英语语言学试卷精粹及答案

答案

第部分  选择题

I Directions Read each of the following statements carefully Decide
which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the
letter A B C or D in the brackets (2×1020)

1As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior
it is said to be ___
  A prescriptive
  B sociolinguistic
  C descriptive
  D psycholinguistic 

2Of all the speech organs the ___ isare the most flexible
  A mouth
  B lips
  C tongue
  D vocal cords 

3The morpheme vision in the common word television is a(n) ___
  A bound morpheme
  B bound form
  C inflectional morpheme
  D free morpheme 

4A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that
introduces the embedded clause
  A coordinator
  B particle
  C preposition
  D subordinator连词 

5Can I borrow your bike ___ You have a bike
  A is synonymous with
  B is inconsistent with
  C entails
  D presupposes   

6The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___
  A semantics
  B pragmatics
  C sociolinguistics
  D psycholinguistics

7Grammatical changes may be explained in part as analogic changes which are ___ or generalization泛化
  A elaboration
  B simplification精简
  C external borrowing
  D internal borrowing

8___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules used as a medium of communication
  A Lingua franca通语
  B Creole
  C Pidgin
  D Standard language标准语言


9Psychologists neurologists and linguists have concluded that in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances three areas of the left brain are vital to language namely ___
  A Broca＇s area Wernicke＇s area and the angular gyrus角回
  B Broca＇s area Wernicke＇s area and cerebral cortex
  C Broca＇s area Wernicke＇s area and neurons
  D Broca＇s area Wernicke＇s area and Exner＇s area

10According to Krashen ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations
  A learning
  B competence
  C performance
  D acquisition
第二部分  非选择题

II Directions Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word the first letter of which is already given as a clue Note that you are to fill in One word only and you are not allowed to change the
letter given (1×1010)
11Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user＇s k    of the rules of his language

12The four sounds pbm and whave one feature in common ie they are all b   

13M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed

14A s    is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement question or command

15Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c    synonyms

16The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to
something＇s being the case to the truth of what has been said

17Words are created outright to fit some purpose Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c   

18Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he＇s) Black English can d    the form of be

19The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty which is called the c    period for first language acquisition

20As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning i    is a product of L2 training mother tongue intereference overgeneralization of the target language rules and learning and communicative strategies of the learner

III Directions Judge whether each of the following statements is true or
false Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each
statement If you think a statement is false you must explain why you
think so and give the correct version (2×1020)

()21In modern linguistic studies the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons

()22Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both
Chinese and English

()23The compound word bookstore is the place where books are sold This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings
of its components

()24Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only 

()25Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects
such as British English and American English but cannot be found within
the variety itself for example within British English or American
English
()26Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated
and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational
implicatures arise

()27The territory in which the IndoEuropean languages are mainly spoken
today also includes languages that are not IndoEuropean

()28In most bilingual communities two languages have the same in speech
situations known as domains

()29According to the strong version of the SapirWhorf hypothesis
speakers＇ perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life

()30All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first
language

IV Directions Explain the following terms using one or two examples for
illustration (3×1030)

31duality
32diachronic linguistics
33broad transcription
34morphological rules
35phrase structure rule
36relational opposites
37componential analysis
38context
39euphemism
40brain lateralization

V Answer the following questions (10×220)

41Explain how the inventory of sounds can change giving some examples in
English for illustration
42Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of
a second language
英语语言学试题（2）

单项选择题(题四备选答案中选出正确答案正确答案序号填题干括号题2分20分)

1The pair of words lendand borroware ___(      )
  Agradable opposites            Brelational opposites
  Ccohyponyms                    Dsynonyms

2The discovery of IndoEuropean language family began with the work of the British scholar    (      )
  AJacob Grimm      BRasmus Rask
  CFranz Bopp      DSir William Jones

3A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __(      )
  Aunusual          Bsomething to be feared
  Cabnormal        Dnatural

4__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsenseoften as unintelligible(      )
  ABroca＇s aphasic      BThe linguistic deprivation
  CThe damage on the angular gyrus      DWernicke＇s aphasic

5Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say night as lightThis shows    (      )
  AThey cannot pronouncen     
  BInterlangue interference because there is notthe sound nin their mother tongue
  CThe teachers do not have a good teaching method
  DThey do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

