考研英语阅读理解模拟题答案医学类
Valeta Young 81 a retiree from Lodi Calif suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring But she doesn＇t have to drive anywhere to get it Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse＇s station in San Antonio Texas It＇s almost a direct link to my doctor says Young who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment
Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients＇ heart rates to how often they cough
Prompted both by the rise in healthcare costs and the increasing computerization of healthcare equipment doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases In March St Francis University in Pittsburgh Pa partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease And last fall Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online using a PDAsize respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and emails the data directly to doctors
Such home monitoring says Dr George Dailey a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate blood sugar lipid levels kidney functions and even vision
Dr Timothy Moore executive vice president of Alere Medical which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10000 other patients are using says that almost any vital sign could in theory be monitored from home But he warns that might not always make good medical sense He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely for example and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of bloodsugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma
Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value But on one thing they all agree： you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor
注(1)：文选Time892004 p101101 12p 2c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2004年真题text 1
1 How does Young monitor her health conditions
[A] By stepping on an electronic scale
[B] By answering a few yes or no questions
[C] By using remote monitoring service
[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor
2 Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring
[A] car
[B] telephone
[C] Internet
[D] the airwaves
3 The word prompted (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means ________
[A] made
[B] reminded
[C] aroused
[D] driven
4 Why is Dr Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely
[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring
[B] Because it doesnt make good medical sense
[C] Because its value has not been proved by scientific study
[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring
[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish
[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases
[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring
答案：CADBC
Dr Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years and most of them have never heard of Wise Young If they did meet him however they＇d want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work
Young 51 head of the WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick NJ was born on New Year＇s Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century Back then the thinking about spinalcord injury was straightforward： When a cord is damaged it＇s damaged There＇s nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom but in 1980 he began to have his doubts Spinal cords he knew experience progressive damage after they＇re injured including swelling and inflammation which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs might some function be preserved
Young spent a decade looking into the question and in 1990 he coled a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury about 20 of function can be saved Twenty percent is hardly everything but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator walking or spending one＇s life in a wheelchair This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy Young says
A global revolution actually More than 50000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year and these days methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the US and many other countries But Young is still not satisfied The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured but the relief it offers is only partial and many spinalinjury victims were hurt before it became available Young＇s dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together he has created the International Neurotrauma Society founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website (carecurerutgersedu) that receives thousands of hits each day
The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies Young says It＇s the most collaborative field I know Perhaps But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general his name would be Wise Young
注(1)：文选Time8202001 p54
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2004年真题text 3
1 By the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could(Line three Paragraph 1) the author means_______________
[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact
[B] Many people could do the remarkable things
[C] When meeting him many people could do the simple but remarkable thing
[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him
2 How did people think of the spinalcord injury at the middle of 20th century
[A] pessimistic
[B] optimistic
[C] confused
[D] carefree
3 By saying Twenty percent is hardly everything(Line 3 Paragraph 3) the author is talking about_____________
[A] the drug
[B] the function of the injured body
[C] the function of the drug
[D] the injury
4 Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement
[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past
[B] His treatment is standard
[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people
[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury
5 To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree
[A] Wise Young does not meet many people
[B] When Young was young he did not have much reason to ask questions
[C] If there needs a head of the spinalinjured field Young might be the right person
[D] Youngs dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times
答案：D A B A C
Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus and suddenly instead of dividing in a measured fashion a cell begins to copy itself furiously Unlike an ordinary cell it never stops But describing the process isn＇t the same as figuring it out Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it＇s almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success
Until now According to a report in the current issue of Nature a team of scientists based at MIT＇s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won＇t lead to any immediate treatment they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease This is a landmark paper wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris in an accompanying commentary
The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983 when the Whitehead＇s Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes But when they tried such alterations on human cells they didn＇t work Since then scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect： they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division Such shortening is part of a cell＇s aging process and since cancer cells keep dividing forever the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous
The strategy worked The scientists took connectivetissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division and a third that promotes the production of telomerase which made the cells essentially immortal They＇d created a tumor in a test tube Some people believed that telomerase wasn＇t that important says the Whitehead＇s William Hahn the study＇s lead author This allows us to say with some certainty that it is
Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn＇t the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body of course But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer thereby lessening our dependence on tissuedestroying chemotherapy and radiation Beyond that the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all
注(1)：文选Time 080999 p60 35p 2c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2002年真题text 4
1 From the first paragraph we learn that ________________
[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely
[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping it becomes cancerous
[C] normal cells do no copy themselves
[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly
2 Which of the following statements is true according to the text
[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order
[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two
[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer
[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells
3 According to the author one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________
[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter
[B] scientists didnt know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells
[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cells aging process and cell division
[D] human cells are mouselike
4 Which of the following best defines the word tailored (Line 4 Paragraph 5)
[A] made specifically
[B] used mainly
[C] targeted
[D] aimed
5 The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________
[A] a thorough understanding of the disease
[B] beating out cancers
[C] solving the cancer mystery
[D] drugs that leave patients less painful
答案：B C B A D
When Ellen M Roche 24 volunteered for the asthma experiment she didn＇t expect to benefit from it——except for the 365 she＇d be paid Unlike clinical trials in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds To find out scientists led by Dr Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins＇s system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its USsupported research had to stop
The worst part is that Hopkins one of the nation＇s premier medical institutions is not alone Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess) how many are hurt or how many die Thousands of deaths are never reported and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported says Adil Shamoo a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland Greg Koski head of OHRP has called the clinicaltrials system dysfunctional
The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating After a threeday inspection last week OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity even though data were available via routine Internet searches and in textbooks The drug is not approved for use in humans the hexamethonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY The review board OHRP charges never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a medication) and didn＇t warn about possible lung toxicity
Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers and suspended all 10 of Togias＇s studies Still the university——whose 301 million in federal grants for 2000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials says Dr Edward Miller CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine We have had one death in all of those years We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments unwarranted unnecessary paralyzing and precipitous OHRP is letting trials continue where it is in the best interests of subjects The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects How quickly that happens says a government spokesman depends on Hopkins
注(1)：文选Newsweek 7302001 p36
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2005年真题Text 1
1 In the opening paragraph the author introduces his topic by
[A]explaining a phenomenon
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]stating an incident
[D]making a comparison
2 The statement The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating(Line
1 Paragraph 3) implies that
[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive
[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking
[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing
[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking
3 The main reasons for Roches death are as following except that _______
[A]the protecting system hasnt been set up
[B]the review board has neglected their duty
[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers
[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked
4 The OHRP has found that
[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment
[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment
[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment
[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system
5 What can we infer from the last paragraph
[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident
[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP
[C]Togias＇s studies shouldnt be suspended
[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible
答案：CBACB
You hop into your car but wait where are the keys You meet someone new but her name is gone before the handshake＇s over Those are failures of your shortterm or working memory——the place you file information for immediate everyday retrieval It isn＇t perfect But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo This is very exciting says Yale＇s Dr Sally Shaywitz It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered
After menopause when estrogen levels plummet some women become forgetful Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer＇s The new study published in last week＇s Journal of the American Medical Association is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer： All of a sudden I was remembering things
The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brainimaging machine where they were shown two types of information： nonsense words (BAZ or DOB) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory After a 20second storage period participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar During each stage of the test——as the women encoded stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo Beyond the power of estrogen the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains plasticity——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages
There is still plenty of research to be done Scientists can＇t yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen participants＇ scores did not change Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall) Other studies on estrogen and cognition are short term——and their findings have been inconsistent And scientists still can＇t answer the question facing millions of women： should I take hormonereplacement therapy The new study may make estrogen more appealing but it should be just one part of the equation says Shaywitz Still it＇s a memorable one
注(1)：文选Newsweek 041999 p50
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2002年真题Text 3
1 The following are the examples of the failures of shortterm memory except that ___________
[A]you are not sure whether youve locked the door or not
[B]you cannot recall all your previous experience
[C]you cannot find the key to your car when starting it
[D]you forget the name of a stranger before the greeting is over
2 It can be inferred from the text that womens working memory could probably be improved if _________
[A]they overuse estrogen
[B]they participate in the experiment
[C]their minds are kept active
[D]the estrogen level is raised
3 The experiment involving 46 ladies shows that _______
[A]the women should take a normal dose of estrogen
[B]the womens brains still have the ability of creation
[C]the estrogen level determines their memory bad or good
[D]the estrogen makes the brain work more actively
4 We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________
[A]the connection between estrogen and memory is still an open study
[B]the hormone estrogen plays a key role in improving memory
[C]the low level estrogen makes a woman forgetful
[D]raising the estrogen level can improve the womens shortterm memory
5 From the text we can see the writer seems ________
[A]objective
[B]optimistic
[C]sensitive
[D]gloomy
答案：BDDAA
At 18 Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the bubbleboy disease named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent) she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source in the genes of her white blood cells It worked Although her last genetherapy treatment was in 1992 she is completely healthy with normal immune function according to one of the doctors who treated her W French Anderson of the University of Southern California Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones And the dreaming may continue for decades more There will be a genebased treatment for essentially every disease Anderson says within 50 years
It＇s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson＇s early success The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend 432 million on genetherapy research in 2005 and there is no shortage of promising leads The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don＇t cause human disease The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse says Ronald Crystal of New York PresbyterianWeill Cornell Medical College The cargo is the gene
At the University of Pennsylvania＇s Abramson Cancer Center immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection At Cornell University researchers are pursuing genebased therapies for Parkinson＇s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children＇s brain cells At Stanford University and the Children＇s Hospital of Philadelphia researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life Animal experiments have shown great promise
But somehow things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient In human trials of the hemophilia treatment patients show a response at first but it fades over time And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999 when Jesse Gelsinger an 18yearold with a rare metabolic disorder died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge This summer researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a marathon mouse by implanting a gene that enhances running ability already officials at the World AntiDoping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of gene doping But the principle is the same whether you＇re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a musculardystrophy patient to walk Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea says Crystal And eventually it＇s going to work
注(1)：文选Newsweek1262004 p5555 23p 1c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象： 第12题分模仿2003年真题text1第2题第1题第34题分模仿2004年真题text1第5 题第3题第5题模仿2002年真题text3第5题
1 The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________
[A] show the promise of genetherapy
[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
[D] explain how genebased treatment works
2 Andersons early success has ________________
[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine
[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of genetherapy
[C] promised a cure to every disease
[D] made him a national hero
3 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Ashanthi needs to receive genetherapy treatment constantly
[B] Despite the huge funding gene researches have shown few promises
[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses
[D] Genedoping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores
4 The word tarnish (line 5 paragraph 4) most probably means ____________
[A] affect
[B] warn
[C] trouble
[D] stain
5 From the text we can see that the author seems ___________
[A] optimistic
[B] pessimistic
[C] troubled
[D] uncertain
答案：A B C D A
Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America but this year＇s is a whopper Until last week it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall Then British authorities concerned about qualitycontrol problems at a production plant in Liverpool barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp Overnight the US vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half——and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated they＇re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply says Dr Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information and the lack of redundancy in our system
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it To create a single dose of flu vaccine a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2weekold fertilized chicken egg then crack the egg harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response Profit margins are narrow demand is fickle and because each year＇s flu virus is different any leftover vaccine goes to waste As a result the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)——and when one of them runs into trouble there isn＇t much the other can do about it A vaccine maker can＇t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs says Manon Cox of Connecticutbased Protein Sciences Corp There＇s a whole industry that＇s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time
Sleeker technologies are now in the works and experts are hoping that this year＇s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures——a medium already used to make most other vaccines Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy and one culturebased product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals＇ Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe
For America the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week That＇s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year In fact many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign——encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one
注(1)：文选Newsweek 10182004 p5757 23p 1c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象1—4题模仿1997年真题text 3第5题模仿1997年真题text 4第四题
1 Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____
[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers
[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year
[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no backup measures to make it up
2 The word cleared (Line 5 Paragraph 3) might mean ____
[A]permitted
[B]removed
[C]proved
[D]produced
3 Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____
[A]complicated process high cost low profit and high risk
[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
[C]difficulty in growing live virus
[D]fast changing of flu virus
4 From the last paragraph we can infer that ____
[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
5 According to the passage which of the following is TRUE
[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year
[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way
[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more
[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures
答案：D A A B B
It was a big week for Alzheimer＇s disease and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting a firstrate documentary about Alzheimer＇s worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer＇s as well as to the babyboom generation that＇s up next Unless something dramatic happens the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple to about 16 million over the next 50 years There＇s still no cure in sight but there is progress on several fronts Among them：
MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C both antioxidants help stave off Alzheimer＇s at least in folks who haven＇t already developed the disorder What they didn＇t know——but a big study involving 4740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed——was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer＇s a remarkable 78
COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer＇s patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain＇s chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept) an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine were also given memantine (Namenda) a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer＇s according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association
BRAIN IMAGING Finally scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer＇s patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits Before now doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died when the brain could be autopsied Using the new technique doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear
None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer＇s disease If you or your loved ones are concerned the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer＇s and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early Also remember the old adage use it or lose it Mental exercise——reading doing crossword puzzles playing chess or Scrabble——is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body
