高考英语复习专题 GRE难句130


    杨鹏难句130句

    1 that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted (难度系数5)

    译文:种性例程度增加体拥代数量程度增加传递代身基复制品数量

    难句类型:倒装省略

    a句正常语序应:that sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored语that sex ratiowhich引导修饰定语句果语序头重脚轻感原文长长句倒装成谓语will be favored


    bwhich引导句中两处省略:第处maximize第宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中 an individuall will have修饰descendants定语句descendants句中作have宾语引导词that省略第二处省略第二the number of 前省略前面样成分that sex ratio which maximizes and hence表示面成分作前面化体代数目结果

    意群训练:that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted


    2 (this is )a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelistscientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower (5++)复杂+倒装+省略

    (种)亮现实欲欲会唐突取代面种欲者部分理解兼说加科学家想准确具体记录朵花结构文理种意义欲

    解释:句子难度切gregmat包括lsat考试中出现难句中堪称登峰造极确定讲类似句子难度语言计算机考试现场绝出现果句话感兴趣废掉读


    a 句话读起扭第原根句子句首省略this is 种词代句子方式果书面语中出现出现高级英语中前英语学中未遇形式类似中文精彩句话真精彩省略形式

    b desire着两修饰成分to throw over reality a light中a light 倒装over reality正常应throw a light over reality便装部分throw距离远读者算懂关键第二修饰成分注意:that开始直句尾结束长长定语句修饰前light修饰开始desire


    c 第二修饰成分中倒装作者强调never提前引发定语句中倒装:正常语序应该that might never be given away倒装系动词was提前given情态动词might变成原型givea give way to ba位ba be given way to b a取代bon the part of 部分修饰面desirewhat引导句现场阅读时成名词what句中定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中避免头重脚轻倒装正常语序应该to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely


    d 算够懂句话结构然理解意思句意思哈代(注:名老动种简单说明现实欲新动种说家科学家仔细研究东西特点样欲(新动)前种欲永远取代者

    意群训练:(this is )a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelistscientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower


    3 hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones (3)

    难句类型:复杂修饰省略抽象词

    译文:哈代缺陷方面缘起某种明显法控制结相创作动穿梭方面缘起愿意培养维持富生机活力风险性强创作动

    解释:介词from宾语两列部分and连接and第二from前省略前面样谓语动词derive句难两原derived from 面成分太长初学者难子二作篇文科文章词抽象难迅速理解


    意群训练:hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones

    4 virginia woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs dalloway has regularly been ignored by the criticssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness (5)


    难句类型:复杂修饰省略抽象词

    译文:弗吉尼亚伍尔夫(virginia woolf)创作黛洛维夫(mrs dalloway)时关创作意图番发深思陈述迄止贯文学评家忽略突出反映诸文学兴趣中某方面方面诗性说家(poetic novelist)形成传统见解相径庭谓诗性说家关注审视想入非非白日梦幻诸般状态致力追寻体意识通幽曲径

    解释:句逗号前复杂修饰长语难总讲较懂since引导原状语句较难


    a sinceit指前面statementhighlight宾语an aspect两修饰成分of her literary interests that引导定语句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist修饰an aspectnovelist面and 连接两介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist

    b 句中两处省略her literary interests that is very different from中修饰interests定语句中引导词+be that is 起省略第二处andconcerned with前面concerned with重复concerned省略


    c 句外难懂方量抽象词文学市评题材文章特点

    virginia woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs dalloway has regularly been ignored by the criticssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states  of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness


    5 as she put it in the common reader it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote and yet as we read him we are absorbing morality at every pore (5)

    抽象词抽象词组喻

    致普通读者书中表达样毫疑问说没法律指定出没高楼厦建立起乔叟说什者写什然读书时候身毛孔充满道德


    句话词抽象喻修辞手法指没乔叟言产生实际行规政治机构受影响深影响力

    as she put it in the common reader it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote and yet as we read him we are absorbing morality at every pore

    6 with the conclusion of a burst activity the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted via oxidative metabolism by the liver into glucose which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis (4+)


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语专名词

    译文:着爆发出运动结束体液中乳酸含量会变高型动物处容易受攻击状态直乳酸通氧新陈代谢肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖葡萄糖接会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原

    解释:句中修饰成分极分词修饰介词结构修饰作种类型状语前面状语句理解leaving开始句子变难leaving引导直句末结构做整句子状语分词中包含三状语中两via oxidative metabolism by the liver起插入语作be converted into拆成两段


    句外特征中充斥着专名词中body fluids oxidativeresynthesis通字面意思者根词头词根应该猜出意思lactic acid metabolismmuscle三词生物类文章中极常家应该背glycogen种东西没办法作首字母提炼请记住gregmat文章中出现种专名词出题者定会文章中文章中词义解释清楚读者遇文章中做解释专名词应该力求解释懂

    意群训练:with the conclusion of a burst activity the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted via oxidative metabolism by the liver into glucose which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis


    7 although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves’ preferencerevealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy (3+)

    难句类型:插入语

    译文:然古特曼承认奴隶买卖造成迫离散甚频繁证明奴隶偏爱——奴隶买卖频繁种植园显著揭示出——程度侧重稳定夫妻制(monogamy)

    解释:句中插入语revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent 半分句中语that slaves' preference系动词was离太远造成阅读困难


    意群训练:although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves’ preferencerevealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy

    8 gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe black heritage of folkloremusicand religious expression from one generation to anothera heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences (4)


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    译文:古特曼令信服辨道黑家庭稳定助包括民间传说音乐宗教表达黑文化遗产代代传递维持文化遗产方面起着关重作种文化遗产黑奴断非洲美洲历中予丰富发展

    解释:that引导宾语句中encouraged宾语the transmission of the black heritage时表示列转折and so 分开读者造成阅读理解困难逗号面部分修饰前面black heritage位语


    意群训练:gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouraged the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe black heritage of folkloremusicand religious expression from one generation to anothera heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences

    9 this preference for exogamygutman suggests may have derived from west african rules governing marriagewhichthough they differed from one tribal group to anotherall involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin (3+)


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    译文:古特曼表示种外部通婚偏爱缘起西部非洲制约着婚姻规定规定部落群体间相涉某种亲联姻(union with close kin)禁止

    解释:句两插入语第插入语gutman suggests割裂句语谓语west african rules着两修饰成分第分词修饰(governing marriage) 第二which引导非限定性定语句句中出现第二插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another割裂句引导词谓语间联系


    意群训练:this preference for exogamygutman suggests may have derived from west african rules governing marriagewhichthough they differed from one tribal group to anotherall involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin

    10 his thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against blacks in the united statesbut his definition of racial prejudice as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the chinese in california and the jews in medieval europe (4+)


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    译文:该社会学家命题应针美国黑歧视时相言尚适种族偏见定义——种族基础针某群体消级先入见该群体特定种族竞争区普遍认作种族——理解成样襄括针加利福尼亚州中国中世纪犹太样种族群体敌视态度

    解释:句长度惊插入部分较长加乏抽象词较难懂表示转折半分钟中长长插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作语his definition of racial prejudice位语分句中谓相隔千山万水外句词抽象语义难理解读者词汇功底求较高考试现场法读懂宜合理化原中取非读法but前分句说点美国黑种族歧视较转折容应该说理华犹太相


    意群训练:his thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against blacks in the united statesbut his definition of racial prejudice as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the chinese in california and the jews in medieval europe

    11 such variations in size shapechemistry conduction speed excitation thresholdand the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience(5)

    难免类型:复杂修饰

    译文:类似已神细胞中证明形状化学程产生速度兴奋阈值类似方面发生变化脑体验方式联系起时候重性然微足道


    解释:初练难免实熟悉such thing as something样语言方式中间东西thing居然变成长达十二单词东西时候实令搞清面assomething 底方神圣加such as 中心长语距离系动词remain太远更增加句难度请读者反复阅读直读出样感觉:序阅读原文时原文似块such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense

    意群训练:such variations in size shape chemistry conduction speed excitation threshold and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience


    12 it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types however proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits (5) 通方法证明神元种类间细微结构差异样证缺乏神动性质者状态受差异影响差异起影响神网络发育模式


    难免类型:复杂修饰倒装

    解释:印象相反lack作形容词动词名词词性形容词形式lacking意思缺乏足

    句however 前两分句两倒装结构前倒装正常语序:to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods however面倒装lackingthat引导位语名修饰语proof太长避免头重脚轻放lacking正常语序应该proof that the quality of was lacking


    意群训练:it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types however proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits

    13 although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disprovedthe doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing viewnamelythat nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currency throughout the nervous system (4) 神量存着质点没严格意义反教条通常抛弃掉转相反观点:神动根质相作种普通流整神系统中传播


    难句类型:复杂修饰双重否定

    解释:前半分句中双重否定was never rigidly disproved种表示法中文说出较懂原熟悉中文种表示法英文中出现前学中见少感觉扭学务通反复阅读类句子熟悉样英语实英文表达中双重否定中文表达样表示肯定not unlimited等limited值读者注意gregmat两种考生逻辑苛刻求考试中果种双重否定中涉概念dichotomous(二分法词汇面例子中limitedunlimited)双重否定定表示肯定例中not disprove 理解agree 反者中确会意通常心存疑虑流者居双重否定中加限定词否定范围变化句be never rigidly disproved没完全反理解严格支持应该理解成支持综述双重否定句子简单置换肯定精确理解办法通读练熟悉语言表达逻辑方式字面表达理解成没完全否定然脑中反应出目前生存状态未消失状态种理解考试现场快速精确理解


    运前面说合理化原中取非读法容易读出作者半分句中想说前面种观点反初学者会分句中something be abandoned in favor of something else种语言表达感突然果理解成喜者抛弃前者然说通实原文没种果关系in favor of强调两种动作时性抛弃前者转者namely容前面opposing view位语

    意群训练:although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view namely that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currency throught the nervous system


    14 other experiments revealed slight variations in the sizenumber arrangementand interconnection of the nerve cellsbut as far as psycho neural correlations were concernedthe obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences (4 ) 实验显示神细胞数量排列相互连接差异心理神关系言感官区域彼间明显相似性起起微差异更令注目


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:前两分句间插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned面分句中语the obvious similarities修饰语成分较长读者相隔远more remarkable than时子反应什者更明显简化形式应:similarities seemed more remarkable than differences

    意群训练:other experiments revealed slight variations in the size number arrangement and interconnection of the nerve cells but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences


    15 although some experiments show thatas an object becomes familiarits internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallelthe weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar (4+)

    然某实验表明着物体变熟悉起心现图更具整体感辨认程相应更趋行证砝码似支持序列假设(serial hypothesis)少甚简单甚熟悉物体说


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略

    解释:although引导分句中谓语shows面着长长宾语句句中先出现插入语as an object becomes familiar容and 连接两套列谓宾实and前两句子作者省略面句子中前面相引导词that谓语become

    句子中生词holistic实认识合理化原猜出面serial反义词parallel义词约统完整时意思实理解serial相反意思


    意群训练:although some experiments show thatas an object becomes familiarits internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallelthe weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis  at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar

    16 in large part as a consequence of the feminist movementhistorians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods (3+)


    程度女权义运动(feminist movement)缘史学家年汇聚量注意力更准确确定妇女历史时期位 focus a on b

    难句类型:倒装

    解释:focus a on b指a集中b句中介词on宾语determiningmore accurately the status of women invarious periods中倒装正常语序应该determining the status of women in various periods more accurately

    意群训练:in large part as a consequence of the feminist movement historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods


    17 if one begins by examining why ancients refer to amazons it becomes clear that ancient greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact real amazonian societies but rather to offer ※moral lessons§ on the supposed outcome of women*s rule in their own society (4) 蝇珂旃噶什系嘉颇提善亚镇逊ㄛ面腔萸憩曹腕清晰剩ㄛ饶憩嘉希帮勤衾笱扦颇腔镗睡祥太嗣腔掩懂桶湛夤舷腔荡史岈妗""凌正腔亚镇逊扦颇腔""奥剩勤衾蜀踬扦颇中腔统笥腔预期缀提鼎笱※耋肃谅绛§


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    解释:两词汇需先解释:something be meant to representuse something to mean动语态mean里常……意思意思表示做某事表达目意图英文释义:to serve or intend to convey show or indicate句中结构:something be meant not so much to but rather to 实际be meant tonot rather 两固定搭配套起意思:

