高中英语语法全(word载版)
文件容丰富讲解详细层次分明重点突出包括高中英语中非常详知识点易错点易混点常考点等高中学生老师非常实语法全适合层次高中学生
高中英语语法全第01章 名 词
概说
名词表示事物抽象概念等名称词boy 男孩mother 母亲news 消息progress 进步computer 计算机Tom 汤姆Paris 巴黎Japan 日furniture 家具等
名词根词汇意义通常分专名词普通名词专名词指方组织机构等专名称专名词第字母通常写Mary 玛丽Mr Green 格林先生Beijing 北京等普通名词通常指物概念等般名称根普通名词语法性质细体名词物质名词集合名词抽象名词四类：体名词表示物体girl 女孩pen 钢笔等物质名词表示法分体实物wood 木头meat 肉等集合名词表示干体组成集合体：family 家庭crowd 群等抽象名词表示性质行状态感情等抽象概念work 工作happiness 幸福等
二名词数
1 名词复数构成方法
(1) 般情况加词尾 s：
book books 书
pen pens 钢笔
face faces 脸
(2) s x z sh ch 等结尾名词通常加词尾 es：
bus buses 公汽车
box boxes 盒子
dish dishes 盘子
注： ch 结尾名词发音 [k] [tf]复数形式应加词尾 –sstomach stomachs 胃
(3) y 结尾名词复数构成分两种情况：辅音字母+y结尾名词 y 改 ies元音字母＋y结尾名词直接加词尾s：
city cities 城市
boy boys 男孩
key keys 钥匙
注： y 结尾专名词某特殊情况需复数通常加 s 构成：
Mary Marys 玛丽
Germany Germanys 德国
(4) o 结尾名词加词尾 s加 es加 s es 均：
piano pianos 钢琴
tomato tomatoes 西红柿
zero zero(e)s 零
注：英语中o结尾名词作统计200中绝部分复数形式通加词尾s构成少数加词尾 es中学英语范围加词尾 es 4：tomato 西红柿potato 土豆hero 英雄Negro 黑
(5) f fe 结尾名词两种：直接加词尾s f fe 改 ves：
chief chiefs 首领
roof roofs 屋顶
knife knives 刀
注：中学英语范围改 f fe ves 10词(日常生活中常词)：wife妻子life 生命knife 刀leaf 树叶thief 贼half 半self shelf 架子loaf 面包wolf 狼
外中学英语中handkerchief(手帕)词复数两种形式：handkerchiefs handkerchieves现代英语中 handkerchiefs 见
2 单数复数形式名词中学英语中：sheep 绵羊fish 鱼deer 鹿Chinese 中国Japanese 日Portuguese 葡萄牙Swiss 瑞士aircraft 飞行器means 方法series 系列head (牛等)头数works 工厂等
注：fish 时 fishes 样复数形式尤表示种类时head 牲口头数表示头数 heads 样复数形式
3 规复数名词名词单数变复数时没定规：
man men 男
woman women 女
child children 孩
tooth teeth 牙齿
foot feet 脚
goose geese 鹅
mouse mice 老鼠
ox oxen 公牛
注：(1) man woman 结尾合成词构成复数 man woman 变化形式相：policeman policemen 警察gentleman gentlemen 绅士Englishman Englishmen 英国等等 human()German(德国)合成词复数仿 man 变化规律规变化 humans Germans
(2) foot表示英尺时复数两种形式 feet foot：He is about six feet foot tall 约6英尺高
4 复合名词复数形式通常名词变复数：
passerby passersby 路
shoemaker shoemakers鞋匠
lookeron lookerson 旁观者
onlooker onlookers旁观者
fatherinlaw fathersinlaw 岳父
没名词通常词加s：
gobetween gobetweens 中间媒 knowall knowalls 万事通
注：man woman名词前构成合成名词两者均变复数：
man doctor men doctors 男医生 woman writer women writers 女作家
5 字母文字数字符号等复数形式原加词尾 ’s：
There are two i＇s in the word skiing skiing 词里两字母i
Mind your p’s and q’s 谨言慎行
All the –’s should be changed to +’s 正号应改负号
发生混淆加词尾 s：
He was born in the 1930(＇)s 出生20世纪30年代
Your 3(＇)s look like 8(＇)s 写3起似8
6 度量衡单位缩写词复数形式般加词尾s：
m (meter meters) 米
km (kilometer kilometers) 千米
kg (kilogramme kilogrammes) 千克
cm (centimetercentimeters) 厘米
缩写词加 s：
hr (hours) hrs (hours) 时
No (number) Nos (Numbers) 号码
缩写词采重复字母方式构成复数形式：
p10 (page 10) 第10页
pp10 (pages 10 through 15) 第1015页
7 名词数性名词根数性分数名词数名词般说体名词部分集合名词数专名词物质名词抽象名词少部分集合名词通常数种区分致原性绝英语名词数数：
A：Would you like a cake 吃块蛋糕
B：No I don＇t like cake 吃喜欢吃蛋糕
第句 a cake cake 视块块蛋糕数第二句 cake作物质名词 成数名词
面名词类分讨名词数性问题
(1) 专名词数性通常情况专名词具独二含义通常没复数形式数专名词独二性通常相着范围扩种独二性便会受破坏星期(week)星期六(Saturday) 星期日(Sunday)等月中甚年中便星期六星期日时说：
We have spent many happy Sundays there 度许愉快星期日
范围 Henry较范围 Henry 时会见样句子：
There are five Henrys in our school 学校五亨利
外专名词转化成普通名词数：
Thousands of Lei Fengs have emerged in China 中国涌现出千千万万雷锋
(2) 体名词数性体名词表示物体通常数
(3) 物质名词数性物质名词通常情况分体通常数某特殊情况(表示种类等)物质名词连定冠词复数形式：
wine 酒(数)a wine 种酒(数)
beer 啤酒(数)two beers 两杯啤酒(数)
glass玻璃(数)some glasses 玻璃杯(数)
(4) 抽象名词数性抽象名词表示事物性质行状态感情等抽象概念通常数时抽象名词转化具体名词(数)表示具某种性质事物：
success 成功(数)a success 成功事(数)
pleasure 愉快(数)a pleasure 令愉快事(数)
(5) 集合名词数性集合名词表示干体组成集合体身通常数复数形式表示集合体：
a family 家庭three families 三家庭
a team 队two teams 两队
a crowd 群crowds 群
8 名词数性三易错点
(1) 根汉语惯英语物质名词误认数名词：汉语中面包般认数说面包两面包等英语中bread通常数相应 a breadtwo breads 表示意思趣loaf 表示面包数说 a loaf two loaves
(2) 想然判断名词数性学生认 news(消息) paper(纸)数便想然认 newspaper(报纸)定数事实newspaper 数名词学认
tear(眼泪)泪水某 water(水)相联系认 tear 数事实tear 数
(3) 受名词词义影响名词止意思意思时数性形成思维思势aim表示目时数名词表示瞄准时数名词 experience 表示验时数表示历时数fortune表示运气时数(luck)表示命运时数表示财产时数a连
9 数数名词常修饰语
(1) 修饰数名词常修饰语：these those few a few many a good [great] many a great [good] number of 等
注：a good [great] many 直接名词没介词 of
(2) 修饰数名词常修饰语：this that a few a little a bit of much no a great deal of 等
(3) 修饰语修饰数名词修饰数名词：all some enough a lot of lots of plenty of a large amount of a large quantity of 等
(4) 名词形式复数作数名词much little等修饰语：
He hasn＇t got much brains 没什头脑
He took much pains to do the work 费少心做工作
I said I wouldn＇t want much wages 说工资
It＇s high time you were taught a little manners 该学点礼貌时候
10 单位词数名词数量表示法单位词表示事物体性词语数名词通常没复数形式数计算表示数名词体性需助单位词：
a piece of paper 张纸 a piece of advice条建议
a piece of news条消息 an article of furniture 件家具
a cake of soap 块香皂 a slice of meat 块肉
a cup of tea 杯茶 a bottle of ink 瓶墨水
注：汉语惯该单位词方错单位词张邮票说 a stamp说 a piece of stamp
三名词格
1 名词格种类英语名词三格格宾格格名词格宾格形式相统称作通格名词作语宾语表语时通格英语名词格表示属关系分’s 格 of 格两种形式
Tom loves Mary (Tom 格Mary 宾格均通格形式)
Tom’s best friend is Mary (Tom’s 格Mary 通格)
The title of the book is interesting (of the book 格)
2 ’s格构成方法
(1) 般情况(包括单数名词带词尾s复数名词)加 ’s：
children＇s books 童图书 today’s paper 天报纸
(2) 带词尾s复数名词加省字撇(’)：
girls’ school 女子学校 the Smiths’ car 史密斯家汽车
注：带词尾s单数名词通常加’s：
the boss’s plan 老板计划 the hostess’s worry 女担心(3) 带词尾s名加’s 加省字撇(’)：
Dickens’ novels 狄更斯说 Charles’s job 查理斯工作
带词尾s咝音结尾者律加’s：
Marx＇s works 马克思著作 George＇s room 乔治房间
(4) and连接列连词格分两种情况表示关系时分列连词加’s表示关系时名词加’s：
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 汤姆吉姆()房间
Tom and Jim’s rooms 汤姆吉姆()房间
3 ’s格法’s 格生命东西时生命东西见：
(1) 表时间名词：
tomorrow’s weather 明天天气
two days’ journey 两天旅程
较：ten minutes’ break a tenminute break 10分钟休息
(2) 表国家城市名词：
America’s policy 美国政策
the city’s population 城市口
(3) 某集合名词：
the majority’s view 数观点
the government’s policy 政府政策
(4) 组织机构：
the station’s waitingroom 车站候车室
the newspaper’s editorial policy 家报纸编辑方针
(5) 度量衡价值名词：
a mile’s distance 1英里距离
twenty dollar’s value 20 美元价值
注：带连字符已转化形容词度量衡格形式：
tenminute walk 10分钟路程(较：ten minutes＇ walk)
(6) 表天体名词：
the moon’s rays 月光
the earth’s surface 球表面
(7) 某固定表达中：
a stone’s throw 箭遥
at one’s wit’s end 黔驴技穷
at arm’s length 臂距
out of harm’s way 完全方
注：名词格定表示关系时表示意义：
(1) 表类：a doctor’s degree 博士学位children’s hospital 童医院
(2) 表动作执行者：Mr Smith’s arrival 史密斯先生达
(3) 表动作承受者：children’s education 童教育
4 ’s 格of 格法较
(1) of 格生命物生命东西of 格时’s 格互换：
Mr Smith’s son the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生子
Jim’s patience the patience of Jim 吉姆耐心
