基于网络的快速原型制造


    
    附录 基网络快速原型制造
    摘:篇文提出新基快速原型快速产品开发集成系统发展通充分利迅速发展计算机网络信息技术网络制造服务系统系统提供更中型企业中快速产品开发支持提出制造业网络化服务体系架构外关键问题包括模型规划制造链选择行合作厂家排列制造务利步协作工作环境建立适合理台等问题述运行java解决办法网络技术建立样网络服务系统提供种服务应系统实例
    关键词:快速原型制造服务系统
    1.简介
    信息技术时代 信息技术影响社会领域影响传统工业现代企业正面新挑战快速反应商机——直视保证公司竞争力重素制造业发展走数字化网络全球化效响应变化生产策略根市场情况客户需求时时变化改变策略应该厂商更力应付样需求减少生产时间提高质量速度够全球客户提供优质产品改善交通运输系统[1]定事实设计制造中利计算机获工业生产力提供重机会未制造业组织信息化知识驱动联系全球信息网络动化动控制目前已广泛认满足产品快速发展需求种新技术逆工程(RE)快速Prototyping(RP)快速工具制造(RT)等出现视够缩短产品研制时间制造键利工具例说RP节省新产品开发费70市场时间90设备中型企业(SMEs) 太贵许技术3D固体模型RP规划程形式表面重建等需高技完成中企业产品开发程充分利技术特困难量中企业产品快速制造发展提供支持 许RP事务局(SBS)仅制造物理原型快速原型工具提供工程服务已建立起2001年 世界500SBS需SB处理设计制造力必须效运外部资源更满足客户需求通常定义时联合企业计算机网络支持虚拟企业建立满足商机起分享技核心力资源SB处理核心务需量合作伙伴完成SB时完成工作强调服务质量新思路变成制造业21世纪赢全球竞争基方略远距离服务针厂商顾客服务问题新兴领域数字制造业技术进步快数字服务没阻碍进入综合数字系统设计制造结合计算机媒体特网商业制造业远程融合协作提供巨潜力SBsSMEs完成网络制造台加速生产效率非常紧迫篇文部分组织:1第二部分回忆相关研究工作2第3部分介绍基RP完整快速发展系统第四部分叙述网络制造服务体系流程功设计第5部分介绍系统运行台配置第6部分讨互联网应设计第7部分研究案例第8部分文总结
    2 相关研究
    伴着计算机网络信息技术发展网络制造技术制造业中发挥着越越重作年世界学术界工业团体支持网络制造研究实践(全球制造者远程制造)作量投资战略框架已提出 AbdelMalek等[8]描述架构公司生产设计活动通互联网发展模式协助公司选择代技术功限度发挥灵活性Montreuil等[9]提出战略框架提出设计制造灵活营网络动态掌握合作计划控制理日常环境Tso等介绍代理式协作支持服务系统 通专门设计虚拟代理信息网络够满足制造服务求Chen等[11]提出基网络设计制造综合框架基javaCORBA技术OffodileAbdelMalek 利虚拟制造模式制造业信心产业融合战略框架Huang等提出虚拟企业架构控制机制框架O’Sullivan[14]描述信息结构相关资料解处理商业发展AkkermansaHORSTC[15]讨信息技术基标准化公司理方指出战略框架指导理者基原济理理作出明智决定交易费理组织设计成熟发展阶段Jin等[16]提出研究关键技术应解决方案中包括确保网络数成员间传输安全策略基WebDotd数理(分布象技术)XML标准够保证结构环境数交换提供类服务转换文件网络台 WoernerWoern网络服务提出新发展台提供虚拟工程合作生产方法
    充分认识全球化制造业远程工程前市场形势客户需求全球生产网络已建立中包括社会生产工程师LockheedMartin(AIMSNET)[19]3M(3M创新全球网络)
    天产业正面严重快速发展带全球海外活动集成制造环境结构性问题服务维修公司保持制造业生产力国外区客户满意变极重传统服务台固问题公司已开始发展网线客户服务支撑体系Foo等综合描述客户服务台互联网服务支持Lee讨远程服务系统设计制造设备产品支持概念框架生命周期已建立示范远程客户支持系统FCSA证明Glober项目体系目效满足客户远程支持维修设备
    加州学研究发展项目称远程制造厂(TMF)建立特网动快速生产 户TMF提供业机会维持系统动排队时动检查StL许缺陷设计制造程中RP技术带巨处需效利处处完全开发全球RP技术解非常困难快出现新改进方面工作帮助选择合适快速制造程 已开发许快速原型系统选择工作Quickpartscom私拥制造服务公司致力提供客户网电子商务系统采购量低高生产量关税区形成种系统QuickQuoteQuickQuote顾客生产部件快速报价3D系统公司早RP制造商提供通互联网服务
    调查文字显然部份研究集中战略总体结构网络制造功模块没次全面comprebanausic网络制造服务体系支持快速产品开发 基前工作新研究网络基础生产服务体系产品迅速开发建立
    3 快速制造综合系统结构
    初概念设计产品商业性发展程包括产品设计 性分析安全性性 产品原型试验评价 设计修改新产品开发步进程产品市场化时间产生直接影响产品开发体系设计师设计组必须考虑方面产品设计制造销售回收初期设计周期设计制作轻易改变效反馈越流畅该系统成功性越高设计制造(DFM)行工程(CE)求产品设计开发程时发展序
    产品快速发展综合系统三单元组成数字原型物理原型快速制造装备系统功系统产品开发利3维CAD软件制造3D立体模型开始阶段产品形状定义美学尺寸种样数字原型功完成3D模型设计创作程产品部件3D CAD系统直接设计(ProEUnigraphicsCATIAIDEA等) 果实体零件 模型逆工程技术建造 (RE)RE种利现零件建立物理模型方法建立数字模型然制造部件果提高产品性设计RE减少开发周期设计师采模拟创造新设计进步利数分析设计制造制造模拟模型逆工程三步骤数字化特征提取特征扩展3维 CAD模型完成零件数字化仪器接触非接触式种商业化数字化仪测量系统协调机(CMM)激光扫描机超声波仪分两类接触非接触式激光扫描三角(LTS)磁振影(MRI)计算机断层(CT)常非接触式装置接触式CMM截面图象测量(CIM)特征提取通常通数捕捉捕捉表面特征零件模型通填充适数面完成减少重复设计原型试验周期提高生产程增加机器性必须通CAE指导生产优化设计制造程
    CAD模型利RP直接转化实际原型RP新成型零件制造程通计算机控制层层堆积直接3D模型短时间完成传统加工方法相反数快速原型制造系统基堆积程非材料切 种方法受规机械加工限制素限制常设计制造程中RP带巨处缩短产品市场化时间降低成提高质量10年已广泛应工业领域商业化RP技术包括业stereolithgraphy(ST)selectivelasersintering(SLS)融合沉积制造(FDM)胶合物体制造(LOM)弹道微粒制造(BMP)三维印刷(3D印刷)等
    RT种技术RP零件转化功部件特金属零件外 RPRT融合推动公司行工程发展许RP系统制造模具生产程发展RT方法致分直接间接软硬切削间接RT需掌握某种模式种模式常规方法(HSM等)获者RPSLSLS获直接RT顾名思义直接RP系统制造消中间产生步骤格局根述技术新产品开发综合系统迅速建立起详细结构图1



    4 工作流程功设计
    工作流程生产服务体系网络图2 第步登陆SB网站户名称密码进入没登记核准进入系统限观资料例系统公开'典型案例'进入户密码系统验证进入网站成功系统会动核者安全程度确定模块进入根认证制度户分四类般户(未注册)潜客户真正客户系统理员接受客户求SB首先进行规划程务分解落实选择合适加工方法未做续工作前户必须产品排队初步生产时间 果接受样结果初阶段SB进步户进行电视会议方确认合户成真正客户户提出生产务SB做实施果SB没样制造力时完成 充分利外部资源源进行未完成务效方法步选择合适合作厂商形成虚拟企业分配制度完成务工作外监测安排确保生产利生产户合作生产企业必须快实现基信息生产进度时间表生产监落符合质量标准公司受严格审查时采取预防补救措施提前预测损害
    提述流程网络化服务体系数字远程服务体系功求服务体系包括九功模块技术研究典型案例信息咨询协议(应服务提供者)套工具客户理电子商务制造服务导航系统 详细结构见图3

    九部分阻碍努力实现目标提供时效服务产品台支持中企业发展迅速中目研究技术户更加解相关知识产品快速发展帮助读者更解运新技术系统说明真实案例技术研究典型案例提供助服务户根专家支配SB回答客户问题户沟通解决问题信息咨询模块
    ASP五项成分组成 RERPRT进程规划STL检查维护零件优化控制 生产结构支撑零件优化计算逆工程方法种前描述RPRT种特点适范围情况务求选择合适加工方法时非常困难根ASP模式3种选择器RE selectorRP selectorRT selector StL固体模型建立减少约10时间表明动检查错误重业务RP控制室非常重根提供网络资源验知道 没设计者网站进行错误动检查时特重某情况已制定种算法发现动拓扑修补缺陷两'防火墙'发现缺陷结合户操作外服务器台理功定位较狭窄 StL果致命缺陷者移交期间失部分档案资料必须客户选择材料组成部分制造程中质量策划方法
    5 结未研究
    满足目前快速产品开发集成系统需求 提出种新基快速原型快速制造融合系统 提出更适合中型企业产品快速发展网络服务系统种方法JAVA制造网络化服务体系建设基础建造三层浏览器服务器模式java引入项技术容易扩展基础设施标准服务体系包括技术信息台电子商务台制造服务台提供生产协作环境户服务局部分制造资源效帮助中型企业产品快速发展



















    附录二 A webbased manufacturing service system
    for rapid product development
    Hongbo Lana Yucheng Dinga* Jun Honga Hailiang Huangb Bingheng Lua
    Abstract
    This paper proposes a novel integrated system of rapid product development based on rapid prototyping and develops anetworked manufacturing service system which offers better support for the rapid product development in small and mediumsized enterprises by taking full advantage of the quickly evolving computer network and information technologies The architecture of the networked manufacturing service system is presented Furthermore some of the key issues includingmodelling and planning a manufacturing chain selecting feasible collaborative manufacturers queuing a manufacturing task using the synchronously collaborative work environment and constructing a suitable running platform are described in detail Javaenabled solution together with web techniques is employed for building such a networked service system Finally an actual example is provided illustrating the application of this service system
    Keywords
    Rapid product development Rapid prototyping Service system Webbased application
    1 Introduction