    外suppose意思抽象容易理解词信认意思预期意思表示贬义假想想然意思


    句supposed法极特殊处意思释义理解居然成立说预期社会状态说虚构出存社会状态法类似中文中语双关文章作者文笔精妙处

    意群训练:if one begins by examining why ancients refer to amazons it becomes clear that ancient greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact real amazonian societies but rather to offermoral lessons on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society


    18 thusfor instanceit may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atombut only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spinmagnetic dipoleand relativistic effectsand that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum fieldtheoretical equations (5)

    举例说数学家言解述情形会令惊愕已薛定谔(schrodinger)氢原子方程式非该原子作出种绝然正确描述仅仅似值趋某种程度更正确旋磁性偶极子相效应考虑方程式纠正方程式身言完美似值趋穷整套量子场方程式


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略

    解释:读句时数学家见震惊晕倒考生恐怕少数句子结构复杂罗列量专名词理科学讲阅读篇文章现场清楚明白应该读什程度远研究生僻专名词更重实否知道薛定鄂方程读者说见重gre考试出题者见知道关键读懂句子意思数学家理解精确似值伟意义书中出现句子均阅读训练目读者句子结构读清楚


    句中语it开工语具体容应该to learn开始直句子结束长达八行定式定式实太长果放句首句子法衡learn面带着两that引导宾语句中间分号and分开分号句子成and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that省略形式

    意群训练:thus for instance it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin magnetic dipole and relativistic effects and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum fieldtheoretical equations


    19 the physicist rightly dreads precise argumentsince an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changedwhereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions (5+)

    物理学家恐惧精确误道理某种精确误条件令置信旦赖建立假设稍变化便会失部作相反精确误令置信基假设(underlying assumption)稍微受干扰情况然站住脚


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句文章中然段然长度前面第章中举长达10行例子难度绝句话句堪称句子杂烩连句带句居然八说whereas连接两句子whereas面句子中语an augument定语句that is convincing though imprecise 修饰augumentwhereas前面六句子the physicist作语句since引导原状语句修饰since句中语an augumentthat引导定语句定语句中条件状语句only if it is precise since句中条件状语句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed修饰句中语assumptions定语句on which it is based八句子句套句实令叹观止


    然考试现场数句子数目呆子会干事读者惟干事反复阅读句话什时候练必想语法结构原文序读懂算初步掌握进步读直出句子什特方挺舒服算训练成功

    意群训练:the physicist rightly dreads precise argument since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions


    20 howeveras they gained cohesionthe bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonniereswho remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon (4)

    起初蓝袜女确实模仿法国沙龙女男性襄括圈子中然着获凝聚力渐趋视作女性团体拥种妇女团结意识种意识法国沙龙女身荡然存沙龙中视甚高彼孤立隔绝开


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句读表示列连词and开始变难and定式前面定式列to前面省略前面样谓语came lacking分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidaritywho引导定语句修饰逗号前面salonnieres句中定语句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰前primacy引导词that句中作宾语省略

    意群训练:however as they gained cohesion the bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon

    21 as my own studies have advancedi have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seemat first glanceto constitute such an immense gulf between them (5)

    着研究断深入昆虫脊椎动物群落间功类似性印象愈愈深刻结构差异印象愈发淡漠然结构差异初似构成二者间条法愈越鸿沟

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略


    解释:句子中间段impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences容易令晕中insect and vertebrate societies and less so with两and连接三部分然实层次列第and实际between insect societies and vertebrate societies部分列andless so with实完整表达方式i have been increasingly less impressed with省略形式掉前面重复成分


    面修饰structural differences定语句that seem at first glance to constitute such an immense gulf between them中出现扭插入语at first glance应该连起seem to 粗暴分开令熟悉类难句倍感适

    意群训练:as my own studies have advanced i have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem at first glance to constiture such an immense gulf between them


    22 although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstancesits authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideologicaland talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise(4)

    然说疑起源政治情状作者非意识形态方式政治情状作出反应说事作意识形态工具探讨会相程度阻碍说事业

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句句子结构讲惟难度and句子语talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology太长谓语circumvent时候已搞清楚谓更难度恐怕两词汇理解circumvententerprise前背circumvent两词义规避计谋战胜两种意思放处显然通实circumvent没背常意思包围限制陷害enterprise常意思企业里指事业


    意群训练:although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstancesits authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideologicaland talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise

    23 is this a defector are the authors working out ofor trying to forgea different kind of aesthetic? (3)

    究竟种缺陷呢作者想种众美学体系进行创作抑试图创立种众美学体系?


    难句类型:插入语

    解释:句句子短意思难理解插入语(or trying to forge)干扰作极强

    意群训练:is this a defect or are the authors working out of or trying to forge a different kind of aesthetic

    24 in addition the style of some black novels like jean toomer’s cane verges on expressionism or surrealism does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which black heroes are pitted a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression (5)


    仅黑说(jt甘蔗)风格接表现义超现实义种技巧否流行题提供谐应呢?种题刻画黑注意相抗争命运通常更然义表现手法表达题

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句中三词需先解释番:verge on词组接濒意思hero文学作品中公意思pit作动词时挖坑窖藏外竞争斗争意思英文释义:to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against种语义动语态fate againt which black heros are pitted果动语态:pit black heros againt fate


    外句结构复杂分号般疑问句修饰成分长读者清楚句子问什实果没prevalent theme位语a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression句会易懂

    意群训练:in addition the style of some black novels like jean toomer's cane verges on expressionism or surrealism does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which black heroes are pitted a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression


    25 black fiction surveys a wide variety of novels bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and littleknown works like james weldon johnson’s autobiography of an ex colored man (4)注意:bring a to b ——〉bring to b a

    黑说考察极广泛系列说程中注意某引入胜鲜知作品詹姆斯韦尔登约翰逊(james weldon johnson)色传(autobiography of an excolored man)

    难句类型:倒装


    解释:bringing开头作状语分词中出现倒装bring a to b倒装bring to b a倒装原避免头重脚轻正常语序应该:bringing some fascinating and littleknown works like james weldon johnson's autobiography of an excolored man to our attention in the process

    意群训练:black fiction surveys a wide variety of novels bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and littleknown works like james weldon johnson's autobiography of an excolored man


    26 although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated to pass through they absorb some of the longerwavelength infrared emissions radiated from the earth’s surfaceradiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space (4)

    然分子允许见波长(visible wavelength)辐射——阳光绝部分量汇集——受阻挡穿透会吸收某较长波长(longerwavelength)球表面辐射出红外发射(infrared emission)种辐射二氧化碳缘会重新输送回太空


    难句类型:复杂修饰抽象词

    解释:前面分句中算长插入语插入位置正固定搭配allow something to do somthing中间allowto分远读起感觉舒服

    面分句中行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space前面infrared emissions位语中otherwise副词作状语表示果面分句说they absorb some of the longerwaverlength infrared emissions发生时果

    意群训练:although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated to pass through they absorb some of the longerwavelength infrared emissions radiated from the earth's surface radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space


    27 the role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling thinking and acting that come naturally in archetypal situations in any culture (4)

    类学家诸生物进化作规定类行种种细节种限制强加类——文化典型情景中会然表露情感思维行动方式

    难句类型:复杂修饰省略

    解释:熟悉the role of something种表达句中the role of作者胜利活首先role面省略引导词that定语句(role句中作ascribe宾语)样role系动词is隔远次but前面句子结构the role is not of doing something实the role is not the role of doing something省略形式面the role前面完全重复果省略掉谁觉啰嗦样道理butone of imposing constraints实际is one role of imposing constraints省略形式


    意群训练:the role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating  the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints— ways of feeling thinkingand acting that come naturally in archetypal situations in any culture

    28 which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the details versus constraints distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior (5)

    选项文章中谈类行关类行细节相类受限制间差异类形态角度提供合适类?


    难句类型:复杂修饰抽象词

    解释:句子gregmat阅读题题干中难读懂题干句结构复杂词抽象读者果想根语义搞清楚谁修饰谁变极困难分析:句干which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction versus介词等against体育赛中vs成分均修饰成分中答题重限制条件from human morphology说明种类较双方必须类形态特征


    意群训练:which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the details versus constraints distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior

    29 a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggestedbut did not prove that the grazers had removed most of the algae (3+)

    存量食草动物时少量水藻花粉囊暗示出——没证明——食草动物已吞噬部分水藻


    难句类型:插入语

    解释:句语长谓语suggestedthat引导宾语句间插入语but did not prove隔开造成阅读障碍suggestbut did not prove连起时候意思建议指种基观臆测推理中文翻译成暗示英文释义:to call to mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotagegregmatlsat文章中常suggestbut do not prove描述种没真实问题理然面叙述中否定掉

    意群训练:a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggestedbut did not prove that the grazers had removed most of the algae


    30 perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton) a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on led to a deemphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research (5)

    样事实样初研究考虑够网捞起水藻样忽视更浮游生物(浮游生物现知道捕食者食物)做法导致接研究中捕食者作贬低


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句子结构繁杂句子语令吃惊长逗号led前全语实句子干简单the fact led to a deemphasis of the role of grazers句语the fact面修饰成分长吓先定语句定语句中套定语句然逗号面a practice引导部分前面语位语兼插入语practice面修饰堆东西定语句套着定语句句典型层层修饰结构

    意群训练:perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton) a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on led to a deemphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research

    31 studies by hargrave and geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers (5)

    哈格雷夫(hargrave)吉恩(geen)进行研究然条件群落捕食速率进行估计手段通测量出实验室单独浮游动物种类捕食速率然利已知食草动物种群密度计算出实状况群落捕食速率


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句阅读者阅读力提出更高求求读者读清楚句子复杂结构读者词汇力提出更高求

    by前结构需解释by两作介词宾语短语动名词结构measuring面表示列接and thencomputing说计算方法前measuring说先算出实验室中浮游动物品种单位捕食速率面computing前实省略by动名词结构中包括分词结构using the known population density of grazers已知捕食者种群密度计算出野外群体捕食速率整by计算程简单:实验室单位速率×野外密度=野外群体速率


    外句中词汇颇迷惑性然没太难单词单词义词反义词容易读混(斜线分隔义词号分隔反义词)

    estimatemeasurecompute feeding ratesgrazing rates zooplanktongrazers naturalfield laboratory community individual

    意群训练:studies by hargrave and geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers


    32 in the periods of peak zooplankton abundancethat isin the late spring and in the summerhaney recorded maximum daily community grazing ratesfor nutrientpoor lakes and bog lakesrespectivelyof 66 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production (3+)

    浮游动物数量激增高峰期春季期夏季哈尼记录程度日群落食草率营养物充足湖沼泽湖言分日浮游植物繁殖量66114

    难句类型:插入语


    解释:句中两组插入语组两插入语尤第二组rate of中间劈开句义尚理解句点扭算太难

    意群训练:in the periods of  peak zooplankton abundancethat isin the late spring and in the summerhaney recorded maximum daily community grazing ratesfor nutrientpoor lakes and bog lakesrespectivelyof 66 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production

    33 the hydrologic cyclea major topic in this scienceis the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passesbeginning as atmospheric water vaporpassing into liquid and solid form as precipitationthence along and into the ground surfaceand finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration (4)


    水文循环(hydrologic cycle)作该学科中课题指水诸现象整循环程开始时作气中水蒸气转作雨雪露雹类降水量液体固体形态着层表面分布进入层表面终通蒸发散发作度回复气水蒸气形态

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略

    解释:beginning开始系列分词修饰语the hydrologic cycle分beginningpassingpassingreturning值注意thence along and into the grund surfacee thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee省略形式意思清楚类似样省略出题者合理利省略达改编学术文时压缩文章篇幅目


    意群训练:the hydrologic cyclea major topic in this scienceis the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passesbeginning as atmospheric water vaporpassing into liquid and solid form as precipitationthence along and into the ground surfaceand finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration

    34 only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic(4)


    系统拥然工形成边界边界中水水文循环联系起时候整系统恰成水文质学关

    难句类型:复杂修饰倒装

    解释:only放句首时句情态动词may倒装高中已学东西然句首only倒装may距离远前没见读惯外难点前面when引导时间状语句中宾语boundaries面定语句that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle句中associate withwater within it分开读者分神考虑it指什读面倒装may时候难免知云


    意群训练:only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic

    35 the historian frederick j turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the united states since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that isthe depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the american farming system (4)