the Queen’s arrival the arrival of the Queen 女王达
(2) 必须 ’s 格情形：
①表类时：men’s shoes 男鞋children’s stories 童事
②表源时：John’s telegram 约翰电报
③修饰名词位语修饰时：Mary’s husband a policeman has just been here 玛丽丈夫警察刚刚
(3) 必须of 格情形：
①生命事物时：the subject of the sentence 句子语
②表位关系时：the City of Beijing 北京市
③中心词名词化名词时：the life of the poor 穷生活
④of 格中名词置修饰语位语时：Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China 史密斯先生中国学外籍教师
5 双重格
(1) 谓双重格指 ’s 格 of 格结合起起：
a friend of my father’s 父亲位朋友
a photo of Mr Smith’s 史密斯先生张片
(2) 双重格场合：
①修饰名词前指示代词疑问代词定代词数词等限定词时般双重格：
I don’t like that big nose of David’s 喜欢卫鼻子
Which novel of Dickens’ are you referring to 谈狄更斯部说？
Some friends of my brother’s will come 兄弟朋友
注：双重格修饰名词前指示代词时通常带定感情色彩(赞赏厌恶等)：
That little daughter of your cousin＇s is really a dear 表哥女真逗爱(表赞赏)
That daughter of your cousin＇s is constantly complaining 表哥女老报怨(表厌恶)
外双重格修饰名词前定冠词通常定冠词：
说：a poem of Shelly＇s a novel of Dickens＇
说：the poem of Shelly＇s the novel of Dickens＇
②时双重格 of 格含义稍差较：
a photo of Mary＇s 玛丽收藏张片 a photo of Mary 玛丽张片
a criticism of William’s 威谦提出批评 a criticism of William 威谦批评
四关名词重考点
1 短文改错题考查名词单复数高考短文改错题型中年道涉名词单复数试题类试题身难度求考生根句意名词单复数做出简单判断具体做类题时考生注意点必：数名词通常复数形式连定冠词二通常情况单数数名词单独应冠词指示代词定代词等限定词连应复数三注意名词身单复数形式应修饰语保体致请道典型高考改错句：
(1)… drink some waters from a dream (waters应改单数 water)
(2) They have been to Europe many time (time 应改复数 times)
(3) There are branch library in many villages (library 应改复数 libraries)
(4) could come and visit us some times soon (times应改单数 time)
(5) We studies quite a few subject (subject应改复数 subjects)
(6) We often watch football match (match应改复数matches)
(7) … so that I＇ll get good marks in all my subject (subject应改复数 subjects)
(8) On my way up I was taking picture … (picture应改复数 pictures)
(9) Good health is person＇s mot valuable possession (应 person＇s 前加 a)
(10) There is public library in every town in Britain (应public library 前加 a)
2 高考集合名词考查高考考查集合名词涉数性单复数意义谓致恰修饰语等便理解记忆常考集合名词分类分简述关法特点：
(1) family(家庭)team(队)class(班)audience(听众)等法特点：视整体表示单数意义考虑体成员表示复数意义较：
This class consists of 45 pupils 班45学生组成
This class are studying English now 班学生学英语
(2) cattle(牛牲畜)people()police(警察)等法特点：单数形式 表示复数意义作语时谓语复数 a(n) 连the连(表示总括意义特指)：
People will laugh at you 会笑
The police are looking for him 警察找
For these many cattle were killed 原宰少牲畜
注：表示牲畜头数单位词 head(单复数形)：three head of cattle 3头牛twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛
(3) goods(货物) clothes(衣服)等法特点：复数形式(然表示复数意义作语时谓语复数)通常数词连：
Such clothes are very expensive 样衣服贵
To whom do these goods belong 书谁？
(4) baggage luggage(行李) clothing(衣服) furniture(家具) machinery(机器) poetry(诗) scenery(风景) jewelry(珠宝)equipment(设备)等 法特点：数名词单数形式定冠词 (然更数词)没复数形式：
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold 衣服御寒
Have you checked all your baggage 行李托运
特提醒：machinery poetry jewelry scenery 相应体数名词 machine poem jewel scene：a poem a piece of poetry 首诗many machines much machinery many pieces of machinery 许机器
(5) 补充说明特殊集合名词：
①hair(头发毛发)：指全部头发毛发时集合名词(数)指根头发毛发时体名词(数)：
My hair has grown very long 头发已长长
The police found two hairs there 警察找两根头发
②mankind(类)：数集合名词复数形式连冠词：
This is an invention that benefits mankind 项造福类发明
Mankind has its own problems 类问题
特提醒：mankind 表示(类)时数时表示复数意义尤表语复数时：Mankind are intelligent animals 理智动物
③fruit(水果)：作集合名词通常数：
He doesn＇t not eat much fruit 吃水果
He is growing fruit in the country 农村种水果
表示种类时视数名词a fruit 指种水果fruits 指种水果体会：
Some fruits have thick skins 水果皮厚
The potato is a vegetable not a fruit 土豆种蔬菜种水果
3 根文语境选择恰名词高考名词考查常涉样类考题求考生根句子文暗示语境选择恰词语类题考查定求考生辨析义词求考生根语境求选出恰词语构成固定短语固定搭配句子语意连贯逻辑通请两道高考真题：
1 We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _____
A fact B reality C practice D deed
2 Here＇s my card Let＇s keep in _____
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
第1题选C构成短语 put … into practice意…付诸实践第2题选A构成短语keep in touch意保持联系
高中英语语法全第02章 代 词
概说
代词代名词起名词作短语句子词代词分称代词物代词指示代词相互代词疑问代词连接代词关系代词定代词等九类
二称代词
1 称代词法称代词句中作语(格I you he she we they 等)宾语(宾格me you him her us them等)：
He loves her but she hates him 爱讨厌
注：(1) 口语中称代词作表语than as 强调句中强调时宾语：
Who is it It’s me 谁呀？
He sings better than me 唱
He is as tall as her 样高
It’s me who did it 干
than as 称代词动词必须格：
He sings better than I do He is as tall as she is
(2) 单独称代词通常宾格：
I’m tired Me too 累累
Who wants this Me 谁？
(3) 时格宾格会导致意思变化：
I like you better than he 更喜欢I like you better than he likes you略
I like you better than him 喜欢胜喜欢I like you better than he likes him略
2 称代词排序：
(1) 称代词排列序：单数称代词通常二三排列you he and I复数称代词通常二三排列 we you and they：
You he and I are of the same age 年龄
We you and they are all good citizens 公民
承担责错误等场合第称 I 置称代词前：
I and Tom are to blame 汤姆该受批评
较：Tom and I hope to go there 汤姆想
you and I 固定结构语序通常宜颠倒
(2) 通常情况称代词句子中出现代名词先出现名词出现相应代词书面语中时出现代词出现代词代名词：
As soon as it had hopped off the plane picked up speed 飞机刚起飞加速(较：As soon as the plane had hopped off it picked up speed)
3 称代词名词位语称代词时位语：
These small desks are for us students 课桌学生
We girls often go to the movies together 女孩子常起电影
He asked you boys to be quiet 男孩子安静
三物代词
1 物代词法物代词分形容词性物代词(my your his her its our your their)名词性物代词(mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs)形容词性物代词句作定语名词性物代词作定语作语宾语表语连of作定语：
His son is taller than hers 子子高
Her son is a friend of ours 子朋友
Ours is a great country 国家伟国家
This is your pen Mine is in the box 铅笔铅笔盒里
注：说 a friend of mine (ours yours hers his theirs)说 a friend of me (us you her him theirs)名词+of it时代its+名词 its price 说成 the price of it
2 物代词own 连强调时物代词加own词：
Mind your own business 闲事
I saw it with my own eyes 亲眼
of one’s own 置名词作定语：
I hope to have a room of my own I hope to have my own house 希房子
3 物代词注意点易错点：
(1) 注意英语汉语物代词差异汉语说校说成英语应my school I school汉语说妈说成英语应his mother he mother样汉语说先生说成英语应your husband you husband外英语中必物代词汉语中需表达：
听消息摇摇头
误：Hearing the news he shook head
正：Hearing the news he shook his head
汉语通常说摇头说摇某头英语说 shake one’s head
(2) 时汉语惯似应物代词英语称代词：
学期谁教英语？
误：Who will teach our English this term
正：Who will teach us English this term
English 作表示语言名词前物代词非表示英语水力说 My English is poor 英语(水)行类似说 He teaches my physics说 My physics is good
(3) 受相似结构短语影响错物代词lose heart lose one’s heart两者仅差物代词意思截然：前者意灰心泄气者意爱钟情 have…on one＇s mind(…担忧…挂心)keep[bear]…in mind(记住……记心里)两者结构相似物代词物代词