    This is the era of information technology Informationtechnology has influenced every realm of society and dramatically impacted on the traditional industryCurrent industries are facing the new challengesquick response to business opportunity has been consideredas one of the most important factors to ensurecompany competitiveness manufacturing industry isevolving toward digitalization network and globalizationIn order to respond to the change effectivelymanufacturing strategy has to be modified from timeto time in accordance with the market situation andcustomer demand Any change of strategy should enable manufacturers to be better equipped themselveswith capabilities to cope with demands suchas a faster response to market changes a shortenedlead time of production improved quality and speedthe ability to deliver quality products to global customersand improved communications and transportationsystem [1] It is an established fact that the useof computers in design and manufacturing constitutesthe most significant opportunity for substantial productivitygain in industry It has now been widelyaccepted that the future of manufacturing organizationswill be informationoriented knowledge drivenand much of their daily operations will be automatedaround the global information network that connectseveryone together [2] In order to meet the demand ofrapid product development various new technologiessuch as reverse engineering (RE) rapid prototyping (RP) and rapid tooling (RT) have emerged and areregarded as enabling tools with abilities to shorten theproduct development and manufacturing time Forexample it has been claimed that RP can cut newproduct development costs by up to 70 and the timeto market by 90 [3] However these equipments aretoo expensive for the small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) and many techniques such as 3D CADsolid modelling RP process planning freeform surfacesreconstruction etc require the high skilled personnelto complete Therefore it is especially difficultfor the SMEs to take full advantage of these technologiesin the product development process In order tooffer the support of rapid product development fornumerousSMEsmanyRPservice bureaus (SBs)whichcan not only manufacture physical prototype and rapidtooling but also provide other engineering serviceshave been established By 2001 there are more than500 SBs all over the world But not every SB canpossess all design and manufacturing capabilitiesrequired it must employ effectively the externalresource to better satisfy client requirements Namelya virtual enterprise which usually defined as a temporaryalliance of enterprises that come together to sharetheir skills core competencies and resource in order tobetter respond to business opportunities whose cooperationis supported by computer networks [4–6] is tobe founded Every SBconducts only the tasks of its corecompetencies and depends on numerous partners tocarry out the remaining tasks that this SB has no such manufacturing capabilities to accomplish in timeWhile a new thought emphasizing service quality is becoming a basic strategy by which manufacturing industries can win global competition in the 21st century Teleservice engineering is an emerging fieldwhichaddresses service’’ issue for manufacturers and customers As digital manufacturing technique progresses quickly digital service will be integrated seamlessly into the digital design and manufacturing system [7] The internet incorporating computers and multimedia has provided tremendous potential for remote integration and collaboration in business and manufacturing applications In order to provide a production collaborative environment for many SMEs and SBs to implement the networked manufacturing it is especially urgent for many SBs and SMEs to construct a service platform of networked manufacturing to speed up the product development process of the SMEs
    The rest of this paper is organized as followsRelated research work is reviewed in Section 2 In Section 3 we introduce an integrated system of rapid product development based on RP Section 4 describes the workflow and functional design of the networked manufacturing service system The configuration of system running platform is presented in Section 5 In Section 6 we discuss the design of internet application A case study is demonstrated in Section 7 Finally Section 8 concludes the paper
    2 Related research
    With the development of computer network and information technologies the networked manufacturing techniques are playing a more and more important role in manufacturing industry Substantial investments have been made to support the research and practice of networked manufacturing (telemanufacturing or global manufacturing) from both the academic community and industrial bodies all over the world in recent years A number of strategies and frameworks have been proposed AbdelMalek et al [8] described a structure within which a company can outsource several of its production and design activities via internet and developed a model to aid a company in selecting among the available technological and functional alternatives to maximize its flexibility Montreuil et al [9] presented a strategic framework for designing and operating agile manufacturing networks enabling to collaboratively plan control and manage daytoday contingencies in a dynamic environment Tso et al [10] introduced the architecture of an agentbased collaborative service support system which is able to carry out service requests in a manufacturing information network through some specially designed virtual agents Cheng et al [11] put forward an integrated framework for webbased design and manufacturing which is developed based on Java solution and CORBAORG broking technologies Offodile and AbdelMalek [12] introduced a framework for integrating IT and manufacturing strategies using the virtual manufacturing paradigm Huang et al [13] presented a holonic framework for virtual enterprises and control mechanisms of virtual enterprises under this framework O’Sullivan [14] described an information architecture and associated toolset for understanding and managing the process of business development Akkermansa and Horstc [15] discussed managerial aspects of information technology infrastructure standardisation in networked manufacturing firms and presented a strategic framework to guide managers in making sensible decisions regarding IT infrastructure standardisation based on a number of preexisting economic and management theories such as transaction cost theory organisational design and IT maturity growth stages Jin et al [16] presented a research on key application technologies and solutions which includes a network safety strategy which ensures data transfer among the leaguer members production data management based on WebDOT (distributed object technology) and XML criteria which ensure data exchange in structurevariance characteristic environments the network platform which provides the conversion service of different types of CAD files Woerner and Woern [17] introduced a new web service based platform providing developed methods for cooperative plant production within virtual engineering
    To full realize the teleservice engineering in today’s globalized manufacturing industry and meet the current market situation and customer demand a number of global manufacturing networks have been established by among others the Society of Manufacturing Engineer [18] Lockheed Martin (AIMSNET) [19] and 3M (the 3M Innovation Global Network) [20]
    Today’s industries are facing serious structural problems brought about by their rapid development of overseas activities under a global integrated manufacturing environment Service and maintenance are becoming extremely important practices for companies to maintain their manufacturing productivity and customer satisfaction in foreign regions Due to the inherent problems of traditional help desk support some companies have started developing webbased online customer service support system Foo et al [21] described an integrated help desk support for customer service via internet Lee [7] discussed the concept and framework of a teleservice engineering system for the life cycle support of manufacturing equipment and products A system for remote customer support has been created in the FCSA demonstrator of the Globerman 21 project [22] The purpose of these systems above is to provide effective and responsive remote support to customers in the use maintenance and troubleshooting of their equipment
    University of California is studying and developing a project called the TeleManufacturing Facility (TMF) which is to create an automated RP capability on the Internet TMF allows users to easily submit jobs and have the system automatically maintain a queue While it can automatically check many flaws in STL files and in many cases fix them [23] RP potentially offers great benefits when used during the design and manufacturing process However RP must be used in an effective manner if these benefits are to be fully exploited The RPnovices have a lot of difficulties in getting a global view of the RP technique and in tackling well founded decision for investment or outsourcing of RP tasks because of the very quick appearance of new and improved processes in this field In order to help novices select a suitable RP process the rapid prototyping system selector has been developed by many researchers [24–27] Quickparts com which is a privately held manufacturing services company dedicated to providing customers with an online Ecommerce system to procure lowvolume and highvolume custom manufactured parts has developed a QuickQuote system The QuickQuote system enables customers to get instant customerized quotations for the production of their parts [28] 3D Systems Company which is the earliest and biggest RP equipment manufacturer has provided RP&M service for customer via Internet [29]
    From these literatures survey it is clear that most of studies mainly focused on the strategy and overall architecture of networked manufacturing as well as individual function module there is still no comprehensive and banausic networked manufacturing service system to support rapid product development Built on the emerging researches and our earlier work (eg Refs [3031]) a webbased manufacturing service system for rapid product development is to be established
    3 Architecture of the integrated system ofrapid product development
    The development process from initial conceptual design to commercial product is an iterative process which includes product design analysis of performance safety and reliability product prototyping for experimental evaluation and design modification Therefore any step of new product development process has a direct and strong influence on timetomarket A good product development system must enable designers or design teams to consider all aspects of product design manufacturing selling and recycling at the early stage of a design cycle So that design iteration and changes can be made easily and effectively The more fluent the feedback is the higher possibility success of the system has Design for manufacturing (DFM) and concurrent engineering (CE) require that product and process design be developed simultaneously rather than sequentially [32]