6A word with several meanings is called __word(      )
  Aa polysemous    Ba synonymous    Can abnormal    Da multiple

7The function of the sentence A nice day isn＇t itis __(      )
  Ainformative    Bphatic    Cdirective    Dperformative

8The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary(      )
  Ausage          Bgrammar      Cpronunciation      Dstructure

9__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space(      )
  ALinguistic geography      BLexicology
  CLexicography              DSociolinguistics

10The semantic components of the word gentleman can be expressed as __(      )
  A+animate+male+humanadult
  B+animate+male+human+adult
  C+animatemale+humanadult
  D+animatemale+human+adult
二填空题(空1分10分)

11A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statementq________or command

12In sociolinguistic studiesspeakers are treated as members of s__g________

13Utterance is based on ________  ________ it is  the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communicationor simply in a context

14To many peoplea linguist is the same as a ________one who can speak several languages fluently

15Consonant sounds can be either  v ________or v__while all vowel sounds are v________

三判断说明题(判断列题正确题括号写T错写F说明理题2分20分)

16All words may be said to contain a root morpheme(      )

17Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning(      )

18Linguistics is the course of language(      )

19The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate(      )

20Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study(      )

21The term dialectas a technical term in linguisticscarries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language(      )

22Morphology is translated as 形态学(      )

23The word photographically is made up of 4 morphemes(      )

24The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph(      )

25Semantics is the main part of linguistics(      )
四名词解释(题3分30分)

26general linguistics
27suprasegmental features
28root and stem
29hierarchical structure
30naming theory and conceptualist view
31maxims of quality and manner
32blending
33sociolect
34subvocal speech
35contrastive analysis

五述题(题10分20分)

36Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences
  (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible
  (2)He saw young men and women present
  (3)They were surprised at the president＇s appointment

37Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples
  re
  un
  anti
  super
  wise
  itis
  ize
  age
英语语言学试题（3）

第部分  选择题

ⅠDirectionsRead each of the following statements carefully Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter ABC or D in the brackets(2×1020)

1The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______
  A arbitrary                  Bnonarbitrary
  C logical                    Dnonproductive

2All the back vowels in English are pronounced with roundedlipsie rounded EXCEPT ______

3The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______
  Aphrase structure              Bsurface structure
  Csyntactic structure          Ddeep structure

4The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions
  ACase Condition            BAdjacent Condition
  Cparameter                DAdjacent parameters

5The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______
  Apolysemy                  Bhyponymy
  Cantonymy                  Dhomonymy

6The utterance We＇re already working 25 hours a dayeight days a weekobviously violates the maxim of ______
  Aquality              Bquantity            Crelation              Dmanner

7In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear
  Ause                      Baccept
  Cgeneralize                Dreconstruct

8Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications
  Alanguage interpretation            Blanguage identification
  Clanguage choice                  Dlanguage planning

9Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition
　______
  ACerebral cortex                BNeurons
  CEyes                            DAngular gyrus

10Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children＇s telegraphic speech stage
  Athe copula verb be              Binflectional morphemes
  Cfunction words                Dcontent words
第二部分  非选择题

ⅡDirectionsFill in the blank in each of the following statements with one wordthe first letter of which is already given as a clueNote that you are to fill in ONE word onlyand you are not allowed to change the letter given(1×1010)

11Language exists in time and changes through time The description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language

12An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced

13The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes

14XP may contain more than just XFor examplethe NP the boy who likes his puppy consists of DetN and Swith Det being the _s________N the head and S the complement

15According to Searle＇s classification of illocutionary actsto suggest that someone should see the doctor should fall into the category of _d________

16Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical itemsThe word that is more general in meaning is called _s________

17Vowels can be nasalizedThe vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rulewhichfor the most part is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical or more similar to one another

18One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group

19The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves called _h________ one on the right and one on the left

20Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature

ⅢDirections Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement If you think a statement is false you must explain why you think so and give the correct version(2×1020)

21(    )Human capacity for language has a genetic basisie we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted
22(    )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning

23(    )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds

24(    )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order

25(    )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only For example female occurs only in nouns such as mother woman girl tigress and so on but not in other parts of speech