    史学家弗雷德里克杰特纳(frederick jturner)十九世纪九十年代著述道美国约18世纪70年代直持续断发展农民满国边远区(internal frontier)封闭更趋加剧——说美国农业系统进步扩展必需资利新土耗竭

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:典型句子套句子句fjt wrote that宾语句中干the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier句语the agrarian discontent面定语句


    意群训练:the historian frederick j turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the united states  since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that isthe depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the american farming system

    36 in the early 1950’shistorians who studied preindustrial europe(which we may define here as europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began for the first time in large numbersto nvestigate more of the preindustrial european population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite:the kingsgeneralsjudgesnoblesbishopsand local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books (4)


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    译文:二十世纪五十年代早期研究前工业化时代欧洲(处界定约1300年1800年时期欧洲)史学家首次众数(杨鹏书中:第次量数)开始调查前工业化时代欧洲口中数非构成政治社会精英阶层百分二三口国王军法官贵族教方达官显贵正部分直时止普遍充斥史学著作

    解释:句子中两插入语preindustrial europewhich we may define here as europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800插入语直接作解释前面preindustrial europe年代起客观作句中语谓语分割远第二插入语beganfor the first time in large numbers to investingate中间began to斩两段


    句话外难理解方more of the preindustrial european population than the 2 or 3 percent表示工业化前欧洲口中超23占9798民群众

    意群训练:in the early 1950’shistorians who studied preindustrial europe (which we may define here as europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began for the first time in large numbersto  investigate more of the preindustrial european population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite:the kingsgeneralsjudgesnoblesbishopsand local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books


    37 historians such as le roy ladurie have used the documents to extract case historieswhich have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes includebut are not confined toattitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice (3+

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    译文:象勒罗伊拉迪里(le roy ladurie)类史学家利文献史料中挖掘出某案史(case history)阐明社会群体态度(态度包括非局限犯罪法律态度)揭示出局执行审判


    解释:逗号容修饰逗号前case historywhich引导非限定性定语句中插入语(these attitudees includee but are not confined to attitudees toward crime and the law)插入语中套插入语but not confined to

    意群训练:historians such as le roy ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes includebut are not  confined toattitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice


    38 it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a european city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following (5)

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    译文:文章中推断出希较十五世纪前十年某欧洲城市中千犯罪率外十年中犯罪率历史学家会种信息提高帮助?


    解释:句首it形式语具体容that开始句子结束全部容that句中语a historyian修饰超长定语句句子难读懂原compare crime rates with crime rates中间修饰第crime rates两修饰成分perthousand in a european city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔远with第二crime rates面省略前面重复per thousand in a european city

    意群训练:it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a european city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following


    39 my point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritagea heritage thatin generalhas not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics (4)

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    译文:点作品中心意识——阶级性作生活决定性影响作出深邃理解——程度鉴早期文学遗产遗产总体言尚未获数代文学评家足够重视


    解释:宾语句中语谓语长插入语分开造成阅读障碍插入语中固定搭配understanding of a as ba理解成b意思句中as宾语容易理解:shaping influences on people’s lives理解成形成生活影响理解成生活塑造性(决定性)影响然面理解正确然阅读现场想瞬间做出正确判断赖考生阅读理解力词汇功底深浅插入语面固定搭配:a owes much to b指前者东西者益者


    意群训练:my point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender  as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritagea heritage thatin generalhas not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics

    40 even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from shortterm implants(5)


    样求材料中加工出生物材料应该受移植者组织害够通研究组织培养生物材料反应研究短期移植技术满足

    难句类型:复杂修饰省略专名词固定搭配

    解释:语the requirement面带着长长修饰语位语requirement位语中求虚拟语气中系动词成原型(should be省略should)长修饰成分谓语can be met语关系已难理清by开始状语结构更复杂修饰techniques置定语derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying shortterm implants实际or连接两固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials第二derive from中套外固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials第二derive from干脆derive省略外句专名词奇阅读难度非常高


    意群训练:even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from shortterm implants

    41 but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and  nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly (4)

    想着原生非原生物质间界面获取生理特性必匹配需某种知识什样分子控制着细胞彼间结合——领域尚未进行充分探索

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句样复杂修饰插入语作差语achieving necessary matches修饰成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter语谓语requires分开值注意修饰宾of which molecules 中which定语句引导词形容词意思


    意群训练:but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and  nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly

    42 islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstandingof coursea considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena (5)


    伊斯兰法种法律形式现象——毋庸置疑容积极意义法规言法律形式中种种形式存着相数量避免巧合相似处——致进行研究便显缺便充分理解存法律现象全部范围

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    解释:gre考生尊称no题三难文章伊斯兰法中臭名昭著句子句插入语前难关键段插入语

    首先插入语长原文中四行笔者前面次提醒读者三行心目插入语必须跳懂前容回头插入语插入语难懂第原中混量抽象词法律术语重原实完整句子插入语中修饰成分扒光剩单词:coincidences语谓语it has作者省略


    角度句话中插入语极ets布陷阱:首先插入语容理解文章毫作次考试中插入语出题第三实句话中插入语根必读根插入语前容合理化原取非读法猜出意思插入语前容伊斯兰法法律插入部分notwithstanding开关of course见插入部分定步证前容取非猜出插入部分定说伊斯兰法法律相处

    句末in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中包含倒装正常语序appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中副词adequately提appreciate宾语前


    islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of lawnotwithstanding of course a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concernedthat its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena

    43 (both jewish law and canon law are more uniform than islamic law)though historically there is a discernible break between jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient israel and of the diaspora (the dispersion of jewish people after the conquest of israel) the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the old testament is very close to that of the talmud one of the primary codifications of jewish law in the diaspora (5)


    历史角度古代色列作独立权国家犹太教法流散时期(diaspora色列征服古代犹太巴伦逐出土)犹太教法间存着明晰辨断裂然旧约全书(old testament)半部分中法律容精神犹太教法典(talmud)极脉相承谓犹太教法典指流散时期犹太教法典籍辑录

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略专名词

    解释:句句篇文章文题伊斯兰法作者反复犹太法吓唬读者样ets未句话出题


    句话难读两原:第作者between jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient israel and of the diaspora句中and省略jewish lawof the diaspora ancient israel and of the diaspora句中and省略jewish lawof the diaspora时搞清楚什什间第二难懂原文中出现量专名词法律术语历史背景实读者israel jewish两单词必认识外单词需解法解什diaspora(流散时期)old testament(旧约全书)talmud(犹太教法典)等奇怪名词非宗教国家考生脑中点概念没更说英语表达ets出题者阅读文章中搞出种东西意违背公出题原嫌?


    实出题者没求读者容搞清需知道前面句话判断句说犹太法伊斯兰法致面句话面句话解释肯定说致第二句话结构though表示步语气出break between逗号应该省略but转折语气该说没break between果然very close to 字样知道步转折时作者强调转折容句话说犹太法致

    043 both jewish law and canon law are more uniform than islamic law(作者加便理解话) though historically there is a discernible break between jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient israel and of the diaspora(the dispersion of jewish people after the conquest of israel) the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the old testament is very close to that of the talmud one of the primary codifications of jewish law in the diaspora


    44 islamon the other handrepresented a radical breakaway from the arab paganism that preceded itislamic law is the result of an examination from a religious angle(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniformcomprising as it did the various components of the laws of preislamic arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the nonarab peoples of the conquered territories (4)

    方面伊斯兰教代表着前存阿拉伯异教(arab paganism)种根决裂伊斯兰法宗教角度种杂乱章绝点法律容进行考察致结果法律容实际前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(preislamic arabia)法律相组成部分征服土非阿拉伯民族鉴数法律素构成 (as it did )实际句插入语


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句话接着面句话写说伊斯兰法致句中三插入语起定干扰作第on the other hand隔开语谓语第二from a religious angle分开examination of 第三as it did 根句废话分断动词comprise 动词宾语the various components

    意群训练:islam on the other hand represented a radical breakaway from the arab paganism that preceded it islamic law is the result of an examination from a religious angle of legal subject matter that was far from uniform comprising as it did the various components of the laws of preislamic arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the nonarab peoples of the conquered territories


    45 one such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution:specificallythe idea of inserting into  nonleguminous plants the genesif they can be identified and isolatedthat fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogenfixing bacteria hence(there is ) the intensified research on legumes (5)句够熟读更背诵(复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装)


    中新颖思想植物染色体(chromosome)注入非该植物然构造部分相关联基:具体言思想非豆科植物注入样基基辨识出分离开基业已豆科植物宜充具备固氮作细菌寄豆科植物研究日趋深入

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语倒装省略

    解释:句难度倒装复杂辅然二者相互力难度更句中两省略更令读者头痛

    句子开始one such novel idea is that of 中that of that idea of 省略形式外容易理解面开始变难inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)舒服原作者便装正常语序应该:inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants 非植物genes插入该植物中倒装discrete genes加复杂修饰成分太长样面the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes if they can be identifyied and isolated that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogenfixing bacteria句正常语序the idea of inserting the genes if they can be identifyied and isolated that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrofixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants便利豆科植物成固氮菌寄基(果够找分离出话)插入非豆科植物基中回genes定语句复杂修饰genesthat句间短插入语增加阅读难度


    句话hence the intensified research on legumes 实句话词:research作者省略there is 实引处便清语法结构作者意思懂笔者前面强调果懂意思必分析语法实战应中意义gregmat中表达实严格遵守语法者考生懂语法读者处心积虑研究没实战意义令读者徒增烦恼

    句gregmat考试中集种语言现象成者包括难句类型希读者定句话读熟心者背熟定提高阅读力处


    意群训练:one such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution:specificallythe idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genesif they can be identified and isolatedthat fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogenfixing bacteria hence(there is ) the intensified research on legumes

    46 it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas(3+)述情形真谓然界莫讽刺:土壤中获氮肥量植物生长构成限然植物叶子沐浴片氮气海洋中


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:it形式语真正容thateven though连接两句子实句真正难度倒句子结构意思理解:尤文科学缺乏必背景知识更容易读懂句中set an upper limit on plant growth直译植物生成设立限真正意思限制植物生长the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth中availability定指氮供少整句话意思土壤中氮植物够利太少空气中量氮植物利岂然界开玩笑


    it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas

    47 unless they succeedthe yield gains of the green revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolatedand even if the transfer of those gene complexesonce they are found becomes possible (4)


    非取成功然话绿色革命产量收益程度损失殆豆科植物中植物条件进入固氮细菌生关系基辨识出分离开话基综合体(gene complex)旦发现移植成话

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句较简单面着and连接两表示步条件状语句相复杂第句修饰语定语句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers谓隔开第二句运插入语once they are found谓隔开


    意群训练:unless they succeedthe yield gains of the green revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolatedand even if the transfer of those gene complexesonce they are found becomes possible

    48 its subject(to use maynard mack’s categories)is lifeasspectacle for readers  diverted by its various incidentsobserve its hero odysseus primarily from withoutthe tragic iliadhoweverpresents lifeasexperience:readers are asked to identify with the mind of  achilleswhose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero (5)


    题〔鉴梅纳德迈克(maynard mack)两分类范畴话〕生作外部景象读者注意力作品形形色色事件分散外部观察公奥德修斯(odyssus)然富悲剧色彩伊利亚特表现生作心体验:读者求阿基琉斯(achilles)心灵产生鸣行动机致变作非特惹喜爱公 (分号语句推理出前面意思)

    注:hero公without外部likable吸引力

    难句类型复杂修饰插入语抽象词熟词僻义


    请思考:果懂分号前without意思否合理化原根分号句话推理出意思?