四反身代词
1 反身代词基形式反身代词 oneself根指词称性单复数等变化 myself himself herself yourself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 等形式
2 oneselfhimselfone指时相应反身代词通常oneself 美国英语中himself：
One should not praise oneself [himself] 应该吹擂
3 反身代词句法功：
(1) 作位语(加强修饰词语气紧放修饰名词 句末)：
The box itself is not so heavy 箱子身重
You yourself said so You said so yourself 样说
(2) 作宾语(动词介词宾语)：
Take good care of yourself 顾
She could not make herself understood 听懂话
(3) 作表语：
The poor boy was myself 怜孩子
The ones who really want it are ourselves 真正想
时 be feel seem look 等作表语表示身体精神处正常状态：
I＇m not quite myself these days 身体舒服
I＇ll be myself again in no time 会会
(4) 作语现代英语中反身代词般独立作语助 and or nor 等连词名词起构成列语(位列语部)某特殊结构(asas等)：
My brother and myself went there yesterday 昨天兄弟起
Jim＇s sister and himself get up at six every day 吉姆妹妹天6点起床
He was as anxious as myself 样担心
五相互代词
1 相互代词形式法英语相互代词each otherone another句中通常作宾语：
We should help each other 应该互相帮助
They respect one another 互相尊重(方)
The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other 海蓝天似融体
2 相互代词注意点：
(1) 相互代词句中通常作宾语作语相互代词宾语句子变动语态
(2) 相互代词误认副词作状语说 talk to each other说 talk each other
(3) 相互代词格形式：
The students borrowed each other＇s notes 学生互相笔记
They looked into each other＇s eyes for a silent moment 默默视会
(4) 时分开：
We each know what the other thinks 知道方想法
Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home 设法想说服方留家里
(5) 认each other两者one another三者现代英语中两者常换(均两者三者)
六指示代词
1 指示代词法指示代词(this that these those)句中作语宾语表语定语：
This is yours and that is mine
I want this book not that book 书书
I like these and he likes those 喜欢喜欢
These computers are cheap 电脑便宜
What I want to say is this 想说点
注：指示代词作语定语时指物作宾语表语时指物This is my father this 句中作作语指Do you know this 中this作宾语句理解知道情况？理解认识？
2 表代that those时避免重复 that those 代前面提名词：
The population of China is much larger that that of Japan 中国口日口(that the population)
His views are close to those of the Socialist Party 观点接社会观点(those the views)
3 this that法较
(1) 回指文提事情时this that指文叙述事情通常 this：
She married Jim and this [that] surprised me 嫁吉姆感吃惊
I want to know this Is he healthy 想知道点：否健康
注：回指文 that 译成汉语时通常译：
That’s where you are wrong 方
(2) 电话时通常 this 指 that 指方：
Hello This is Jim Is that John 喂吉姆约翰
美国英语中指方时 this
(3) 作代词外this that 作副词形容词副词连义(so)：
It＇s about this (that) high 约()高
Is it this hot every day 天热
4 this 特殊法注意句中this 法：
He will be in Paris this day next week 星期天巴黎
He will come here this day next month 月天
较：He got married ten years ago today 10年前天结婚
七疑问代词
1 疑问代词法疑问代词(who whom whose which what等)句中作语表语宾语定语等：
Who is your English teacher 英语老师谁？
Whose is this umbrella 伞谁？
Whose umbrella is this 谁伞？
What question did he ask 问什问题？
Which do you prefer tea or coffee 茶咖啡喜欢样？
注：who whom 作语宾语表语作定语what which whose 作语宾语表语作定语
2 两组疑问代词法较
(1) who whom：前者格作语者宾格作宾格：
Who spoke at the meeting 谁会发言？
Whom are you talking about 谈谁？
作宾语 whom 位句首时通常who 代：
Who(m) is the letter from 信谁寄？
紧介词作宾语 whom
(2) what which who：
① 接名词(作限定词)whichwhatwho：
Which What train did you come on 坐次火车？
What which 区：选择范围较较明确时 which选择范围较较明确时 what：
Which color do you like red black or white 红色黑色白色喜欢种？
What color is your car 汽车什颜色？
指选择范围明确 which：
Which [What] writers do you like 喜欢作家
② 接名词(作代词)三者均whichwhat法区参见面分析who般指(作代词 which 指)选择范围明确明确均：
Who won –– Tom or Mike 谁赢汤姆迈克
Who is your favorite poet 喜欢诗谁
选择范围较明确作宾语时whowhichwhich one代：
Who [Which Which one] do you like better your father or your mother 更喜欢谁父亲母亲
③ whatwho选择范围明确 else表示(事物)通常表示特定范围of 短语 which 选择范围相较明确般接 else常表特定范围of短语连：
Who (What) else did you see there 什(什东西)
Which of the three girls is the oldest 三女孩中年纪
④ 外较两句：
Who is he 谁？(who 指姓名关系等)
What is he 干什？(what 指职业位等)
3 两类易混句型区请先两句：
What do you think he wants 认想什？
Do you know what he wants 知道想什？
面第句特殊疑问句第二句般疑问句倒说成Do you think what he wants What do you know he wants 原区： yes no 回答者般疑问句形式(疑问词放句中句)适合类句型句动词通常 know hear ask tell 等 yes no 回答者特殊疑问句形式(疑问词放句首)适合类句型句动词通常 think believe suppose guess 等：
Where do you suppose he has gone 认什方？
Did you ask why he had left so soon 问什快离开？
4 两疑问代词情况请实例：
Where and when were you born 出生时？
When and how did he go there 什时候？
Where is it Where is what 什
八连接代词
1 连接代词法连接代词包括who whom what which whose whoever whatever whichever whosever 等句中作语宾语表语定语等引导语句宾语句表语句：
I don＇t know who he is 知道谁
What he says sounds reasonable 说话听起道理
The question is who(m) we should trust 问题该信谁
I＇ll take whoever wants to go 谁想带谁
Take whichever seat you like 喜欢坐座位坐？
I will just say whatever comes into my mind 想什说什
注：who whom whoever 等名词前作定语
2 what 两种法请两句子：
I didn＇t know what he wanted 知道想什
I gave her what she wanted 想切
面第句中 what 表示什带疑问意味第二句中 what 表示…切事东西意义致相 that (those) which the thing (things) that anything that all that as much as等：
What [That which] you say is quite true 说完全事实
He saves what [ all that] he earns 赚少积蓄少
Call it what [ anything that]you please 喜欢什什
样 what 时接名词：
He gave me what money [ all the money that] he had about him 身边带钱全
What friends [All the friends that] he has are out of the country 朋友国外
3 whatever whoever whichever法说明引导语句宾语句：
He does whatever she asks him to do 做什做什
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished 谁违反规受处罚
I＇ll give the ticket to whoever wants it 请想票谁
Whichever team gains the most points wins 队分队赢
注：中 ever 加强语气含切义类词时注意汉语惯错句子结构：
(谁)先张票
误：Anyone comes first can get a ticket Who comes first can get a ticket
正：Anyone who comes first can get a ticket Whoever comes first can get a ticket
九定代词
1 定代词概说英语定代词 all each both either neither one none little few many much other another some any no few little both enough every 等 some any no every 构成合成代词(somebody anyone nothing 等)定代词中数作语宾语表语定语代词 none some any no every 构成合成代词作语宾语表语作定语 no every 作定语
2 指两者三者定代词定代词指两者(both either neither)定代词指三者(all any none every)注意弄混：
Both of my parents are doctors 父母医生
All of the students are interested in it 学生感兴趣
There are trees on any side of the square 广场边种树
He has two sons neither of whom is rich 两子富
He has three sons none of whom is rich 三子富
注：each 两者三者三者 every 三者三者两者时 each every说 There are trees on every side of the road