26(    )According to Searle＇s classification of illocutionary acts inviting ordering advising promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives

27(    )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word that is ignorance sometimes can be creative Thus peddle was derived from peddler on the mistaken assumption that the er was the agentive suffix

28(    )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more statusconscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables

29(    )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently most linguistic skills cannot develop

30(    )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance

ⅣDirections Explain the following terms using one or two examples for illustration
(3×1030)

31narrow transcription
32stem
33derivational affixes
34grammatical relation
35predication
36semantic narrowing
37nonstandard languages
38linguistic taboo
39angular gyrus
40interlanguage

ⅤAnswer the following questions(10×220)

41Explain with examples the three notions of phone phoneme and allophone and also how they are related
英语语言学试题（5）

单项选择题(题四备选答案中选出正确答案正确答案序号填题干括号题2分20分)

1The description of a language as it changes through time is a (      ) study
A comparative                    B diachronic
C uptodate                    D descriptive

2 Of the three branches of phonetics  the longest established  and until recently the most highly developed  is (      ) phonetics
A auditory                        B acoustic                 
C articulatory                    D none of the above three

3 What the element es’ indicates is third person singular  present tense the element ed’ past tense and ing’ progressive aspect  Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful they are also (      )
A phonemes                      B morphemes
C allophones                    D phones

4 Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the (      ) theory
A speech act                              B TG                 
C principlesandparameters              D minimalist programme

5 One way to analyze lexical meaning is (      )
A predication analysis                  B stylistic analysis                 
C componential analysis                D proposition analysis

6 Of the three speech acts  linguists are most interested in the (      ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention
A locutionary act                B illocutionary act                 
C perlocutionary act              D constative act

7 The discovery of IndoEuropean language family began with the work of the British scholar (      )
A Sir William Jones                B John Firth                 
C M A K  Halliday                  D F D Saussure

8 A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker  a speech situation known as (      )
A discourse roleswitching            B activity roleswitching         
C social roleswitching              D codeswitching

9 A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’(      )
A second language                B first language                 
C foreign language              D interlanguage

10 It is estimated that the number of basic words known by Englishspeaking school children of age six is around (      )
A 7800                      B 6800                 
C 5800                      D 4800
二填空题(题1分10分)

11 The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study

12 When pitch  stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation  they are collectively known as i________

13 According to its position in the new word  a________ are divided into two kinds prefixes and suffixes

14 P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings

15 Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions

16 The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered

17 Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree  and to reconstruct the p________  the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist

18 R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations

19 Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language  This is known as language t________

20 A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community  This adaptation process is called a ________
三判断说明题(判断列题正确题干面括号填T错误填F说明理题2分20分)

21 Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic (      )
22 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme  thus making the two phones similar (      )
23 Semantically  the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic  always being the sum total of the meanings of its components (      )
24 Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules  whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence (      )
25 Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning (      )
26 Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered (      )
27 It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English  Middle English and Modern English (      )
28 When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge (      )
29 Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings (      )
30 In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty  an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed (      )

四名词解释(题3分30分)

31 competence and performance
32 minimal pair
33 morphology
34 finite clause
35 sense and reference
36 Cooperative Principle
37 semantic broadening
38 language planning
39 the critical period hypothesis
40 instrumental motivation vs  integrative motivation

五述题(第4142题7分第43题6分20分)

41 Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme
42 For the following sentence  draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure
        The girl ate the orange
43 Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident
      King Where is Polonius
      Hamlet In heaven  Send thither to see
      If your messenger find him not there
      seek him i’ the other place yourself
      But indeed if you find him not within
      this month you shall nose him as you
      go up the stairs into the lobby
                            Act IV  Scene iii
英语语言学试题（6）

ⅠDirections Read each of the following statements carefully Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter ABC or D in the brackets(2×1020)

1Chomsky uses the term (      ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication
A langue     B competence
C parole     D performance

2In terms of the place of articulation the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of (      )
A palatal    B alveolar
C bilabial    D dental

3Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by (      ) in 1957
A L Bloomfield    B F Saussure
C N Chomsky    DM A K Halliday


4Natural languages are viewed to vary according to (      ) set on UG principles to particular values
A Adjacent Condition        B parameters
C Case Condition        D Case requirement