    解释:句中存复杂修饰插入容句话难懂说东西影响倒说词抽象语义难理解作篇文学评型文章文章中充斥着抽象词汇句话中subjectcategoryspectacledivertincidentheroprimarilywithoutpresentidentifymotivationparticularlylikable等背单词中文释义意味着阅读中够清楚理解真正含义抽象词训练方法请参见附录中<阅读抽象词提速法>里仅解释句话重单词:


    hero指英雄文学评型文章中单词意思公

    without处熟词僻义意思外部等outside

    likable文生义什东西意思吸引力意思义词pleasantattractive

    句中理解全句起影响否正确理解without单词然问题果认识without熟词僻义否合理化原根分号句话推理出意思?根紧着分however推断出分号前两句话说容截然相反i戏剧描述中推出without意思应该认公心世界


    意群训练:its subject(to use maynard mack’s categories)is lifeasspectacle for readers  diverted by its various incidentsobserve its hero odysseus primarily from withoutthe tragic iliadhoweverpresents lifeasexperience:readers are asked to identify with the mind of  achilleswhose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero

    49 most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migratesso that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head (3+)


    条成年目鱼身显著存诸称(asymmetry)特征中吸注目眼睛摆位:成年前眼睛发生移动成年目鱼身两眼睛均位头部侧面

    难句类型:倒装省略

    解释:句倒装质早种倒装结构样形容词放句首时语谓语倒装句干正常语序应该:eye placement is most striking倒装成most striking is eye placement种倒装gre考试中出现新特色提句首most striking长长状语among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish面语表语分开造成阅读困难


    意群训练:most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migratesso that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head

    50 a critique of handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined and that explanations for the different treatment of black slaves in north and south america should be expanded (4)


    h关法律奴隶制没17世纪60年代前出现原作解释批评显示关奴隶制种族偏见间关系假说应重新检查显示出北美南美间黑怒处理解释应扩展

    难句类型:复杂修饰省略

    解释:句子干清楚:a critique suggests that… and suggests that…句子结构复杂修饰成分加面and suggests省略句子结构难读出

    句suggest暗示显示说明意思义词pointindicateimply句两suggest宾语句根语法求虚拟语气


    意群训练:a critique of handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined and that explanations for the different treatment of black slaves in north and south america should be expanded

    51 the best evidence for the layeredmantle thesis is the wellestablished fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islandsislands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantleare composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system whose sourcemost geologists contendis the upper mantle (5 )

    幔分层点说证样确认事实海洋岛屿——岛屿信源层幔升幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——发现火山岩石海洋中部山脊系统物质根物质构成海洋中部山脊系统成数质学家辩道部幔


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句前面干算难the evidence is the fact that难难fact说明fact 位语句句中段插入语句较难读位语句语volcanic rocks语面found on oceanic islands分词修饰volcanic rocksislands面说明islands位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle位语实际起分隔谓位语作谓语动词are composedof fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system whose source most geologists contend is the upper mantle


    句中专词汇果抛开文章说单句子句首layered mantle thesis难理解果读者够读懂句子致意思layered mantle thesisr力证材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle应该推测出然层幔理定说幔层面

    意群训练:the best evidence for the layeredmantle thesis is the wellestablished fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islandsislands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantleare composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system whose sourcemost geologists contendis the upper mantle


    52 some geologistshoweveron the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths argue that the mantle is not layeredbut that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularlyaccording to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways (4+)

    某质学家幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)作观察指出幔非分层排列相反幔异质性富含相容成分流质构成成分趋流体非固体状态渗透扩散流质流意性规部幔某部分予改变


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句句中长插入语howeveron the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths割裂谓句子难度that引导宾语句中句中but 连接两句子起延续句末首选rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids面位语分词结构修饰incompatible elements状语修饰分词结构层层修饰较复杂

    意群训练:some geologistshoweveron the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths argue that the mantle is not layeredbut that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularlyaccording to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways


    53 fallois proposed that proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908 abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of saintbeuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel (5 )

    fallois认proust1908年试图开始写部说写部批判sb 伟作品真正质视见长篇证明放弃部说发现文勾起记忆说情节萌生者取代形成部稳定展开说


    难句类型:复杂修饰抽象词

    解释:句历gre考生尊称gre文科文章中难度第普鲁斯特追忆似水年华篇文章难度远远高现计算机考试题目普鲁斯特公认意识流说先驱笔者推测文原作者必定研究普鲁斯特家文章必然带思维跳跃连贯性时空颠倒等意识流手法:ets改编然读性略啬然积重难返法救药堕落成篇流水帐文章句结构表现作者种叙事风格:句that引导宾语句开始实际普鲁斯特意识流线索列举方式描述动机变化开始写说英文prout had tried to… abandoned…found…and allowedabandoned状语for…结构复杂词抽象结构太容易出blindness指真盲指缺乏辨认力difficult to discern make outor discover视见give rise to 词组意思引起发生


    意群训练:fallois proposed that proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908 abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of saintbeuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel

    54 the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levelsfrom abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings made it difficult for proust to set them out coherently (5)


    种意义联系层次抽象理性深刻梦幻般情感层出穷断重新组合排列正意义联系丰富性复杂性致普鲁斯特难错落致安排

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    解释:请原谅笔者做中文翻译艰涩难懂读者够更理解句子结构书量中文翻译英文原文语序相应意译达目说绞脑汁句难懂全非笔者原文作者量抽象词句然面说篇关普鲁斯特文章句中语the very richness and complexity修饰成分长达三行of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings中夹杂着插入语效分开语谓语实句然结构较复杂见前面句子复杂真正难点句子中量抽象词笔者附录中提原抽象词严重占脑资源带量抽象词结构复杂句子更难懂句例子复杂修饰抽象词狼狈奸句意难理解


    意群训练:the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levelsfrom abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings made it difficult for proust to set them out coherently

    55 but those of who hoped with kolb that kolb’s newly published complete edition of proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed (4)

    中希(算k)k新出版p1909年书信全集够更加详细记录程失


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句中句套句致语those of us谓语距离远中间成分极句子难读懂修饰语those of us定语句who hoped中套宾语句宾语句语complete edition前两定语修饰次宾语句谓语宾语:句系动词表语

    意群训练:but those of us who hoped with kolb that kolb’s newly published complete edition of proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed


    56 now we must also examine the culture as we mexican americans have experienced it passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to finally a conquered people a charter minority on our own land

    现必须墨西哥裔美国历审视文化历权民族变成新定居者胞终沦落成征服民族——土契约少数民族

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语固定搭配


    解释:句中as we mexican americans have experienced it examine状语说明审视角度面直句尾分词结构experience状语详述历具体程分词难懂熟知结构from…to…没见没想面居然to套插入语newly arriving settlers to finally a conquered people时候头脑发生混乱明知措里to前面from搭配说原文结构from…to…to…

    砩群救褶ㄩnow we must also examine the culture as we mexican americans have experienced it passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to finally ㄛa conquered people a charter minority on our own land


    57 it is possible to make specific complementary dna’s (cdna’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger rna’s (mrna’s)of the peptide hormones if brain cells are making the hormonesthe cells will contain these mrnas if the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to themthen the cdna’s should still bind to these mrna’sbut should not bind as tightly as they would to mrna’s for the true hormones (4)


    科学家制造出特异(specific)互补dna’s(cdna’s)作分子探子(molecular probe)探觅出肽激素信rna’s(mrna’s)果脑正制造着肽激素细胞会含信rna’s假细胞制造产品类似肽激素非肽激素全然相互补cdna’s应然信mdna’s粘结程度含mrna’s脑细胞然分离开研究者信rna’s进行解码确定蛋白质产品究竟什确定蛋白质产品种程度类似真正肽激素

    难句类型:易混词


    解释:难句心英文止句笔者句中设标志翻译三句话结构意思说难然少够真正次段话读清楚原两容易混淆单词cdna’smrna’s文中交出现相互作加brain cellhormones中捣乱更难读清楚原文意思原文意思:cdna’s探测mrna’s果脑细胞产生荷尔蒙中必mrna’s意味着cdna探测荷尔蒙果脑细胞制造真荷尔蒙cdna’s中mrna’s附着情况确定荷尔蒙真假


    意群训练:it is possible to make specific complementary dna’s (cdna’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger rna’s (mrna’s)of the peptide hormones if brain cells are making the hormonesthe cells will contain these mrna’s if the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to themthen the cdna’s should still bind to  these mrna’sbut should not bind as tightly as they would to mrna’s for the true hormones


    58 the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cdna probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them (4)

    采cdna探子测定肽激素分子生物学方法时应该免疫学方法速度快免疫方法说需耗费年枯燥提纯进程方肽素分离出然培养出针抗血清

    难句类型:复杂修饰易混指代


    解释:语修饰成分样隔开语谓语句难度because句中般惯作句语it应该指句语句句较结构a should be faster than b because it…处it指b种指代符合前形成惯阅读现场边读边根句意判断增加阅读理解难度现场阅读时类似antiserums种专名词必理会仅需词头anti推出反p荷尔蒙东西

    意群训练:the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cdna probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications  to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them


    59 nevertheless researchers of the pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the ice age had they been in charge of events(3+)

    然研究p时代研究者发展种样少奇怪思想模型系统显示果决定质事件话会安排冰川纪

    难句类型:复杂修饰倒装修辞

    解释:句末how引导名词性句中包括双重倒装正常语序:if they had been in charge of events they would have arranged the ice age in certain model schemes句中arrange方式提前造成arrange动作执行者提前前面if they had been 必须置样造成if省略成had they been倒装结构


    外作者表达研究者模型负态度炫耀幽默感句中虚拟语气fanciful词表示研究负责异想天开幼童心理

    意群训练:nevertheless researchers of the pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the ice age had they been in charge of events

    60 this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periodsrather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits (4)


    序列演(succession)系列冰川期间冰期直接相关质沉积物质事件更普遍现代方法研究间冰层(interglacial bed)中发现生物残留物间冰层身冰川沉积物发生间层化(interstatified)

    难句类型:复杂修饰省略易淆指代

    解释:句子中rather than 省略前面重复being based直接加介词onmodern method面部分修饰method中remains作动词作名词处名词法biological remains指类似动物化石类遗迹读里句子难点themselves指前面离远modern method(然语法讲单复数致)指前面离较远biological remains指紧挨着interglacial beds底指代通理解句意确定处指biological remains


    意群训练:this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to  glacial and interglacial periodsrather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits

    61 there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily needor between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging(5)

    试图禁忌作出解释正置身某身体需满足置身某身体需满足间早已酒足饭饱正知羞耻狼吞虎咽失间相称社会关系


    难句类型:复杂修饰省略

    解释:前面架构there have been attempts to explain these taboos简单in terms of inappropriate social relationships开始句子变难ralationship面着直延续句末长长修饰成分中两固定搭配either…or…between…and…原文两搭配套起变成either between…and…or between…and…加between…andthose who样结构愈发令眼花缭乱

    意群训练:there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social  relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily needor between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging


    62 many critics of amily bronte’s novel wuthering heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments onif it does not reversethe first partwhere a romantic reading receives more confirmation (5)

    研究艾米丽勃朗特(emily bronte)说呼啸山庄(wuthering heights)许文学评家说第二部分视作种物没第部分予逆转话第部分作出种诠释评判说第部分中种浪漫读解获更充分确证


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:面翻译中符合中文惯修饰the first partwhere引导定语句翻译中括号外句难两方插入语if it does not reverse理解counterpoint意思什产生插入语位置较讨厌comments on the first part样连贯说法割成两段增加阅读难度意思容易理解错if理解成果意思理解成意思果理解成意思文意思理解成反第部分予第部分负面评然处样理解that前counterpoint意思相反立指谐组成部分意思词源音乐术语指音乐中位法旋律配合引伸形容两东西彼谐致义词harmony文中if it does not reverse意思假反第部分第部分谐致评意思种情况插入语纯属废话


    意群训练:many critics of family bronte’s novel wuthering heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments onif it does not reversethe first partwhere a romantic reading receives more confirmation

    63 granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of henry james their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts (4+)


    诚然素存证明作者说架构意识亨利詹姆斯(henry james)种意识相拟然力图说形形色色素统起做法某种程度注定法令信服 granted that家统然表步admitted of course

    难句类型:复杂修饰抽象词

    解释:句结构固然复杂造成阅读难度抽象词理解正面关键词汇解释:

    granted that出现句首意思家意然实际种步语气等admittedof course


    need not argue中argue表示常辩争意思表示意味着证实意思义词maintainprove

    camparable词义两读者熟悉that can be compared外意思worthy of comparison义词as good as文中面意思词义理解面第18题考

    意群训练:granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of henry james their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts


    64 this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger)but because wuthering heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power thatultimatelyresist inclusion in an allencompassing interpretation (5)

    倒样种解释必定会僵化成命题(部部说解释中僵化死板总种危险)呼啸山庄拥极难驾御素辩驳力度终拒绝囿囊括遗解释中


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    解释:句两插入语然干扰性难点成批出现抽象词interpretationnecessarilystiffenthesisrigidityrecalcitrantelementundeniablepowerultimatelyresistinclusionallencompassing等
    笔者估测初学gregmat学者言句话中出现三心抽象词会阅读理解造成障碍句话中出现十三样单词读懂足怪