3 复合定代词法特点复合定代词包括 something somebody someone anything anybody anyone nothing nobody no one everything everybody everyone 等句中作语宾语表语作定语something someone 等 anything anyone等区 some any 区样前者般肯定句者般否定句疑问句条件句(参见 any & some)具体时应注意点：
(1) 复合定代词受定语修饰时定语应放面：
There is nothing wrong with the radio 收音机没毛病
Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous 见名
(2) 指复合定代词作语谓语动词般单数相应称代词物代词单数 he him his (定指男性)非正式文体中常复数代词 they them their：
Everyone knows this doesn＇t he [don＇t they] 知道点
If anybody [anyone] comes ask him [them] to wait 等着
(3) 指事物复合定代词作语谓语动词单数相应称代词 it they：
Everything is ready isn＇t it 切准备
(4) anyone everyone 等指指物般接of 短语指物接 of 短语 any one every one (分开写)：
any one of the boys (books) 孩子(书)中()
every one of the students (schools) 学生(学校)
4 any not not any英语惯any 含any复合定代词否定句时出现否定词否定词前：
误：Any one doesn＇t know how to do it
正：No one knows how to do it 知道做
误：Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it
正：Nobody [No one] can do it 事谁干
误：Anything cannot prevent me from going
正：Nothing can prevent me from going 什阻挡
5 定代词部分否定定代词all both every 等 not 连时构成部分否定 表示完全否定需换 none neither no one等较：
All of the students like the novel 学生喜欢说
Not all of the students like the novel 学生喜欢说
All of the students don’t like the novel 学生喜欢说
None of the students like the novel 学生中没喜欢说
6 all both each 等作位语作语位语语名词代词作宾语等成分位语宾语等成分必须称代词名词：
We have all read it 读(all 修饰语代词)
The villages have all been destroyed 村庄毁(all 修饰语名词)
They told us all to wait there 等(all 修饰宾语代词)
说：They told the men all to wait there (all 修饰宾语名词代词)
7 so little such little区so littlesuch little取决little意思：表示数量方面少so little表示形状体积such little：
He has so little time for reading 读书时间少怜
I＇ve never seen such little boxes 未见样盒子
8 some any法区般说some 肯定句中any 否定句疑问句中表示请求邀请征求意见句子中通常 some any：
Would you like some cake 吃点蛋糕？
Why not buy some bread 什买面包呢？
Shall I get some chalk for you 帮粉笔？
注：any 时肯定句中时表示：
Any colour will do 颜色行
Come any day you like 便天
9 many much法区两者表示许 many 修饰代数名词(复数) few(少数)相 much 修饰代数名词(单数)little(少量)相口语中两者非肯定句中：
Did you see many people there 见许
We don＇t have much time 没许时间
肯定句中般 a lot of lots of plenty of 等代正式文体中时肯定句中外作语语定语前 how too as so a good a great 等修饰肯定句中：
Many of us left early 许离开早
Much work has been done 许工作已做
You＇ve given me too much 已太
Take as many (much) as you want 少少
I asked her a great many questions 问许问题
10 few a few little a little法区
(1) fewa few 接数名词复数形式few 表示数量少没强调少含否定意义a few 表示数量然少毕竟强调含肯定意义：
It is very difficult and few people understand it 难没懂
It is very difficult but a few people understand it 难懂
(2) little a little 接数名词区 few a few 间区相似：
Unfortunately I had little money on me 巧身没带什钱
Fortunately I had a little money on me 幸身带着点钱
11 other the other anotherothers法区：定代词仅含义单复数分法泛指(the)特指(the)法区纳：
(1) 指单数时泛指another特指 the other：
Give me another (one) 外
Shut the other eye please 请眼睛闭
(2) 指复数时泛指 other(接复数名词)特指the other(接复数名词)：
There are other ways of doing it 做事办法
Where have the other students gone 学生里？
(3) others永远表示复数意义(接名词)法致相other+复数名词样 the others 致相the other＋复数名词：
Other people [Others] may not think that way 样想
He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class 班学生聪明
(4) another般表单数接名词接单数名词数词 few 修饰时接复数名词：
We need another few chairs 需椅子
In another two weeks it＇ll be finished 两星期做完
(5) some 时 others(时 some 义)：
Some say yes and others say no 说说
12 定代词语境考题定代词高考常考考点定代词考题出较灵活死套规注意结合语境理解：
(1) Is ____ here No Bob and Tim have asked for leave
A anybody B everybody C somebody D nobody
表面填空句疑问句会误选A实题佳答案应选B文答句说BobTim请假说明问句查数 Is everybody here (家齐？)
(2) I agree with most of what you said but I don＇t agree with _____
A everything B anything C something D nothing
句表面误选B填空句否定句实际佳答案A文说意说部分容文 but I don’t agree with everything(意说容)完全相符
(3) Do you have _____ at home now Mary No we still have to get some fruit and tea
A something B anything C everything D nothing
答案选C句意玛丽现家里东西准备齐？没买水果茶
(4) If you want a necklace I’ll buy one for you at once Oh no A necklace is not _____ that I need most
A anything B something C nothing D everything
题容易误选A机械认：something 肯定句anything 否定句疑问句题佳答案Bsomething 意思某种东西指种东西种东西心中想种东西(相 the thing)
十关系代词
1 关系代词法关系代词 that who whom whose which as 等中who whom 指which as 指事物whose that 指指物关系代词定语句语宾语(省略)表语定语：
He is the man who [that] lives next door 住隔壁
How do you like the photo that [which] I took 觉拍张片样？
This is the same watch as I lost 块表丢失块样
I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music 想找谈音乐
She received an invitation from her boss which came as a surprise 收老板邀请意想
2 that which法区两者指物常互换区：
(1) 引导非限制性定语句时通常which：
She received an invitation from her boss which came as a surprise 收老板邀请意想
(2) 直接放介词作宾语时通常which：
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer 干活工具做锤子
(3) 先行词列定代词修饰时much little none all few every(thing) any(thing) no(thing) 等时通常that：
There was little that the enemy could do but surrender 敌法投降
All [Everything] that can be done must be done 做事必须做
(4) 先行词the very the only the same 等修饰时通常that：
This is the only example that I know 知道例子
Those are the very words that he used 原话
(5) 先行词形容词高级序数词(包括last next等)等修饰时通常that：
This is the best dictionary that I＇ve ever used 词典
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan 应该做第件事订计划
(6) 关系代词定语句中作表语时通常that：
China is not the country (that) it was 中国已中国
(7) 先行词指指物列词组时通常that：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them 谈印象深事
(8) 避免重复时：
Which is the course that we are to take 选门课程？
3 thatwho法区
(1) 两者均指时互换：
All that [who] heard him were delighted 听讲话高兴
Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris 遇见巴黎
He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian中间唯懂俄语
(2) 列情况通常 that：
①先行词指指物列词组时：
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad 国外见事作报告
②先行词who时(避免重复)：
Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982 谁赢1982年世界杯？
③关系代词定语句中作表语时(省略)：
Tom is not the boy (that) he was 汤姆孩子已前样子
4 aswhich法区
(1) 引导限制性定语句时such as the sameas情况 which：
I never heard such stories as he tells 未听讲样事
It＇s the same story as I heard yesterday 事昨天听样
This is the photo which shows my house 张片拍住宅
(2) 引导非限制性定语句时时两者互换：
I live a long way from work as [which] you know 住离工作单位远知道
(3) 情况引导非限制性定语句时两者换：
① 句位句前面时 as：