5 Synonyms are classified into several kinds The kind to whichgirlandlass belong is called (      ) synonyms
A stylistic        B dialectal
C emotive        D collocational

6 The illocutionary point of (      ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance
A representatives    B commissives
C expressives    D declaratives

7 Modern English words man woman child eat fight ect originate from (      )
A Middle English    B Old English
C French        D Norman French

8 In a diglossic country the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language but there are situations in which the Hvariety may have no (      ) relationship with the Lvariety
A genetic        B social
C direct        D close

9Many aphasics do not show total language loss Rather different aspects of language are impaired Aphasics in (      ) area reveal wordfinding difficulties and problems with syntax
A Werniker’s    B visual
C motor        D Broca’s

10 (      ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to  communicate with native speakers of the target language
A Instrumental    B Functional
C Integrative    D Social
Ⅱ Directions Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word the first letter of which is already given as a clue Note that you are to fill in ONE word only and you are not allowed to change the letter given(1％×1010％)

11 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use it is said to be
d _____


12 Stops fricatives affricates liquids and glides all have some degree of o  ____ and are therefore consonants

13 M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language

14 A  _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentenceinitial position such as be have do etc

15 R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality

16 In Austin’s early speech act theory c ____ were statements that either state or describe and were thus verifiable

17 In the process of first language acquisition children usually construct their personal grammars and their language develops in stages until it a_____ the grammatical rules of the adult language

18 A s _____ community is one group all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety

19 People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions gestures postures or proxemic space

20 Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species
ⅢDirections Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement If you think a statement is false you must explain why you think so and give the correct version (2％×1020％)

21 (      ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken but not written

22 (      ) In such sound combinations as bip geip and sup the voiceless stop p occurring in the final position is unaspirated ie pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent

23 (      ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element without exception

24 (      ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole

25 (      ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context

26 (      ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs

27 (      ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is we borrow from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally

28 (      ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature

29 (      ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is languagedominant

30 (      ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue regardless of their general intelligence

ⅣDirections Explain the following terms using one or two examples for illustration(3％×1030％)

31 assimilation rule
32 root
33 bound morphemes
34 surface structure
35 grammaticality
36 elaboration
37 bilingualism
38 creole
39 the SapirWhorf hypothesis
40 fossilization

Ⅴ Answer the following questions(10％×220％)

41 The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features Discuss the main suprasegmental features illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning

42 Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features
英语语言学试题（7）

单项选择题(题四备选答案中选出正确答案正确答案序号填题干括号题2分20分)

1 English consonants can be classified into stops fricatives nasals etc in terms of (      )
A manner of articulation        B openness of mouth
C place of articulation            D voicing

2 The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called (      )
A phonetics        B morphology
C syntax            D semantics

3 According to Chomsky (      ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language
A competence        B parole
C performance        D langue

4 Sweets and candy are used respectively in Britain in and America but refer to the same thing The words are (      ) synonyms
A collocational        B dialectal
C complete        D stylistic

5 Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form but there is no basic meaning among them This is known as (      )
A homonymy        B hyponymy
C polysemy        D antonymy

6 How fast did he drive when he ran the red light (      ) He ran the red light
A entails            B contradicts
C presupposes        D includes

7 The word lab is formed through (      )
A back formation        B blending
C clipping            D derivation

8 (      ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production
A Angular gyrus        B Broca’s area
C The right hemisphere    D Wernicke’s area

9 When a child uses mummy to refer to any woman most probably his mummy means (      )
A + Human        B + Human + Adult
C + Human + Adult – Male    D + Human + Adult Male + Parent

10 (      ) is not a suprasegmental feature
A Aspiration        B Intonation
C Stress            D Tone
二列空格中填出字母开始恰单词（空1分16分）

1 D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things free from barriers caused by separation in time and space

2 S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time d_________ study describes language as it changes through time

3 N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics while b_________  transcription does not

4 A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well

5 Unlike a sentence the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and contextdependent

6 Chinese belongs to S_________ language family while English belongs to I _________ language family

7 R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations i_________ is a personal dialect

8 When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language it becomes c_________

9 I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language

10 A_________ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community  11 Words that have descended from a common source are c_________