    训练:this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger)but because wuthering heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power thatultimatelyresist inclusion in an allencompassing interpretation


    65 the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to anotherwith variations exceeding the measurement errorand preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copperore source (4)

    铅位素构成常种普通铜矿石源种铜矿石源间存差异差异程度超出测量误差初研究表明单独铜矿石源铅说位素构成毫二致

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语专业抽象词


    解释:句怪异现象典型例子:句子结构谈复杂单词难非读者理工科科研(材料科学科研)背景否句子然够读搞清句子说什意思首先句子中出现词汇然较常见理科文章中出现专名词意味时带抽象学术含义笔者称专业抽象词isotopic compositionsourcevariationmeasurement errorpreliminary study等认识单词意味着懂文章意义作说measurement error家文生义理解成测量错误测量误差文章阅读中种字面理解远远够实处强调测量中出现错误毛病指次测量会发生永远法避免测量值实际值间正常差异句话真实含义难理解句子罗列堆事实作者真正想说意思什呢?实variations exceeding the measurement error言外意variations真正意义试验误差矿源铜矿铅位素成分真相矿源铅位素相意味着通测量铅位素成分确定铜矿矿源(挖掘)


    意群训练:the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to anotherwith variations exceeding the measurement errorand preliminary studies indicate  virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copperore source

    66 more probable is bird transporteither externallyby accidental attachment of the seeds to feathersor internallyby the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds (3+)


    更鸟类运输:者通外部途径种籽偶然粘附羽毛者通部方式鸟类吞食果子种籽排泄出

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语倒装

    解释:句首倒装正常语序bird transport is more probable面句子中插入部分频繁出现句子显十分凌乱

    意群训练:more probable is bird transporteither externallyby accidental attachment of the seeds to feathersor internallyby the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds


    67 a longheld view of the history of english colonies that became the united states has been that england’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy dominated by expansionist militarist objectives generated the tensions that ultimately led to the american revolution (4+)

    成美国英国殖民历史长久观点认英国1763年前殖民政策济利益支配认种着更程度帝国制度政策转变——扩张义军事目标左右——产生终导致美国革命紧张气氛


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:架构简单语表语句省心句子干实:a longheld view has been that语a longheld view修饰三层定语:of the history of the english colonies that became the united states系动词has been接表语句实止实原句and连接两列表语句has been that…and has been that…面has been例省略

    意群训练:a longheld view of the history of english colonies that became the united states has been that england’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy dominated by expansionist militarist objectives generated the tensions that ultimately led to the american revolution


    68 it is not known how rare this resemblance isor whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnetwhose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamondbut when presentthe resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic (4)

    现尚知种类似稀少种步知道否常见象石榴石类硅酸盐含物中类物质晶体结构普遍某种程度类似金刚石晶体结构旦存种类似视作极说服力证证明金刚石含物确源


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句句子长专名词句层出穷难懂句中出现专名词中silicates硅酸盐单词常常出现理科文章中需记忆外单词阅读现场简单处理番:inclusions猜出包含物质garnet作首字母提炼gcrystallography词头推出单词晶体关

    意群训练:it is not known how rare this resemblance isor whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnetwhose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond  but when presentthe resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic


    69 even the radical critiques of this mainstream research modelsuch as the critique developed in divided societyattach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of puerto ricans as a colonial minority (4+)

    流研究模型激进批评诸分裂社会(divided society)书中提出种批判少数民族化问题分机构济社会移动性素联系起阐明波黎作殖民少数民族文化属关系


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略抽象词

    解释:句实际and连接两句子阅读难度and省略they(处指前面语the radical critiques)are thus able to 前面离太远读者难找语

    外句中固定搭配attach a to billuminate c as d中abc全部长抽象理解起较困难

    意群训练:even the radical critiques of this mainstream research modelsuch as the critique developed in divided societyattach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of puerto ricans as a colonial minority

    71 open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the united stated in the fifties and beauvoir’s conclusion that change in women’s economic condition though insufficient by itself remains the basic factor in improving women’s situation was particularly unacceptable (4+)

    公开妇女压迫存承认50年代美国言分激进b结妇女济状况变化身充分素然提高妇女位根素观点尤法令接受


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    贱庋ㄩ挂历and蟀诿腔谤跺煦历ㄛ前跺煦历腔逄然衄修饰伧煦ㄛ笋整体奥晟逊算疑黍缀面腔煦历中腔修饰伧煦憩掀诞面黍逄beauvoir*s conclusion缀面掩楼剩肮位逄植历that change in#奥植历腔逄睿彖逄洁逊楼剩跺唇入逄蝇疑祥容眢叁肮位逄植历中腔伧煦朱齐ㄛ缀面艘善系桶赋凳was particularly unacceptable腔时紧ㄛ砑祥起懂逄誰ㄛ祥辇心中琼然膻衄褶彻面历腔ㄛ珩硐疑黯然神伤

    意群训练:open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the united stated in the fifties and beauvoir’s conclusion that change in women’s economic condition though insufficient by itself remains the basic factor in improving women’s situation was particularly unacceptable


    72 other theorists propose that the moon was ripped out of the earth’s rocky mantle by the earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the earth’s iron fell to its core (4)理家提出球部分铁沉入核球庞天体发生碰撞月亮便球石质幔中撕裂开形成 rip撕开拨文撕开意思

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句子然算短结构简单句中三介词结构作状语结构复杂句中读者带真正阅读困难:月亮球型天体间关系?三事件间先序样?外难点the moon was ripped out of the earth’s rocky mantle段话中be ripped out of something作两种解释rip撕开意思剥意思处be ripped out of something读者理解成剥夺走某物意思实际根文理解里应该理解成某物中撕裂出意思


    意群训练:other theorists propose that the moon was ripped out of the earth’s rocky mantle by the earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the earth’s iron fell to its core

    73 however recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early new england culture that seem to have been most distinctly puritan such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse were not even typical of new england as a whole but were largely confined to the two colonies of massachusetts and connecticut (4)


    然进学术研究强烈显示明确请教徒早期新英格兰文化方面强烈宗教导团体意识整体言新英格兰典型特征程度局限马萨诸赛康涅狄格两州

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:宾语句语those aspects面着长长修饰成分of early new england culture that seem to have been most distinctly puritan语表语间长长插入语such as分开表语were notbut were结构句子十分难读


    意群训练:however recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early new england culture that seem to have been most distinctly puritan such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse were not even typical of new england as a whole but were largely confined to the two colonies of massachusetts and connecticut

    74 thuswhat in contrast to the puritan colonies appears to davis to be peculiarly southern— acquisitivenessa strong interest in politics and the lawand a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically english than the cultural  patterns exhibited by puritan massachusetts and connecticutbut also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern british colonies from barbados north to rhode  island and new hampshire (4)


    (北方)清教殖民形成鲜明戴维斯教授心目中显具特殊南方色彩特征——占欲政治法律浓厚兴趣培养市文化模式倾——仅仅清教马萨诸塞州康涅克州展现出文化模式更具典型英国色彩毫疑问构成绝数早期代英国殖民特征巴巴斯北罗岛新罕布什尔州

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:颇长句子what句做语语what in contrast to the puritan colonies appears to davins to be peculialy southern中插入语修饰成分实干简单what appears to be southernsouthern两破折号间容语位语实际起插入语作直句子写五行谓语动词was姗然出现难怪读者舒服but also省略前面样was


    笔者次提醒读者笔者类句子做语法分析读者熟悉语法结构希读者现场阅读进分析语法正确方法通熟读书中种种难句脑惯语言结构实战现场阅读注意力集中句子意思句话读出d观念相反南方州清教殖民样着英国风格意思

    意群训练:thuswhat in contrast to the puritan colonies appears to davis to be peculiarly southern— acquisitivenessa strong interest in politics and the lawand a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models—was not only more typically english than the cultural  patterns exhibited by puritan massachusetts and connecticutbut also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern british colonies from barbados north to rhode  island and new hampshire


    75 portrayals of the folk of mecklenburg county north carolina whom he remembers from early childhood of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his harlem days of pittsburgh steelworkers and his reconstruction of classical greek myths in the guise of the ancient black kingdom of benin attest to this(5)

    描述关记北卡罗纳州m县民关h日子里爵士乐手公寓房顶关匹兹堡钢铁工描述假古代b国古希腊神话宠俗表现点in the guise of 假…幌子假装


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句语长语长度谓语长度例极罕见三单词attest to this前容全语语谓语例达463熟秋gregmat句式难句读懂句子语实际and连接列结构真正语两:portrayals his reconstructionportrayals面长度惊修饰成分三列举方式说出描述象中第列举中包含定语句修饰前面folk(民民族)第二语修饰成分中抽象词组:in the guise of相介词意思假…幌子假装


    意群训练:portrayals of the folk of mecklenburg county north carolina whom he remembers from early childhood of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his harlem days of pittsburgh steelworkers and his reconstruction of classical greek myths in the guise of the ancient black kingdom of benin attest to this

    76 a very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnutsized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton (4)


    浮游动物体种极特殊进食适应性变化蝌蚪状尾海鞘纲动物(appendicularian)种适应性变化尾海鞘纲动物存活核桃(更)黏液球囊装备滤器捕捉集中浮游植物

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:gregmat考试中较特色语言现象that (those) of频繁出现that(those) of作省略掉前面样名词性成分起简化句子结构缩短句子长度作然初学gregmat说前较少遇种结构遇较简单句子中间遇复杂句式中旦遇子搞清楚that(those)指前面众名词性成分中间解决问题办法读反复读样句子熟生巧


    意群训练:a very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnutsized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton

    77 these historianshoweverhave analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period (3+)

    史学家充分分析时期中具体女权义思想活动发展


    难句类型:倒装

    解释:句着扭原句子语序颠倒正常语序应该:however these historians have analyzed the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period less fully种语序然令费解:什作者说these historians haven’t fully analyzed the development of feminist ideas明确懂乐?

    实里倒见ets意作梗读者读懂心两种说法间存着细微差:前者强调分析文中研究相够完整者强调没研究gregmat中英语属中高级英语中细微处请读者细心体会


    意群训练:these historianshoweverhave analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period

    78 apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 14 m before they exhaust their nuclear fuel (5)

    显然数巨星够失足够物质燃核燃料前质量降关键值14m难:sufficient …that… so much (many ) … that…


    难句类型:特殊省略固定搭配

    解释:中国考生显然没见sufficient…that…样结构惯性that容成定语句修饰material样读发现意思通发生思维混乱脑拒绝工作场晕厥

    实际原文相sufficient前省略such面that构成such…that…结构种省略便:句够样表述sufficient身enough to meet the need of a situation意思enough意思occurring in such quantity as to fully meet demands needs or expectations两词义串起sufficient material that…词义变成material occurring in such large quantity that the need of …be fully met原句成省略such外sufficient …that…成固定搭配相so much …that…意思


    意群训练:apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 14 m before they exhaust their nuclear fuel

    79 this is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work(5)

    武装部队种趋职业等制度变迁风气中运作时候部队联邦政府工酬约束运行时候情况然样


    难句类型:倒装省略

    解释:笔者句话算成倒装省略实牵强阅读力较高读者应该出文中语序表达完全符合英文规问题极符合汉语惯:中文惯even though长长句应放句首this is so应该放说果and连接长两状语应该中补充语谓语懂考试中英语英语国家高级知识分子天天做学问英语然懂写出定懂需时候定够写出


    意群训练:this is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work

    80an impact (on the mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an earthintersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the moon in view of the moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to earth (5)

    够活性表面碎片射入球交叉轨道碰撞发生性甚种事件月亮发生性考虑月亮更尺寸球接程度


    难句类型:复杂修饰省略易淆指代

    解释:in view of意思考虑等because of句粗十分简单完会发现句十分难懂句话意思容易理解成:果考虑月亮尺寸球距离话火星碎片撞击发射球率发射月亮率点常识会知道:月亮球火星距离球类似碎片射月亮率会反高呢?里关键such an event文章中指什果指火星碎片射月亮句意思然荒谬果指月亮碎片发射球句意思实际句首an impact省略on mars原文such an event on moon指an impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an earthintersecting orbit果原文补全句子变成面样子:an impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an earthibntersecting orbit is even less probable than an impact on moon capable of ejecting a fragment of the lunar surface into an earthintersecting orbit in view of the moon’s smaller size and closer proximiy to earth