    The integrated system of rapid product development is composed of three modules digital prototype physical prototype and rapid tooling and functional part manufacturing system The product development starts from the creation of a 3D model using a 3D CAD software package At that stage the product geometry is defined and its aesthetic and dimensional characteristics are verified The main function of digital prototype is to perform 3D CAD modelling The product and its components are directly designed on a 3D CAD system (eg ProEngineer Unigraphics CATIA IDEAS etc) during the creative design process If a physical part is available the model can be constructed by the reverse engineering (RE) technique RE is a methodology for constructing CAD models of physical parts by digitizing an existing part creating a digital model and then using it to manufacturing components [33] RE can reduce the development cycle when redesigns become necessary for improved product performance Preexisting parts with features for improved performance can be readily incorporated into the desired part design When a designer creates a new design using mockup it is also necessary to construct the CAD model of the mockup for further use of the design data in analysis and manufacturing The three primary steps in RE process are part digitization features extraction and 3D CAD modelling Part digitization is accomplished by a variety of contact or noncontact digitizers There are various commercial systems available for part digitization There systems range from coordinate measuring machine (CMM) laser scanners to ultrasonic digitizers They can be classified into two broad categories contact and noncontact Laser triangulation scanner (LTS) magnetic resonance images (MRI) and computer tomography (CT) are commonly used noncontact devices Contact digitizers mainly have CMM and crosssectional imaging measurement (CIM) Feature extraction is normally achieved by segmenting the digitized data and capturing surface features such as edges Part modelling is fulfilled through fitting a variety of surface to the segmented data points [34] In order to reduce the iterations of designprototypetest cycles increase the product process and manufacturing reliability it is necessary to guide in optimization of the product design and manufacturing process through CAE
    The CAD model can be directly converted to the physical prototype using a RP technique RP is a new forming process which fabricates physical parts layer by layer under computer control directly from 3D CAD models in a very short time In contrast to traditional machining methods the majority of rapid prototyping systems tend to fabricate parts based on additive manufacturing process rather than subtraction or removal of material Therefore this type of fabrication is unconstrained by the limitations inherent in conventional machining approaches [35] RP potentially offers great benefits when used during the design and manufacturing process It can help shorten timetomarket improve quality and reduce cost Over the last 10 years RP machines have been widely used in industry The RP methods commercially available include Stereolithgraphy (SL) Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Fused Deposition Manufacturing (FDM) Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) Ballistic Particle Manufacturing (BMP) and Three Dimensional Printing (3D printing) [36] etc
    RTis a technique that transforms the RP patterns into functional parts especially metal parts Furthermore the integration of both RP and RT in development strategy promotes the implementation of concurrent engineering in companies Numerous processes have been developed for producing dies fromRP system The RT methods can generally be divided into direct and indirect tooling categories and also soft (firm) and hard tooling subgroups Indirect RT requires some kinds of master patterns which can be made by conventional methods (eg HSM) or more commonly by an RP process such as SL or SLS Direct RT as the name suggests involves manufacturing a tool cavity directly on the RP system hence eliminating the intermediate

    step of generating a pattern [37] On the basis of abovetechniques a novel integrated system of rapid product development is to be established Its detailed structure is shown in Fig 1
    4 The workflow and function design
    The workflow of the service system of networkedmanufacturing is shown in Fig 2 The first step is to log in to the website of SB Users have to enter their names and passwords Those without registration or authorization can also enter into the system but they are limited to viewing the information that is open to the public such as typical cases’’ in this system The password entered by the user will be verified by the system After entering the SB website successfully the system will check the security level of users and determine which modules they can access or employ According to authentication for the system all usersa re to be divided into four categories general users (without registration) potential clients real clients and system administrator Received job requests from clients the SB will perform firstly process planning which fulfills the task decomposition and selects the most suitable process methods It is necessary for users to get the preliminary product quote and manufacturing time from the SB before the followup process continues If such results may be accepted initially The SB will negotiate further with users by Videoconferencing system Once come to term each other a contract is to be confirmed and the user becomes a real client The manufacturing tasks submitted by real clients had better be implemented in the SB However if the SB has no such manufacturing capabilities or can not accomplish then in time it is an effective way that the SB takes full advantage of external sources to carry out the remaining tasks