注(1)：文选Time 222004 p7878 23p 2c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象第1题模仿2002年text 4第1题第2题模仿1994年真题text 2 第3题第3模仿2002年真题text 3 第3题第4—5题模仿2004年text 3第45题
1 From the first paragraph we learn that_________
[A] the babyboom generation will not suffer from Alzhemers disease
[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims
[C] the week was very important for Alzheimers because a documentary about it was shown on PBS
[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimers disease can be cured
2 The phrase stave off (line 1 paragraph 2) most probably means ________
[A] getting
[B] treating
[C] curing
[D] preventing
3 The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________
[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment
[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate
[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimers
[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately
4 Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemers
[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain
[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died
[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain
[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease
5 To which of the following is the author likely to agree
[A] Alzhemers disease can be cured thanks to the new advances
[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise
[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimers from curable memory lapses which can be treated if found in an early phase
[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes
答案：B D D A C
The countdown goes something like this： 3) IRS auditor 2) exhusband＇s new 20yearold girlfriend 1) dentist The top three people we most hate to see
Let＇s face it says Dr Lorin Berland a dentist in Dallas Dentistry can suck A third of Americans according to the National Center for Health Statistics haven＇t even set foot in the dentist＇s office in the past year Berland along with an increasing number of dentists all over the country is trying to change that He wants dental appointments to be less about pain and drilling and more about relaxation foot massage and soothing aromatherapy
Spa dentistry as it＇s called means you can enjoy a hot paraffinwax hand treatment while getting your teeth cleaned Or you can slip on some virtualreality glasses and watch your favorite movie Or you might just lie back and let the scent of lavender and the sound of falling water quiet your anxiety while a licensed massage therapist eases the crick in your neck Most vacations aren＇t this good In response to spa dentistry＇s growing popularity the Chicago Dental Society will teach its first course on the practice at its annual midwinter meeting in February expected to attract 35000 industry professionals
Some people are born to cater to people and others have to be taught says Dr Grace Sun a dentist in Los Angeles who without benefit of a lecture offers massage fruit smoothies and movies In addition she provides luxury hotelstyle concierge services： while you＇re in the (vibrating of course) chair her staff makes dinner reservations takes your cellphone calls babysits dogsits orders in food or does just about anything else you ask
Dr Debra Gray King of the Atlanta Center for Cosmetic Dentistry calls her practice the RitzCarlton of dentistry and in fact sends her dental concierges to the RitzCarlton Leadership Center for training in client relations They＇re taught to squire each patient as he or she navigates the various rooms of the center＇s luxe 8400sqft Twelve Oaks——esque mansion Once in the dentist＇s chair King＇s patients can use the attached flatpanel monitor to watch TV play a DVD or surf the Web Can＇t see the screen No worries there＇s one wired to the ceiling too Noisereduction headphones block the screech of the drill and play a CD of your choice and the specially constructed dental chair channels the sound waves from the music into a fullbody massage The more relaxed the patient is says King the easier our job
Patients are responding Martha Dickey a magazine publisher in Atlanta says a hot paraffinwax treatment can change your whole feeling about going to the dentist You feel like you＇re there to get nurtured and pampered It＇s fabulous Every one of your senses is taken care of If only the offices of the IRS were as pleasant
注(1)：文选Time 12302002162003 p155 34p 1c
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1 How do Dr Berland and some other American dentists try to change the image of
dentistry
[A] They try to change it by facing it bravely
[B] They try to change it by teaching patients how to take good care of their teeth
[C] They try to change it by providing new services to help patients feel relaxed and at home
[D] They try to change it by relieving patients pain with new pills
2 Which of the following is not a service provided by spa dentistry
[A] a vacation
[B] spa
[C] massage
[D] dental treatment
3 The expression cater to (Line 1 Paragraph 4) most probably means _______
[A] meet the requirements of sb
[B] be to sbs liking
[C] take sb seriously
[D] serve sb well
4 Why does Dr Debra Gray King call her practice the RitzCarlton of dentistry
[A] Because her dental concierges are trained at the RitzCarlton Leadership Center
[B] Because her cosmetic dentistry center provides the kind of concierge services luxury hotels like RitzCarlton provide
[C] Because her Center is located in a mansion as large as RitzCarlton
[D] Because her patients are also guests at RitzCarlton
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Dr Grace Sun learned her new practice from the course offered by the Chicago Dental Society
[B] The author hopes that dentists offices can be as comfortable the offices of the IRS
[C] The patients like the new services provided by the dentists mentioned in the text very much
[D] Dental appointments are often associated with relaxation
答案：C A D B C
WHAT do you do when everyone hates you That is the problem faced by America＇s pharmaceutical industry Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity soaring healthcare costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart) Last week at a conference organised by The Economist in Philadelphia the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source： a tobacco firm Steven Parrish of Altria the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image
Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd or even offensive Their products kill people Our products save people＇s lives says Alan Holmer the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America an industry association Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of classaction lawsuits and public scrutiny industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994
Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics Rather than arguing about the past he said it is better to move on and give people something new to think about (Philip Morris now acknowledges for example that cigarettes are addictive and deadly and is trying to develop less harmful products) Not everyone is open to persuasion so focus on those who are he said But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words： This is not about spin this is about change
The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics Mr Holmer noted in his own speech But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counterproductive since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel And too much advertising he said can actually antagonise people further
The audience was generally receptive claims Mr Parrish This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics At a conference at the University of Michigan last year he offered America＇s State Department advice on improving America＇s image in the Middle East So does his prescription work There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms if only a small one But at least for once a tobacco firm is peddling a cure rather than a disease
GRAPH： Unpopularity contest
Economist 11272004 Vol 373 Issue 8403 p6464 13p 1 graph
注(1)：文选Economist 11272004 p6464 13p 1 graph
注(2)：文题命题模仿象第1题2004年真题text 4第1题第2题模仿1994年真题text 3第1题第3题模仿1996年真题text 3第3题第4题模仿1997年真题text 3第2题第5题2004年真题text 4第5题
1 Why is Americas pharmaceutical industry so unpopular
[A] Because it like tobacco and oil firms does harm to peoples health and environment
[B] Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer
[C] Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide
[D] Because it exploits its employees
2 Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________
[A] the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous or even insulting
[B] the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry
[C] tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products
[D] pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems
3 According to the text Mr Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except ______
[A] To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images
[B] Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association
[C] Not to care about the past
[D] To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion
4 The word mollify (Line 1 Paragraph 4) might mean
[A] placate
[B] enrage
[C] fight
[D] relieve
5 What does the author imply by saying This is not the first time he has offered his
thoughts on dealing with implacable critics
[A] Mr Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times
[B] Mr Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself
[C] Mr Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms
[D] Mr Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments
答案：C A C A C
Sleep is a funny thing We＇re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night but a lot of us get by just fine on less and some of us actually sleep too much A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke——probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly
Doctors have their own special sleep problems Residents are famously sleep deprived When I was training to become a neurosurgeon it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest Most of us took it in stride confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care Maybe we shouldn＇t have been so sure of ourselves An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness a person＇s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated Curiously surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don＇t think twice about operating without enough sleep
I could tell you horror stories says Jaya Agrawal president of the American Medical Student Association which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes Some are terrifying I was operating after being up for over 36 hours one writes I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound
Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work writes another I know of three who have hit parked cars Another hit a ＇Jersey barrier＇ on the New Jersey Turnpike going 65 mph Your own patients have become the enemy writes a third because they are the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep
Agrawal＇s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001 introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr of Michigan Its key provisions modeled on New York State＇s regulations include an 80hour workweek and a 24hour workshift limitMost doctors however resist such interference Dr Charles Binkley a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan agrees that something needs to be done but believes doctors should be bound by their conscience not by the government
The US controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers But until such a system is in place for doctors patients are on their own If you＇re worried about the people treating you or a loved one you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if morerested staffers are available Doctors for their part have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need
注(1)：文选Time3112002 p73 34p 1c
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1 We can learn from the first paragraph that ____________
[A] people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness
[B] poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder
[C] stroke is often associated with sleep
[D] too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep
2 Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face the author implies that ________________
[A] doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic
[B] doctors sleep is deprived by residents
[C] doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems
[D] sleepdeprived doctors are intoxicated
3 Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to ____________
[A] entertain the audience with some anecdotes
[B] discuss the cause of doctors sleep problems
[C] show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients
[D] exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep
4 By doctors should be bound by their conscience not by the government (line 6 paragraph 5) Dr Charles Binkley means that ____________
[A] doctors should not abide by governments regulations
[B] the government is interfering too much
[C] the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific
[D] law can not force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can
5 To which of the following is the author likely to agree
[A] Patients should control the hours of their doctors
[B] Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors
[C] Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequatelyrested
[D] People concerned have the right to remove their doctors from their positions
答案：B C D B C
Watching a child struggle to breathe during an asthma attack is frightening for any parent So it is only natural that most moms and dads will try just about anything——including spending a lot of money——to keep an attack at bay Trouble is more than half of parents are trying strategies that simply don＇t work and wasting hundreds of dollars in the process according to a study published last week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
The report based on interviews with the parents of 896 asthmatic children in 10 different cities contained some good news Eighty percent of parents had a handle on at least one of the triggers that worsened their children＇s asthma After that however many parents seemed to go astray taking precautions that weren＇t helpful and made little sense according to Dr Michael Cabana a pediatrician at the University of Michigan＇s CS Mott Children＇s Hospital who led the study
One of the most common mistakes was to buy a mattress cover to protect against dust mites for a child whose asthma was exacerbated instead by plant pollen Many of those parents then neglected to do what would have helped a lot more： shut the windows to keep pollen out Another was using a humidifier for a child who was allergic to dust mites a humidifier tends to be a place where dust mites like to breed With those allergies a dehumidifier works better
Worst of all was the number of smokers with asthmatic children who didn＇t even try to quit or at least limit themselves to smoking outdoors rather than just moving to another room or the garage Secondhand smoke has been proved over and over again to be a major trigger of asthma attacks Many smoking parents purchased expensive air filters that have what Cabana called questionable utility
Part of the problem Dr Cabana and his colleagues believe is that parents are bombarded by television ads that encourage them to buy products such as air and carpet fresheners ionizers and other remedies that are often expensive but medically unnecessary And doctors may not always take the time or have the time to explain to parents what will and won＇t work in their child＇s particular case For example allergies are usually a problem for older children with asthma while kids 5 and younger more frequently have trouble with viral respiratory infections So make sure you understand what＇s really triggering your child＇s asthma And remember the best solutions are not always the most expensive ones
注(1)：文选Time8302004p67
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2004年真题Text 1
1 What does the study by Dr Michael Cabana indicate
[A]Parents are eager to cure of their childrens disease
[B]Many parents are wasting money for their childrens frightening disease
[C] Many parents fail to find the effective way for their childrens disease
[D]Parents feel worried about their childrens disease
2 Which of the following is not the trigger of asthma attacks
[A]Humidifier
[B]Secondhand smoke
[C]Plant pollen
[D]Dust mites
3 The expression to keep an attack at bay (Line 3 Paragraph 1) most probably means ________
[A]to ease the attack
[B]to lessen the attack
[C]to continue the attack
[D]to prevent the attack
4 Why are the parents in such a dilemma
[A]The doctors are not responsible enough
[B]Parents are influenced much by ads
[C]Parents are ignorant of the disease
[D]The quality of medical products is not good
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A]Parents shouldnt spend too much money on the children
[B]The expensive products are not always good
[C]To know the real trigger of the disease is very important
[D]Parents often make mistakes
答案：CADBC
IF YOU＇RE CONFUSED BY ALL the news about the health effects of eating fish you＇re not alone On one hand the omega3 fatty acids in fish are known to reduce the risk of heart disease as the American Heart Association reminded us two weeks ago when it restated its recommendation that everybody eat at least two fish servings a week On the other hand fish that feed in contaminated waterways contain high levels of mercury which can lead to cognitive problems in developing brains That＇s why pregnant women and nursing mothers are advised to limit their consumption
As if that weren＇t confusing enough two new studies published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine investigated the possible effects of mercury on the heart and they seem to have reached contradictory conclusions One found no clear link between mercury levels and heart disease the other found that men with high levels of mercury in their toenails were more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with low levels What are we to make of this The first thing to remember is that this is how science proceeds by fits and starts and seemingly contradictory results that get resolved only by further study The second is that not all fish are created equal
Compared with all the other things you might eat fish are an excellent source of protein They tend to eat algae as part of their natural life cycle converting it into omega3 fatty acids that can improve your cholesterol profile But it＇s also true that our waterways have become increasingly contaminated with all sorts of pollutants including mercury and that these pollutants tend to accumulate at different levels in different species The fish most at risk are predators high in the pelagic food chain such as swordfish and sharks (see chart)
It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails where heavy metals tend to be deposited In one study researchers led by Dr Eliseo Guallar at Johns Hopkins found that European and Israeli men with the highest mercury levels were nearly 22 times as likely to have a heart attack as those with the lowest levels The other study led by Dr Walter Willett at the Harvard School of Public Health looked at a selection of American men and found no connection between mercury exposure and risk of heart disease although Willett told me a weak association cannot be ruled out
For most of us eating two servings of fish a week should not pose any problems Guallar who hails from coastal Spain continues to flavor his paella with salmon which has negligible mercury levels Willett eats swordfish only about twice a month——because of its expense not any fear of mercury Fishoil supplements are high in omega3 fatty acids and probably don＇t contain as much mercury as whole fish But they don＇t taste nearly as good
注(1)：文选Time 1292002 p99
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2005真题Text 1
1 In the opening paragraph the author introduces his topic by
[A]making a comparison
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]posing a contrast
[D]explaining a phenomenon
2 The phrase by fits and starts(Line 6 Paragraph 2) most probably means _______
[A]something happens smoothly
[B]something keeps starting and then stopping again
[C]something deserves a lot of effort
[D]something is troublesome
3 Clippings from toenails were chosen for the research most probably because _______
[A]they are more likely to contain mercury
[B]they influence a persons heart
[C]they can be easily obtained
[D]they are connected with the heart
4 The views of Dr Eliseo Guallar and Dr Walter Willett are ______
[A]identical
[B]similar
[C]opposite
[D]complementary
5 What can we infer from the last paragraph
[A]Fish is no threat to Man
[B]Do not be frightened by some fish
[C]Eat Fishoil supplements instead of fish
[D]Taste is more important than the safety of the food
答案：CBACB
A widely heralded but still experimental cancerfighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans： heart disease and stroke That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr Judah Folkman＇s laboratory at the Children＇s Hospital in Boston
The versatile compound is endostatin a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis the growth of new blood vessels in the body In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice How By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors
When news of Folkman＇s achievement became widely known last year it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results questions arose about the validity of Folkman＇s research Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute with guidance from Folkman finally matched his results Reassured the NCI gave the goahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors
How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke The answer lies in the composition of plaque the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol white blood cells and smooth muscle cells and as it accumulates a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque
A Folkman lab team led by Dr Karen Moulton decided to find out The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16week Western diet that was high in fat and cholesterol then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body Meanwhile they injected one group of mice with endostatin another with a different bloodvessel inhibitor called TNP470 and a control group with an inert saline solution Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas The results were startling： the endostatin group averaged 85 less plaque buildup and the TNP470 group 70 less than those in the control group
All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman＇s tumor report the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results If this finding is supported in future studies says Moulton [it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes But any such treatments she stresses are probably five to 10 years away
注(1)：文选Time 041999 p48
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1 What did the report indicate
[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage
[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans
[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future
[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke
2 Why did the NCI agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients
[A]They were convinced of the Folkman＇s research
[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman
[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug
[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans
3 The expression stunting the growth of capillaries(Line 8 Paragraph 2) most probably
means _______
[A]help the growth of capillaries
[B]limit the growth of capillaries
[C]improve the growth of capillaries
[D]prevent the growth of capillaries
4 Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart
[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells
[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque
[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same
[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A]Folkman＇s tumor report had been exaggerated
[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected
[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging
[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment
答案：CADBC
Depending on whom you ask the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning
There＇s truth to all these points of view Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant Unlike some infertile women the 30yearold patient produced eggs just fine and those eggs could be fertilized by sperm But they never developed properly largely because of defects in parts of the egg outside the fertilized nucleus So using a technique developed by Dr James Grifo at New York University Dr Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yatsen University in Guangzhou took the patient＇s fertilized egg scooped out the chromosomebearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed In this more benign environment development proceeded normally and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband＇s——pretty much like any normal baby
What has some doctors and ethicists upset is that this socalled nucleartransfer technique has also been used to produce clones starting with Dolly the sheep The only significant difference is that with cloning the inserted nucleus comes from a single usually adult cell and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many Besides for reasons that aren＇t yet well understood cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects Dolly died very young though she had seemed healthy And because the Chinese woman＇s twins were born prematurely and died (the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for the remaining two) critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans
Not likely says Grifo The obstetric outcome was a disaster he admits but the embryos were chromosomally normal We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure Even so concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China where it was subsequently banned (but only this month long after Zhuang＇s patient became pregnant)
The bottom line say critics is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning even if it were developed for another purpose is just a bad idea——an assertion Zhuang rejects I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments he says But we＇ve developed an effective technology to help people We understand how to do it We need it
注(1)：文选Time 10272003 p47
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2003年真题Text 4
1 What is implied in the first paragraph
[A]Some people regard it as a tragic failure
[B]The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people
[C]People have different reactions to the new experiment
[D]The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning
2 The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _________
[A]both nucleartransfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals
[B]both of them benefit from the new technique
[C]both of them are the examples of technical failure
[D]both of them are the fruits of the new technology
3 Zhuangs attitude toward the critics’ conclusion is one of __________
[A]reserved consent
[B]strong disapproval
[C]slight contempt
[D]enthusiastic support
4 The only difference existing between nucleartransfer and cloning technique is ________
[A]whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile
[B]whether the offspring looks like the parent
[C]whether it is used in animals or human beings
[D]whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell
5 The text intends to express the idea that _________
[A]research of cloning has potential risks
[B]the research of cloning should be stopped totally
[C]ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction
[D]researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning
答案：CABDC
I had two routine checkups last week and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records Their requests made sense Healthcare providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they＇re taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications
On each history however the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause Few diseases are purely genetic but plenty have genetic components If my father suffered from elevated LDL or bad cholesterol my doctor should know that because I＇m probably at higher risk If my mother had breast cancer my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant
While I know something about the history of my parents＇ healthmy father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson＇s disease and my mother died of lung cancerthere＇s plenty I don＇t know What were my parents＇ cholesterol numbers and blood pressures I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes but I can＇t swear to that And when it comes to my grandparents whose genes I also have I＇m even more in the dark
That makes me fairly typical According to Dr Richard Carmona the US Surgeon General only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a familyhealth history That＇s why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you＇re supposed to be giving thanks for everything that＇s going right But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway it＇s a perfect time to create a medical family tree
And the Surgeon General is making it easy： if you go to hhsgovfamilyhistory you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families which ones you should be most and least worried about and what to do if like me your parents and grandparents have passed away You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait which helps you organize the information The program prints that out in a easytoread form you can give to your doctors
The website insists the software is fun but that may be going a bit far In any case it＇s available only for Windows machines so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree It＇s worth it though since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday
注(1)：文选Time 11222004 p100
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2005年真题Text 1
1 In the opening paragraph the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] explaining a phenomenon
[D] making a comparison
2 The statement I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes but I can＇t swear to that (Line 4 Paragraph 3) implies that
[A] only one of them suffered from diabetes
[B] neither of them suffered from diabetes
[C] both of them suffered from diabetes
[D] it＇s uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not
3 Family health report is very important because
[A] you can be careful about some disease and keep fit
[B] you are connected with your parents and your grandparents
[C] many diseases are genetic and should be noticed
[D] you should be considerate and care about your parents
4 Dr Richard Carmona suggests that
[A] you should present your doctor with a medical history
[B] you should print out your family＇s medical history
[C] you should gather your family＇s medical history
[D] you should give thanks for everything that is going right
5 What can we infer from the last paragraph
[A] The software is fun enough
[B] Family medical tree shouldn＇t be neglected
[C] The software is not available anywhere
[D] It is worthwhile to draw a family tree
答案：C B A C B
William Shakespeare described old age as second childishness—— sans teeth sans eyes sans taste In the case of taste he may musically speaking have been even more perceptive than he realized A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer＇s Disease in Brescia Italy shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression if not to infancy then at least to a patient＇s teens
Frontotemporal dementia is caused as its name suggests by damage to the front and sides of the brain These regions are concerned with speech and with such higher functions as abstract thinking and judgment Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer＇s disease a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer＇s In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1500 Alzheimer＇s patients it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia
Two of those patients interested Dr Frisoni One was a 68yearold lawyer the other a 73yearold housewife Both had undamaged memories but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementiaa diagnosis that was confirmed by brain scanning About two years after he was first diagnosed the lawyer once a classical music lover whoreferred to pop music as mere noise started listening to the Italian pop band 883 As his command of language and his emotional attachments to friends and family deteriorated he
continued to listen to the band at full volume for many hours a day The housewife had not even had the lawyer＇s love of classical music having never enjoyed music of any sort in the past But about a year after her diagnosis she became very interested in the songs that her 11yearold granddaughter was listening to
This kind of change in musical taste was not seen in any of the Alzheimer＇s patients and thus appears to be specific to those with frontotemporal dementia And other studies have remarked on how frontotemporaldementia patients sometimes gain new talents Five sufferers who developed artistic abilities are known And in another lapse of musical taste one woman with the disease suddenly started composing and singing country and western songs
Dr Frisoni speculates that the illness is causing people to develop a new attitude towards novel experiences Previous studies of noveltyseeking behavior suggest that it is managed by the brain＇s right frontal lobe A predominance of the right over the left frontal lobe caused by damage to the latter might thus lead to a quest for new experience Alternatively the damage may have affected some specific neural circuit that is needed to appreciate certain kinds of music Whether that is a gain or a loss is a different matter As Dr Frisoni puts it in his article de gustibus non disputandum est Or in plainer words there is no accounting for taste
11 For Shakespeare old age as second childishness for they have the same
A favorite
B memory
C experience
D sense
12 Which one is not a symptom of Frototemporal dementia
A the loss of memory
B the loss of judgment
C the loss of abstract thinking
D the loss of speech
13 From the two patients mentioned in the passage it can be concluded that
A their command of language has deteriorated
B their emotional attachments to friends and family are being lost
C the Frontotemporal dementia can bring new gifts
D Frontotemporal dementia can cause patients to change their musical tastes
14The novel in the last paragraph means
A historical
B special
C storylike
D strange
15 From the passage it can be inferred that
A the damage of the left frontal lobe may affect some specific neural circuit
B the lawyer patient has the left frontal lobe damaged
C the damage of the left frontal lobe decreased the appreciation certain kinds of music
D every patient has the same taste
答案：DADDB
Should doctorassisted suicide ever be a legal option It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be noneThose who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patientthe doctorand nature in these situations
Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide When a patient is terminally ill and in great painthose who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will beThere are greater powers at work that determine when a person diesfor examplenatureNeither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces
What role should the doctor have Doctorswhen taking the Hippocratic oathswear to preserve life at all costsand it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oathIt is their responsibilities to heal the sickand in the cases when healing is not possiblethen the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortableDoctors are trained never to hasten deathThose who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crimeand they should be dealt with accordinglyDoctors are alsoby virtue of their humannesscapable of making mistakesDoctors could quite possibly sayfor instancethat a cancer patient was terminaland then the illness could later turn out not to be so seriousThere is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs
The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of natureLife is preciousMany people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or anothers lifeOnly nature determines when it is the right time for a person to dieTo assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal lawsbut to break divine 1aws as well
These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide questionFor instancepatients cannot always be certain of their medical conditionsPain clouds judgmentand so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destinyPatients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatmentso they shouldnt be held completely responsible for decisions related to itDoctors are also fallibleand it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occurSince doctors are trained to prolong lifethey usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide
I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a serviceIf someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her miseryand someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphinethat seems merciful rather than criminalIf we can agree to thisthen I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable requestWithout the doctors previous treatmentthe person would have surely been dead alreadyDoctors have intervened for months or even yearsso why not sanction this finalmerciful intervention
Life is indeed preciousbut an inevitable part of life is deathand it should be precioustooIf life has become an intolerable pain and intense sufferingthen it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beautyone should have the right to end her or his suffering quietlysurelyand with family and friends nearby
1 In this passagedoctorassisted suicideactually refers to the practice that doctors____
[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement
[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide
[c]propose euthanasia(安乐死)to the terminally ill patient
[D]kill their patients with improper prescription
2 People may object to doctorassisted suicide on the ground that____
[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives
[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients
[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis
[D]doctors should wait until their patients death is certain
3 Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide
[A]The patient [B]The doctor
[C]Nature [D]None of the above
4 When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicidethe author admits that____
[A]it is not up to them to make the choice
[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference
[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously
[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases
5 The author makes it clear that____
[A]he is opposed to doctorassisted suicide
[B]he is in favor of doctorassisted suicide
[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctorassisted suicide
[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present
参考答案：
1 [C] 第段第二句实际doctorassisted suicide定义
2 [C] 参阅第三段第六七八句
3 [C] 参阅第四段第三四五句
4 [D] 参阅第五段尤段第句
5 [B] 参阅段尤该段第二句
The termgenetically modified(GM)is an offspring of another term：biotechnologya word thats been around for about 30 yearsBiotechnology was coined in the shadow of new techniques that allowed scientists to modify the genetic material in living cellsRoughlythat means imitating biological processes to produce substances thatarguablybenefit things like agriculturemedicine and the environment
Proponents of GM foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristicscan be used to introduce traits that a product wouldnt traditionally havecan improve the nutritional value of productsand can produce cheaper and more environmentallyfriendly fertilizersAndsay the supportersa11 of this is done safelyBart Bilmeran officer of biotechnology at the Canadian Food Inspection Agencyreinforces thisHe says before being put on the shelvesall foods go through rigorous tests to ensure they’re up to snuffThe standard forsafeis the food thats already being sold in grocery storesIt’s called the principle of substantial equivalenceAnd theres no doubt in Bilmer’s mind that its a system that’s working and working well
Advocacy groupslike the Council of Canadians and Greenpeacedont see things quite the same wayThey cite studies done by groups such as the British Medical Association which argue GM foods could have disastrous consequences to our health1)To the groups on this side of the issuethatcouldprovides more than enough reason to proceed with extreme cautionsomething they say isn’t being done at presentThose on this side of the debate say there are a number of problems with the current approach to GM foodsTo begin withthey argue the notion of substantial equivalence is not a standard they trustThey want a new testing system independent from the industryAs wellGM critics say enough time hasnt passed to study the longterm effects of the foodsWithout knowingargues Jennifer Story of the Council of CanadiansCanadians arepart of this giant experiment involving a radical and frontier science
One side says the foods on the shelves of Canadas grocery stores are safeThe other side says they’re not so sureBoth sides agree consumers may be confused with the information out there but dont agree on how to address that confusionOne side says the answer lies’in voluntary labelsthe other says mandatory ones are the bare minimum2) Whatever the case it＇s a debate that makes us consider the role technology has in our livesWhat makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very coreAnd that fact means one thing：its an issue to be discussed not only around policy tablesbut dinner tables
1 The expressionare up to snuff(Para2 )probably means____
[A]be healthy [B]be pleasant to taste
[C]meet the standard [D] be nutritious
2 Theprinciple of substantial equivalence(Para2 )is one by which____
[A]GM foods can be produced and processed
[B]one can define the safety of GM foods
[C]foods can be genetically modified up to standard
[D]foods can be tested before they are sold at grocery stores
3 Those who advise taking a cautious attitude toward GM foods warn that____
[A]GM foods will have disastrous consequences to peoples health
[B]the longterm effects of GM foods remain largely unknown
[C]most GM foods do not meet the principle of substantial equivalence
[D]most fertilizers used in raising GM foods are harmful to the environment
4 What Jennifer Story says implies____
[A]she considers genetic food modification desirable
[B]she believes GM food will have disastrous consequences to our health
[C]she predicts more and more Canadians will like GM foods
[D]she takes a cautious attitude towards food modification
5 The authors attitude towards the issue of GM food is____
[A]positive [B]negative
[C]radical [D]impartial
参考答案：
1 [C] 俚语意符合标准第二段中该句句实际解释该词组意思
2 [B] 该句句实际说明意思
3 [B] 第三段认应该慎重种新型食物提两点理：认目前测试安全否标准二认种食物投放市场时间尚短没办法研究长期效应(longterm effects)
4 [D] 第三段句说加毫意识成种全新前科学试验品说句话句话意思应该致推断应该谨慎做事解新型食物长期效应
5 [D]意：客观作者列举拥护者反者意见孰孰非没提出法句作者指出问题继续争
I am a neuroscientistI make a living by studying how the brain worksAlthough neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decadeit is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feeland it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel betterSoas a neuroscientistI feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach
The first question I must answer is：What do psychotherapies have to offerFirstlet us deal with the scientific angleThe best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the yearIt was first made of psychoanalysisbut it has been extended to other psychotherapiesIt is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religionthat it gives a scientificrather than a superstitiousanswer to the question of how best to lead a happyfulfilled life
1 would say this claim is at best half rightPsychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy lifebut it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with scienceIn factpsychoanalysis is not the successor to religionit is just another religion
This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truthsIn religionstruths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets whoin their turnpass them on to the faithfulThey are sacred mysteries that cannot be questionedIn scienceon the other handtruths are nothing if not questionableThe laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental resultsIf new results go against the predictionthey show the law to be falseA new experimental resultor a new theory for deriving predictions from the resultscan change the accepted truthsIf a scientific statement cannotin principlebe proved wrong then it tells us nothing
Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflictsand that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analystBut the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanationThere is no way the maxims could be disprovedThey may not be sacredbut they are definitely mysteries
Many other therapies are based on untestable theoriesOf coursethat doesnt necessarily prevent them from workingThere is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier livesBut the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validityif it werereligion would come out way ahead
1 The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____
[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst
[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst
[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist
[D]purely imaginary and impractical
2 According to the authorpsychoanalysis is another religion in that____
[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth
[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested
[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers
[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs
3 By saying thatPsychoanalysis suffers from just this problem(Para5)the author means that____
[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious
[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved
[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments
[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients
4 Which of the following is a science according to the author
[A]Neuroscience
[B]Psychoanalysis
[C]Psychotherapy
[D]None of the above
5 The main purpose of the passage is____
[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis
[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis
[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines
[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science
参考答案：
1 [B] 第段作者指出神科学家说明门科学目前存局限性句指出作神学方面科学家觉必谈外种方法究竟什东西里谓the alternative approach指文提心理疗法(psychotherapy)根第二段述心理分析心理疗法分支第三段作者心理分析称种宗教认科学
2 [B] 第四段说明什心理分析种宗教门科学段出科学宗教根区：科学实验证明真伪宗教第五六段接着列举心理分析宗教相似性
3 [B] 句中this problem指段句提证明真伪
4 [A] 意：神科学第段作者称神学科学家心目中神科学门科学然现尚许问题解决实际敢承认局限性研究门科学应态度称什问题解决心理分析学作者称种宗教外第二段第四句作者other psychotherapies样措辞说明作者心理分析做心理疗法分支二者科学
5 [D] 第段句提出文旨说明问题文章段文章结中尤该段句
For three decades weve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption)exerciseMedical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good healthand millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill to reap the rewardsBut the story is changingEveryone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon general’S office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobicsAnd as weight lifting has gone mainstreamSO has the once obscure practice known asSuper SlowtrainingEnthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snails pace——making eachrep(repeat)last 1 4 seconds instead of the usual 7—you can safely place extraordinary demands on your musclesand call forth an extraordinary responseSlow lifting may not be the only exercise you needas some advocates believebut the benefits are often dramatic
Almost anyone can handle this routineThe only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burnFor each exercise——leg pressbench pressshoulder press and SO On—70u set the machine to provide only moderate resistanceBut as you draw out each repeatdepriving yourself of impetusthe weight soon feels unbearableDefying the impulse to stopyou ke印going until you cant complete a repeatThen you sustain your vain effort for 1 0 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradleIntense Uncomfortable TotallyBut once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workoutit can become almost pleasure
The goal is not to bunr calories while you＇re exercising but to make your body burn them all the timeRunning a few miles may make you sweatbut it expends only 1 00 calories per mileand it doesnt stimulate much bone or muscle developmentStrength training doesn’t burn many calorieseitherBut when you push a muscle to failureyou set off a pour of physiological changesAs the muscle recovers over several daysit will thicken——and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenanceBy the time you add three pounds of muscleyour body requires an extra 9000 calories a month just to break evenHold your diet steady andvery quicklyyou are vaporizing body fat