    意群训练:an impact (on the mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the martian surface into an earthintersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the moon in view of the moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to earth

    81 not only are liver transplants never rejectedbut they even induce a state of donorspecific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organssuch as skinfrom that donor are accepted permanently (4)

    已发现许种老鼠间移植法常规没肝脏移植物遵循肝脏移植物非没遭排斥甚诱发种供者特异性应答状态(donorspecific unresponsiveness)状态中供者器官移植物皮肤会永久接受


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语倒装

    解释:not only放句首时谓语提前种倒装读者讲算什新鲜事干扰度较修饰unresponsiveness定语句in which subsequent transplants of other organs such as skin from that donor are accepted permanently中插入语such as skin前面transplants搭配from that donor作反复断读者思路句中语谓语连贯

    意群训练:not only are liver transplants never rejectedbut they even induce a state of donorspecific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organssuch as skinfrom that  donor are accepted permanently


    82 as rock interface are crossed the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface where it is recorded by seismic instruments (4)

    岩石界面穿时候震波遇弹性性质通常会发生突然变化部分量反射回面面反射回波震波纪录仪记录

    难句类型:复杂修饰省略分词谓语易混

    解释:绝数读the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly句时候第反应encountered成谓语动词change abruptly时候搞苾会跑出两动词反复n遍清楚句话结构句难难语the elastic characteristics面表示袪分词encountered动作发出者句子中根没出现相原文encountered面省略by seismic waves读者没心理准备时熟悉种分词修饰方式难读懂


    意群训练:as rock interface are crossed the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface where it is recorded by seismic instruments

    83 while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correctthe one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthedshowingfor instancethat it was a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy which bested sophoclesand throwing the date once  more into utter confusion (4)


    数资料已统计出重新统计出便证明文体学方面乞援衰女实际确实波斯七雄攻忒拜(两者现变成原始剧作)轴残片唤起种幽灵似疑虑块残片度挖掘出证明说乞援衰女作者藉击败索福克勒斯达特四部曲部死出版作创作年代度置极度混乱中

    注:best击败defeat overcome outdo

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:specterthat句specter位语句中两分词作状语中间and 连接中第分词结构showing that it was a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy which bested sophocles意思较难懂两方解释:


    首先best 里法前少见作物动词击败者意思等defeatovercomeoutdo

    次a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy种说法符合常规想法 a posthumous production of 时候根中文语言惯惯性of找名面着作品名想通中文英文中遗作面定接名接作品名时候指作品作者死前未发表部分文四部曲作者死前全部写发表三部死发表遗作第四部击败s


    意群训练:while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correctthe one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthedshowingfor instancethat it was a posthumous production of the danaid tetralogy which bested sophoclesand throwing the date once  more into utter confusion

    84 the methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential (3+)


    社会创造出藉身生生息恒久衰方法形成产生保存社会具质意义文化遗产方面

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句前面举复杂修饰类难句例句已详述

    意群训练:the methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential

    85 traditionally pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used (4)


    传统风媒传粉成样繁殖程:特征事件发生机事件里风反复常量产生花粉补偿新种子终产生保证代价产生远远实际量花粉

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:笔者遇学课找说篇文章读首段两句话懂篇文章首段长仅两句话构成讲述老观点容解释篇文章题里出现场迅速读懂难句重性marked by容修饰reproductive processrandom events面着定语句修饰句中动语态the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen特殊文中中文惯说are compensated说compensated for语the vagaries of the wind补偿象补偿象面at the expense of…代价意思


    意群训练:traditionally pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used 

    86 because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormouswind pollinated plants havein the view abovecompensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects (5)


    花粉粒长距离运输程中面潜危险巨述观点风授粉植物补偿通偶发事件伴造成花粉损失途径制造出昆虫授粉植物种类产生花粉量三数量级花粉量

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略

    解释:句面说构成篇文章首段第二句话句难度超句句读because the potential hazards that pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous中语pollen grains are subject to定语句语the potential hazards句中作介词to宾语引导词that省略显句子结构模糊清加as引导状语句隔开语谓语读者造成较阅读困难面分句中句子结构更复杂:插入语定语状语层层相套两词组需解释:orders of magnitude指数量级中order等级级意思magnitude指重星球光亮度指尺寸数量少程度义词sizequantitynumber面speciespollinated by insects特指虫媒植物


    意群训练:because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormouswind pollinated plants havein the view abovecompensated for the  ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects

    87 for examplethe spiral arrangement of scalebract complexes on ovulebearing pine coneswhere the female reproductive organs of conifers are locatedis important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfacesthereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next (5)


    例带胚珠松球鳞苞综合体螺旋状安排松柏目植物雌性生殖器官位置气流模式形成产生殊重气流模式松球表面盘旋升空气中飞行花粉鳞苞传播鳞苞

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语专名词

    解释:句两难点中结构复杂二专名词较语the spiral arrangement出现长长定语中套三层修饰样读者难语谓语联系块外句中量生词明显干扰理解spiral arrangment(螺旋状安排)scalebract complexes(鳞苞综合体)ovulebearing(携带胚珠)pine cones(松果)female reproductive organ(雌性生殖器官)airflow pattern(气流模式)等中面三单词根常识概猜出含义现场阅读时遇种东西该处理呢?


    肯定ets出题者没期读者生物学家物理学家众出题情况根考必须专名词作精确理解容读种东西时候读者首务联系文章出题角度读出句话文章题关意思理解文章中作句子读者够读出the arrangement of female reproductive organs of conifers are important to reduce the ollen waste意思

    意群训练:for examplethe spiral arrangement of scalebract complexes on ovulebearing pine coneswhere the female reproductive organs of conifers are locatedis important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfacesthereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next


    88 friedrich engels however predicted that women would be liberated from the social legal and economic subordination of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry (3+)

    fe预测妇女家庭社会法律济压迫中解放出通征召整女性阶层进入公工业中成技术进步方式做

    难句类型:复杂修饰倒装

    解释:句前半部分简单面宾语句中第二状语by technological developments 面着定语句中出现倒装:the madepossiblethe recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry正常语序应该that made the recruiment of the whole female sex into public industrypossible固定搭配make…possible中副词possible倒装前面


    意群训练:friedrich engels however predicted that women would be liberated from the social legal and economic subordination of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry

    89 it was not the change in office technologybut rather the separation of secretarial workpreviously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managersfrom administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of deadend jobsthenceforth considered women’s work (5)十九世纪八十年代产生新类没前途职业办公室技术发生改变秘书工作——前视作初起步理种见训练——行政工作分离类没前途职业便视作女工作


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句话结构it was something thatit形式语真正容wasthat前something容句something结构复杂长度惊包含较长插入语固定搭配separation from分开造成极阅读困难实句子说简单it was the separation of secretarial work from administrative work that created a new class of jobs

    意群训练:it was not the change in office technologybut rather the separation of secretarial work  previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managersfrom administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of deadend jobsthenceforth considered women’s work


    注:文难度分清separation … from 搭配关系

    90 the increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workerspreviouslyin many casesthe only women employers would hire (5)

    二十世纪已婚妇女家庭外业数断增加家务机械化妇女闲暇时间增加联系更妇女身济需高婚姻率相关高婚姻率致雇佣单身女工总量缩减前许情形中单身女性雇愿雇佣唯—类妇女 the pool of 果面着群表示劳动力资源


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:语the increase例堆修饰成分面had less to do with…than do with…意思前面东西关系面关系重相中文说说…句较双方臭长and连接两名词性短语令读者阅读时思维难连贯the pool of果面着种群词组指劳动力资源

    意群训练:the increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth  century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workerspreviouslyin many casesthe only women employers would hire

    91 for one thing no population can be driven entirely by densityindependent factors all the time(5)难句类型:正话反说

    请思考:果文中说句话前提:all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters one is densityindependent factors and the other is densityindependent factors 作者说面句话什意

    解释:句然貌惊书然收录进标出难度5意味着中怪异处值提文前面控制种群密度素分两种种做densitydependent factors(里简称dd素)种做dentsityindependent factors(简称di素)原文直译然懂总令感觉说甚明白显然gregmat作者便说句关痛痒话没种群够时间全di素控制真正意思什呢?:切种群必然某时间受dd素控制句ets考试中惯正话反说典型例子请读者深沉体会句文章中理解作者态度关键


    意群训练:for one thing no population can be driven entirely by densityindependent factors all the time

    92 in order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigationwe may think of the densitydependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpretone that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high oneswhile the densityindependent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics (5)


    理解生态学家事研究性质作增长参数密度赖效应视作生态学家力图分离予解释信号正信号倾种群相较低数值递增相较高数值递减时密度独立效应起作构成种群动态变化中噪音

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略

    解释:句子仅长两方舒服第:think of as…常见实think of 词组等considerimagine加面as…认…意思第二惯方signal面段修饰语长度长signal面省略that正常应该the signal that ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret前面见that省略次that句中句子宾语定式动词宾语


    意群训练:in order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigationwe may think of the densitydependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpretone that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high oneswhile the densityindependent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics

    93 but the play’s complex view of black selfesteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more contradictory than du bois’ famouswellconsidered ideal of ethnic selfawareness coexisting with human unityor fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles (5)


    该剧关黑尊类团结相融合复杂观点丝毫杜波伊斯(du bois)理想法侬(fanon)强调更矛盾:杜波伊斯提出著名深思熟虑理想民族觉类存法侬理想国际义进行强调理想国际义样兼容民族身份角色 no more … than 样

    注:view black selfesteem and human solidarity

    ideal ethnic selfawareness coexisting with human unity

    emphasis national identities and roles accommodates internationalism


    难句类型:复杂修饰抽象词

    解释:句难点a no more contradictory than b理解想然意思正相反意思ab更矛盾ab样矛盾a no more…than b固定搭配意思ab样…例:i can no more swim than a hammar说游泳锤子游说锤子样法游泳

    难点句子中量抽象词读者词汇力提出较高求功底较读者应该发现句中较前项中描述三作家九组词汇形成3×4义词矩阵述注列义词出三观点相出作者英语功底深


    意群训练:but the play’s complex view of black selfesteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more contradictory than du bois’ famouswellconsidered ideal of ethnic selfawareness  coexisting with human unityor fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles

    94 in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as isaacs’ to raisin in the sun?难句类型:复杂修饰题干圈套 (5)


    选项中文章作者加强类似样做出反应批判呢?

    解释:应原文中文翻译显笨拙请读者原谅需说明题号称gre五难题题市面众说纷纭皆领笔者高兴通书题讲清楚正视听二解决学疑难三提示ets出题者叵测居心

    题难解题干中藏圈套请仔细观察题干问作者谁批评?i伙批评家responsesiresponses做出批评呢?然responses出题者设陷阱读者iresponses批评文章中i描述没选项匹配说法i文中定位道题然法做出:文中i抱相观点全体评家<太阳葡萄干>书反应描述十分清楚:indeed a curiously persistent refusal to credit hansberry with a capacity for intentional irony has led some critics to interpret the play’s thematic conflicts as mere confusioncontradiction or eclecticismisaac for exmaple…


    评家错误前提(hintentianl icrony)推出错误结作者应该批评呢?然驳倒assumption说h作intentinal ironyd选项intentianal 完美义词:wellconsidered题中体会句子阅读力重

    意群训练:in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as isaacs’ to raisin in the sun?