    The next step is to select the appropriate collaborative manufacturing enterprises to form a virtual enterprise to complete the tasks by the task assignment decision system In addition in order to monitor the manufacturing schedule to ensure smooth production both collaborative manufacturing enterprises and SB itself must provide as quickly as possible the essential information related to production progress and schedule for the module of production monitor So any companies falling behind schedule or failing to meet quality standards will be closely examined by SB and users to ensure that precautionary or remedial measures are made ahead of time or any damaging effects are predicted
    Referring to the workflow of networked service system above and the functional requirement of the digital teleservice system the service system consists of nine functional modules the technique research typical cases information consultation ASP (application service provider) tool set client management

    Electronic commerce manufacturing service system navigation Its detailed structure is shown in Fig 3
    These nine components work together seamlessly to achieve the common objectives ie to provide an effective and prompt service platform to support the rapid product development of SMEs One of the purposes of the technique research is to enable users to increase awareness of the relevant knowledge of rapid product development In order to help users better understand and apply these new techniques the system illustrates a number of reallife cases Both the technique research and typical cases mainly provide selfhelp service for users Depending on the predominance of specialty and expert the SB can answer the queries of clients and communicate with novices to solve their problems by the information consultation module
    The ASP tool set provides five useful components below the process planning of RERPRT STL checking and fixing the optimization of part orientation the support structure generation and the optimization of part slicing There are various process methods for RE RP and RT as previously described each of them has its characteristics and the scope of application It is especially difficult for many novices to select the most suitable process methods according to the individual task requirement and condition Three selectors based on ASP mode namely RE selector’’ RP selector’’ and RT selector’’ have been developed to perform process planning automatically in the Web Serverside In [38] Miller states that STL files created from solid models have anomalies about 10 of the time and those created from surface models have problems about 90of the time Error rates in this range make it clear that automated error checking is important for all RP operations Based on our experience with supplying networkbased resources we know that it is especially crucial to perform automatic error checking when the RP operation is not at the designer’s site We have developed various algorithms to detect and in some cases automatically fix geometric and topological flaws There are two firewalls’’ to detect those flaws one is integrated with the online pricing engine that will be operated by the user before the STL file is submitted to the SB while the other is to run on the SB’s Serverside after the STL file is submitted Because the function of fixing is quite restricted if a STL file has fatal flaws or loses some data during transferring it would have to be uploaded again from the Clientside Parts formed using RP technique can vary significantly in quality depending on the manufacturing process planning The process planning of RP is performed to generate the tool paths and process parameters for a part that is to be built by a particular RP process The steps required are the part orientation support structure generation slicing path planning and process parameter selection Therefore it is also very important for remote users that SB can provide these process planning techniques Three submodules including the optimization of part orientation support structure generation and the optimization of part slicing have been developed to aid effectively users in setting RP process variables in order to best achieve specific build goals and desired part characteristic Both potential clients and real clients can employ freely the ASP tool set
