicooked
foie gras terrine is seductive and deceptive It’s generously served at the size and shape of a toast while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney The flavor however is honest strong smooth and sublime And you don’t actually need the toast for crunchiness This is the season for high teas with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites But there is one high tea with a difference and Pauline D Loh finds out just exactly why it is special Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break inbetween intensive bouts of holiday season shopping And for those who prefer savory to sweet there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth an inbetween indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch The afternoon tea special at ShangXi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements It is a pampering meal with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell a sort of Chinese version of the Western volauvent but classier Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles This is a master touch and chef Simon Choi who presides unchallenged at ShangXi has scored a winner again Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles — what’s not to love His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry — a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut but which you can put straight into the mouth It crumbles immediately and the slightly sweet nutty morsel is so easy to eat you’ll probably reach straight for another My favorite is the dessert that goes by the name yangzhi ganlu or ambrosia from the gods The hotel calls it chilled mango cream with sago pomelo and bird’s nest – made with ingredients that resonate with every female soul It does taste like ambrosia with the sweetsour fragrance of the mango forming the first layer of taste and sensation and the pomelo sacs and sago pearls providing the tactile contrast The bird’s nest — it’s the ingredient that gilds the lily since it is supposed to nourish and nurture a perfect complexion For those unfamiliar with this exotic ingredient the bird’s nest is not a bundle of twigs but is instead the dried secretion that cave swifts use to build their nest Technically it’s bird saliva but the Chinese believe that it has collagenboosting properties essential to beauty To me it just tastes good adding a slight gelatinous crunch to the back of the teeth There is also a baked mushroom puff pastry that includes the highly prized Matsutake or pine mushroom You also get a choice of teas but I strongly recommend the aged Pu’er from Yunnan province It is a mellow tea that will go perfectly with the rich little nuggets and will warm you up on a cold afternoon Incidentally the general guide is green tea such as Longjing or Dragonwell for the hot season semifermented teas like Wulong or Iron Buddha for autumn and more warming teas like Pu’er for winter The ShangXi afternoon tea costs 228 yuan (37) per person and 388 yuan for the more opule
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