One might have benefited from any strength—training programBut advocates insist the slowtechnique is safer and more effective than traditional methods
1 Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years
[A]its inherent awards to their health
[B]its greater consumption of oxygen
[C] the compliment paid by authorities
[D]the actual benefits from the exercise
2 According to the authorSuper Slow’training
[A]has been misunderstood for decades
[B]has been widely accepted recently
[C]has been the basis ofweight lifting
[D]has become the nucleus of aerobics
3 In practicing slow liftingone has
[A]complete each rep with great
[B]tryhisbesttodothetraining
[C]sufferthe bitter effect called forth by the exercise
[D]exert extraordinary pressure on his legs and shoulders
4While making each repone may suffer from
[A]impetus loss
[B]weight loss
[C]bearable iron weights
[D]the feeling of successful workout
5The phraseto break even(Line 6Para3)most
[A]to upset the physical energy balance
[B]to disturb the calmness ofthe body
[C]to gain a greater profit than a loss
[D]to make neither a profit nor a loss
阅读帮手
核心词汇
authority n权威 complement n补足物 pace n步调
tolerance容忍 sustain vt保持 embrace v信奉 benefit vi受益
probably means association n协会 obscureadj出名
dramatic adj引注目 moderate adj适度 cradle n发源
stimulate vt刺激 effective adj效 surgeon n外科医生 claim Vt声称
handle yr操作 impetus n推动力动量 intense adj强烈 tissue n[生]组织
三十年停听关氧(增加氧气消耗量)运动种种优点医学权威称赞跑步跳跃获健康关键数百万美国选择跑步机获健康情形正改变美国心脏协会外科办公室信奉力量练氧运动项补充举重运动样度默默闻超慢速’运动成流狂热者称极缓慢速度——动作重复持续14秒通常7秒——提升重物肯定会肌肉施加巨负荷产生特效果正倡导者说慢速举重许需惟练益处显著
操作套步骤仅仅需高度集中注意力肌肉灼伤忍耐力次练中——腿部伸展仰卧举重肩膊推举等等——机器设定提供适度阻力次重复动作时动量逐渐减少重量快会显法承受忍住想停动直法坚持重复次接着保持住徒然力达10秒直力量全部太剧烈舒服然便样健身运动没帮塑造出理想肌肉获种享受 目做练时燃烧卡路里身体时时刻刻燃烧卡路里跑英里会出汗I英里仅仅消耗100卡路里刺激骨头肌肉发展力量训练样燃烧卡路里肌肉拉伸力时引发量生理学变化肌肉恢复需干天时间会变相——新肌肉组织需消耗量增加3磅肌肉时候身体收支衡月需额外9000卡路里保特稳定饮食会快消耗掉体脂肪
方式力量训练项目中益处倡导者坚持认慢速技巧传统方法更加安全效
参考答案：
1 D细节题根题干关键词仃eadmiu定位文章第段第二句提美国喜欢练脚踏车reaDthe rewards(报偿)知D运动中获实际处符合题意余三项A 生俱健康处跑步机运动会身体益跑步机身健康益排B跑步机耗氧量跑步机耗氧锻炼身体非终目排c受权威赞美属偷换概念文中提受称赞running and jumping排
2 B推断题根题干关键词super slOW定位文章第段中提举重运动样度默默闻超慢速’运动已成流知B说法恰A中misunderstood obscure(模糊引注意)意曲解c容文中未提D言实文中说strength training(力量锻炼)a complement to aerobics(氧健身运动补充)没说SuperS10wtraining成氧运动核心排
3 c推断题题干关键词slowli埘ng(慢速举重)先出现第段句第二段进步描述该运动求高度集中注意力肌肉灼伤忍耐力选项A中说肌肉施加巨负荷文中肌肉灼伤忍耐力二者程度选项B文中未提 D说举重锻炼部位非slowl确ng求C忍受练致肌肉疼痛符合文意
4 A细节题题干中信息词make each rep定位第二段第四句次重复动作时动量 逐渐减少重量快会显法承受推知慢速举重者会面动量损失情况选项A符合题意B文中未提C文中提feel unbearable相反D文意相反
5 D语义题题干定位第三段增加3磅肌肉时候身体 月需额外900()卡路里结合选项AB均指乱身体量衡实际量运动已身体量衡需乱衡两者均排c盈余结合常识知根利健康排D收支衡保持身体量衡符合题意
It is a startling claim but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effects： the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day Mrs Pryce lost her own 9yearold daughter to cancer in 1999 Pediatric cancer remains a littleunderstood issue in America where the healthcare debate is consumed with the ills pills and medical bills of the elderly
Cancer kills more children than any other disease in MERICA 1) although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001
2) Grisly though these statistics are they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41000 each year) and lung cancer (164000) Adbocates foor more money for child cancer prefer to look at lifeyears lost the average age for cancer diagnosis in a young child is six while the average adult is diagnosed in their late 60s Robert Arceci a pediatric cancer export at Johns Hopkins points out that in terms of total lifeyears saved the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer
There is an obvious element of special pleading in such calculations all the same breast cancer has attracted a flurry of publicity private fundraising and money from government Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash Pediatric cancer a term which covers people up to 20 years old receives onetwentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute Funding moan pediatric researchers has not kept pace with rising costs in the field and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by 3 this year
There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers a pilot childhoodcancer registry is in the works Groups like Mr Reamans now get cash directly from Congress but it is plainly a problem most politicians don’t know much about
The biggest problem could lie with 1519yearolds Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in their chances as younger children and older adults have done There are some physiology explanations for this： teenagers who have passed adolescence are more vulnerable to different sorts of cancer but Arehie Bleyer a pediatric oncologist at the MD Anderson Cancer Centre in Texas has produced some data implying that lack of health insurance plays a role Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly (445 words)
1 The author cites the examples of Mrs Pryce to show that
[A] child cancer is no longer a rare case
[B ] nowadays Americans care little about child cancer
[C] the current healthcare debate is rather timeconsuming
[D] school kids are more likely to be diagnoses with cancer
2 According to Robert Arceci child cancer research is also worth funding because
[A] the statistics of child cancer is rather scary
[B] a saved child may enjoy a longer life span
[C] adults with caner do not deserve that much funding
[D] funding on child cancer is economical and effective
3 Those 1519yearolds diagnosed with cancer
[A] were born with defects in immune systems
[B] are more likely to recover from a cancer
[C] can not get enough medical care
[D]suffer a lot during adolescence
4 The author writes this text to
[A] inspire greater concern for the well being of children
[B] warn people of the harms caused by cancer
[C] interpret the possible cause of child cancer
[D] change the publics indifference to kids with cancer
5 The authors attitude towards the current state of childhood cancer may be
[A] concerned
[B] desperate
[C] carefree
[D] indignant
词汇注释
pediatric 科
grisly 令恐怖
a flurry of 量
dole out 发放
registry 官方记录
oncologist 肿瘤学家
难句讲解
1 Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001
[简析] 句干the propotion … increased …引导步状语句diagnosed with … 短语修饰children and teens
2 Grisly though these statistics are they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41000 each year) and lung cancer (164000)
[简析] 句干they are still tiny …Grisly though …倒装句式they指these statisticswhen 引导省略条件状语句省略语中lost to…短语修饰lives
3 There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers
[简析] 句干There is no national pediatric cancer registry …That 引导定语句修饰cancer registrytheir指child and teenage patientsas 引导定语句修饰前面句子中they 指researchers
答案解析
1 A 结构题题问题作者引普瑞斯夫例子说明 题干中Pryce出文章第段第句话中表明题第段关第段首先指出令吃惊说法提普瑞斯夫话——天相两教室孩子诊断患癌症接着提女死癌症事情段落介绍癌症导致童死亡数增加问题说明作者提普瑞斯夫例子说明童患癌征现象已罕见[A]癌症种罕见疾病作者意图恰概括正确答案[B]美国少关心癌症针该段第三句话设置干扰项作者提出问题原目[C]目前关医疗保健讨相费时针该段第三句话设置干扰项曲解is consumed with (关注……)短语文意思文意符[D]校孩子更诊断患癌症针该段第句话设置干扰项举例子作者目
2 B 细节题题问题根罗伯特阿赛西观点癌症研究值投资 题干中Robert Arceci出文章第三段句话中表明题第三段关第三段提张童癌症患者投入更资金更注重失寿命提罗伯特阿赛西观点——挽救总体寿命治愈童癌症患者带价值治愈成年乳腺癌患者价值样说明原延长重生命[B]挽救孩子享更长寿命观点改写正确答案[A]关癌症统计数非常令惊恐事实罗伯特阿赛西观点[C]患癌症成年值资助针该段句话设置干扰项文中没说罗伯特阿赛西反资助成年癌症患者C文意符[D]癌症投资济效属中生
3C 细节题题问题15岁19岁诊断患癌症青少年 题干中15—19 yearolds出文章段第句话中表明题段关段首先提15岁19岁青少年问题接着分析指出数显示缺少医疗保险原医疗保险覆盖更青少年年轻成年进行定期体检说明青少年没医疗方面关注[C]没足够医疗护理文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]生免疫系统缺陷[D]青春期受苦属中生[B]更癌症中恢复文意相反
4 D 旨题题问题作者写文 作者首先指出癌症然鲜知问题接着利数说明癌症导致童死亡数疾病指出童癌症没引起足够关注没足够资金分析原说明作者写文提请关注童癌症问题[D]改变公众童癌症患者冷漠态度作者目恰概括表达作者目正确答案[A]鼓励更关注童幸福准确没提童癌症问题文讨童癌症问题[B]警告癌症造成危害太广泛表达作者目[C]解释癌症原文中部分段落容表达作者目
5 A 态度题题问题作者癌症现状态度 作者文中指出癌症美国然鲜知问题童癌症没引起足够关注没足够资金引专家观点指出应该投资童癌症问题研究说明作者关注癌症问题[A]关心作者态度恰概括正确答案第五段提登记童癌症患者数试点工作正计划中瑞曼先生样研究组直接国会获资金说明[B]绝作者态度符[C]负责美国态度作者态度作者没指责谁[D]愤慨作者态度符
The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDStests in droves once treatment became available was wrong 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected
To combat this the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed The idea is todowngrade the process into something lowkey routine and stigmafree 62)Until now a potential test subject had to opt in by asking for a test having asked he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor That way having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected The test is not compulsory but objectors must actively opt out Silence is assumed to be consent and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease
This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of antiAIDS drugs in public hospitals Dwain Ndwapi a doctor at Botswanas largest AIDS clinic thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory 63) In particular he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to newborn children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth
Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients blood Viralload tests and CD4cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become That helps a patients doctor to decide when to prescribe antiretroviral 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests
But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests Instead many come in on stretchers on the verge of death 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving antiAIDS pills to relatively healthy people and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher all the better
1 Why few people would volunteer for AIDStest if treatment is readily prepared
[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment
[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs
[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected
[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring
2 According to the text how to downgrade the test process
[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test
[B] by going down to the patients homes to take the test
[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits
[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test
3 it can be inferred from the text that
[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor
[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries
[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling
[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available
4 the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to
[A] help the patients save some money for treatments
[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind
[C] make sure that patients can receive intime treatment
[D] prevent patients from possible further infection
5 persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except
[A] saving antiAIDS pills to relatively healthy people
[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment
[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people
[D] shortening doctors treatment time
词汇注释
in droves 成群结队
stigma 耻辱
downgrade 降级
lowkey 低调
expectant mother 孕妇
antiretroviral 抗病毒
staggered 吃惊
inadvertently 意中
slump 躺
难句讲解
1 And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected
[简析] 句话干the reason for that appears to be that…第that指前面句子容第二that引导表语句and thus…引导段作伴状语中it指sigmaif 引导条件状语句
2 Having asked he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out
[简析] 句话干he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure…Having asked 短语作时间状语he指前面句子中提a potential test subjecthe really knew…省略引导次宾语句中what引导宾语句before引导时间状语句
3 In particular he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to newborn children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth
[简析] 句话干he believes that…he 指Dwain Ndwapithat引导宾语句from mothers to newborn children修饰transmissionif引导条件状语句破折号里面容进步介绍条件中those指expectant motherswho引导定语句修饰thosebefore引导时间状语句中they指expectant mothers
4 But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country
[简析] 句话干laboratory capacity is inadequate for…That引导定语句修饰people破折号里面容介绍条件中as…as 引导较状语句中they指testes
5 Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving antiAIDS pills to relatively healthy people and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer
[简析] 句话列句干treating the very ill takes much more time and money…and it means thatThan引导较状语it指前面句子that引导宾语句
答案解析
1 D细节题题问题果治疗容易准备话什没愿进行爱滋病检测文章第段首先提种错误观点解释原指出政府没设法减少爱滋病关耻辱没减少果怀疑感染爱滋病寻求检测耻辱说明原觉爱滋病关东西耻辱[D]忍受检测带羞耻文中相关信息改写正确答案[A]知道否需治疗[B]负担起昂贵药物属中生[C]担心查出受感染针该段中with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected设置干扰项文意符
2 C细节题题问题根文降级’检测程题干中downgrade出文章第二段第二句话中表明题第二段关第二段介绍采取应措施时提博茨瓦纳爱滋病检测原完全改变检测程降级低调常规没耻辱感事情病时进行常规检测说明通检测成患者病时常规事情降级检测程[C]通检测作患者医院时进行常规事情文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]通迫爱滋病患者检测明显文意符[B]通患者家庭进行检测属中生[D]通询问否愿意进行检测针文中…make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carTied out句话设置干扰项文意符
3 B推题题问题根文推知 文章第二段介绍采取应措施第三段指出种原改变博茨瓦纳南非非洲国家发生变化第步国家正计划公立医院量供应抗爱滋病药物介绍名博茨瓦纳医生新观点知非洲国家实施更新措施[B]更新原样原许非洲国家实施文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]新原够包含病患者属中生文中没较新旧原坏[C]旧原新原更患者提供咨询文意符[D]患者沉默表示意进行治疗针文中Silence is assummed to be consent and no counseling is offered句话设置干扰项文意符
4 B细节题题问题减少两种昂贵血检次数目 题干中two expensive blood tests出文章第四段第句话中(文中two costly tests of patients blood)表明题第四段关第四段首先提减少两种昂贵血检次数问题解释两种血检目指出非洲实验室没力数百万需类药物进行常规检测检测频率越少更少某检测机会越说明减少血检次数目更接受检测[B]更接受某检测文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]帮助患者节省治疗费明显文意符文中没提时治疗问题没提进步感染问题[C]确信患者时治疗[D]防止患者进步感染属中生
5 A细节题题问题说服患者早治疗列处 题干中 Persuading patients to get treatment出文章段句话中(文中persuade more patients to get help)表明题段关段提相健康发放抗爱滋病药物相治疗非常严重患者花费时间金钱会更长时间意中感染提说服患者治疗问题指出果常规检测说服更患者寻求帮助话切会更说明[B]削减治疗费[C]避免病毒传染更[D]缩短医生治疗时间说服患者早治疗处[A]相健康节省抗爱滋病药物文中提处
There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view One becomes convinced not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment Every partial solution that ought to result and in other people does result in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better They exhibit what is known as a negative therapeutic reaction
There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness the greater part of it is still left over and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring ones own self too much) inaccessibility a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness
In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a moral factor a sense of guilt which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb it does not tell him he is guilty he feels ill This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case
1 According to the author some unusual patients would
[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician
[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt
[C] respond against the physicians expectation
[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician
2 For the patients the author describes
[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result
[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms
[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness
[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness
3 The authors study of this syndrome leads him to think that
[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis
[B] patients sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well
[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness
[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness
4 It can be inferred from the text that
[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way
[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery
[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty
[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious
5 The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients
[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physicians authority
[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors
[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness
[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt
词汇注释
defiance 蔑视
therapeutic 治疗
dreaded 令担心
narcissistic 陶醉
inaccessibility 易接
难句讲解
1 Every partial solution that ought to result and in other people does result in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better
[简析] 句话干Every partial solution produces in them an intensification they get worse…that引导定语句修饰solutionthem they指前面句子中such people
2 If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness the greater part of it is still left over and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic (admiring ones own self too much) inaccessibility a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness
[简析]句话列句干the greater part of it is still left over…and this reveals itself as…If引导条件状语句even after引导短语插入语it 失this resistance面句子中this 指前面句子a negative attitude…短语解释inaccessibility
3 It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case
[简析]句话列句干It is also difficult to convince the patient…he holds fast to…It形式语真正语面to conceive…短语中that引导宾语句he指the patient第二that引导explanation位语句
答案解析
1 C细节题题问题根作者观点异常患者 题干中 Some unusual patients出文章第段第句话中(文中people who behave in aquite peculiar fashion)表明题第段关第段提时指出果充满希交谈者治疗进展表示满意表现出满样子状况总会变坏指出仅确信类容忍赞扬评价深信会反回应治疗取进展说明医生希做出逆反应[C] 医生期做出相反回应意符合正确答案[A]公开抵制医生治疗[B]意鄙视医生[D]漠视医生评价准确文意符
2 A细节题题问题患者作者描述 第段前半部分分析异常患者半部分提局部治疗方法会导致病情恶化病情恶化转表现知消极治疗反应说明效治疗方法会起反作[A]希治疗通常导致相反结果意符合正确答案[B]局部治疗暂时改善症状[D]正确治疗方法部分治愈疾病针第段中…that ought to resultand in other people does resultin an improvement…句话设置干扰项明显误解该句话意思[C]局部治疗方法病情转恶化病情第段中they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better句话意思相反
3 细节题题问题作者种综合病症研究导致认 作者第段介绍患者异常表现第二段提患者抗病性素段分析种抗病性原指出面种称做道德素种罪恶感疾病中寻求满足拒绝放弃受难惩罚说明作者认患者罪恶感导致拒绝治疗康复[B]病罪恶感阻碍康复意符合正确答案[A] 病应该相信分析治疗法针段句话设置干扰项文意符：[C]病需解疾病终解释针段第二句话设置干扰项文意符[D]病应该放弃患病惩罚属中生
4 D推题题问题根文推知 第段提分析治疗程中表现方式非常特接着介绍异常表现第二段提抗病性表现段提面种罪恶感疾病中寻求满足拒绝放弃受难惩罚患者说种罪恶感意没表明罪患病知患者异常反应令费解[D]治疗反回应综合症难理解意符合正确答案[A]种特时髦方式表现误解第段第句话中fashion(方式)词意思第二段第二句话提[B]患病需超恢复渴句子说明种观点[C]满足患病患者罪误解段容
5 C细节题题问题抵制恢复根原样事实：患者 题干the resistance to recovery出文章段第四句话中表明题段关段首先提罪恶感接着解释说拒绝放弃受难惩罚种罪恶感意表现抵制非常难克服恢复患者深信通分析治疗治疗疾病方法说明事实患者认应该受患病惩罚[C ]坚持该受疾病惩罚’种意识观点意符合正确答案文中说非常难患者相信种动机隐藏继续患病素中没说相信医生权威[A]倾拒绝承认医生权威[B]难忍受医生表扬评价患者罪恶感没关系[D]患慢性精神病种疾病罪恶感属中生
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord loss of job and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol that is alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later The learning pattern therefore favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approachavoidance situation Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker while the pull toward food was unchanged
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism The discomfort pain and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol
In fact the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus thus triggering another time of drinking
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory While punishment may serve to suppress a response experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking
1 The main purpose of the text is to
A introduce some existing theories about alcoholism
B show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism
C explain the application of a approach to alcoholism
D help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism
2 The description of Congers experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite
B confirm the findings of other academic researchers
C show people that alcohol can minimize fear
D disprove the learning and reinforcement theory
3 We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields
B drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord
C tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol
D alcoholics cant recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism
4 The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences
B how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy
C under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks
D which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now
5 It can be inferred from the text that
A the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approachavoidance theory
B the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory
C punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking
Dfrequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment
答案B C C A C
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord loss of job and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol that is alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later The learning pattern therefore favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approachavoidance situation Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker while the pull toward food was unchanged
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism The discomfort pain and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol
In fact the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus thus triggering another time of drinking
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory While punishment may serve to suppress a response experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking
1 The main purpose of the text is to
A introduce some existing theories about alcoholism
B show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism
C explain the application of a approach to alcoholism
D help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism
2 The description of Congers experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite
B confirm the findings of other academic researchers
C show people that alcohol can minimize fear
D disprove the learning and reinforcement theory
3 We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields
B drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord
C tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol
D alcoholics cant recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism
4 The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences
B how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy
C under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks
D which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now
5 It can be inferred from the text that
A the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approachavoidance theory
B the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory
C punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking
Dfrequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment
答案解析
1 B 旨题题问题文目 文章首先提关酗酒诸理具体介绍学强化理酗酒解释指出该理认吸引令愉快场者厌恶愉快场事实度饮酒导致忧虑负疚感身成次酗酒导火线说明文解释酗酒原[B] 帮助酗酒者解酗酒原文概括正确答案文章然第段提关酗酒诸理点着重介绍学强化理没介绍理[A]介绍关酗酒理文目文没提适酗酒心理方法治疗酗酒效新方法[C]解释适酗酒种
心理方法[D]证实治疗酗酒效新方法属中生
2 C 结构题题问题康尔两组老鼠做实验描述 题干中 Conger出文章第二段二句话中表明题第二段关第二段首先提实验证表明酒精减轻恐惧接着列举康尔做实验指出老鼠注射酒精远离电击动力明显减弱接食物动力保持变说明描述康尔老鼠做实验想表明酒精降低恐惧[C]证实酒精恐惧降低低点该段中alcoh01 reduces fear in an approachavoidance situation句话改写正确答案酒精没影响食欲实验结果提实验目[A]证实饮酒影响食欲题目求符文中没介绍关酗酒理[B]证实理研究员发现描述康尔老鼠做实验目第三段提饮酒者受明显问题似学理解释酗酒相矛盾文中没说种观点[D]反驳学强化理文意符
3 C 纳题题问题第三段解 第三段提酒精减缓压力立竿见影效果酗酒行导致愉快果发生[C]压力减缓饮酒首先出现文中句话改写正确答案该段第句话说饮酒者 受明显问题似学理解释酗酒相矛盾解释没说该理互相矛盾[A]学理某方面相矛盾文意符文中说饮酒者面家庭失业疾病时继续饮酒没说饮酒解决家庭[B]饮酒解决家庭问题属中生文中说酗酒行导致愉快果发生没提酗酒者否记住愉快果问题[D]酗酒者记住酗酒愉快果属偷换概念
4 A 细节题题问题作者提供信息回答——问题文章前面两段介绍关酗酒学理段落解释酗酒者继续饮酒原指出饮酒者面家庭失业疾病时继续饮酒度饮酒导致忧虑负疚感身成次酗酒导火线果饮酒者学会奖赏惩罚两种情况饮酒种情况引发反复饮酒说明作者文回答酗酒者什继续饮酒问题[A]然令愉快果酗酒者什继续饮酒作者观点概括正确答案文中然提康尔没提休克疗法[B]康尔利休克疗法解释酗酒者行文意符文中说渴次饮酒忧虑导致没提忧虑带处[C]酗酒者什样情况会忧虑击中获益文意符文中没提治疗酗酒方法[D]种方法治疗酗酒佳方法属中生
5 C推题题问题根文推知——文章前面段落解释酗酒者继续饮酒原段提然惩罚抑制反应惩罚作种奖赏强化饮酒种行知奖赏惩罚引发反复饮酒[C]惩罚成次饮酒刺激素文中either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking＇句话改写正确答案奖赏惩罚文中谓接回避文中信息表明酗酒者行符合种理[A]酗酒者行’接回避理矛盾文意相反根文中信息推出[B]数酗酒者行证明学理段提解释酗酒原时惩罚作越越重惩罚抑制反应说明[D]常度饮酒酗酒者关心惩罚文意符
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Valeta Young 81 a retiree from Lodi Calif suffers from congestive heart failure and requires almost constant monitoring But she doesn＇t have to drive anywhere to get it Twice a day she steps onto a special electronic scale answers a few yes or no questions via push buttons on a small attached monitor and presses a button that sends the information to a nurse＇s station in San Antonio Texas It＇s almost a direct link to my doctor says Young who describes herself as computer illiterate but says she has no problems using the equipment
Young is not the only patient who is dealing with her doctor from a distance Remote monitoring is a rapidly growing field in medical technology with more than 25 firms competing to measure remotely——and transmit by phone Internet or through the airwaves——everything from patients＇ heart rates to how often they cough
Prompted both by the rise in healthcare costs and the increasing computerization of healthcare equipment doctors are using remote monitoring to track a widening variety of chronic diseases In March St Francis University in Pittsburgh Pa partnered with a company called BodyMedia on a study in which rural diabetes patients use wireless glucose meters and armband sensors to monitor their disease And last fall Yahoo began offering subscribers the ability to chart their asthma conditions online using a PDAsize respiratory monitor that measures lung functions in real time and emails the data directly to doctors