    Electronic commerce module is composed of foursections the online quote buildtime estimation online business negotiation and electronic contract management Conventionally the SB may quote according to the client’s offerings (eg CAD models 2D drawings or physical prototypes) utilizing their experiences or just get payment after the RP model has been built But for teleservice it is necessary for the remote users to inquire about the service expense of making RP prototype before the followup process continues Hence an online pricing engine (OPE) has been developed The details of the OPE Stereolithography oriented have been discussed in [39] The accurate prediction of the buildtime required is also critical for various activities such as the job quoting the job scheduling the selection of build parameters (eg layer thickness and orientation) benchmarking etc Two buildtime estimators based on sliced process and STL have been exploited respectively Ref [40] presents the principle of a buildtime estimation algorithm for Stereolithograpy based on model geometrical features After clients accept initially the quote they may negotiate with SB on the business and technological details The Microsoft NetMeeting which can set up a collaborative environment to fulfill information sharing file transferring Video and Audio communication etc provides an ideal tool for the online negotiation It is also seamlessly integrated IE Browser thus clients can call SB at any moment As a result of negotiation an electronic contract is to be signed To effectively manage andoperate these electronic contracts the system alsoprovides a contract management component It is especially convenient and prompt for clients to submit inquire and search contract through this module
    The manufacturing service module which covers the job management collaborative manufacturing process monitor and collaborative enterprises management is regarded as one of the most important function modules in the service system When a contract is confirmed clients will formally submit their job requirements (eg RE 3D CAD modelling CAE RP prototype or rapid tooling) and sources (eg object parts digitized data cloud 2D models 3D models or STL files) In order to help many novices submit quickly and easy the manufacturing tasks various job and source templates have been created while the client can search modify and even delete the manufacturing tasks itself if the occasion arises The Collaborative Manufacturing System (CMS) is responsible for the selection of collaborative enterprises (CE) In addition it is extraordinarily important and necessary to monitor the manufacturing schedule and control product quality to ensure smooth production In the past a SB had to spend much time on dealing with a lot of inquires from the clients by via phone calls or Faxes Now the Process Monitor System (PMS) provides various facilities which canguarantee the tasks to be completed timely Any partners falling behind schedule or failing to meet quality standards will be closely examined by SB and users to ensure that precautionary or remedial measures are made ahead of time or any damaging effects are predicted
    All information (no matter if it is a real client being ready for a contract with the SB or just a potential one showing his intent or inquiry) involved in the whole service process are managed and maintained by a special Database These data provide strong supports for both online business and manufacturing service To create a collaborative environment among SB users and CE we have to rely fully on the multimedia and Internet Therefore the service system offers three enabling tools Video conferencing system Electronic whiteboarding and FTP In order to make use of the system as quickly as possible users can get help from the system navigation module These nine components form a fullyintegrated system that is able to carry out tasks in an efficient and effective way
    On the basis of the workflow and function module of service system the system framework can be constructed as shown in Fig 4 Fig 5 illustrates the networked structure of service system

    5 Configuration of running platform
    In order to run this system effectively constructing asuitable running platform is necessary and especially crucial An operating system (OS) is one of the most basic software components for running this system The operating systems commonly founded onWeb Servers are UNIX OS Linux and Windows etc Windows 2000 Advanced Server is a better platform for running business application Better SMP scalability improved networking performance and support for more physical memory have a profound impact on the performance of Windows 2000 Advanced Server in an application server environment Hence we select Windows 2000 Advanced Server as the operating systemof the running platform Web Servers including Apache IIS iPlanet CERN and IBM WebSphere are frequently installed websites at the present time Internet Information Services (IIS) 50 which is integratedWindows Advanced 2000 Server is a new release Web Server of Microsoft Company Not only being a Server it also provides a number of other Internet services such as FTP News WWW and SMTP etc With tighter integration between the operating system and IIS it offers performance gains and higher availability for Web Servers and sites Normally IIS can not execute Servlet and Java Server Pages (JSP) configuring IIS to use Tomcat redirector plugin will let IIS send Servlet and JSP requests to Tomcat (and thisway serve them to clients) Tomcat32 of the Apache Software Foundation is selected to act as the engine of JSP and Servlets Database Server adopts SQL Server 2000 Relational Database Exchange Server 55 is to be used to implement the mail service function In order to prevent hacking system two firewalls based on package filtration and proxy Server namely Cisico2511 router and Proxy Server 20 have been established The overall configuration of Web platform is shown in Table 1
    6 Design of internet application
    61 Browseserver model