As is known to everybody the moon travels round the earth once every month 月球月绕球转周清楚
② as 引导非限制性定语句应句意义谐致which限制：
He went abroad as [which] was expected 出国家预料
He went abroad which was unexpected 出国家感意外(as)
③ as 引导非限制性定语句时先行词通常句中某具体词应整句子整短语某短语推断出概念which 限制：
The river which flows through London is called the Thames 条流伦敦河泰晤士河(as)
④ as 引导非限制性定语句作语时谓语通常应连系动词宜动词 which限制：
She has married again as [which] seemed natural 结婚似常
She has married again which delighted us 结婚高兴(as)
5 whowhom法区两者均理说who 格whom宾格：
Where＇s the girl who sells the tickets 卖票女孩里？
The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply 评中批评作者已写封回信
实际非正式文体中宾格关系代词 whom 省略whothat代：
The man (that who whom) you met just now is called Jim 刚遇见吉姆
种情况值注意：
(1) 直接介词面作宾语时 whom省略：
She brought with her three friends none of whom I had ever met before 带3朋友前没见
(2) 引导非限制性定语句作宾语时who whom均 whom 佳时省略：
This is Jack who [whom] you haven＇t met before 杰克前没见
高中英语语法全第03章 冠 词
概说
冠词名词前说明该名词含义虚词(现代英语中冠词称限定词)传统语法通常冠词分定冠词(a an)定冠词(the)两类现代英语通常冠词分定冠词定冠词零冠词三类定冠词冠定两字特点确定泛指定冠词冠定字特点确指特指
二冠词位置
1 通常位置冠词帮助说明名词含义词通常情况总放名词前名词前带形容词等修饰语放相应修饰语前：
He is a (famous) poet (著名)诗
2 特殊位置
(1) 修饰名词形容词受 too so as how however 等副词修饰通常定冠词置形容词名词前：
She is as clever a cook as her mother 妈妈样做饭
It is too difficult a book for beginners 书供初学者太难
It＇s so interesting a film that we all like it 部电影趣家喜欢
He didn＇t know how great a mistake he had made 知道犯错误
(2) 单数数名词前such what many 等词修饰定冠词应置：
What a nice coat 漂亮衣啊
I have been there many a time 次
I＇ve never seen such a big apple 未样苹果
注：many a＋单数数名词种较文说法现代英语口语非正式文体中通常many＋复数名词代
(3) 定冠词副词 quite rather 连时定冠词通常置名词前形容词修饰定冠词放 quite rather 前均：
He is rather a fool 傻瓜( a 必须置)
It is quite a [a quite] good book 书
说：He is a rather fool (名词前形容词错误)
定冠词quite rather连时情况(定冠词置)：
You＇re going quite the wrong way 路全走错
It＇s quite the most interesting film I＇ve ever seen 趣电影
(4) both all half twice等连时冠词通常应置：
I know both the brothers 两兄弟认识
All the children have gone home 孩子回家
Half the workers are women 半工妇女
He left half an hour ago 半时前离开
Yours is twice the size of mine 两倍
注：① both 定冠词通常省略影响意思表达all 定冠词省略省略含义稍变化(定冠词表示特指省略定冠词表泛指)
② 美国英语中half 置定冠词：half an hour＝a half hour 半时
三定冠词法
1 aan定冠词a an两种形式区：a 辅音音素前an 元音音素前：
a dog 条狗 a dictionary 词典 a student 学生
an egg 鸡蛋 an elephant 象 an island 岛
注：元音字母开头单词元音开头前a：
a university student学生 a European country欧洲国家
时单词然辅音字母开头第读音元音前an：
an honest man 诚实 an honorable deed 高尚行
例均an紧词语元音开头：
miss an m 漏写m an 8year plan 8年计划
2 定冠词类法指明某类事物类事物区开
(1) 泛指指某类物中：
We need a boy to do the work 需男孩做工作
定义时通常样：
A teacher is a person who teaches 教师教书
(2) 笼统指某类中某具体说明：
He bought a computer yesterday 昨天买台电脑
较：
A tiger can be dangerous 老虎危险(泛指老虎)
A tiger has escaped 老虎逃跑(指某老虎具体说明)
(3) 补语位语前表示某身份职业国籍等：
He is a Frenchman 法国
My father is a doctor 父亲医生
3 定冠词数量法表示意思含数量意味
(1) 表示类似数词 one 含义语气 one 弱：
I＇ll be able to finish it in a day or two 两天会完成事
It took us an hour and a half to get there 花半时
2) 定冠词数词one表示意思前者视者弱式：
I have a [one] brother and two sisters 兄弟两姐妹
两者时换两者词性法数情况互换：
① 质说定冠词侧重指类概念数词one侧重指数量概念时两者含义差：
I bought a dictionary yesterday 昨天买词典(意指买词典语法书钢笔等)
I bought one dictionary yesterday 昨天买词典 (意指买词典两三词典等)
Can a boy do it No but a man can 孩做做行
Can one boy do it No but two (boys) can孩做行两孩行
② 强调数量概念进行数量时数词 one：
How many pens do you have I have one (pen) 支钢笔支钢笔
I want one apple not three apples 苹果三苹果
③ 表示数量概念表示类概念定冠词：
A computer is useful 电脑
He is an excellent teacher 位优秀教师
④ 某短语中两者均含义相：
at a [one] blow 子举 in a [one] word 句话总言
某表达中两者均含义：
at a time 次时 at one time 度
表达两者均含义相表达：
on a hot summer afternoon 炎热夏日午 (介词 on)
one hot summer afternoon 炎热夏日午 (介词 on)
an hour and a half 半时 (说 one hour and a half)
one and a half hours 半时
a minute or two 两分钟 (说 one minute or two)
one or two minutes 两分种
注意绝数语中两者换：as a result 结果all of a sudden 突然one day 天one by one 等
⑤ 表示时间度量衡名词连表示时定冠词：
Brush your teeth twice a day at least 天少刷牙两次
They are sold at two dollars a dozen 售价两美元
4 定冠词法
(1) 序数词前表示数量序数增加：
Soon I saw a second plane 久架飞机
This is the second time that I＇ve read the book Do you want to read it a third time 第二次书想第三次
(2) 表示非常等意义 most 前：
This is a most interesting story 非常趣事
(3) 物质名词前转化具体名词表示种杯量等：
A coffee please 请杯咖啡
I＇d like a tea please 杯茶
(4) 抽象名词前具体化表示该相关具体事：
He was a success in business 事业成功
It＇s a pleasure to talk with you 谈话件令愉快事
(5) 指专名词前指某某作品艺术品…似(式)等：
A Mr Smith wants to see you 位名史密斯先生想见
He bought a complete Lu Hsun 买套鲁迅全集
He thought he was a Zhu Geliang 诸葛亮
(6) 某动词转化具动作意味名词前表示次番等义(通常 have take make give 等动词连)：
Let＇s go out for a walk 出走走吧
Do you care for a smoke 抽烟
Would you like a drink 喝杯
(7) 数名词带定冠词 the名词受定语修饰前定冠词表示某种状态时定冠词含类似a kind of 意思：
have breakfast 吃早餐 ─ have a quick breakfast 吃快餐
the world 世界 ─ a world like ours 样世界
(8) 构成短语表示数量：
a few apples 苹果 a little money 点点钱
a lot of time 许时间 a great many friends 许朋友
5 定冠词省略重复
(1) 引起误会情况两列名词中名词前定冠词省略：
The noun is the name of a person or thing 名词物名称
(2) 两列名词指时名词前定冠词通常省略：
His father is a teacher and poet 父亲位教师兼诗
果强调两种身份定冠词：
His father is a teacher and a poet 父亲教师诗
时两列名词关系较紧密视整体冠词：
A man and woman are walking arminarm 男女手挽着手走着
(3) 两形容词列时修饰名词时该名词指两事物通常应分两冠词：
We have a black and a white cat 养黑猫白猫(较：We have a black and white cat 养黑白花猫)
时两列名词事物加强语气两冠词：
It was a cold and a dark night 冷黑夜晚
(4) 两样东西构成然成事物通常前冠词：
a knife and fork 副刀叉 a cup and saucer 副茶杯茶托
a horse and cart 辆马车 a needle and thread 根带线针
hire a car and driver 租辆配司机汽车
时连第冠词省略(尤介词连时)：with knife and fork 刀叉R2)
(5) 两列名词进行选择较方面强调时通常应重复两冠词：
Give me a pen not a pencil 支钢笔铅笔
Do you want a novel or a dictionary 想说想字典？
6 汉语惯错定冠词种情形
(1) 单数数名词泛指前需加 aan汉语惯漏掉定冠词：
著名影星
正：He is a famous film star
误：He is famous film star
(2) 定冠词指示代词物代词格等连：
公园遇位朋友
正：I met a friend of mine in the park
误：I met my a friend in the park
(3) 受汉语影响错定冠词位置：
未读趣书
正：I have never read such an interesting book
误：I have never read a such interesting book
误：I have never read a so interesting book
三定冠词法
1 定冠词表示类
1表示特指：
Look A car has stopped there The car is beautiful 瞧辆汽车停辆汽车真漂亮 Why not ask the teacher 什问问老师
2单数数名词连表类：
I hate the telephone 讨厌电话
The cobra is dangerous 眼镜蛇危险
3某形容词连表示类：
The rich are not always happier than the poor 富总穷开心