三判断列题正确题括号写T错误写F加改正（题2分20分）

1 Beat and bit are not a minimal pair (      )

2 Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words (      )

3 Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system but not in syntax (      )

4 In a predication the argument is said to govern the predicate (      )

5 Modern English began with the Norman Conquest (      )

6 Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language coexist in a speech
community (      )

7 The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period (      )
8 Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition (      )

9 When a plural form s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel it is pronounced as ［z］ due to assimilation (      )

10 In the sentence The father beat the child the child is both a structural and logical
object (      )

四名词解释少举例加说明（题4分24分）

1 duality
2 phoneme
3 complex sentence
4 reference
5 perlocutionary act
6 linguistic taboo

五述题（题10分20分）

1 Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle
A Where’ve you been
B Out

2 Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains
specialize indisputable individualistic downfall unexceptionableness ungentlemanliness
(语素0 5分)
英语语言学试题（8）


语言学试题


第部分  选择题
单项选择题(题10题题2分20分)题列出四选项中选项符合题目求请正确选项前字母填题括号

1The famous quotation from Shakespeare＇s play Romeo and Juliet A rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______(      )
  Athe conventional nature of language
  Bthe creative nature of language
  Cthe universality of language
  Dthe big difference between human language and animal communication

2Of the following sound combinations only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English(      )
  Akibl            Bbkil            Cilkb          Dilbk

3The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula S→NP VP(      )
  Ahierarchical    Blinear          Ctree diagram  Dvertical

4It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other(      )
  ACase Condition                    Bparameter     
  CAdjacent Condition                  DAdjacent Parameter

5Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning
  Aphoneme          Bword            Cphrase          Dsentence

6According to Searlethose illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______(      )
  Acommisives      Bdirectives      Cexpressives    Ddeclaratives

7The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages
  Asynchronic      Bdiachronic      Ccomparative    Dhistorical comparative

8The way in which people address each other depends on their age sex social group and personal relationship The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name last name title+last name _______and kin term
  Atitle+first name                Btitle+title
  Ctitle alone                      Dfirst name+last name+title

9Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping  in some parts When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other we may regard thought as subvocal speech and speech as _______(      )
  Avocal thought                  Bsubvocal thought
  Ccovert thought                  Dovert thought
10Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition_______(      )
  ALanguage acquisition is a process of habit formation
  BLanguage acquisition is the speciesspecific property of human beings
  CChildren are born with an innate ability to acquire language
  DHumans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分  非选择题
二填空题(题10题题1分10分)

11In the course of time  the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies such as sociology and psychology
12Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme 1They never take the same position in sound combinations thus they are said to be in  c________ distribution
13A r________ is often seen as part of a word but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear definite meaning
14A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses one of which is incorporated in the other
15That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms
16While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized that of an u________ is concrete and contextdependent
17Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another For example Modern English verb ask was Old English askian  with the kpreceding thesSound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________
18In many societies of the world we find a large number of people who speak more than one language As a characteristic of societies b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages
19The brain＇s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________ which is specific to human beings
20In order to acquire a second language learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language This is know as language t________

三判断说明题(题10题题2分20分)判断列题正误正者括号写T误者括号写F说明理

(      )21In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form
(      )22In English long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such asithe larynx is in a state of tension
(      )23A compound is the combination of only two words
(      )24The student in the sentence The student liked the linguistic lectureand The linguistic lecture in the sentence The linguistic lecture liked the studentbelong to the same syntactic category
      )25Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense
(    )26An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition unlike entailment is not vulnerable to negation That is to say if a sentence is negated the original presupposition is still true
(      )27The division of English  into Old English Middle English and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary
(      )28Language reflects sexism in society Language itself is not sexist just as it is not obscene but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism
(      )29If a child is deprived of linguistic environment he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on
(      )30When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them

四名词解释题(题10题题3分30分)

31cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)
32phonic medium of language
33voicing
34inflectional morphemes
35reference
36locutionary act
37protolanguage
38ethnic dialect
39registers
40acculturation

五述题(题2题题10分20分)

41Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure  in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples
42Describe the process of language perception comprehension and production
英语语言学试题（9）

语言学试题参考答案


    I Directions Read each of the following statements carefully Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A B C or D in the brackets (2×1020)