Such home monitoring says Dr George Dailey a physician at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego could someday replace less productive ways that patients track changes in their heart rate blood sugar lipid levels kidney functions and even vision
Dr Timothy Moore executive vice president of Alere Medical which produces the smart scales that Young and more than 10000 other patients are using says that almost any vital sign could in theory be monitored from home But he warns that might not always make good medical sense He advises against performing electrocardiograms remotely for example and although he acknowledges that remote monitoring of bloodsugar levels and diabetic ulcers on the skin may have real value he points out that there are no truly independent studies that establish the value of home testing for diabetes or asthma
Such studies are needed because the technology is still in its infancy and medical experts are divided about its value But on one thing they all agree： you should never rely on any remote testing system without clearing it with your doctor
注(1)：文选Time892004 p101101 12p 2c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2004年真题text 1
1 How does Young monitor her health conditions
[A] By stepping on an electronic scale
[B] By answering a few yes or no questions
[C] By using remote monitoring service
[D] By establishing a direct link to her doctor
2 Which of the following is not used in remote monitoring
[A] car
[B] telephone
[C] Internet
[D] the airwaves
3 The word prompted (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means ________
[A] made
[B] reminded
[C] aroused
[D] driven
4 Why is Dr Timothy Moore against performing electrocardiograms remotely
[A] Because it is a less productive way of monitoring
[B] Because it doesnt make good medical sense
[C] Because its value has not been proved by scientific study
[D] Because it is not allowed by doctors
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Computer illiterate is advised not to use remote monitoring
[B] The development of remote monitoring market is rather sluggish
[C] Remote monitoring is mainly used to track chronic diseases
[D] Medical experts agree on the value of remote monitoring
答案：CADBC
Dr Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years and most of them have never heard of Wise Young If they did meet him however they＇d want to shake his hand——and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work
Young 51 head of the WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick NJ was born on New Year＇s Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century Back then the thinking about spinalcord injury was straightforward： When a cord is damaged it＇s damaged There＇s nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom but in 1980 he began to have his doubts Spinal cords he knew experience progressive damage after they＇re injured including swelling and inflammation which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs might some function be preserved
Young spent a decade looking into the question and in 1990 he coled a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury about 20 of function can be saved Twenty percent is hardly everything but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator walking or spending one＇s life in a wheelchair This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy Young says
A global revolution actually More than 50000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year and these days methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the US and many other countries But Young is still not satisfied The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured but the relief it offers is only partial and many spinalinjury victims were hurt before it became available Young＇s dream is to help those people too——to restore function already lost——and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together he has created the International Neurotrauma Society founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website (carecurerutgersedu) that receives thousands of hits each day
The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies Young says It＇s the most collaborative field I know Perhaps But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had a field general his name would be Wise Young
注(1)：文选Time8202001 p54
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2004年真题text 3
1 By the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could(Line three Paragraph 1) the author means_______________
[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact
[B] Many people could do the remarkable things
[C] When meeting him many people could do the simple but remarkable thing
[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him
2 How did people think of the spinalcord injury at the middle of 20th century
[A] pessimistic
[B] optimistic
[C] confused
[D] carefree
3 By saying Twenty percent is hardly everything(Line 3 Paragraph 3) the author is talking about_____________
[A] the drug
[B] the function of the injured body
[C] the function of the drug
[D] the injury
4 Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement
[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past
[B] His treatment is standard
[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people
[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury
5 To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree
[A] Wise Young does not meet many people
[B] When Young was young he did not have much reason to ask questions
[C] If there needs a head of the spinalinjured field Young might be the right person
[D] Youngs dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times
答案：D A B A C
Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes Something scrambles the Dna inside a nucleus and suddenly instead of dividing in a measured fashion a cell begins to copy itself furiously Unlike an ordinary cell it never stops But describing the process isn＇t the same as figuring it out Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it＇s almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous——always without success
Until now According to a report in the current issue of Nature a team of scientists based at MIT＇s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant——a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won＇t lead to any immediate treatment they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease This is a landmark paper wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris in an accompanying commentary
The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983 when the Whitehead＇s Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when spiked with two altered genes But when they tried such alterations on human cells they didn＇t work Since then scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect： they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division Such shortening is part of a cell＇s aging process and since cancer cells keep dividing forever the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous
The strategy worked The scientists took connectivetissue and kidney cells and introduced three mutated genes——one that makes cells divide rapidly another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division and a third that promotes the production of telomerase which made the cells essentially immortal They＇d created a tumor in a test tube Some people believed that telomerase wasn＇t that important says the Whitehead＇s William Hahn the study＇s lead author This allows us to say with some certainty that it is
Understanding cancer cells in the lab isn＇t the same as understanding how it behaves in a living body of course But by teasing out the key differences between normal and malignant cells doctors may someday be able to design tests to pick up cancer in its earliest stages The finding could also lead to drugs tailored to attack specific types of cancer thereby lessening our dependence on tissuedestroying chemotherapy and radiation Beyond that the Whitehead research suggests that this stubbornly complex disease may have a simple origin and the identification of that origin may turn out to be the most important step of all
注(1)：文选Time 080999 p60 35p 2c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2002年真题text 4
1 From the first paragraph we learn that ________________
[A] scientists had understood what happened to normal cells that made them behave strangely
[B] when a cell begins to copy itself without stopping it becomes cancerous
[C] normal cells do no copy themselves
[D] the DNA inside a nucleus divides regularly
2 Which of the following statements is true according to the text
[A] The scientists traced the source of cancers by figuring out their DNA order
[B] A treatment to cancers will be available within a year or two
[C] The finding paves way for tackling cancer
[D] The scientists successfully turned cancerous cells into healthy cells
3 According to the author one of the problems in previous cancer research is ________
[A] enzyme kept telomeres from getting shorter
[B] scientists didnt know there existed different levels of telomerase between mouse cells and human cells
[C] scientists failed to understand the connection between a cells aging process and cell division
[D] human cells are mouselike
4 Which of the following best defines the word tailored (Line 4 Paragraph 5)
[A] made specifically
[B] used mainly
[C] targeted
[D] aimed
5 The Whitehead research will probably result in ___________
[A] a thorough understanding of the disease
[B] beating out cancers
[C] solving the cancer mystery
[D] drugs that leave patients less painful
答案：B C B A D
When Ellen M Roche 24 volunteered for the asthma experiment she didn＇t expect to benefit from it——except for the 365 she＇d be paid Unlike clinical trials in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds To find out scientists led by Dr Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down On June 2 Roche died——a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins＇s system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its USsupported research had to stop
The worst part is that Hopkins one of the nation＇s premier medical institutions is not alone Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess) how many are hurt or how many die Thousands of deaths are never reported and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported says Adil Shamoo a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland Greg Koski head of OHRP has called the clinicaltrials system dysfunctional
The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating After a threeday inspection last week OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity even though data were available via routine Internet searches and in textbooks The drug is not approved for use in humans the hexamethonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY The review board OHRP charges never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a medication) and didn＇t warn about possible lung toxicity
Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers and suspended all 10 of Togias＇s studies Still the university——whose 301 million in federal grants for 2000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year——is seething Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials says Dr Edward Miller CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine We have had one death in all of those years We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments unwarranted unnecessary paralyzing and precipitous OHRP is letting trials continue where it is in the best interests of subjects The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects How quickly that happens says a government spokesman depends on Hopkins
注(1)：文选Newsweek 7302001 p36
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2005年真题Text 1
1 In the opening paragraph the author introduces his topic by
[A]explaining a phenomenon
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]stating an incident
[D]making a comparison
2 The statement The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating(Line
1 Paragraph 3) implies that
[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive
[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking
[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing
[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking
3 The main reasons for Roches death are as following except that _______
[A]the protecting system hasnt been set up
[B]the review board has neglected their duty
[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers
[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked
4 The OHRP has found that
[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment
[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment
[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment
[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system
5 What can we infer from the last paragraph
[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident
[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP
[C]Togias＇s studies shouldnt be suspended
[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible
答案：CBACB
You hop into your car but wait where are the keys You meet someone new but her name is gone before the handshake＇s over Those are failures of your shortterm or working memory——the place you file information for immediate everyday retrieval It isn＇t perfect But researchers are increasingly convinced that the hormone estrogen could play a key role in maintaining and perhaps even improving memory Last week a team of Yale scientists provided dramatic new evidence that bolsters the theory Using MRIs——detailed snapshots of the brain——researchers found that women taking estrogen show significantly more activity in brain areas associated with memory than women on a placebo This is very exciting says Yale＇s Dr Sally Shaywitz It means that the brain circuitry for memory had altered
After menopause when estrogen levels plummet some women become forgetful Past research has demonstrated that those who take estrogen do better on memory tests than their nonmedicated peers do The hormone may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer＇s The new study published in last week＇s Journal of the American Medical Association is the first to visually compare the neurocircuitry of memory both on and off estrogen The drug made a big difference to participant Bernadette Settelmeyer： All of a sudden I was remembering things
The women (whose average age was 51) lay down in a brainimaging machine where they were shown two types of information： nonsense words (BAZ or DOB) to test verbal memory and geometric patterns to assess visual memory After a 20second storage period participants saw a mix of old and new and were asked if anything looked familiar During each stage of the test——as the women encoded stored and retrieved data——researchers took pictures of their brains The 46 women underwent the test twice——once while taking a standard daily dose of estrogen and again while taking a placebo Beyond the power of estrogen the difference in MRIs suggests that the adult brain maintains plasticity——the ability to rewire itself——even as it ages
There is still plenty of research to be done Scientists can＇t yet be sure estrogen is directly responsible for better memory performance Despite the difference in brain activity on and off estrogen participants＇ scores did not change Researchers say that is probably because the tasks were so simple (the women got more than 90 percent correct overall) Other studies on estrogen and cognition are short term——and their findings have been inconsistent And scientists still can＇t answer the question facing millions of women： should I take hormonereplacement therapy The new study may make estrogen more appealing but it should be just one part of the equation says Shaywitz Still it＇s a memorable one
注(1)：文选Newsweek 041999 p50
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2002年真题Text 3
1 The following are the examples of the failures of shortterm memory except that ___________
[A]you are not sure whether youve locked the door or not
[B]you cannot recall all your previous experience
[C]you cannot find the key to your car when starting it
[D]you forget the name of a stranger before the greeting is over
2 It can be inferred from the text that womens working memory could probably be improved if _________
[A]they overuse estrogen
[B]they participate in the experiment
[C]their minds are kept active
[D]the estrogen level is raised
3 The experiment involving 46 ladies shows that _______
[A]the women should take a normal dose of estrogen
[B]the womens brains still have the ability of creation
[C]the estrogen level determines their memory bad or good
[D]the estrogen makes the brain work more actively
4 We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________
[A]the connection between estrogen and memory is still an open study
[B]the hormone estrogen plays a key role in improving memory
[C]the low level estrogen makes a woman forgetful
[D]raising the estrogen level can improve the womens shortterm memory
5 From the text we can see the writer seems ________
[A]objective
[B]optimistic
[C]sensitive
[D]gloomy
答案：BDDAA
At 18 Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the bubbleboy disease named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent) she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source in the genes of her white blood cells It worked Although her last genetherapy treatment was in 1992 she is completely healthy with normal immune function according to one of the doctors who treated her W French Anderson of the University of Southern California Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones And the dreaming may continue for decades more There will be a genebased treatment for essentially every disease Anderson says within 50 years
It＇s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson＇s early success The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend 432 million on genetherapy research in 2005 and there is no shortage of promising leads The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don＇t cause human disease The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse says Ronald Crystal of New York PresbyterianWeill Cornell Medical College The cargo is the gene
At the University of Pennsylvania＇s Abramson Cancer Center immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection At Cornell University researchers are pursuing genebased therapies for Parkinson＇s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children＇s brain cells At Stanford University and the Children＇s Hospital of Philadelphia researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life Animal experiments have shown great promise
But somehow things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient In human trials of the hemophilia treatment patients show a response at first but it fades over time And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999 when Jesse Gelsinger an 18yearold with a rare metabolic disorder died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge This summer researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a marathon mouse by implanting a gene that enhances running ability already officials at the World AntiDoping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of gene doping But the principle is the same whether you＇re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a musculardystrophy patient to walk Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea says Crystal And eventually it＇s going to work
注(1)：文选Newsweek1262004 p5555 23p 1c
注(2)：文题命题模仿象： 第12题分模仿2003年真题text1第2题第1题第34题分模仿2004年真题text1第5 题第3题第5题模仿2002年真题text3第5题
1 The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________
[A] show the promise of genetherapy
[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
[D] explain how genebased treatment works
2 Andersons early success has ________________
[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine
[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of genetherapy
[C] promised a cure to every disease
[D] made him a national hero
3 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Ashanthi needs to receive genetherapy treatment constantly
[B] Despite the huge funding gene researches have shown few promises
[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses
[D] Genedoping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores
4 The word tarnish (line 5 paragraph 4) most probably means ____________
[A] affect
[B] warn
[C] trouble
[D] stain
5 From the text we can see that the author seems ___________
[A] optimistic
[B] pessimistic
[C] troubled
[D] uncertain
答案：A B C D A
Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America but this year＇s is a whopper Until last week it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall Then British authorities concerned about qualitycontrol problems at a production plant in Liverpool barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp Overnight the US vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half——and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated they＇re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to This reemphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply says Dr Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information and the lack of redundancy in our system
Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it To create a single dose of flu vaccine a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2weekold fertilized chicken egg then crack the egg harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response Profit margins are narrow demand is fickle and because each year＇s flu virus is different any leftover vaccine goes to waste As a result the United States now has only two major suppliers (Chiron and Aventis Pasteur)——and when one of them runs into trouble there isn＇t much the other can do about it A vaccine maker can＇t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs says Manon Cox of Connecticutbased Protein Sciences Corp There＇s a whole industry that＇s scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time
Sleeker technologies are now in the works and experts are hoping that this year＇s fiasco will speed the pace of innovation The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures——a medium already used to make most other vaccines Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy and one culturebased product (Solvay Pharmaceuticals＇ Invivac) has been cleared for marketing in Europe
For America the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week That＇s nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year In fact many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign——encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one
注(1)：文选Newsweek 10182004 p5757 23p 1c
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1 Shortages of flue vaccine show that ____
[A] America relies too much on foreign suppliers
[B] the demand of flue vaccines is high this year
[C] quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production
[D] the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no backup measures to make it up
2 The word cleared (Line 5 Paragraph 3) might mean ____
[A]permitted
[B]removed
[C]proved
[D]produced
3 Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ____
[A]complicated process high cost low profit and high risk
[B]shortages of fertilized chicken eggs
[C]difficulty in growing live virus
[D]fast changing of flu virus
4 From the last paragraph we can infer that ____
[A] the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions
[B] more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots can not get them this year
[C] America has to deal with a limited supply of flu vaccines this year
[D] normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year
5 According to the passage which of the following is TRUE
[A] All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year
[B] The big problem in innovating flu vaccine producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way
[C] More flu vaccines can not be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more
[D] Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures
答案：D A A B B
It was a big week for Alzheimer＇s disease and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting a firstrate documentary about Alzheimer＇s worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer＇s as well as to the babyboom generation that＇s up next Unless something dramatic happens the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple to about 16 million over the next 50 years There＇s still no cure in sight but there is progress on several fronts Among them：
MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C both antioxidants help stave off Alzheimer＇s at least in folks who haven＇t already developed the disorder What they didn＇t know——but a big study involving 4740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed——was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer＇s a remarkable 78
COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer＇s patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain＇s chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept) an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine were also given memantine (Namenda) a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer＇s according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association
BRAIN IMAGING Finally scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer＇s patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits Before now doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died when the brain could be autopsied Using the new technique doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear
None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer＇s disease If you or your loved ones are concerned the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer＇s and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early Also remember the old adage use it or lose it Mental exercise——reading doing crossword puzzles playing chess or Scrabble——is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body
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1 From the first paragraph we learn that_________
[A] the babyboom generation will not suffer from Alzhemers disease
[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims
[C] the week was very important for Alzheimers because a documentary about it was shown on PBS
[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimers disease can be cured
2 The phrase stave off (line 1 paragraph 2) most probably means ________
[A] getting
[B] treating
[C] curing
[D] preventing
3 The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________
[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment
[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate
[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimers
[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately
4 Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemers
[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain
[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died
[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain
[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease
5 To which of the following is the author likely to agree
[A] Alzhemers disease can be cured thanks to the new advances
[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise
[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimers from curable memory lapses which can be treated if found in an early phase
[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes
答案：B D D A C
The countdown goes something like this： 3) IRS auditor 2) exhusband＇s new 20yearold girlfriend 1) dentist The top three people we most hate to see
Let＇s face it says Dr Lorin Berland a dentist in Dallas Dentistry can suck A third of Americans according to the National Center for Health Statistics haven＇t even set foot in the dentist＇s office in the past year Berland along with an increasing number of dentists all over the country is trying to change that He wants dental appointments to be less about pain and drilling and more about relaxation foot massage and soothing aromatherapy
Spa dentistry as it＇s called means you can enjoy a hot paraffinwax hand treatment while getting your teeth cleaned Or you can slip on some virtualreality glasses and watch your favorite movie Or you might just lie back and let the scent of lavender and the sound of falling water quiet your anxiety while a licensed massage therapist eases the crick in your neck Most vacations aren＇t this good In response to spa dentistry＇s growing popularity the Chicago Dental Society will teach its first course on the practice at its annual midwinter meeting in February expected to attract 35000 industry professionals
Some people are born to cater to people and others have to be taught says Dr Grace Sun a dentist in Los Angeles who without benefit of a lecture offers massage fruit smoothies and movies In addition she provides luxury hotelstyle concierge services： while you＇re in the (vibrating of course) chair her staff makes dinner reservations takes your cellphone calls babysits dogsits orders in food or does just about anything else you ask
Dr Debra Gray King of the Atlanta Center for Cosmetic Dentistry calls her practice the RitzCarlton of dentistry and in fact sends her dental concierges to the RitzCarlton Leadership Center for training in client relations They＇re taught to squire each patient as he or she navigates the various rooms of the center＇s luxe 8400sqft Twelve Oaks——esque mansion Once in the dentist＇s chair King＇s patients can use the attached flatpanel monitor to watch TV play a DVD or surf the Web Can＇t see the screen No worries there＇s one wired to the ceiling too Noisereduction headphones block the screech of the drill and play a CD of your choice and the specially constructed dental chair channels the sound waves from the music into a fullbody massage The more relaxed the patient is says King the easier our job
Patients are responding Martha Dickey a magazine publisher in Atlanta says a hot paraffinwax treatment can change your whole feeling about going to the dentist You feel like you＇re there to get nurtured and pampered It＇s fabulous Every one of your senses is taken care of If only the offices of the IRS were as pleasant
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1 How do Dr Berland and some other American dentists try to change the image of
dentistry
[A] They try to change it by facing it bravely
[B] They try to change it by teaching patients how to take good care of their teeth
[C] They try to change it by providing new services to help patients feel relaxed and at home
[D] They try to change it by relieving patients pain with new pills
2 Which of the following is not a service provided by spa dentistry
[A] a vacation
[B] spa
[C] massage
[D] dental treatment
3 The expression cater to (Line 1 Paragraph 4) most probably means _______
[A] meet the requirements of sb
[B] be to sbs liking
[C] take sb seriously
[D] serve sb well
4 Why does Dr Debra Gray King call her practice the RitzCarlton of dentistry
[A] Because her dental concierges are trained at the RitzCarlton Leadership Center
[B] Because her cosmetic dentistry center provides the kind of concierge services luxury hotels like RitzCarlton provide
[C] Because her Center is located in a mansion as large as RitzCarlton
[D] Because her patients are also guests at RitzCarlton
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A] Dr Grace Sun learned her new practice from the course offered by the Chicago Dental Society
[B] The author hopes that dentists offices can be as comfortable the offices of the IRS
[C] The patients like the new services provided by the dentists mentioned in the text very much
[D] Dental appointments are often associated with relaxation
答案：C A D B C
WHAT do you do when everyone hates you That is the problem faced by America＇s pharmaceutical industry Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity soaring healthcare costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart) Last week at a conference organised by The Economist in Philadelphia the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source： a tobacco firm Steven Parrish of Altria the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image
Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd or even offensive Their products kill people Our products save people＇s lives says Alan Holmer the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America an industry association Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of classaction lawsuits and public scrutiny industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994
Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics Rather than arguing about the past he said it is better to move on and give people something new to think about (Philip Morris now acknowledges for example that cigarettes are addictive and deadly and is trying to develop less harmful products) Not everyone is open to persuasion so focus on those who are he said But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words： This is not about spin this is about change
The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics Mr Holmer noted in his own speech But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counterproductive since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel And too much advertising he said can actually antagonise people further
The audience was generally receptive claims Mr Parrish This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics At a conference at the University of Michigan last year he offered America＇s State Department advice on improving America＇s image in the Middle East So does his prescription work There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms if only a small one But at least for once a tobacco firm is peddling a cure rather than a disease
GRAPH： Unpopularity contest
Economist 11272004 Vol 373 Issue 8403 p6464 13p 1 graph
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1 Why is Americas pharmaceutical industry so unpopular
[A] Because it like tobacco and oil firms does harm to peoples health and environment
[B] Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer
[C] Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide
[D] Because it exploits its employees
2 Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________
[A] the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous or even insulting
[B] the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry
[C] tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products
[D] pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems
3 According to the text Mr Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except ______
[A] To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images
[B] Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association
[C] Not to care about the past
[D] To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion
4 The word mollify (Line 1 Paragraph 4) might mean
[A] placate
[B] enrage
[C] fight
[D] relieve
5 What does the author imply by saying This is not the first time he has offered his
thoughts on dealing with implacable critics
[A] Mr Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times
[B] Mr Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself
[C] Mr Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms
[D] Mr Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments
答案：C A C A C
Sleep is a funny thing We＇re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night but a lot of us get by just fine on less and some of us actually sleep too much A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke——probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly
Doctors have their own special sleep problems Residents are famously sleep deprived When I was training to become a neurosurgeon it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest Most of us took it in stride confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care Maybe we shouldn＇t have been so sure of ourselves An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness a person＇s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated Curiously surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don＇t think twice about operating without enough sleep
I could tell you horror stories says Jaya Agrawal president of the American Medical Student Association which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes Some are terrifying I was operating after being up for over 36 hours one writes I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound
Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work writes another I know of three who have hit parked cars Another hit a ＇Jersey barrier＇ on the New Jersey Turnpike going 65 mph Your own patients have become the enemy writes a third because they are the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep
Agrawal＇s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001 introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr of Michigan Its key provisions modeled on New York State＇s regulations include an 80hour workweek and a 24hour workshift limitMost doctors however resist such interference Dr Charles Binkley a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan agrees that something needs to be done but believes doctors should be bound by their conscience not by the government
The US controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers But until such a system is in place for doctors patients are on their own If you＇re worried about the people treating you or a loved one you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if morerested staffers are available Doctors for their part have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need
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1 We can learn from the first paragraph that ____________
[A] people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness
[B] poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder
[C] stroke is often associated with sleep
[D] too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep
2 Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face the author implies that ________________
[A] doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic
[B] doctors sleep is deprived by residents
[C] doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems
[D] sleepdeprived doctors are intoxicated
3 Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to ____________
[A] entertain the audience with some anecdotes
[B] discuss the cause of doctors sleep problems
[C] show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients
[D] exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep
4 By doctors should be bound by their conscience not by the government (line 6 paragraph 5) Dr Charles Binkley means that ____________
[A] doctors should not abide by governments regulations
[B] the government is interfering too much
[C] the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific
[D] law can not force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can
5 To which of the following is the author likely to agree
[A] Patients should control the hours of their doctors
[B] Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors
[C] Patients are facing more risks if their doctors are not adequatelyrested
[D] People concerned have the right to remove their doctors from their positions
答案：B C D B C
Watching a child struggle to breathe during an asthma attack is frightening for any parent So it is only natural that most moms and dads will try just about anything——including spending a lot of money——to keep an attack at bay Trouble is more than half of parents are trying strategies that simply don＇t work and wasting hundreds of dollars in the process according to a study published last week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
The report based on interviews with the parents of 896 asthmatic children in 10 different cities contained some good news Eighty percent of parents had a handle on at least one of the triggers that worsened their children＇s asthma After that however many parents seemed to go astray taking precautions that weren＇t helpful and made little sense according to Dr Michael Cabana a pediatrician at the University of Michigan＇s CS Mott Children＇s Hospital who led the study
One of the most common mistakes was to buy a mattress cover to protect against dust mites for a child whose asthma was exacerbated instead by plant pollen Many of those parents then neglected to do what would have helped a lot more： shut the windows to keep pollen out Another was using a humidifier for a child who was allergic to dust mites a humidifier tends to be a place where dust mites like to breed With those allergies a dehumidifier works better
Worst of all was the number of smokers with asthmatic children who didn＇t even try to quit or at least limit themselves to smoking outdoors rather than just moving to another room or the garage Secondhand smoke has been proved over and over again to be a major trigger of asthma attacks Many smoking parents purchased expensive air filters that have what Cabana called questionable utility
Part of the problem Dr Cabana and his colleagues believe is that parents are bombarded by television ads that encourage them to buy products such as air and carpet fresheners ionizers and other remedies that are often expensive but medically unnecessary And doctors may not always take the time or have the time to explain to parents what will and won＇t work in their child＇s particular case For example allergies are usually a problem for older children with asthma while kids 5 and younger more frequently have trouble with viral respiratory infections So make sure you understand what＇s really triggering your child＇s asthma And remember the best solutions are not always the most expensive ones
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注(2)：文题命题模仿象2004年真题Text 1
1 What does the study by Dr Michael Cabana indicate
[A]Parents are eager to cure of their childrens disease
[B]Many parents are wasting money for their childrens frightening disease
[C] Many parents fail to find the effective way for their childrens disease
[D]Parents feel worried about their childrens disease
2 Which of the following is not the trigger of asthma attacks
[A]Humidifier
[B]Secondhand smoke
[C]Plant pollen
[D]Dust mites
3 The expression to keep an attack at bay (Line 3 Paragraph 1) most probably means ________
[A]to ease the attack
[B]to lessen the attack
[C]to continue the attack
[D]to prevent the attack
4 Why are the parents in such a dilemma
[A]The doctors are not responsible enough
[B]Parents are influenced much by ads
[C]Parents are ignorant of the disease
[D]The quality of medical products is not good
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A]Parents shouldnt spend too much money on the children
[B]The expensive products are not always good
[C]To know the real trigger of the disease is very important
[D]Parents often make mistakes
答案：CADBC
IF YOU＇RE CONFUSED BY ALL the news about the health effects of eating fish you＇re not alone On one hand the omega3 fatty acids in fish are known to reduce the risk of heart disease as the American Heart Association reminded us two weeks ago when it restated its recommendation that everybody eat at least two fish servings a week On the other hand fish that feed in contaminated waterways contain high levels of mercury which can lead to cognitive problems in developing brains That＇s why pregnant women and nursing mothers are advised to limit their consumption
As if that weren＇t confusing enough two new studies published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine investigated the possible effects of mercury on the heart and they seem to have reached contradictory conclusions One found no clear link between mercury levels and heart disease the other found that men with high levels of mercury in their toenails were more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with low levels What are we to make of this The first thing to remember is that this is how science proceeds by fits and starts and seemingly contradictory results that get resolved only by further study The second is that not all fish are created equal
Compared with all the other things you might eat fish are an excellent source of protein They tend to eat algae as part of their natural life cycle converting it into omega3 fatty acids that can improve your cholesterol profile But it＇s also true that our waterways have become increasingly contaminated with all sorts of pollutants including mercury and that these pollutants tend to accumulate at different levels in different species The fish most at risk are predators high in the pelagic food chain such as swordfish and sharks (see chart)
It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails where heavy metals tend to be deposited In one study researchers led by Dr Eliseo Guallar at Johns Hopkins found that European and Israeli men with the highest mercury levels were nearly 22 times as likely to have a heart attack as those with the lowest levels The other study led by Dr Walter Willett at the Harvard School of Public Health looked at a selection of American men and found no connection between mercury exposure and risk of heart disease although Willett told me a weak association cannot be ruled out
For most of us eating two servings of fish a week should not pose any problems Guallar who hails from coastal Spain continues to flavor his paella with salmon which has negligible mercury levels Willett eats swordfish only about twice a month——because of its expense not any fear of mercury Fishoil supplements are high in omega3 fatty acids and probably don＇t contain as much mercury as whole fish But they don＇t taste nearly as good
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1 In the opening paragraph the author introduces his topic by
[A]making a comparison
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]posing a contrast
[D]explaining a phenomenon
2 The phrase by fits and starts(Line 6 Paragraph 2) most probably means _______
[A]something happens smoothly
[B]something keeps starting and then stopping again
[C]something deserves a lot of effort
[D]something is troublesome
3 Clippings from toenails were chosen for the research most probably because _______
[A]they are more likely to contain mercury
[B]they influence a persons heart
[C]they can be easily obtained
[D]they are connected with the heart
4 The views of Dr Eliseo Guallar and Dr Walter Willett are ______
[A]identical
[B]similar
[C]opposite
[D]complementary
5 What can we infer from the last paragraph
[A]Fish is no threat to Man
[B]Do not be frightened by some fish
[C]Eat Fishoil supplements instead of fish
[D]Taste is more important than the safety of the food
答案：CBACB
A widely heralded but still experimental cancerfighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans： heart disease and stroke That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr Judah Folkman＇s laboratory at the Children＇s Hospital in Boston
The versatile compound is endostatin a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis the growth of new blood vessels in the body In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice How By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors
When news of Folkman＇s achievement became widely known last year it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results questions arose about the validity of Folkman＇s research Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute with guidance from Folkman finally matched his results Reassured the NCI gave the goahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors
How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke The answer lies in the composition of plaque the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol white blood cells and smooth muscle cells and as it accumulates a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque
A Folkman lab team led by Dr Karen Moulton decided to find out The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16week Western diet that was high in fat and cholesterol then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body Meanwhile they injected one group of mice with endostatin another with a different bloodvessel inhibitor called TNP470 and a control group with an inert saline solution Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas The results were startling： the endostatin group averaged 85 less plaque buildup and the TNP470 group 70 less than those in the control group
All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman＇s tumor report the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results If this finding is supported in future studies says Moulton [it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes But any such treatments she stresses are probably five to 10 years away
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1 What did the report indicate
[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage
[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans
[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future
[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke
2 Why did the NCI agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients
[A]They were convinced of the Folkman＇s research
[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman
[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug
[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans
3 The expression stunting the growth of capillaries(Line 8 Paragraph 2) most probably
means _______
[A]help the growth of capillaries
[B]limit the growth of capillaries
[C]improve the growth of capillaries
[D]prevent the growth of capillaries
4 Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart
[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells
[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque
[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same
[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance
5 Which of the following is true according to the text
[A]Folkman＇s tumor report had been exaggerated
[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected
[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging
[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment
答案：CADBC
Depending on whom you ask the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning
There＇s truth to all these points of view Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant Unlike some infertile women the 30yearold patient produced eggs just fine and those eggs could be fertilized by sperm But they never developed properly largely because of defects in parts of the egg outside the fertilized nucleus So using a technique developed by Dr James Grifo at New York University Dr Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yatsen University in Guangzhou took the patient＇s fertilized egg scooped out the chromosomebearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed In this more benign environment development proceeded normally and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband＇s——pretty much like any normal baby
What has some doctors and ethicists upset is that this socalled nucleartransfer technique has also been used to produce clones starting with Dolly the sheep The only significant difference is that with cloning the inserted nucleus comes from a single usually adult cell and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many Besides for reasons that aren＇t yet well understood cloned animals often abort spontaneously or are born with defects Dolly died very young though she had seemed healthy And because the Chinese woman＇s twins were born prematurely and died (the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for the remaining two) critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans
Not likely says Grifo The obstetric outcome was a disaster he admits but the embryos were chromosomally normal We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure Even so concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China where it was subsequently banned (but only this month long after Zhuang＇s patient became pregnant)
The bottom line say critics is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning even if it were developed for another purpose is just a bad idea——an assertion Zhuang rejects I agree that it makes sense to control these experiments he says But we＇ve developed an effective technology to help people We understand how to do it We need it
注(1)：文选Time 10272003 p47
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2003年真题Text 4
1 What is implied in the first paragraph
[A]Some people regard it as a tragic failure
[B]The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people
[C]People have different reactions to the new experiment
[D]The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning
2 The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that _________
[A]both nucleartransfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals
[B]both of them benefit from the new technique
[C]both of them are the examples of technical failure
[D]both of them are the fruits of the new technology
3 Zhuangs attitude toward the critics’ conclusion is one of __________
[A]reserved consent
[B]strong disapproval
[C]slight contempt
[D]enthusiastic support
4 The only difference existing between nucleartransfer and cloning technique is ________
[A]whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile
[B]whether the offspring looks like the parent
[C]whether it is used in animals or human beings
[D]whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell
5 The text intends to express the idea that _________
[A]research of cloning has potential risks
[B]the research of cloning should be stopped totally
[C]ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction
[D]researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning
答案：CABDC
I had two routine checkups last week and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records Their requests made sense Healthcare providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they＇re taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications
On each history however the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause Few diseases are purely genetic but plenty have genetic components If my father suffered from elevated LDL or bad cholesterol my doctor should know that because I＇m probably at higher risk If my mother had breast cancer my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant
While I know something about the history of my parents＇ healthmy father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson＇s disease and my mother died of lung cancerthere＇s plenty I don＇t know What were my parents＇ cholesterol numbers and blood pressures I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes but I can＇t swear to that And when it comes to my grandparents whose genes I also have I＇m even more in the dark
That makes me fairly typical According to Dr Richard Carmona the US Surgeon General only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a familyhealth history That＇s why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you＇re supposed to be giving thanks for everything that＇s going right But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway it＇s a perfect time to create a medical family tree
And the Surgeon General is making it easy： if you go to hhsgovfamilyhistory you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families which ones you should be most and least worried about and what to do if like me your parents and grandparents have passed away You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait which helps you organize the information The program prints that out in a easytoread form you can give to your doctors
The website insists the software is fun but that may be going a bit far In any case it＇s available only for Windows machines so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree It＇s worth it though since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday
注(1)：文选Time 11222004 p100
注(2)：文题命题模仿象2005年真题Text 1
1 In the opening paragraph the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] explaining a phenomenon
[D] making a comparison
2 The statement I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes but I can＇t swear to that (Line 4 Paragraph 3) implies that
[A] only one of them suffered from diabetes
[B] neither of them suffered from diabetes
[C] both of them suffered from diabetes
[D] it＇s uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not
3 Family health report is very important because
[A] you can be careful about some disease and keep fit
[B] you are connected with your parents and your grandparents
[C] many diseases are genetic and should be noticed
[D] you should be considerate and care about your parents
4 Dr Richard Carmona suggests that
[A] you should present your doctor with a medical history
[B] you should print out your family＇s medical history
[C] you should gather your family＇s medical history
[D] you should give thanks for everything that is going right
5 What can we infer from the last paragraph
[A] The software is fun enough
[B] Family medical tree shouldn＇t be neglected
[C] The software is not available anywhere
[D] It is worthwhile to draw a family tree
答案：C B A C B
William Shakespeare described old age as second childishness—— sans teeth sans eyes sans taste In the case of taste he may musically speaking have been even more perceptive than he realized A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer＇s Disease in Brescia Italy shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression if not to infancy then at least to a patient＇s teens
Frontotemporal dementia is caused as its name suggests by damage to the front and sides of the brain These regions are concerned with speech and with such higher functions as abstract thinking and judgment Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer＇s disease a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer＇s In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1500 Alzheimer＇s patients it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia
Two of those patients interested Dr Frisoni One was a 68yearold lawyer the other a 73yearold housewife Both had undamaged memories but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementiaa diagnosis that was confirmed by brain scanning About two years after he was first diagnosed the lawyer once a classical music lover whoreferred to pop music as mere noise started listening to the Italian pop band 883 As his command of language and his emotional attachments to friends and family deteriorated he
continued to listen to the band at full volume for many hours a day The housewife had not even had the lawyer＇s love of classical music having never enjoyed music of any sort in the past But about a year after her diagnosis she became very interested in the songs that her 11yearold granddaughter was listening to
This kind of change in musical taste was not seen in any of the Alzheimer＇s patients and thus appears to be specific to those with frontotemporal dementia And other studies have remarked on how frontotemporaldementia patients sometimes gain new talents Five sufferers who developed artistic abilities are known And in another lapse of musical taste one woman with the disease suddenly started composing and singing country and western songs
Dr Frisoni speculates that the illness is causing people to develop a new attitude towards novel experiences Previous studies of noveltyseeking behavior suggest that it is managed by the brain＇s right frontal lobe A predominance of the right over the left frontal lobe caused by damage to the latter might thus lead to a quest for new experience Alternatively the damage may have affected some specific neural circuit that is needed to appreciate certain kinds of music Whether that is a gain or a loss is a different matter As Dr Frisoni puts it in his article de gustibus non disputandum est Or in plainer words there is no accounting for taste
11 For Shakespeare old age as second childishness for they have the same
A favorite
B memory
C experience
D sense
12 Which one is not a symptom of Frototemporal dementia
A the loss of memory
B the loss of judgment
C the loss of abstract thinking
D the loss of speech
13 From the two patients mentioned in the passage it can be concluded that
A their command of language has deteriorated
B their emotional attachments to friends and family are being lost
C the Frontotemporal dementia can bring new gifts
D Frontotemporal dementia can cause patients to change their musical tastes
14The novel in the last paragraph means
A historical
B special
C storylike
D strange
15 From the passage it can be inferred that
A the damage of the left frontal lobe may affect some specific neural circuit
B the lawyer patient has the left frontal lobe damaged
C the damage of the left frontal lobe decreased the appreciation certain kinds of music
D every patient has the same taste
答案：DADDB
Should doctorassisted suicide ever be a legal option It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be noneThose who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patientthe doctorand nature in these situations
Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide When a patient is terminally ill and in great painthose who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will beThere are greater powers at work that determine when a person diesfor examplenatureNeither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces
What role should the doctor have Doctorswhen taking the Hippocratic oathswear to preserve life at all costsand it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oathIt is their responsibilities to heal the sickand in the cases when healing is not possiblethen the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortableDoctors are trained never to hasten deathThose who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crimeand they should be dealt with accordinglyDoctors are alsoby virtue of their humannesscapable of making mistakesDoctors could quite possibly sayfor instancethat a cancer patient was terminaland then the illness could later turn out not to be so seriousThere is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs
The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of natureLife is preciousMany people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or anothers lifeOnly nature determines when it is the right time for a person to dieTo assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal lawsbut to break divine 1aws as well
These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide questionFor instancepatients cannot always be certain of their medical conditionsPain clouds judgmentand so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destinyPatients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatmentso they shouldnt be held completely responsible for decisions related to itDoctors are also fallibleand it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occurSince doctors are trained to prolong lifethey usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide
I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a serviceIf someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her miseryand someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphinethat seems merciful rather than criminalIf we can agree to thisthen I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable requestWithout the doctors previous treatmentthe person would have surely been dead alreadyDoctors have intervened for months or even yearsso why not sanction this finalmerciful intervention
Life is indeed preciousbut an inevitable part of life is deathand it should be precioustooIf life has become an intolerable pain and intense sufferingthen it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beautyone should have the right to end her or his suffering quietlysurelyand with family and friends nearby
1 In this passagedoctorassisted suicideactually refers to the practice that doctors____
[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement
[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide
[c]propose euthanasia(安乐死)to the terminally ill patient
[D]kill their patients with improper prescription
2 People may object to doctorassisted suicide on the ground that____
[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives
[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients
[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis
[D]doctors should wait until their patients death is certain
3 Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide
[A]The patient [B]The doctor
[C]Nature [D]None of the above
4 When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicidethe author admits that____
[A]it is not up to them to make the choice
[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference
[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously
[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases
5 The author makes it clear that____
[A]he is opposed to doctorassisted suicide
[B]he is in favor of doctorassisted suicide
[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctorassisted suicide
[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present
参考答案：
1 [C] 第段第二句实际doctorassisted suicide定义
2 [C] 参阅第三段第六七八句
3 [C] 参阅第四段第三四五句
4 [D] 参阅第五段尤段第句
5 [B] 参阅段尤该段第二句
The termgenetically modified(GM)is an offspring of another term：biotechnologya word thats been around for about 30 yearsBiotechnology was coined in the shadow of new techniques that allowed scientists to modify the genetic material in living cellsRoughlythat means imitating biological processes to produce substances thatarguablybenefit things like agriculturemedicine and the environment
Proponents of GM foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristicscan be used to introduce traits that a product wouldnt traditionally havecan improve the nutritional value of productsand can produce cheaper and more environmentallyfriendly fertilizersAndsay the supportersa11 of this is done safelyBart Bilmeran officer of biotechnology at the Canadian Food Inspection Agencyreinforces thisHe says before being put on the shelvesall foods go through rigorous tests to ensure they’re up to snuffThe standard forsafeis the food thats already being sold in grocery storesIt’s called the principle of substantial equivalenceAnd theres no doubt in Bilmer’s mind that its a system that’s working and working well
Advocacy groupslike the Council of Canadians and Greenpeacedont see things quite the same wayThey cite studies done by groups such as the British Medical Association which argue GM foods could have disastrous consequences to our health1)To the groups on this side of the issuethatcouldprovides more than enough reason to proceed with extreme cautionsomething they say isn’t being done at presentThose on this side of the debate say there are a number of problems with the current approach to GM foodsTo begin withthey argue the notion of substantial equivalence is not a standard they trustThey want a new testing system independent from the industryAs wellGM critics say enough time hasnt passed to study the longterm effects of the foodsWithout knowingargues Jennifer Story of the Council of CanadiansCanadians arepart of this giant experiment involving a radical and frontier science
One side says the foods on the shelves of Canadas grocery stores are safeThe other side says they’re not so sureBoth sides agree consumers may be confused with the information out there but dont agree on how to address that confusionOne side says the answer lies’in voluntary labelsthe other says mandatory ones are the bare minimum2) Whatever the case it＇s a debate that makes us consider the role technology has in our livesWhat makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very coreAnd that fact means one thing：its an issue to be discussed not only around policy tablesbut dinner tables
1 The expressionare up to snuff(Para2 )probably means____
[A]be healthy [B]be pleasant to taste
[C]meet the standard [D] be nutritious
2 Theprinciple of substantial equivalence(Para2 )is one by which____
[A]GM foods can be produced and processed
[B]one can define the safety of GM foods
[C]foods can be genetically modified up to standard
[D]foods can be tested before they are sold at grocery stores
3 Those who advise taking a cautious attitude toward GM foods warn that____
[A]GM foods will have disastrous consequences to peoples health
[B]the longterm effects of GM foods remain largely unknown
[C]most GM foods do not meet the principle of substantial equivalence
[D]most fertilizers used in raising GM foods are harmful to the environment
4 What Jennifer Story says implies____
[A]she considers genetic food modification desirable
[B]she believes GM food will have disastrous consequences to our health
[C]she predicts more and more Canadians will like GM foods
[D]she takes a cautious attitude towards food modification
5 The authors attitude towards the issue of GM food is____
[A]positive [B]negative
[C]radical [D]impartial
参考答案：
1 [C] 俚语意符合标准第二段中该句句实际解释该词组意思
2 [B] 该句句实际说明意思
3 [B] 第三段认应该慎重种新型食物提两点理：认目前测试安全否标准二认种食物投放市场时间尚短没办法研究长期效应(longterm effects)
4 [D] 第三段句说加毫意识成种全新前科学试验品说句话句话意思应该致推断应该谨慎做事解新型食物长期效应
5 [D]意：客观作者列举拥护者反者意见孰孰非没提出法句作者指出问题继续争
I am a neuroscientistI make a living by studying how the brain worksAlthough neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decadeit is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feeland it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel betterSoas a neuroscientistI feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach
The first question I must answer is：What do psychotherapies have to offerFirstlet us deal with the scientific angleThe best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the yearIt was first made of psychoanalysisbut it has been extended to other psychotherapiesIt is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religionthat it gives a scientificrather than a superstitiousanswer to the question of how best to lead a happyfulfilled life
1 would say this claim is at best half rightPsychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy lifebut it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with scienceIn factpsychoanalysis is not the successor to religionit is just another religion
This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truthsIn religionstruths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets whoin their turnpass them on to the faithfulThey are sacred mysteries that cannot be questionedIn scienceon the other handtruths are nothing if not questionableThe laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental resultsIf new results go against the predictionthey show the law to be falseA new experimental resultor a new theory for deriving predictions from the resultscan change the accepted truthsIf a scientific statement cannotin principlebe proved wrong then it tells us nothing
Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflictsand that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analystBut the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanationThere is no way the maxims could be disprovedThey may not be sacredbut they are definitely mysteries
Many other therapies are based on untestable theoriesOf coursethat doesnt necessarily prevent them from workingThere is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier livesBut the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validityif it werereligion would come out way ahead
1 The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____
[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst
[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst
[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist
[D]purely imaginary and impractical
2 According to the authorpsychoanalysis is another religion in that____
[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth
[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested
[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers
[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs
3 By saying thatPsychoanalysis suffers from just this problem(Para5)the author means that____
[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious
[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved
[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments
[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients
4 Which of the following is a science according to the author
[A]Neuroscience
[B]Psychoanalysis
[C]Psychotherapy
[D]None of the above
5 The main purpose of the passage is____
[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis
[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis
[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines
[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science
参考答案：
1 [B] 第段作者指出神科学家说明门科学目前存局限性句指出作神学方面科学家觉必谈外种方法究竟什东西里谓the alternative approach指文提心理疗法(psychotherapy)根第二段述心理分析心理疗法分支第三段作者心理分析称种宗教认科学
2 [B] 第四段说明什心理分析种宗教门科学段出科学宗教根区：科学实验证明真伪宗教第五六段接着列举心理分析宗教相似性
3 [B] 句中this problem指段句提证明真伪
4 [A] 意：神科学第段作者称神学科学家心目中神科学门科学然现尚许问题解决实际敢承认局限性研究门科学应态度称什问题解决心理分析学作者称种宗教外第二段第四句作者other psychotherapies样措辞说明作者心理分析做心理疗法分支二者科学
5 [D] 第段句提出文旨说明问题文章段文章结中尤该段句
For three decades weve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption)exerciseMedical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good healthand millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill to reap the rewardsBut the story is changingEveryone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon general’S office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobicsAnd as weight lifting has gone mainstreamSO has the once obscure practice known asSuper SlowtrainingEnthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snails pace——making eachrep(repeat)last 1 4 seconds instead of the usual 7—you can safely place extraordinary demands on your musclesand call forth an extraordinary responseSlow lifting may not be the only exercise you needas some advocates believebut the benefits are often dramatic