The old are more likely to catch cold than the young 老年年轻容易感
4独二事物名词前：
The earth goes around the sun 球绕着太阳转
The sky was blue and clear 天空清澈湛蓝
5方方位等名词前：
He looked towards the east 东
Turn to the right at the second crossing 第二十字路口右拐
6序数词形容词高级前：
You will be the second to speak 第二发言
Autumn is the best season here 秋季里季节
7乐器名词前表示演奏：
He plays the piano very well 钢琴弹
注：演奏角度考虑考虑乐器实体定定冠词：
He bought a piano for his son 子买部钢琴
(5) 姓氏复数前表示全家全家中两两：
The Browns live next to us 布朗家住隔壁
The Greens have no children 格林夫妇没孩
(6) 代前面已提身体部位衣着等部分：
He hit me in the face 脸
He caught the thief by the collar 抓住偷衣领
(7) 逢整十数词复数名词前指世纪中年代约略年岁：
He began to learn French in his fifties 五十岁开始学法语
He went to Japan with his family in the sixties 60年代带家日
(8) 某单数数名词前意义抽象化指属性功等：
This colour is pleasant to the eye 颜色悦目
He is fond of the bottle 喜欢喝酒
(9) 表示计算单位含 a each per 类意义：
He is paid by the hour (piece) 计时(件)工资
It sells at two dollars the pound 东西磅卖两美元
(10) 名前特指喻指作品等某产品名称前指产品：
He likes the Picasso 喜欢毕加索画
Lu Xun has been known as the Gorky of China 鲁迅称中国高尔基
(11) 江(运)河海洋山脉群岛半岛海岛海峡沙漠等名称前：
the Changjiang River 长江 the Pacific (Ocean) 太洋
the Suez (Canal) 苏伊士运河 the Red Sea 红海
the Jingang Mountains 井冈山 the Bay of Bengal 孟加拉湾
the Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠 the English Channel 英吉利海峡
注：① 关湖名前否冠词通常分两种情况：中国湖名英译时前通常加定冠词：the West Lake 西湖the Dongting Lake 洞庭湖外国湖名前数加定冠词少数加定冠词视惯定：Lake Success 成功湖the Lake of Geneva 日瓦湖
② 山名构成两种方式：山名＋Mountains前常定冠词：the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山Mount Mt＋山名通常冠词：Mount Tai 泰山外出现 mountain 词时通常冠词：the Alps 阿尔卑斯山
(12) 普通名词含普通名词构成专名词(国名名政团体组织机构旅馆商店学校医院文娱场建筑物等)前：
the United Nations 联合国 the Peace Hotel 饭店
the Red Cross Hospital 红十字医院 the Friendship Store 友谊商场
the People＇s Republic of China 中华民国
the National People＇s Congress 全国民代表会
注：学名称构成注意情况：
① 名命名学 通常两种形式(注意冠词)：
the University of London London University 伦敦学
② 名命名学通常种表达(冠词)：
Yale University 耶鲁学 Brown University 布朗学
五零冠词法
1 物质名词前物质名词表示泛指般概念时通常零冠词：
Water boils at 100℃ 水摄氏100度沸腾
Blood is thicker than water 水浓水(亲总外亲)
表示泛指般概念物质名词前描绘性修饰语零冠词：
Don＇t eat rotten food 吃腐烂食物
注：(1) 特指物质名词前定冠词：
Is the water in the well fit to drink 井里水喝
(2) 表示种杯场阵份等样概念时定冠词：
This is a very good wine 种酒
A coffee please 请杯咖啡
It was very cold and a heavy snow was falling 时天气冷正雪
2 抽象名词前抽象名词表示泛指般概念时通常零冠词：
Do you like music 喜欢音乐
Failure is the mother of success 失败成功母
表示泛指般概念抽象名词前描绘性修饰语零冠词：
I like light music very much 非常喜欢轻音乐
注：(1) 特指抽象名词前定冠词：
I like the music of Mozart 喜欢莫扎特曲子
(2) 表示种类方面种种等类概念时定冠词：
He lives a happy life 着幸福生活
Physics is a science 物理门科学
(3) 表示动作次例番等时定冠词：
Let me have a look
(4) 表示抽象名词意义相关具体事定冠词：
The book is a delight to read 书读趣
3 专名词前通常情况专名词前零冠词：
Smith lives in London 史密斯住伦敦
注：(1) 特指专名词前时定冠词：
The Smith you’re looking for no longer lives here 找史密斯住
(2) 专名词前定冠词定冠词情况见章关容
4 复数名词前复数名词表示类时通常零冠词：
Teachers should be respected 教师应该受尊重
泛指定量物零冠词：
We are students of Class Five 五班学生
注：特指复数名词前应定冠词：
The teachers should attend the meeting 教师应参加会议
5 单数数名词前单数数名词前零冠词情况：
(1) 表示家庭成员 nurse cook teacher 等名词前：
Mother is not at home 妈妈家
Ask nurse to put the child to bed 保姆孩子抱床睡觉
Teacher was satisfied with our work 老师工作满意
(2) 动词 turn(变成)go(变成)作表语名词通常零冠词：
He was a teacher before he turned writer 成作家前教师zn
He has gone socialist 成社会义者
(3) 步状语句倒装句式中单数数名词通常零冠词：
Child as he is he knows a lot 然孩子已懂事
Teacher though he is he can＇t know everything 然老师什懂
(4) 单数数名词作呼语通常零冠词：
How is she doctor 医生样
Can you drive me to the station driver 司机请送车站
(5) 某独立结构中通常零冠词：
The teacher came in book in hand 老师走进教室手里着书
He was sitting in the chair pipe in mouth 坐椅子里嘴里叼着烟斗
(6) kind [sort] of＋名词结构中名词通常零冠词：
This kind of book is very interesting 种书趣
He is the sort of person I really dislike 种真喜欢
注：注意两句含义差：
What kind of car is it 什牌子车
What kind of a car is it 种车质量
(8) 单数数名词含义抽象化具形容词意味时通常零冠词：
The man was more animal than man 说说畜生
I was fool enough to accept his offer 接受提议真太傻
Are you man enough for this dangerous job 勇气敢做项危险工作
5 零冠词场合
(1) 节假日星期月份季节等通常零冠词：
We had a good time on Christmas Day 圣诞节愉快
Monday comes before Tuesday 星期二星期
He was born in September 1988 出生1988年9月
注：① 国 Festival 构成传统节日通常定冠词：the Spring Festival 春节 the Midautumn Festival [the Moon Festival] 中秋节
② 表示特指心目中专指星期月份季节等名词前定冠词：
He went abroad in the September of 1988 1988年9月出国
He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday 星期日星期走
③ 表示某受描绘性定语修饰表示某种样意义时节日星期月份季节等名词定冠词：
My birthday happened to be on a Saturday 生日碰巧星期六
She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday 晴朗星期日
We had a nice Christmas 愉快圣诞节
④ 季节名词强调时间强调季节涵时通常 the：
Winter is coming 冬天(单纯指冬天时间)
The winter is coming 冬天(暗示寒冷)
(2) 某表示然界时间变化现象名词某介词(at after before till until towards from 等)构成短语时通常零冠词：
at daybreak 天亮时 before dawn 天亮前
at dusk 黄昏时 after sunset 日落
after sunrise 日出前 until sundown 直日落
towards dark 天快黑时 at midnight 半夜
from dawn till dusk 早晚
day night evening morning afternoon 等表示抽象时间概念时通常零冠词：
Night fell 天黑
Evening came on 夜幕
It was late afternoon before he reached home 傍晚时候家
(3) 球类三餐茶点等名词前通常零冠词：
We play basketball in the afternoon 午篮球
What do you have for breakfast 早餐吃什
They were at tea when I called访时正喝茶(吃茶点)
注：① 球类名词作项体育活动作实实东西冠词：
The basketball is mine 篮球
He bought a basketball 买蓝球
② 三餐饭特指定冠词受形容词修饰非特指定冠词：
The supper she cooked was delicious 做晚餐口
We had a good lunch at Uncle＇s 叔叔家吃顿丰盛午餐
(4) 名词接数词表示序时名词前通常零冠词：
Lesson 10 is more interesting than Lesson 11 第10课第11课更趣
There＇s a picture of a ship on page 15 第15页张艘船片
(5) 公园广场学校语言等名词前通常零冠词：
Hyde Park 海德公园 Central Park (纽约)中公园
Zhongshan Park 中山公园 Tian An Men Square 天安门广场
speak English 说英语 Beijing University 北京学
注：语言名词表特指意义指某语言中应词时通常定冠词：
he English spoken in America and Canada 美国加讲英语
What＇s the English for this 东西英语说
外语言名词加 language词时冠词：the English language
(6) 表示学生活娱乐等单数名词表示相关活动时通常零冠词：
go to school (bed church town class college etc) 学(睡觉做礼拜进城课学等)
in bed (school class college church prison hospital etc) 睡觉(学课学做礼拜坐牢住院等)
be sent to hospital (prison) 送医院住院治疗(关进监狱)
School is over at twelve 12点放学
注：① 指活动指具体实物冠词较：
go to the bed 床边(侧重指床实体)
go to bed 床睡觉(侧重指床关活动睡觉)
be in the school 学校里(侧重指学校点)
be in school 学(侧重指学校关活动读书)