    1 Linguistics is the scientific study of __________
    A a particular language
    B the English language
    C human languages in general
    D the system of a particular language

    2 The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features __________
    A voiceless bilabial stop
    B voiceless labiodental fricative
    C voiced bilabial stop        D voiced labiodental fricative

    3 There are different types of affixes or morphemes The affix ed in the word learned is known as a(n) __________
    A derivational morpheme
    B free morpheme
    C inflectional morpheme
    D free form

    4 In the phrase structure rule S→NP VP the arrow can be read as __________
    A is equal to  B consists of
    C has  D generates

    5 I bought some roses __________ I bought some flowers
    A entails B presupposes
    C is inconsistent with
    D is synonymous with

    6 Y＇s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________
    X Who was that you were with last night
    Y Did you know that you were wearing odd socks
    A quality    B quantity
    C relation    D manner

    7 Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language This means that phonemes __________ words and grammatical rules may be borrowed added lost or altered
    A phrases      B sentences
    C morphemes D utterances

    8 In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it
    A socially      B linguistically
    C culturally  D pragmatically
9 Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people __________
    A language and speech
    B visual and spatial skills
    C reading and writing        D analytic reasoning

    10 In general the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child＇s second year
    A babbling    B oneword
    C twoword    D multiword

    Ⅱ Directions Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word the first letter of which is already given as a clue Note that you are to fill in ONE word only and you are not allowed to change the letter given (1×1010)

    11 As the first step of their scientific investigation of language linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f        before they can do anything else
    12 Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s            rules
    13 An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme
    14 A c            sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word such as and but or
    15 The study of the linguistic meaning of words phrases and sentences is called s       
  16 In making conversation the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C          principle proposed by J Grice
    17 In addition to social changes one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t            across generations
    18 Language itself is not sexist but its use may reflect the s            attitude connoted in the language that is sexist
    19 When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other we may regard thought as s        speech and speech as overt thought In such a case speaking and thinking take place simultaneously
    20 I        is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA

    Ⅲ Directions Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement If you think a statement is false you must explain why you think so and give the correct version (2×1020)

    21 (    ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to overemphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the best authors for language usage
    22 (    ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels the same criteria can be applied
    23 (    ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts
24 (    ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length due to their recursive properites
    25 (    ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference ie between language and thought
    26 (    ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics the contextual view which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense
    27 (    ) In first language acquisition children＇s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language
    28 (    ) The sentences He crazy and He be sick all the time are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English
    29 (    ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system
    30 (    ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development

    Ⅳ Directions Explain the following terms using one or two examples for illustration (3×1030)

    31 synchronic linguistics
    32 displacement
    33 a minimal pair
    34 derivational affixes
    35 syntax
    36 language transfer
    37 hyponymy
    38 sentence meaning
    39 lingua franca
    40 cerebral cortex

    Ⅴ Answer the following questions (10×220)

    41 Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English
    42 Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner＇s acquisition of a second language






语言学试题参考答案
单项选择题（题10题题2分20分）
1C 2C 3D 4D 5D
6B 7B 8C 9A 10D

二填空题（题10题题1分10分）

11knowledge
12bilabial
13morphology
14sentence
15complete
16representatives
17coinage
18delete
19critical
20interlanguage

三判断改错题（题10题题2分20分）

21F
Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons

22F
Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese

23F
The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components such as the compound redcoat

24F
Apart from S and C they also refer to a word or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function

25F
Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself For example within British English girl is called lassie in Scottish dialect and liquor is called whishey in Irish dialect

26T

27T

28F
They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation ie one language may be used in some domains other language in other domains

29F
The true statement is According to the strong version of the SapirWhorf hypothesis language determines speakers＇ perceptions and patterns their way of life

30T

四名词解释题（题10题题3分30分）

31One of the major defining features of human language Human language consists of two levels At the lower level there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds It is also known as double articulation

32Linguistics that studies language over a period of time also known as historical linguistics egthe study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present

33A way to transcribe speech sounds The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks

34The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word egly can be added to a noun to form an adjective

35a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36Relational opposites a kind of antonyms refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items For example husband and wife father and son etc

37Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features For example the word man is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN+ADULT+ANIMATE+MALE

38Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer For example the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place