    The model of information service based on WWW falls into two broad categories ClientServer (abbreviation CS) and BrowserServer (BS) CS is a twotier model where a connection is built directly between the Client and Database Server In comparison BS is a threetier model where a connection is built between the Servlet or Application Server and Database Server and the Clients obtain the data from the Servlet or Application Server In the threetier model it is the middle tier of Servlet or Application Server objects that deal with all Database access operations BS has the same benefits (eg highly interactive graphical user interface aids productivity) as CS but avoids the enormous distribution and maintenance problem Besides an operating system and personal productivity software the only software that the userend needs is a Web Browser that can run Java Applets The BS architecture allows developing professionals to focus on development and maintenance tasks on the Server side in spite of the increasing number of distributed customers Therefore there are a number of advantages for a BS model thin Client (platform independent) central software storage and control high interactivity economy in system development maintenance and upgrade Due to the distributed and heterogeneous nature of clients and collaborative enterprises this service system is based on BS structure which can fit the distributed and heterogeneous environment of networked manufacturing The structure of BS model is shown in Fig 6
    62 Choosing a serverside language
    Creating dynamic Web pages that interact with the user showing customized information is the pith of Web application for BS model With the rapid development and prevalence of Internet a variety of solutions have appeared which enables the development of Web application to become more and more simple convenient and effective Four Serverside scripting languages including Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Active Server Pages (ASP) Person Home Pages (PHP) and Java Server Pages (JSP) are frequently used now
    CGI scripts are inefficient and difficult to be used for writing Server extensions Each time someone hits a CGI script a new process is created on the Server if a script is written in an interpreted language like Perl the Server has to start up another Perl interpreter consuming more processing time and memory The situation gets even worsewhen it resides on a site that is getting a few thousand hits a day Another disadvantage with CGI is that a CGI program can not interact with the Web Server during its execution because it is running in a separate process Microsoft attempted to change all this when they introduced Active Server Pages which allows developers to use simple scripting to access the Server and its extensions ASP is almost as efficient as writing code directly to the Server’s application program interface and it is more efficient than CGI because it runs as a service and can take advantage of multithreaded architectures But while ASP provides an efficient way to return dynamic content it essentiallylimits one to Microsoft platforms and even the


    simplest of scripting mistakes can crash or hang the Web Server [41] PHP is an opensource Serverside scripting language for creating dynamicWeb pages for Web applications A particular strength is that it can be used to develop Websites on a desktop system and deploy then on secure Servers such as those found commonly only running UNIX or Linux The PHP drawbacks that we have found are predominantly in its weak abstraction for Databases (each Database backend is accessed through a different interface In other words PHP is limited to using a small handful of free Database APIs none of which are compatible with each other) underdeveloped library mechanism (lacking Peril’s true module’’ concept) and occasional linguistic quirks [42]
    In response to ASP Sun Microsystems gave the world Java Server Pages (JSP) technology which is based entirely upon Sun’s popular Java programming language and gives developers the advantages of developing in Java in a more relaxed scriptlike environment JSP is a better solution generating dynamicWeb pages in contrast to ASP PHP and CGI Together JSP and Servlets provide an attractive alternative to other types of dynamic Web scriptingprogramming that offers platform independence enhanced performance separation of logic fromdisplay ease of administration extensibility into the enterprise and most importantly ease of use [43] JSPServlets has been widely applied by many electronic commerce providers such as the famous EBusiness EJBtJSPtServlets are almost to be a standard of developing electronic commerce Hence it is a better decision to develop dynamic Web pages by JSP and Servlets
    63 Constructing development platform
    The running and development environment of JSP and Servlets is especially complicated The running


    and development framework of JSP and Servlets is described in Fig 7 The application development platform is shown in Table 2 The development kits of application are reported in Table 3 Figs 8–11 illustrate the Home pageWeb page for manufacturing service Web page for remote STL checking and Web page for client management The web page for user interface of online pricing engine (OPE) in Internet Explorer 50 and a case of online quote are illustrated in Figs 12 and 13 respectively
    7 Case study