② cinema theatre例外表示相关活动时前定冠词：＋
He often goes to the cinema (theatre) 常电影(戏)
I prefer the cinema to the theatre 喜欢电影喜欢戏
③ 时定冠词零冠词选择英美英语惯关：
in hosptital(英)住院 in the hospital(美)住院
go to university(英)学 go to the university(美)学
at table(英)吃饭 at the table(美)吃饭
(7) 某介词 by 构成方式短语通常零冠词：
① 表示坐交通工具：
by bus 公汽车 by bike (bicycle) 骑行车
by plane by air飞机 by ship (boat) 坐船
by land 走陆路 by sea 海路
② 表示通讯通信等方式：
by phone 电话 by telegram 电报
by letter 信件 by post 邮寄
by radio 线电 by hand 手工
(8) 表示正式独二头衔职位等作宾语表语补语位语时通常零冠词：
John is captain of the team 约翰足球队队长
He is head of the foreign languages department 外语系
注：时定冠词现象零冠词普通
(9) 单数数名词紧密联系行结构通常零冠词：
They are brother and sister 兄妹
Please pass me pencil and paper 请纸笔递
Boy and girl came up to me together 男孩女孩起走
(10) 短语零冠词定冠词均含义：
out of question毫疑问 out of the question值考虑
keep house 料理家务 keep the house 呆家里外出
in charge of 负责理 in the charge of …理(负责)
(11) 许语零冠词：
catch fire 着火 give way 路 lose heart 灰心
move hosue 搬家 send word 捎信 take place 发生
by chance 偶然 catch sight of 见 make use of 利
六点补充说明
法the认冠词认副词：
1 高级前：
Of all her children Mary is the most honest 三孩子中玛丽诚实
2 较级前表示某某物前更更坏时句中通常会表示原理条件短语句：
I feel the better for my walk 散步觉舒服
I love him all the more for his faults 正缺点越发爱
3 the +较级the +较级表示越…越…：
The more a man has the more he wants 越越想
The higher up we go the colder it becomes 越走天气越冷
高中英语语法全第04章 数 词
概说
数词指表示数目少序先词表示数目少数词电基数词 one five ten thirty sixtyfive 等表示序先数词序数词 first sixth tenth twentyfirst 等数词定代词法相似现代英语中定代词冠词指示代词形容词性物代词等称限定词数词法相名词形容词句中作语宾语表语定语位语等
二基数词
1 基数词表示法
(1) 基基数词学者必须牢记：one(1) two(2) three(3) four(4) five(5) six(6) seven(7) eight(8) nine(9) ten(10) eleven(11) twelve(12) thirteen(13) fourteen(14) fifteen(15) sixteen(16) seventeen(17) eighteen(18) nineteen(19) twenty(20) thirty(30) forty(40) fifty(50) sixty(60) seventy(70) eighty(80) ninety(90) a hundred(100) a thousand(1000) a million(1000000) a billion (十亿)
(2) 21—99 表示法先说十说中间加连字号：twentyone(21) thirtysix(36) fortyfive(45) ninetynine(99)等
(3) 101—999表示法先说百接and加末尾两位数(末位数)：one hundred and one(101) five hundred and thirty(530) seventy hundred and eightynine(789)
(4) 1000 基数词表示法先右左数三位数加逗号(数目分干段)第逗号前数thousand(千)第二逗号前数million(百万)第三逗号前数billion(十亿)第四逗号前数 trillion(万亿)然段段数：
9 883 nine thousand eight hundred and eightythree
65 359 sixtyfive thousand three hundred and fiftynine
265 468 two hundred and sixtyfive thousand four hundred and sixtyeight
60 263 150 sixty million two hundred and sixtythree thousand one hundred and fifty
注：① 英语没万单位表示万须thousand万十千表示(ten thousand)十万百千表示(one hundred thousand)
② hundred thousand million billion 等词读数时带复数词尾s(单数形式)
③ hundred 通常加连词and 美国英语中省略读数中没 hundredthousand加and
④数高位aone表示数字中间onea：
1600 a [one] thousand and six hundred
6100 six thousand and one hundred (中 one 改a)
⑤ 非正式场合常hundred 单位读数11001900间整数尤(参见年代读法)：
It cost fifteen hundred pounds 东西花1500英镑
2 时刻日期年份等表示法
(1) 时刻表示法
① 整点钟直接读相应基数词非整点钟分时分单位相应基数词读出：twelve(12) eight twenty(820) nine fortyfive(945)
② 带分时间助past()to(差)两介词表示(美国英语中after表示)注意样表示时分超30否应作处理938应处理成10点差22分：
918 eighteen minutes past (after) nine ( nine eighteen)
1046 fourteen minutes to eleven ( ten fortysix)
分钟带minutes词分5 10 15 20 等五倍数省略minutes：
805 five (minutes) past [after] eight ( eight five)
920 twenty (minutes) past [after] nine (nine twenty)
分1545quarter 词分30half词：
615 a quarter past six 845 a quarter to nine 1030 half past ten
注：时刻表示法分12时编时制24时编时制
(2) 日期表示法：日期写法(书面语)读法(口语)稍十月日写成 October 1 October 1st 1 October 1st October (the) 1st of October 等表示月份词缩略式 Oct 1 1 Oct 1口语中通常两种读法 October (the) firstthe first of October
注：日期星期排列时通常星期前日期：He arrived on Friday May 10 5月10日(星期五)达
(3) 年份表示法：通常百单位读1986年通常读作 nineteen (hundred and) eightysix非正式场合中hundred and通常省通常情况普通基数词读法样读成 one thousand nine hundred and eightysix1500样年份两种读法 one thousand five hundredfifteen hundred2000年通常读作 two thousand2003年读作 two thousand and three
表示某某年代类似读法：1980s 读作nineteeneighties(20世纪80年代) 1600s 读作sixteen hundreds(17世纪头10年1600—1610) 较：1300 thirteen hundred(1300年)
3 复数形式基数词
(1) 表示整十基数词复数形式表示岁数年代：
in the sixties 60年代 in one＇s thirties 某30岁时
(2) 基数词转化名词复数形式：
How many twos are there in ten 10里面2？
The soldiers marched in tens 士兵10排前进
(3) 某语中复数形式基数词：
in [by] twos and threes 三三两两 at sixes and sevens 乱八糟
二序数词
1 序数词表示法
(1) 基序数词学者必须牢记：first(第1) second(第2) third(第3) fourth (第4) fifth(第5) sixth(第6) seventh(第7) eighth(第8) ninth(第9) tenth(第10) eleventh(第11) twelfth(第12) thirteenth(第13) fourteenth(第14) fifteenth(第15) sixteenth(第16) seventeenth(第17) eighteenth(第18) nineteenth(第19) twentieth(第20) thirtieth(第30) fortieth(第40) fiftieth(第50) sixtieth(第60) seventieth(第70) eightieth(第80) ninetieth(第90)
注：① 许序数词相应基数词加th构成：four fourthsix sixthten tenthsixteen sixteenthnine变序数词ninthnineth
② twentieth thirtieth fortieth 等表示整十序数词相应基数词词尾y改ie加th 构成
③ first second third 通常缩写1st 2nd 3rdth结尾序数词缩写基数词+th：4th 5th 9th 11th 60th 128th等
(2) 非整十位数位数变成序数词：twentyfirst(第21)thirtysixth(第36)ninetyninth(第99)three hundred and sixtyfifth(第365)等
(3) hundred thousand million 等序数词形式 hundredth thousandth millionth 等：
five hundredth (500th) 第500 ten thousandth (10 000th) 第10000)
注意：类词前数字时onea：
one hundredth 第100(说a hundredth)
2 序数词基数词场合
(1) 日期表示法通常序数词基数词5月5日书面语中通常写成5 May(英)May 5th(美)口语中通常说成 the fifth of MayMay the fifth(英) May fifth(美)等
(2) 类似编号场合序数词应放修饰词语前基数词置：
the First Lesson lesson one 第课 the tenth chapter chapter ten 第10章
the sixth line line 6 第6 行 the third part part three 第三部分
许情况基数词序数词更合适更方便：
Book One 第册 Room 805 805房
page 110 第110页 Bus Number Ten 第10路公汽车
3 序数词前冠词应注意两点
(1) 序数词前通常定冠词
It＇s the third time I＇ve been here 第三次
The second is better than the first 第二第
注：① 表示考试赛等名次时通常省略定冠词：
She was (the) third in the exam 考试第三名
②序数词作副词时通常冠词：
He came first 先
I＇ll have to finish my homework first 先作业做完
③语中序数词前没冠词：
at first 开始 at first sight 乍起 first of all 首先
④ 序数词前物代词名词格定冠词：
his second wife 第二妻子 Tom＇s third book 汤姆第三书
(2) 序数词前时定冠词表示次第原基础增加：
A second student stood up (第二)学生站起
I want to read the book a third time 书想读第三次
序数词前定冠词定冠词区定冠词表特指定冠词表泛指类似another意思another 意思更明确：
I like the third girl 喜欢第三女孩(少三女孩供选择特指)
I saw a third girl 见第三女孩(暗示原已见两已第三)
三分数倍数数百分数表示法
1 分数表示法分数基数词序数构成——分子基数词分母序数分子超1时分母复数：a [one] sixth(1) two thirds(2) three fifths()3)