    95 inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentiethcentury progressive historians such as beard and beckerthese recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation (3+)


    作二十世纪早期进步派史学家(beardbecker)等某观点继承者期史学家提出观点值予评价

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:够置修饰成分放前面位语inheritors长长复合结构句语these recent historians位语句稍微难方容易bbrecent historians关系错正确理解:recent historiansbb继者相反

    意群训练:inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentiethcentury progressive historians such as beard and beckerthese recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation


    96 despite these vague categoriesone should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed (5)

    存模糊范畴应该断然声称易辨认出阶层间存敌态度法合理观察

    难句类型:复杂修饰三重否定

    解释:例子出句子难度全长度成正句话算长没什认识单词偏偏难懂懂原写文章三重否定should not unequivocally cannot里明显出ets考查阅读力果想句子肯定语气改变句子意思容易despite these vage categories one may still claim definitely that hostility between discernable classes can be validely observed


    意群训练:despite these vague categoriesone should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed

    97 yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it (5+)

    然史学家强调殖民者间出现种普遍致意见史学家果认识种矛盾存法充分理解种致意见矛盾克服压制获种致意见 it 指代:general consensus


    难句类型:复杂修饰双重否定

    解释:句样算长难度超寻常句文章中句文章作者句话出文章中心题态度谓重笔者观察够现场读懂句话读者绝超20

    句难三原第句子中复杂修饰带读者思维困难第二句without引导条件状语表述符合读者脑中语言思维惯without引导介词结构作条件状语中文里面定笔者面出翻译样放推出结前面相果……英文中放前面面出现面情况居造成中国读者思维惯without表达舒服惯表达without understanding that the conflicts had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it句中the conflictsthat调换变成without understanding the conflict that had to be overcome or repressed in oreder to reach it语法通句义起扭作者什起更通前种说法呢?两者意思存细微差前者强调理解泛指矛盾克服件事者强调正确理解特指需克服理解整抗英斗争着急


    外句中consensusit指殖民者致抗英识

    句读者造成困难双重否定果理解必须克服矛盾理解识意思理解必须克服矛盾理解识请读者反复阅读熟练掌握种重否定思维转换

    意群训练:yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it


    98 it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and loyalist causes during the american revolutionary war?(5)插入语

    文章中推断出作者意关美国革命战争中社会济阶层叛保王支持陈述?

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句子regarding开始难懂regarding引导分词结构修饰statement分词中regard宾语两socioeconomic classsupport for the rebel and loyallist caused中间and相连接句懂处support 第反应成动词样理解成and support for前面agree with列谓语然种理解语法成立然逻辑成立正确理解support作名词socioeconomic class列实题干意思问阶层会支持方


    意群训练:it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and loyalist causes during the american revolutionary war?

    99 she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness(5)

    希抛弃传统方法芭蕾舞样已确立舞蹈语言希探索类表现力源泉


    难句类型:复杂修饰省略抽象词易淆结构

    解释:句词抽象读者带直接威胁句子结构句中两and连接起三部分容语法似说通实际两and句子中处层次实第and连接discard两宾语成and面省略定式to discard说第and 定式中列第二and层次高前面第and

    读者读established时候容易犯两种错误andestablished成wished列谓语二established成discard列定式实两种理解语法行通果wished列面加定式果discard列身必须动词原型


    实阅读现场考生根没时间考虑语法面说established读错读者少见established作形容词法两and居层次情况

    意群训练:she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness

    100 although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wantedonly a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what (5)


    实际制造商品服务中推知制造商服务业认顾客需什实际顾客撰写相关文件进行番研究方提供幅精确图画藉说明什样需什样东西

    难句类型:复杂修饰倒装

    解释:前面it形式语语真正容定式中定式中规模倒装句子读懂原:infer宾语what句infer句间from首作状语介词结构分隔正常语序应该:to infer what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted from the goods and services actually produced面分句读:语长句末宾语precise picture面修饰成分of who wanted what较少见


    意群训练:although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wantedonly a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what


    101 with regard to this last question we might note in passing that thompson while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteencentury english history has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general for example laboring people in eighteencentury england readily shifted from homebrewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge heavily capitalized urban breweries(4)


    关问题便指出t正确劳动民重返十八世纪英国历史舞台吹嘘资义消费观普遍意义敌视态度说十八世纪英国劳动民容易家酿啤酒转引型资密集城市酿酒厂生产标准啤酒in passing便便偶然

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句难点句子开始we might note in passing that thompson…句中认识in passing词组现场法读懂句话结构含义里词组没什特重意思跳耽误事


    in passing意思:便便偶然英文中义词brieflyincidentally句子中note in passing that…便提简单说句意思

    意群训练:with regard to this last question we might note in passing that thompson while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteencentury english history has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general for example laboring people in eighteencentury england readily shifted from homebrewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge heavily capitalized urban breweries


    102 the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature of course does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their(4+)

    然二氧化碳气温度间相互联系确定底气成分变化引起气候变暖变冷趋势气成分变化气候冷暖变化造成

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略

    解释:句句中谓语establishgregmatlsat阅读文章中作建立意思外更常意思确定确证意思等determine proveconfirm外句省略容易读者指代关系搞混:or were caused by their中存两处省略:or省略whether句中相语changes (in atmospheric composition)their省略whether句中语样changes里their省略容成warming and cooling trends成composition错误理解


    意群训练:the correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature of course does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their

    103 such philosophical concerns as the mindbody problem ormore generallythe nature of human knowledge they believeare basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested (5 )


    相信诸灵肉问题更普遍言类知识性质等类哲学关注均基类问题探索性哲学答案已构成必基础智力思辩均赖建立

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语倒装抽象词

    解释:篇文章讨题哲学起源问题篇文章中出现量抽象词理然

    然句开始结构较特殊出现倒装结构正常语序应该:they believe that such philosophical concerns as the mindbody problem or more generrally the nature of human knowledge are basic human question…笔者说结构特殊司空见惯倒装身句子结构讲倒装毫必头重脚轻虞作者样写强调句首作文章题哲学二句式变化分单三难考生读者懂没面句话出道题


    意群训练:such philosophical concerns as the mindbody problem ormore generallythe nature of  human knowledge they believeare basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested

    104 the idea of an autonomous discipline called philosophy distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out on close examinationto be of quite recent origin (4)


    细作审视便难发现种称哲学独立学科——神学科学诸般学科高高予评判——思想渊源甚期事

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    解释:句面句话出篇文章户抽象解释读句子较重单词

    sit in judgment on 审视做出判断文中特指文章前面说superior to

    pursuit追求指事事业occupation career interest etc

    turn out证明实际义词:prove to be be discovered to be


    句话单词问题外两插入语谓宾全部隔开尤第插入语长造成阅读困难

    意群训练:the idea of an autonomous discipline called philosophy distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out on close examinationto be of quite recent origin

    105 they were fighting albeit discreetly to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth not of philosophy but of research in mathematics and physics(5)战斗着谨慎学术界开新科学门学术生活宗教哲学中解脱出工作成科学物理学哲学成长做出贡献


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略抽象词

    解释:句次出现两and连接三属层面成分情况:第and 连接两列定式第二and级较高连接前两列句子and相省略语they第二插入语起干扰作较the growth of分割成the growth not of philosophy but of…

    意群训练:they were fighting albeit discreetly to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth not of philosophy but of research in mathematics and physics


    106 but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures (4)

    三类动物身鳍肢骨骼结构存细致点发现足削弱样种企图表面似作趋进化致结果解释掉谓趋进化(convergent evolution)指互相关生物群体间作类似环境压力作出反应彼独立发展形成某相特征


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:读者概出句特点长复杂修饰长语复杂修饰长宾语中间谓语undermines相连修饰attempt定式中to explain away something as…意思某件事情作面东西解释掉句文中起极重作面道题专门句提问现场种句子否利懂会考生考试分数起直接影响

    意群训练:but the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent  evolution — the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures


    107 human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupylet alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes (5)

    类基包含信息少致连具体规定类1011神细胞中意细胞应占脑半脑法做更提神细胞会形成数百种连接

    难句类型:倒装省略

    解释:句固定搭配too little information even to specify型倒装正常语序应该


    human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes

    固定搭配tooto太样意思specify面容实际宾语句文章作者句中宾语提语谓语前省略引导词that句子非常难读懂let alone意思表示递进更说况

    意群训练:human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain  each of a human’s 10’’ neurons should occupylet alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes


    108 for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism the subjectivity versus objectivity or criticasartistorscientist debate has special significance for her the question is not only academic but political as well and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors(5)

    事女权义文学评妇女说观性客观性者说评家应该做艺术家作科学家争着特殊重性说问题仅仅学术政治出定义利问题方面会招致特殊风险


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语倒装省略抽象词易淆指代

    解释:首先解释词汇:versus里前面against意思面or……意思英文释义:in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection court招致(风险失败)英文释义:to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)

    分号前面句子语插入语or criticasartistorscientist分开正常情况应该the subjectivity versus objectivity debate种名词修饰名词情况gregmat考试中常见前面讲句子中出现mindbody problem


    条件状语句whichever side of the issue it favors难理解首先whichever提前表示方法相no matter it favors which side of the issue 倒装no matter省略which提前改成whichever面side of the issue提前谓it favors前issue前面问题观性客观性问题it前面名词太子辨实指句语her definition

    意群训练:for the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism the subjectivity versus objectivity or criticasartistorscientist debate has special significance for her the question is not only academic but political as well and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors


    109 if she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific a valid verifiable intellectual method that anyone whether man or woman can perform the definition not only precludes the criticasartist approach but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking especially about sex rolesㄗ4ㄘ梁叁踬权义文悝评蹦隅义谛夤腔睿褪悝性腔""跺衄效腔褫证妗腔烩性腔蹦咸踬饮褫腔源杨""饶系ㄛ跺隅义祥躺蔚龉拨裁蚕评模作眙术模腔源杨ㄛ奥褫夔颇郯鬼饶寻求蜊曹悝术赐腔现状腔挚思维ㄛ特梗衄寿性梗褒伎腔思维腔蝇腔妗义腔政笥醴梓腔伧憩


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    解释:句话原文中紧接着例难句句中插入语然长断正常语义算难懂but also分句中宾语accomplishment修饰成分实太复杂充斥着色极端抽象词汇没定词汇功底句话意思容易懂

    砩群救褶ㄩif she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific a valid verifiable intellectual method that anyone whether man or woman can perform the definition not only precludes the criticasartist approach but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking especially about sex roles


    110 these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholarsonly now entering the academic profession in substantial numberswill be at stakeand with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understandinga contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society (5+)


    问题带政治性质避免围绕问题展开争说种客观冷静科研精神指导抽象问题探索倒说种学术权力斗争斗争中许女学者中——现开始众数进入学术界——学术生涯职业命运处存亡攸关危急关头相伴文理解作出种独特贡献机遇贡献成消社会中存性义股重影响

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语省略抽象词

    解释:相信少学阅读现场长达10行算标点81单词庞然句时候禁心颤色变气短胆寒gre戏称god read english果然句子中天书风采


    笔者认真统计句切英语考试中出现长句子值提笔者初模考中读处时根没感觉句子长短模考结束回头文章时候发觉文章中第三段整句话原笔者时已gre考试中出现阅读难句做认真系统训练难句训练读文章时候句子长短想句子结构句子意思道理读太遍长句子句子长度早已麻木太熟悉句子语法结构想知道结构表达含义训练难句终目


    句句极短难难in the sense that开始整句话结束止状语that引导句作sense位语句中架构前面讲less…than…结构译成说…说and面独立介词结构作者强调女评家重性理解成作者with them are the chances中省略系动词are

    意群训练:these questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholarsonly now entering the academic profession in substantial numberswill be at stakeand with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understandinga contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society

    111 perhaps he believed that he could not criticize american foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government(4)相信够批评美国外政策时危联邦政府里已获民权运动支持

    难句类型:复杂修饰正话反说(双重否定)

    解释:单语言讲句话难发觉作者句子中拐弯抹角双重否定表达想说定字面意思:标准正话反说相信够批评美国外政策时危联邦政府里已获民权运动支持实际意思:相信果批评美国外政策会危(联邦政府里已获)民权运动支持实较简单思维转换gregmat阅读逻辑中常出现表达方法希读者通反复训练迅速惯种语言方式


    意群训练:perhaps he believed that he could not criticize american foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government

    112 however some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand and in predominantly sinistral broods the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high(5)窝中会相反旋蜗牛左旋窝种出现右旋率令惊奇高

    难句类型:正话反说(暗含强)


    解释:句貌惊实难句伟岸雄姿然知考试中难倒少英雄汉原文表面意思简单极窝中会相反旋蜗牛左旋窝中出现右旋率令惊奇高关键作者单纯想说左旋窝右旋率?什高绝值相值?果相值什相呢?