    To illustrate exactly how the service system works and the benefits it can bring to the users and servicebureaus an actual example is now presented Let us assume that a company was working on a new design of the curing coryza apparatus for which a number of physical models would be required The model was purely for the purpose of design visualization and would be used as a means of communication with other functional departments in the organization The task requirement and relevant resources were submitted to SB by the job management module of the service system After receiving the job requirement the system would firstly perform the process planning by which the job was to be decomposed into the 3D CAD modelling and making prototype and SL wasselected as the most suitable process for building the mockups through the RP selector’’ while the service system offered the preliminary product quote and manufacturing time for the user Accepted initially such results the user continued to negotiate further with SB by Videoconferencing system Once a commercial a contract was to be confirmed in the end Subsequently the 3D CAD modelling and prototype making were assigned to the Shaanxi Productivity Promote Center and Chongqi Productivity Promote Center respectively to complete Finally the green parts would be checked online and delivered to the end user The detailed workflow is represented in Fig 14 The result of process planning is reported in Table 4 The 3D CAD models submitted by the Shaanxi Productivity Promote Center are illustrated in Fig 15 The mockups fabricated by the Chongqi Productivity Promote Center are shown in Fig 16 In contrast to the traditional development mode it can cut the new product costs by up to 50 and the timeto market by 75 Consequently the costs and lead times are substantially reduced using this service system to develop new products
    8 Conclusions and future research
    In order to meet the current demand of rapid product development a novel integrated system of rapid product development based on rapid prototyping is proposed and a networked service system which offers better support for the rapid product development of small and medium sized enterprises is established A Java solution is used for constructing the networked manufacturing service system based on the threetier BrowserServer mode Since Java technology is introduced to this research the infrastructure can be easily extended into a standard JINI computing model in the future The service system which includes the technology information platform Ecommerce platform and manufacturing service platform provides a production collaborative environment for users and service bureaus enables the share of manufacturing resource and can effectively aid the rapid product development of small and medium sized enterprises This system has been employing in the Northwest Productivity Promotion Center It has been shown from a number of case studies that the system has a high potential to speed up the new product development As a result the implementation of such a system will represent afundamental shift of enterprise strategy and manufacturing paradigms in organization
    Networked manufacturing and manufacturing service system based on Web are new manufacturing mode in term of mission structure infrastructure capabilities and design process which need more detailed research and theory building Many renowned companies and universities have been involving in the further development and new application of networked manufacturing service system The significantcontribution of this paper is to construct an actual networked manufacturing service system to support rapid product development and demonstrate how to develop a networked service system based on Javaenabled solution Further research will be focused on the product collaborative commerce (CPC) the collaborative service support and the detailed structure and formulation of the centralmonitoring mechanism of such a partnership system
    Acknowledgements
    This project was supported by The National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) under the title RP&M networked service system’’(No 2002AA414110) and the Tenth Five years’’ National Key Technologies R&D Program of China under the title Research and demonstrator of rapid manufacturing integrated system based on rapid prototyping’’ (No 2001BA205B10CMTT1001)
    References
    [1] WB Lee HCW Lau Multiagent modeling of dispersed manufacturing networks Expert Systems with Application 16 (1999) 297–306
    [2] SM Rahman R Sarker B Bignall Application of multimedia technology in manufacturing a review Computers in Industry 38 (1999) 43–52
    [3] NA Waterman P Dickens Rapid product development in the USA World Class Design To Manufacture 1 (3) (1994) 27–36
    [4] LM CamarinhaMatos H Afsarmanesh (Eds) Infrastructures for virtual enterprises networking industrial enterprises Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 1999
    [5] LM CamarinhaMatos H Afsarmanesh C Garita et al Towards an architecture for virtual enterprises Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 9 (2) (1998) 189–199
    [6] LM CamarinhaMatos Execution system for distributed business processes in a virtual enterprise Future Generation Computer Systems 17 (2001) 1009–1021
    [7] J Lee Teleservice engineering in manufacturing challenges and opportunities International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 38 (1998) 901–910
    [8] LL AbdelMalek C Wolf PD Guyot Telemanufacturing a flexible manufacturing solution International Journal of Production Economics 56 (1998) 1–12






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