39A euphemism is a mild indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh unpleasantly direct or offensive eg pass away for die

40Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain For example the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically In most people the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills

五述题（题2题题10分20分）

41The inventory of sounds can change and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds sound loss sound addition and sound movement
1) Vowel sound change English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long or tense vowels These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes ie between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English egfive→ fiv(Middle English)→ faiv(Modern English)
2) Sound loss Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes In the history of English the velar fricative x was lost This sound existed in Old English so night was pronounced as nixt but in Modern English its pronunciation is nait
3) Sound addition Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound For example the word leisure was borrowed from French so the phoneme 3 was added to the inventory of English sounds A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis egspinlespindle
4) Sound movement Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments Metathesis is less common but it does exist In some dialects of English for example the word ask is pronounced ks Also bridd (bird) is an Old English word When metathesis occurred to this word the movement of r sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart bird
评分标准：满分10分总四点占2分

42The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners＇ experience with optimal input and instruction but also by individual learner factors The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age motivation acculturation and personality
1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of the younger the better But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language
2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning they are most likely to succeed
3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum
4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones
英语语言学试题（2）


参考答案


单项选择题(题2分20分)
    1B      2D      3D      4D      5B
    6A      7B      8C      9A      10B
二填空题(空1分10分)
    11words question
    12social groups
    13sentence meaning
    14polyglot
    15voiceless  voiced  voiced
三判断说明题(题2分20分)
    16T
    17F(Sense and reference…)
    18F(scientific study of language)
    19F(finite verb…)
    20F(diachronic)
    21F(no value judgement)
    22T
    23T
    24F(morpheme)
    25F(one of the parts)
四名词解释(题3分30分)
    26The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics
    27The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments
    28The base form of a word the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added
    29The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent such as NP and VP
    30The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to
    31Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity be brief and orderly
    32A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words
    33A variety of languages used by a social class
    34Thought when it is close to language
    35A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes
五述题(题10分20分)
    36(1)the hunters are shooting the hunters are shot
      (2)young men and young women young men and (not young) women
      (3)the president appoints others the president is appointed
    37reagainegretypereorganize
        un not reverse eg unhappy unlock
        anti against anti drug antiimperialism
        super greater than usual eg superpower superman
        wise in the manner of eg clockwise moneywise
        itis infection eg bronchitis arthritis
        ize make into eg realize modernize
        age process eg mileage linkage

英语语言学试题（8） 语言学试题参考答案


单项选择题(题10题题2分20分)
    1A        2A        3B        4C        5D
    6A        7B        8C        9D        10A

二填空题(题10题题1分10分)

    11social          12complementary
    13root            14complex
    15complementary    16utterance
    17metathesis      18bilingualism
    19lateralization    20transfer

三判断改错题(题10题题2分20分)

    21F
      The contrary is true The writing system is always a later invention
    22T
    23F
      Some compounds contain more than two words
    24T
    25F
      It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense A case in point is the two expressions morning star and evening star They refer to the same star but differ in sense
    26T
    27F
      The division of English into Old English Middle English and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary
    28T
    29T
    30F
      Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world no matter what language they are exposed to and in later stages acquire the more difficult sounds

四名词解释题(题10题题3分30分)

    31One of the major defining features of human languageHumans are born with the ability to acquire a language but different from animals the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted rather it is culturally transmitted ieit has to be taught and learnt
    32The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication iethe speech sounds
    33Voicing is a phonetic feature of some soundsIt is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords
34Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categoriessuch ased(e)sest in English
    35Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the realityFor example if we say The dog is barking we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situationThe actual dog the word dog refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word dog
    36Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words phrases and clausesIt is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax lexicon and phonology For example by saying You have left the door wide openthe locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean
    37A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to existThe proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages
    38An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a languageoften cutting across regional differences It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation
    39Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situationsin contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users For this reason registers are also known as situational dialects
    40Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community

五述题(题2题题10分20分)

    41In addition to revealing a linear order a constituent structure tree  has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements   
            For example the phrase the old men and women may have two interpretations iethe adjective oldmay modify the noun men or the following two nouns men and womenLinear order analysis cannot tell this difference so it is ambiguousWhereasthe constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clearSowe say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis

                    NP                              NP


        NP                NP                NP                NP

    The old men      and        the women  the old men  and    the old women
   

    42From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysislanguage use in terms of perceptioncomprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers
          When we speakwords are drawn from Wernicke＇s area and transferred to Broca＇s area which determines the details of their form and pronunciationThe appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words
            When we hear something and try to comprehend itt he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke＇s areawhere it is then interpreted
            When we perceive a visual imagea message is sent to the angular gyruswhere it is converted into a visual pattern
英语语言学试题（9）


参考答案


  单项选择题（题10题题2分20分）
    1C 2B 3C 4B 5A 6C 7C 8B 9B 10C
    二填空题（题10题题1分10分）
11facts 12sequential 13free 14coordinate      15semantics 16Cooperative 17transmission 18social 19subvocal 20Interlanguage
    三判断改错题（题10题题2分20分）
    21（T）
    22（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels ie there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former but there is not in the production of the latter it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification
  23（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts
    24（T）
    25（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent ie between language and the real world rather in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind
    26（T）
    27（F）In first language acquisition children＇s grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear
    28（T）
    29（T）
    30（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction Instruction and correction just play a minor role
    四名词解释题（题10题题3分30分）
    31Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time eg the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare＇s time
    32One of the major defining features of human language Human language is not restricted by the ＇here＇ and ＇now＇ as animal communication is we can virtually talk about anything we want including what happened in the past what is going to happen in the future what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine
    33A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound eg pit and bit
    34Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word eg iner 35Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences
    36Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process
    37Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general more inclusive word The former is included in the latter For example a cat is a hyponym of animal
38Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication It is abstract and decontextualized For example semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of The bag is heavy results in the oneplace predication BAG (BEING HEAVY)
    39A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds For this reason a lingua franca must be an agreeupon common tongue used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes such as for social or commercial purposes
    40Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain the decisionmaking organ of the body receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals such as sophisticated reasoning linguistic skills and musical ability are believed to reside in the cortex
    五述题（题2题题10分20分）
    41Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical sociopolitical changes as wars invasions occupation colonialization and language planning and standardization policies A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066 And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest French remained as the language of the ruling class as far as literature and administration were concerned So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar For example such terms as army court defense faith prison and tax came from the language of the French rulers
    评分标准：满分10分中定义占3分典型例子占5分例词占2分
    42 The four main individual learner factors that affect a learner＇s L2 acquisition are 1) age 2) motivation 3) acculturation 4) personality
    The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage
    Motivation refers to the learner＇s overall goal or orientation There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation The former occurs when the learner＇s goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learner＇s goal is social
    Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 community
    Personality is also related to L2 learning Adult learners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners

北京师范学2004考研语言学试卷

北京师范学2004考研语言学试卷

1      Define the following terms20 points

1)      langue
2)      parole
3)      allophone
4)      semantic field
5)      cohesion


2Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun 10points

岂豪情似旧时？
花开花落两
期泪洒江南雨
斯民哭健

3Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects Try to explain their connotations20 points

4 What can this rule mean in English grammar 10 points

[d] ___ [ id] [t] ___

5 Define the following sounds in terms of articulatory features10 points

音标出 年差 全掌握行

6Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions Supply some examples10 points

7We can use the pattern it is ……to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate What can we do if we must emphasize it Please give examples to highlight your emphasis of any part of this sentence 15points

I bought a book in the city yesterday

8 Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language15 points

9 Observe the following sentences 

老王找老张找子
老王找老张找子
老王找老张找子
老王找老张找子

Which sentence is clear in its meaning Which one is unclear Try to explain why Point out some features of the Chinese language10points

10Discuss the following 2 sentences and tell why we can assign different values to the year of fifteen10 points She is already fifteen and yet she is crying over such a small thing


She has done it very well she is only fifteen you know

11What can linguistics do for language learning and teaching (10 points)

12Determiner Phrase (DP) is the name newly given to the NP in generative grammar A DP can be a form like 
     
1)a book
2)the book
3)books
4)o book 


This name may be better than the old name of NP in that it reminds us of sth when we (Chinese speakers) learn or teach English Do you agree to this Try to tell anything significant here (10 points)


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