    提示读者会发现作者言外意作者真实意图想两种窝情况做句子补全:左旋窝中会出现右旋右旋窝中左旋左旋窝中右旋数量远远高右旋窝中左旋数量篇文章句话出道题答案右旋窝中左旋数量少左旋窝中右旋数量


    ets出题者语言表述常常初恋中腼腆少女言语间闪烁辞留余味考生云猜想恐怕出羞涩真实心正确含义关读者考试成败察

    意群训练:however some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand and in predominantly sinistral broods the incidence of dextrality is surprisingly high

    113 in experimentsan injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggsbut an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs


    实验中取右旋卵子细胞质进行注射改变左旋卵子模式取左旋卵子细胞质进行注射影响右旋卵子

    难句类型:省略易淆词

    解释:句句篇文章蜗牛右旋左旋阅读篇文章程中学竭全力分清左右区然里时候ets出题者终突破读者心理防线彻底搞混左右间关系

    实里容易搞混重原句话量省略方中changes the pattern of sinisteral eggs面实际省略to dextral分句an injection from sinisteral eggs does not influencee dextral eggsan injection of cytoplasm from sinisteral eggs does not influencee the pattern of dextral eggs省略形式


    意群训练:in experimentsan injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggsbut an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs

    114 recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on earth and long believed to have a martian origin might actually have been blasted free of mars’s gravity by the impact on  mars of other meteorites (4+)

    某科学家出结认球发现直相信源火星陨石(meteorite)实际陨石撞击火星致震离火星重力作范围


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句子难难that引导宾语句句中语meteorites修饰成分两found on earthlong believed to have a martian origin两冻死成分间and 相连接注意里原句理解成meteorites found on earth and meteorites long believed to have a martian origin省略形式表达说两种陨石种球发现种火星原文指批陨石两特征发现球火星

    句子by the impact on mars of other meteorites读云令感舒服原the impact of other meteorites中impact of 修饰impacton mars分隔开


    意群训练:recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites found on earth and long believed to have a martian origin might actually have been blasted free of mars’s gravity by the impact on  mars of other meteorites

    115 under the force of this viewit was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right actionit might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action)to the status of being wholly condemned (4)


    种观点力量作件许避免事情发生:修辞艺术竟然视具怀疑价值样种位(构成种歪曲真理手段误导行源)转变彻底遭谴责位

    难句类型:插入语

    解释:句插入语堪称gregmat考试中长插入语笔者书前面讲解中强调种插入语(三行)定阅读中毫犹豫跳读完整句子读否句意法衔接类似句中from…to…固定搭配会插入语干扰远隔千山万水读者脑中永聚首日


    意群训练:under the force of this viewit was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right actionit might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action)to the status of being wholly condemned

    116 none of these translations to screen and stagehoweverdramatize the anarchy at the  conclusion of a connecticut yankeewhich ends with the violent overthrow of morgan’s threeyearold progressive order and his return to the nineteenth centurywhere he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements (4)


    然搬银幕舞台改编作品中没部作品生动现康涅克州美国佬结尾处政府状态原作结尾处描述情节摩根历时三年久苦心营进步事业暴力推翻重返十九世纪关吊桥城垛语伦次唠叨列疯子显然杀身亡

    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句典型层层修饰例子句宾语anarchy修饰话笔者光三层修饰符号没层次标全(anarchy)at the conclusion of 间未做标记者修饰前者)实种句子惟长已练


    意群训练:none of these translations to screen and stagehoweverdramatize the anarchy at the  conclusion of a connecticut yankeewhich ends with the violent overthrow of morgan’s threeyearold progressive order and his return to the nineteenth centurywhere he apparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements

    117 calculations of the density of alloys based on bernaltype models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloidsuch as alloys of palladium and siliconor alloys consisting of ironphosphorusand carbonalthough small discrepancies remained (5)


    伯纳尔建立旨研究合金中金属成分类模型基础研究员合金密度进行计算计算相程度某合金测量中通实验确定数趋致细差异然存实验中测量类合金贵金属准金属构成例钯硅合金铁磷碳组成合金

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:前面分句中时两成分修饰语calculations宾语the experimentally determined valuefrom开始直although前容修饰宾语说明宾语中determine具体方法


    值注意面分句中although两分句组成句子中although果出现面分句句首表示步种委婉表示转折语气相but

    意群训练:calculations of the density of alloys based on bernaltype models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloidsuch as alloys of palladium and siliconor alloys consisting of ironphosphorusand carbonalthough small discrepancies remained


    118 and walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere(4)

    起w倡议金钱圈子外废金钱力量作消种暴政重新获真正等方法

    难句类型:倒装

    解释:句典型倒装句正常语序应该:and walzer advocates the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality句中advocates宾语the abolition of the poer of money outside its sphere倒装句末


    意群训练:and walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of restoring genuine equality the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere

    119 it is now established that the milky way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought

    现已成争事实:银河系迄止想象远浩瀚广阔具远高质量(原书句)

    120 is it not tyrannical in pascal’s sense to insist that those who excel in sensitivity or the ability to express compassion merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as the capacity for hard work) essential in producing wealth (5)


    p观点坚持敏感性表达情心力突出应该赚钱重力(刻苦工作力)突出样财富难道种做法暴政?

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句首it形式语真正容定式中insist引导宾语句中谓语merit句子中心难点通常知道merit名词词义知道作动词处容易懂动词意思应该……值…英文释义to deserve be worthy of外句子作疑问句结构复杂冗长堪句难读懂重原


    意群训练:is it not tyrannical in pascal’s sense to insist that those who excel in sensitivity or the ability to express compassion merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as the capacity for hard work) essential in producing wealth

    121 yet waizer’s argumenthowever deficientdoes point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalismnamelythat it brings to predominant positions in a society people whono matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewardsoften lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration (5)

    然沃尔泽点充分种步确实揭示资义体制中严重弱点某类置社会中显赫位置类样合法方式获物质报偿常常缺乏唤起受戴钦佩品质


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语倒装

    解释:第插入语however deficient 中however转折连词副词等no matter how面出现no matter how作者追求语言表述样性作者however deficient样较少见(gre考试中见)语言

    句插入语较第二插入语长句真正难点倒装破折号面部分句宾语位语句句中固定搭配bring a to b倒装成bring to ba果句话恢复成正常语序it brings people who no matter how legitimately they have earned their materiall rewards often lask those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration to predominant positions in a society明显样语序会显头重脚轻


    意群训练:yet waizer’s argumenthowever deficientdoes point to one of the most serious weak  nesses of capitalismnamelythat it brings to predominant positions in a society people whono matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewardsoften lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration

    122 the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limitedhampered by poor translations and by the difficultyeven in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically  satisfying translationof completely conveying the original’s verse structuretoneand syntax(4 )美国印第安传统口头文学欣赏直质量低劣翻译限制妨碍种体现着文化敏感性美学令满意译作难完全传递出原作诗体结构语调句法


    注:the difficulty (…) of:括号中插入语

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句插入语付长度较长修饰层次容甚懂二插入语正嵌difficulty of中间割裂句意

    意群训练:the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limitedhampered by poor translations and by the difficultyeven in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically  satisfying translationof completely conveying the original’s verse structuretoneand syntax


    123 mores which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community (4+)风俗惯体现文化制约公民理想准种信仰中发展社会基础力培养力置社会服务中

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语抽象词

    解释:前面绝数句子相句结构算复杂句意抽象读the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to the community时候容易读懂面定式修饰cultivation修饰individual powers里修饰者里individual powers to be placed in servicee to the community应翻译成individuall powers to serve the community文强调种individual power置种位置种定位然种细微差定会影响答题时会文章理解产生影响


    意群训练:mores which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community

    124 only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants  that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization (5)


    唯独二月革命(the february revolution)情形中缺乏种关参加者描述描述社会历史关革命动员程教容勾画出场革命性质

    难句类型:复杂修饰倒装易淆指代

    解释:句首倒装种简单结构读者带影响倒句宾语a useful descryiption of participants定语句that might characterize it中两易混指代状语in the light of理解造成巨困难

    首先that句修饰participantsdescription紧it指前面february revolution判断两点惟方法通句子意思没途径面in the light of……根…意思英文解释from the point of view面层层修饰然定难度已前面句子中司空见惯做解释


    意群训练:only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants  that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization

    125 as a consequence it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents(5)


    作结果两件事变困难者根1次成功革命建立起详信关参加者描述2回答会问关起义者社会背景甚基问题

    难句类型:复杂修饰倒装省略

    解释:句语it形式语真正容面两or连接列定式中前定式中出现型倒装to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 正常语序to establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who participated)for a successful revolution类似结构读者果笔者求认真前面难句训练现已感觉正确现场感觉样:established没出现宾语直接出现表示目for句意完整脑会根前面训练出验动判断倒装结构读者反应隐隐觉面应该established具体容种预期读a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture时候正没说完established连起


    面定式宾语even the most basic questions两列宾语第省略引导词定语句that one might pose第二分词修饰concerning the sociall origins of the insurgents

    意群训练:as a consequence it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents


    126 anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups(4)

    类学家试图描述规模性质(homogeneous)部落村落文化标准时处种坚实基础相言着手事样艰巨务揭示存复杂许彼间毫联系群体构成现代单民族独立国家(nationstate)时具备样坚实基础


    难句类型:复杂修饰

    解释:句子结构拉长原较两when引导状语句太长句子干anthroplogists are on much firmer groundwhen…thanwhen…结果more than结构长长状语句分隔远

    外第二when 引导句中宾语复杂解释单词:nationstate指单民族国家单词词义必背

    解释:anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the  cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups


    127 the italian influence is likely whatever valdez immediate source the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenthcentury spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain(4+)

    v直接源什意利影响存:墨西哥c戏剧身认16世纪西班牙作家戏剧作品作家灵感西班牙巡回演出意利cd剧团遭遇

    难句类型:复杂修饰


    解释:句号分句中from 引导状语结构典型层层修饰加句容整句子意思难理底什什?

    意群训练:the italian influence is likely whatever valdez immediate source the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenthcentury spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain

    128 it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writerswhose english language works are sometimes uninspireddeveloped the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanishlanguage works 般言正通口头文学创造性强调奇卡诺作家——英语作品时常显缺乏灵感——发展种强力富吸引力语言构成西班牙语作品特征


    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:读者阅读句时候定感觉极扭首先知道it has been …that种结构种强调语气it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity that…极舒服然语法讲说确实少见it has been that间插入东西说法解释by way of意思通什样方法通某种手段意思英文释义by the route of义词via

    that容更费劲长插入语分开谓复杂修饰宾语句结构怪异意思费解原作者强调口头文学方法否句子写较懂


    thus these chicano writers whose englishlanguage works are sometimes uninspired developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized their spanishlanguage worksgenerally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity

    意群训练:it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writerswhose english language works are sometimes uninspireddeveloped the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanishlanguage works


    129 to measure them properlymonitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometerswith sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months

    恰测量监测设备必须设置网络彼间距五十公里位网点感应器沉放海洋深处许月中直固定里 (原书句)

    130 this declarationwhich was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendmentwas designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship (3)


    第十四条修正案文中复述宣言旨抗高法院dred scott诉sandford案中判决判决裁定美国黑剥夺公民权

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语

    解释:句中两插入语分起两效分割作:第隔开句语谓语第二分开作状语定式中宾语位语句

    意群训练:this declarationwhich was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendmentwas designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship


    131 the broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class (4)第十四条修正案宽泛笼统语言强烈暗示制定者意欲载入宪法张具体民法细目清单种等公民权原原禁止组织社会作劣等阶层成员


    难句类型:复杂修饰倒装

    解释:句倒装算友into介词宾语the constitution较短然马write宾语句结构算合理避免头重脚轻果真正常语序写句子更难读懂:

    the broad languagee of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individuall as a member of an inferior class into the constitution


    意群训练:the broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class

    132 this doctrine has broadened the application of the fourteenth amendment to othernonracial forms of discriminationfor while some justices have refused to findany legislative  classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavoredmost have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations sexual discrimination in particular  are suspect and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts (5)


    谓怀疑分类意指种理解成种族基础针某群体进行歧视信条扩展第十四条修正案适范围样适非种族形式歧视然某法官拒种族外立法分类裁定非法绝数法官已接受样点少某非种族性质歧视尤性歧视值怀疑理应接受法庭种更高程度审视

    难句类型:复杂修饰插入语三重否定抽象词

    解释:句子然长结构太难相信坚持训练里读者会感句子太长者结构太难句话两难点中量法律方面抽象词中三重否定:some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored实际:some justices believe that only racial classification may be constitutionally disfavored者some justices regard nonraciall discrimination to be constitutionally legitimate


    意群训练:this doctrine has broadened the application of the fourteenth amendment to othernonracial forms of discriminationfor while some justices have refused to findany legislative  classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavoredmost have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations sexual discrimination in particular  are suspect and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts
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