Almost anyone can handle this routineThe only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burnFor each exercise——leg pressbench pressshoulder press and SO On—70u set the machine to provide only moderate resistanceBut as you draw out each repeatdepriving yourself of impetusthe weight soon feels unbearableDefying the impulse to stopyou ke印going until you cant complete a repeatThen you sustain your vain effort for 1 0 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradleIntense Uncomfortable TotallyBut once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workoutit can become almost pleasure
The goal is not to bunr calories while you＇re exercising but to make your body burn them all the timeRunning a few miles may make you sweatbut it expends only 1 00 calories per mileand it doesnt stimulate much bone or muscle developmentStrength training doesn’t burn many calorieseitherBut when you push a muscle to failureyou set off a pour of physiological changesAs the muscle recovers over several daysit will thicken——and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenanceBy the time you add three pounds of muscleyour body requires an extra 9000 calories a month just to break evenHold your diet steady andvery quicklyyou are vaporizing body fat
One might have benefited from any strength—training programBut advocates insist the slowtechnique is safer and more effective than traditional methods
1 Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years
[A]its inherent awards to their health
[B]its greater consumption of oxygen
[C] the compliment paid by authorities
[D]the actual benefits from the exercise
2 According to the authorSuper Slow’training
[A]has been misunderstood for decades
[B]has been widely accepted recently
[C]has been the basis ofweight lifting
[D]has become the nucleus of aerobics
3 In practicing slow liftingone has
[A]complete each rep with great
[B]tryhisbesttodothetraining
[C]sufferthe bitter effect called forth by the exercise
[D]exert extraordinary pressure on his legs and shoulders
4While making each repone may suffer from
[A]impetus loss
[B]weight loss
[C]bearable iron weights
[D]the feeling of successful workout
5The phraseto break even(Line 6Para3)most
[A]to upset the physical energy balance
[B]to disturb the calmness ofthe body
[C]to gain a greater profit than a loss
[D]to make neither a profit nor a loss
阅读帮手
核心词汇
authority n权威 complement n补足物 pace n步调
tolerance容忍 sustain vt保持 embrace v信奉 benefit vi受益
probably means association n协会 obscureadj出名
dramatic adj引注目 moderate adj适度 cradle n发源
stimulate vt刺激 effective adj效 surgeon n外科医生 claim Vt声称
handle yr操作 impetus n推动力动量 intense adj强烈 tissue n[生]组织
三十年停听关氧(增加氧气消耗量)运动种种优点医学权威称赞跑步跳跃获健康关键数百万美国选择跑步机获健康情形正改变美国心脏协会外科办公室信奉力量练氧运动项补充举重运动样度默默闻超慢速’运动成流狂热者称极缓慢速度——动作重复持续14秒通常7秒——提升重物肯定会肌肉施加巨负荷产生特效果正倡导者说慢速举重许需惟练益处显著
操作套步骤仅仅需高度集中注意力肌肉灼伤忍耐力次练中——腿部伸展仰卧举重肩膊推举等等——机器设定提供适度阻力次重复动作时动量逐渐减少重量快会显法承受忍住想停动直法坚持重复次接着保持住徒然力达10秒直力量全部太剧烈舒服然便样健身运动没帮塑造出理想肌肉获种享受 目做练时燃烧卡路里身体时时刻刻燃烧卡路里跑英里会出汗I英里仅仅消耗100卡路里刺激骨头肌肉发展力量训练样燃烧卡路里肌肉拉伸力时引发量生理学变化肌肉恢复需干天时间会变相——新肌肉组织需消耗量增加3磅肌肉时候身体收支衡月需额外9000卡路里保特稳定饮食会快消耗掉体脂肪
方式力量训练项目中益处倡导者坚持认慢速技巧传统方法更加安全效
参考答案：
1 D细节题根题干关键词仃eadmiu定位文章第段第二句提美国喜欢练脚踏车reaDthe rewards(报偿)知D运动中获实际处符合题意余三项A 生俱健康处跑步机运动会身体益跑步机身健康益排B跑步机耗氧量跑步机耗氧锻炼身体非终目排c受权威赞美属偷换概念文中提受称赞running and jumping排
2 B推断题根题干关键词super slOW定位文章第段中提举重运动样度默默闻超慢速’运动已成流知B说法恰A中misunderstood obscure(模糊引注意)意曲解c容文中未提D言实文中说strength training(力量锻炼)a complement to aerobics(氧健身运动补充)没说SuperS10wtraining成氧运动核心排
3 c推断题题干关键词slowli埘ng(慢速举重)先出现第段句第二段进步描述该运动求高度集中注意力肌肉灼伤忍耐力选项A中说肌肉施加巨负荷文中肌肉灼伤忍耐力二者程度选项B文中未提 D说举重锻炼部位非slowl确ng求C忍受练致肌肉疼痛符合文意
4 A细节题题干中信息词make each rep定位第二段第四句次重复动作时动量 逐渐减少重量快会显法承受推知慢速举重者会面动量损失情况选项A符合题意B文中未提C文中提feel unbearable相反D文意相反
5 D语义题题干定位第三段增加3磅肌肉时候身体 月需额外900()卡路里结合选项AB均指乱身体量衡实际量运动已身体量衡需乱衡两者均排c盈余结合常识知根利健康排D收支衡保持身体量衡符合题意
It is a startling claim but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effects： the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day Mrs Pryce lost her own 9yearold daughter to cancer in 1999 Pediatric cancer remains a littleunderstood issue in America where the healthcare debate is consumed with the ills pills and medical bills of the elderly
Cancer kills more children than any other disease in MERICA 1) although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001
2) Grisly though these statistics are they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41000 each year) and lung cancer (164000) Adbocates foor more money for child cancer prefer to look at lifeyears lost the average age for cancer diagnosis in a young child is six while the average adult is diagnosed in their late 60s Robert Arceci a pediatric cancer export at Johns Hopkins points out that in terms of total lifeyears saved the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer
There is an obvious element of special pleading in such calculations all the same breast cancer has attracted a flurry of publicity private fundraising and money from government Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash Pediatric cancer a term which covers people up to 20 years old receives onetwentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute Funding moan pediatric researchers has not kept pace with rising costs in the field and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by 3 this year
There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers a pilot childhoodcancer registry is in the works Groups like Mr Reamans now get cash directly from Congress but it is plainly a problem most politicians don’t know much about
The biggest problem could lie with 1519yearolds Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in their chances as younger children and older adults have done There are some physiology explanations for this： teenagers who have passed adolescence are more vulnerable to different sorts of cancer but Arehie Bleyer a pediatric oncologist at the MD Anderson Cancer Centre in Texas has produced some data implying that lack of health insurance plays a role Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly (445 words)
1 The author cites the examples of Mrs Pryce to show that
[A] child cancer is no longer a rare case
[B ] nowadays Americans care little about child cancer
[C] the current healthcare debate is rather timeconsuming
[D] school kids are more likely to be diagnoses with cancer
2 According to Robert Arceci child cancer research is also worth funding because
[A] the statistics of child cancer is rather scary
[B] a saved child may enjoy a longer life span
[C] adults with caner do not deserve that much funding
[D] funding on child cancer is economical and effective
3 Those 1519yearolds diagnosed with cancer
[A] were born with defects in immune systems
[B] are more likely to recover from a cancer
[C] can not get enough medical care
[D]suffer a lot during adolescence
4 The author writes this text to
[A] inspire greater concern for the well being of children
[B] warn people of the harms caused by cancer
[C] interpret the possible cause of child cancer
[D] change the publics indifference to kids with cancer
5 The authors attitude towards the current state of childhood cancer may be
[A] concerned
[B] desperate
[C] carefree
[D] indignant
词汇注释
pediatric 科
grisly 令恐怖
a flurry of 量
dole out 发放
registry 官方记录
oncologist 肿瘤学家
难句讲解
1 Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001
[简析] 句干the propotion … increased …引导步状语句diagnosed with … 短语修饰children and teens
2 Grisly though these statistics are they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer (41000 each year) and lung cancer (164000)
[简析] 句干they are still tiny …Grisly though …倒装句式they指these statisticswhen 引导省略条件状语句省略语中lost to…短语修饰lives
3 There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult suffers
[简析] 句干There is no national pediatric cancer registry …That 引导定语句修饰cancer registrytheir指child and teenage patientsas 引导定语句修饰前面句子中they 指researchers
答案解析
1 A 结构题题问题作者引普瑞斯夫例子说明 题干中Pryce出文章第段第句话中表明题第段关第段首先指出令吃惊说法提普瑞斯夫话——天相两教室孩子诊断患癌症接着提女死癌症事情段落介绍癌症导致童死亡数增加问题说明作者提普瑞斯夫例子说明童患癌征现象已罕见[A]癌症种罕见疾病作者意图恰概括正确答案[B]美国少关心癌症针该段第三句话设置干扰项作者提出问题原目[C]目前关医疗保健讨相费时针该段第三句话设置干扰项曲解is consumed with (关注……)短语文意思文意符[D]校孩子更诊断患癌症针该段第句话设置干扰项举例子作者目
2 B 细节题题问题根罗伯特阿赛西观点癌症研究值投资 题干中Robert Arceci出文章第三段句话中表明题第三段关第三段提张童癌症患者投入更资金更注重失寿命提罗伯特阿赛西观点——挽救总体寿命治愈童癌症患者带价值治愈成年乳腺癌患者价值样说明原延长重生命[B]挽救孩子享更长寿命观点改写正确答案[A]关癌症统计数非常令惊恐事实罗伯特阿赛西观点[C]患癌症成年值资助针该段句话设置干扰项文中没说罗伯特阿赛西反资助成年癌症患者C文意符[D]癌症投资济效属中生
3C 细节题题问题15岁19岁诊断患癌症青少年 题干中15—19 yearolds出文章段第句话中表明题段关段首先提15岁19岁青少年问题接着分析指出数显示缺少医疗保险原医疗保险覆盖更青少年年轻成年进行定期体检说明青少年没医疗方面关注[C]没足够医疗护理文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]生免疫系统缺陷[D]青春期受苦属中生[B]更癌症中恢复文意相反
4 D 旨题题问题作者写文 作者首先指出癌症然鲜知问题接着利数说明癌症导致童死亡数疾病指出童癌症没引起足够关注没足够资金分析原说明作者写文提请关注童癌症问题[D]改变公众童癌症患者冷漠态度作者目恰概括表达作者目正确答案[A]鼓励更关注童幸福准确没提童癌症问题文讨童癌症问题[B]警告癌症造成危害太广泛表达作者目[C]解释癌症原文中部分段落容表达作者目
5 A 态度题题问题作者癌症现状态度 作者文中指出癌症美国然鲜知问题童癌症没引起足够关注没足够资金引专家观点指出应该投资童癌症问题研究说明作者关注癌症问题[A]关心作者态度恰概括正确答案第五段提登记童癌症患者数试点工作正计划中瑞曼先生样研究组直接国会获资金说明[B]绝作者态度符[C]负责美国态度作者态度作者没指责谁[D]愤慨作者态度符
The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDStests in droves once treatment became available was wrong 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected
To combat this the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed The idea is todowngrade the process into something lowkey routine and stigmafree 62)Until now a potential test subject had to opt in by asking for a test having asked he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor That way having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected The test is not compulsory but objectors must actively opt out Silence is assumed to be consent and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease
This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of antiAIDS drugs in public hospitals Dwain Ndwapi a doctor at Botswanas largest AIDS clinic thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory 63) In particular he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to newborn children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth
Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients blood Viralload tests and CD4cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become That helps a patients doctor to decide when to prescribe antiretroviral 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests
But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests Instead many come in on stretchers on the verge of death 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving antiAIDS pills to relatively healthy people and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher all the better
1 Why few people would volunteer for AIDStest if treatment is readily prepared
[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment
[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs
[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected
[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring
2 According to the text how to downgrade the test process
[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test
[B] by going down to the patients homes to take the test
[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits
[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test
3 it can be inferred from the text that
[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor
[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries
[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling
[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available
4 the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to
[A] help the patients save some money for treatments
[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind
[C] make sure that patients can receive intime treatment
[D] prevent patients from possible further infection
5 persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except
[A] saving antiAIDS pills to relatively healthy people
[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment
[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people
[D] shortening doctors treatment time
词汇注释
in droves 成群结队
stigma 耻辱
downgrade 降级
lowkey 低调
expectant mother 孕妇
antiretroviral 抗病毒
staggered 吃惊
inadvertently 意中
slump 躺
难句讲解
1 And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected
[简析] 句话干the reason for that appears to be that…第that指前面句子容第二that引导表语句and thus…引导段作伴状语中it指sigmaif 引导条件状语句
2 Having asked he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out
[简析] 句话干he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure…Having asked 短语作时间状语he指前面句子中提a potential test subjecthe really knew…省略引导次宾语句中what引导宾语句before引导时间状语句
3 In particular he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to newborn children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth
[简析] 句话干he believes that…he 指Dwain Ndwapithat引导宾语句from mothers to newborn children修饰transmissionif引导条件状语句破折号里面容进步介绍条件中those指expectant motherswho引导定语句修饰thosebefore引导时间状语句中they指expectant mothers
4 But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country
[简析] 句话干laboratory capacity is inadequate for…That引导定语句修饰people破折号里面容介绍条件中as…as 引导较状语句中they指testes
5 Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving antiAIDS pills to relatively healthy people and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer
[简析] 句话列句干treating the very ill takes much more time and money…and it means thatThan引导较状语it指前面句子that引导宾语句
答案解析
1 D细节题题问题果治疗容易准备话什没愿进行爱滋病检测文章第段首先提种错误观点解释原指出政府没设法减少爱滋病关耻辱没减少果怀疑感染爱滋病寻求检测耻辱说明原觉爱滋病关东西耻辱[D]忍受检测带羞耻文中相关信息改写正确答案[A]知道否需治疗[B]负担起昂贵药物属中生[C]担心查出受感染针该段中with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected设置干扰项文意符
2 C细节题题问题根文降级’检测程题干中downgrade出文章第二段第二句话中表明题第二段关第二段介绍采取应措施时提博茨瓦纳爱滋病检测原完全改变检测程降级低调常规没耻辱感事情病时进行常规检测说明通检测成患者病时常规事情降级检测程[C]通检测作患者医院时进行常规事情文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]通迫爱滋病患者检测明显文意符[B]通患者家庭进行检测属中生[D]通询问否愿意进行检测针文中…make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carTied out句话设置干扰项文意符
3 B推题题问题根文推知 文章第二段介绍采取应措施第三段指出种原改变博茨瓦纳南非非洲国家发生变化第步国家正计划公立医院量供应抗爱滋病药物介绍名博茨瓦纳医生新观点知非洲国家实施更新措施[B]更新原样原许非洲国家实施文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]新原够包含病患者属中生文中没较新旧原坏[C]旧原新原更患者提供咨询文意符[D]患者沉默表示意进行治疗针文中Silence is assummed to be consent and no counseling is offered句话设置干扰项文意符
4 B细节题题问题减少两种昂贵血检次数目 题干中two expensive blood tests出文章第四段第句话中(文中two costly tests of patients blood)表明题第四段关第四段首先提减少两种昂贵血检次数问题解释两种血检目指出非洲实验室没力数百万需类药物进行常规检测检测频率越少更少某检测机会越说明减少血检次数目更接受检测[B]更接受某检测文中相关信息概括正确答案[A]帮助患者节省治疗费明显文意符文中没提时治疗问题没提进步感染问题[C]确信患者时治疗[D]防止患者进步感染属中生
5 A细节题题问题说服患者早治疗列处 题干中 Persuading patients to get treatment出文章段句话中(文中persuade more patients to get help)表明题段关段提相健康发放抗爱滋病药物相治疗非常严重患者花费时间金钱会更长时间意中感染提说服患者治疗问题指出果常规检测说服更患者寻求帮助话切会更说明[B]削减治疗费[C]避免病毒传染更[D]缩短医生治疗时间说服患者早治疗处[A]相健康节省抗爱滋病药物文中提处
There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view One becomes convinced not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment Every partial solution that ought to result and in other people does result in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better They exhibit what is known as a negative therapeutic reaction
There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness the greater part of it is still left over and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring ones own self too much) inaccessibility a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness
In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a moral factor a sense of guilt which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb it does not tell him he is guilty he feels ill This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case
1 According to the author some unusual patients would
[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician
[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt
[C] respond against the physicians expectation
[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician
2 For the patients the author describes
[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result
[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms
[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness
[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness
3 The authors study of this syndrome leads him to think that
[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis
[B] patients sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well
[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness
[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness
4 It can be inferred from the text that
[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way
[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery
[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty
[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious
5 The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients
[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physicians authority
[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors
[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness
[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt
词汇注释
defiance 蔑视
therapeutic 治疗
dreaded 令担心
narcissistic 陶醉
inaccessibility 易接
难句讲解
1 Every partial solution that ought to result and in other people does result in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better
[简析] 句话干Every partial solution produces in them an intensification they get worse…that引导定语句修饰solutionthem they指前面句子中such people
2 If we analyse this resistance in the usual way — then even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness the greater part of it is still left over and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic (admiring ones own self too much) inaccessibility a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness
[简析]句话列句干the greater part of it is still left over…and this reveals itself as…If引导条件状语句even after引导短语插入语it 失this resistance面句子中this 指前面句子a negative attitude…短语解释inaccessibility
3 It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case
[简析]句话列句干It is also difficult to convince the patient…he holds fast to…It形式语真正语面to conceive…短语中that引导宾语句he指the patient第二that引导explanation位语句
答案解析
1 C细节题题问题根作者观点异常患者 题干中 Some unusual patients出文章第段第句话中(文中people who behave in aquite peculiar fashion)表明题第段关第段提时指出果充满希交谈者治疗进展表示满意表现出满样子状况总会变坏指出仅确信类容忍赞扬评价深信会反回应治疗取进展说明医生希做出逆反应[C] 医生期做出相反回应意符合正确答案[A]公开抵制医生治疗[B]意鄙视医生[D]漠视医生评价准确文意符
2 A细节题题问题患者作者描述 第段前半部分分析异常患者半部分提局部治疗方法会导致病情恶化病情恶化转表现知消极治疗反应说明效治疗方法会起反作[A]希治疗通常导致相反结果意符合正确答案[B]局部治疗暂时改善症状[D]正确治疗方法部分治愈疾病针第段中…that ought to resultand in other people does resultin an improvement…句话设置干扰项明显误解该句话意思[C]局部治疗方法病情转恶化病情第段中they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better句话意思相反
3 细节题题问题作者种综合病症研究导致认 作者第段介绍患者异常表现第二段提患者抗病性素段分析种抗病性原指出面种称做道德素种罪恶感疾病中寻求满足拒绝放弃受难惩罚说明作者认患者罪恶感导致拒绝治疗康复[B]病罪恶感阻碍康复意符合正确答案[A] 病应该相信分析治疗法针段句话设置干扰项文意符：[C]病需解疾病终解释针段第二句话设置干扰项文意符[D]病应该放弃患病惩罚属中生
4 D推题题问题根文推知 第段提分析治疗程中表现方式非常特接着介绍异常表现第二段提抗病性表现段提面种罪恶感疾病中寻求满足拒绝放弃受难惩罚患者说种罪恶感意没表明罪患病知患者异常反应令费解[D]治疗反回应综合症难理解意符合正确答案[A]种特时髦方式表现误解第段第句话中fashion(方式)词意思第二段第二句话提[B]患病需超恢复渴句子说明种观点[C]满足患病患者罪误解段容
5 C细节题题问题抵制恢复根原样事实：患者 题干the resistance to recovery出文章段第四句话中表明题段关段首先提罪恶感接着解释说拒绝放弃受难惩罚种罪恶感意表现抵制非常难克服恢复患者深信通分析治疗治疗疾病方法说明事实患者认应该受患病惩罚[C ]坚持该受疾病惩罚’种意识观点意符合正确答案文中说非常难患者相信种动机隐藏继续患病素中没说相信医生权威[A]倾拒绝承认医生权威[B]难忍受医生表扬评价患者罪恶感没关系[D]患慢性精神病种疾病罪恶感属中生
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord loss of job and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol that is alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later The learning pattern therefore favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approachavoidance situation Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker while the pull toward food was unchanged
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism The discomfort pain and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol
In fact the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus thus triggering another time of drinking
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory While punishment may serve to suppress a response experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking
1 The main purpose of the text is to
A introduce some existing theories about alcoholism
B show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism
C explain the application of a approach to alcoholism
D help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism
2 The description of Congers experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite
B confirm the findings of other academic researchers
C show people that alcohol can minimize fear
D disprove the learning and reinforcement theory
3 We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields
B drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord
C tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol
D alcoholics cant recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism
4 The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences
B how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy
C under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks
D which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now
5 It can be inferred from the text that
A the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approachavoidance theory
B the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory
C punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking
Dfrequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment
答案B C C A C
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord loss of job and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol that is alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later The learning pattern therefore favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approachavoidance situation Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker while the pull toward food was unchanged
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism The discomfort pain and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol
In fact the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization： conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus thus triggering another time of drinking
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory While punishment may serve to suppress a response experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking
1 The main purpose of the text is to
A introduce some existing theories about alcoholism
B show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism
C explain the application of a approach to alcoholism
D help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism
2 The description of Congers experiment with two groups of rats was intended to
A show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite
B confirm the findings of other academic researchers
C show people that alcohol can minimize fear
D disprove the learning and reinforcement theory
3 We can learn from paragraph 3 that
A the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields
B drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord
C tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol
D alcoholics cant recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism
4 The author provides enough information to answer the question of
A why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences
B how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy
C under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks
D which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now
5 It can be inferred from the text that
A the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approachavoidance theory
B the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory
C punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking
Dfrequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment
答案解析
1 B 旨题题问题文目 文章首先提关酗酒诸理具体介绍学强化理酗酒解释指出该理认吸引令愉快场者厌恶愉快场事实度饮酒导致忧虑负疚感身成次酗酒导火线说明文解释酗酒原[B] 帮助酗酒者解酗酒原文概括正确答案文章然第段提关酗酒诸理点着重介绍学强化理没介绍理[A]介绍关酗酒理文目文没提适酗酒心理方法治疗酗酒效新方法[C]解释适酗酒种
心理方法[D]证实治疗酗酒效新方法属中生
2 C 结构题题问题康尔两组老鼠做实验描述 题干中 Conger出文章第二段二句话中表明题第二段关第二段首先提实验证表明酒精减轻恐惧接着列举康尔做实验指出老鼠注射酒精远离电击动力明显减弱接食物动力保持变说明描述康尔老鼠做实验想表明酒精降低恐惧[C]证实酒精恐惧降低低点该段中alcoh01 reduces fear in an approachavoidance situation句话改写正确答案酒精没影响食欲实验结果提实验目[A]证实饮酒影响食欲题目求符文中没介绍关酗酒理[B]证实理研究员发现描述康尔老鼠做实验目第三段提饮酒者受明显问题似学理解释酗酒相矛盾文中没说种观点[D]反驳学强化理文意符
3 C 纳题题问题第三段解 第三段提酒精减缓压力立竿见影效果酗酒行导致愉快果发生[C]压力减缓饮酒首先出现文中句话改写正确答案该段第句话说饮酒者 受明显问题似学理解释酗酒相矛盾解释没说该理互相矛盾[A]学理某方面相矛盾文意符文中说饮酒者面家庭失业疾病时继续饮酒没说饮酒解决家庭[B]饮酒解决家庭问题属中生文中说酗酒行导致愉快果发生没提酗酒者否记住愉快果问题[D]酗酒者记住酗酒愉快果属偷换概念
4 A 细节题题问题作者提供信息回答——问题文章前面两段介绍关酗酒学理段落解释酗酒者继续饮酒原指出饮酒者面家庭失业疾病时继续饮酒度饮酒导致忧虑负疚感身成次酗酒导火线果饮酒者学会奖赏惩罚两种情况饮酒种情况引发反复饮酒说明作者文回答酗酒者什继续饮酒问题[A]然令愉快果酗酒者什继续饮酒作者观点概括正确答案文中然提康尔没提休克疗法[B]康尔利休克疗法解释酗酒者行文意符文中说渴次饮酒忧虑导致没提忧虑带处[C]酗酒者什样情况会忧虑击中获益文意符文中没提治疗酗酒方法[D]种方法治疗酗酒佳方法属中生
5 C推题题问题根文推知——文章前面段落解释酗酒者继续饮酒原段提然惩罚抑制反应惩罚作种奖赏强化饮酒种行知奖赏惩罚引发反复饮酒[C]惩罚成次饮酒刺激素文中either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking＇句话改写正确答案奖赏惩罚文中谓接回避文中信息表明酗酒者行符合种理[A]酗酒者行’接回避理矛盾文意相反根文中信息推出[B]数酗酒者行证明学理段提解释酗酒原时惩罚作越越重惩罚抑制反应说明[D]常度饮酒酗酒者关心惩罚文意符
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