注：(1) 1 通常读作 a [one] half般读作a second
(2) 1 读作 a [one] fourth读作 a [one] quarter
(3) 分子超1分母复数样理解：三分二两(two)三分(third)然两三分三分然复数thirds
(4) 数学简洁起见分子分母均基数词间介词over：3 读作three over four(较复杂分数通常采读法)
(5) 带分数读法：整数分数间and连接：five and two thirds
2 倍数表示法表示倍数时通常助half double twice three times等类词：
Half (of) the apples are bad 半苹果坏
His homework is not yet half done 作业没完成半
He eats twice what I eat 食量两倍
较三句然表达形式含义相：
(1) This rope is three times as long as that one 根绳子根三倍长
(2) This rope is three times longer than that one 根绳子根三倍长
(3) This rope is three times the length of that one 根绳子根三倍长
第(1)句第(3)句意思较清楚第(2)句常容易误解认两句意思应理解根绳子根绳子长三倍绝数语法学家样认认三句意思相
3 数表示法汉语样数点前数普通基数词读法读数点数单数字读出数点0通常读作oh时读作noughtzero数点读作point：one point five six(156) ten point three oh five(10305)
注：1数修饰名词复数说 13 meters说13 meter1数修饰名词通常复数：One centimeter equals 03937 inches 1厘米等03937英寸
4 百分数表示法百分数基数词(数)百分号()组成百分号()读作 per cent：fifteen percent(15) (zero) point six percent(06)
注：百分数接名词时时介词of时：30 of the students(30学生)a 30 chance(30握)两者区：接介词of时percent 名词of表示整体中部分接介词of时percent 形容词(时表示整体部分关系)较：6 percent of the interest＝利息中百分六at 6 percent interest＝百分六利息
四约数表示法
1 某数表示法 more than over or more等表示：
more than fifty people 五十
children of fourteen and over 十四岁十四岁少年
sixty students or more 六十六十学生
2 某数表示法less than under or less up to almost nearly 等：
It cost me less than 10 pounds 买没10英镑
Children under six years old are admitted free 未满6岁童免费入场
It＇s nearly [almost] 10 o＇clock 快两点
The temperature is five degrees below zero 温度零5度
3 约数表示法or or so about around round some more or less 等表示：
I＇ll come back in three or four days 三四天回
We stayed or an hour or so 停留时左右
It will cost around (round about) 100 dollars 概100美元
Some 100 people attended the meeting 约100参加会议
I read more or less forty pages last night 昨晚约40页
注：表示两分钟样意思通常a minute or two one or two minutes one minute or two
四数词句法功
1 作语：
The second is yours 第二
It’s said that 13 is an unlucky number 说13吉利数字
2 作表语：
Her father is sixtyfive 父亲65岁
Two thirds of the apples were bad 三分二苹果坏
3 作宾语：
I know three of them 中三认识
Please give me the third 请第三
4 作定语：
He has three English dictionaries 三英语词典
The second one is more expensive 第二更贵
The rope is only 215 meters long 根绳子215米长
5 作位语：
Are you two reading 两书？
Let us four finish the work 四完成工作吧
Who is that man the first in the front row 前排第准？
6 作状语：
I hate riding two on a bike 喜欢骑行带
Think first then act 先想清楚行动
We agree with you a hundred percent 百分百意
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文件容丰富讲解详细层次分明重点突出包括高中英语中非常详知识点易错点易混点常考点等高中学生老师非常实语法全适合层次高中学生
高中英语语法全第01章 名 词
概说
名词表示事物抽象概念等名称词boy 男孩mother 母亲news 消息progress 进步computer 计算机Tom 汤姆Paris 巴黎Japan 日furniture 家具等
名词根词汇意义通常分专名词普通名词专名词指方组织机构等专名称专名词第字母通常写Mary 玛丽Mr Green 格林先生Beijing 北京等普通名词通常指物概念等般名称根普通名词语法性质细体名词物质名词集合名词抽象名词四类：体名词表示物体girl 女孩pen 钢笔等物质名词表示法分体实物wood 木头meat 肉等集合名词表示干体组成集合体：family 家庭crowd 群等抽象名词表示性质行状态感情等抽象概念work 工作happiness 幸福等
二名词数
1 名词复数构成方法
(1) 般情况加词尾 s：
book books 书
pen pens 钢笔
face faces 脸
(2) s x z sh ch 等结尾名词通常加词尾 es：
bus buses 公汽车
box boxes 盒子
dish dishes 盘子
注： ch 结尾名词发音 [k] [tf]复数形式应加词尾 –sstomach stomachs 胃
(3) y 结尾名词复数构成分两种情况：辅音字母+y结尾名词 y 改 ies元音字母＋y结尾名词直接加词尾s：
city cities 城市
boy boys 男孩
key keys 钥匙
注： y 结尾专名词某特殊情况需复数通常加 s 构成：
Mary Marys 玛丽
Germany Germanys 德国
(4) o 结尾名词加词尾 s加 es加 s es 均：
piano pianos 钢琴
tomato tomatoes 西红柿
zero zero(e)s 零
注：英语中o结尾名词作统计200中绝部分复数形式通加词尾s构成少数加词尾 es中学英语范围加词尾 es 4：tomato 西红柿potato 土豆hero 英雄Negro 黑
(5) f fe 结尾名词两种：直接加词尾s f fe 改 ves：
chief chiefs 首领
roof roofs 屋顶
knife knives 刀
注：中学英语范围改 f fe ves 10词(日常生活中常词)：wife妻子life 生命knife 刀leaf 树叶thief 贼half 半self shelf 架子loaf 面包wolf 狼
外中学英语中handkerchief(手帕)词复数两种形式：handkerchiefs handkerchieves现代英语中 handkerchiefs 见
2 单数复数形式名词中学英语中：sheep 绵羊fish 鱼deer 鹿Chinese 中国Japanese 日Portuguese 葡萄牙Swiss 瑞士aircraft 飞行器means 方法series 系列head (牛等)头数works 工厂等
注：fish 时 fishes 样复数形式尤表示种类时head 牲口头数表示头数 heads 样复数形式
3 规复数名词名词单数变复数时没定规：
man men 男
woman women 女
child children 孩
tooth teeth 牙齿
foot feet 脚
goose geese 鹅
mouse mice 老鼠
ox oxen 公牛
注：(1) man woman 结尾合成词构成复数 man woman 变化形式相：policeman policemen 警察gentleman gentlemen 绅士Englishman Englishmen 英国等等 human()German(德国)合成词复数仿 man 变化规律规变化 humans Germans
(2) foot表示英尺时复数两种形式 feet foot：He is about six feet foot tall 约6英尺高
4 复合名词复数形式通常名词变复数：
passerby passersby 路
shoemaker shoemakers鞋匠
lookeron lookerson 旁观者
onlooker onlookers旁观者
fatherinlaw fathersinlaw 岳父
没名词通常词加s：
gobetween gobetweens 中间媒 knowall knowalls 万事通
注：man woman名词前构成合成名词两者均变复数：
man doctor men doctors 男医生 woman writer women writers 女作家
5 字母文字数字符号等复数形式原加词尾 ’s：
There are two i＇s in the word skiing skiing 词里两字母i
Mind your p’s and q’s 谨言慎行
All the –’s should be changed to +’s 正号应改负号
发生混淆加词尾 s：
He was born in the 1930(＇)s 出生20世纪30年代
Your 3(＇)s look like 8(＇)s 写3起似8
6 度量衡单位缩写词复数形式般加词尾s：
m (meter meters) 米
km (kilometer kilometers) 千米
kg (kilogramme kilogrammes) 千克
cm (centimetercentimeters) 厘米
缩写词加 s：
hr (hours) hrs (hours) 时
No (number) Nos (Numbers) 号码
缩写词采重复字母方式构成复数形式：
p10 (page 10) 第10页
pp10 (pages 10 through 15) 第1015页
7 名词数性名词根数性分数名词数名词般说体名词部分集合名词数专名词物质名词抽象名词少部分集合名词通常数种区分致原性绝英语名词数数：
A：Would you like a cake 吃块蛋糕
B：No I don＇t like cake 吃喜欢吃蛋糕
第句 a cake cake 视块块蛋糕数第二句 cake作物质名词 成数名词
面名词类分讨名词数性问题
(1) 专名词数性通常情况专名词具独二含义通常没复数形式数专名词独二性通常相着范围扩种独二性便会受破坏星期(week)星期六(Saturday) 星期日(Sunday)等月中甚年中便星期六星期日时说：
We have spent many happy Sundays there 度许愉快星期日
范围 Henry较范围 Henry 时会见样句子：
There are five Henrys in our school 学校五亨利
外专名词转化成普通名词数：
Thousands of Lei Fengs have emerged in China 中国涌现出千千万万雷锋
(2) 体名词数性体名词表示物体通常数
(3) 物质名词数性物质名词通常情况分体通常数某特殊情况(表示种类等)物质名词连定冠词复数形式：
wine 酒(数)a wine 种酒(数)
beer 啤酒(数)two beers 两杯啤酒(数)
glass玻璃(数)some glasses 玻璃杯(数)
(4) 抽象名词数性抽象名词表示事物性质行状态感情等抽象概念通常数时抽象名词转化具体名词(数)表示具某种性质事物：
success 成功(数)a success 成功事(数)
pleasure 愉快(数)a pleasure 令愉快事(数)
(5) 集合名词数性集合名词表示干体组成集合体身通常数复数形式表示集合体：
a family 家庭three families 三家庭
a team 队two teams 两队
a crowd 群crowds 群
8 名词数性三易错点
(1) 根汉语惯英语物质名词误认数名词：汉语中面包般认数说面包两面包等英语中bread通常数相应 a breadtwo breads 表示意思趣loaf 表示面包数说 a loaf two loaves
(2) 想然判断名词数性学生认 news(消息) paper(纸)数便想然认 newspaper(报纸)定数事实newspaper 数名词学认
tear(眼泪)泪水某 water(水)相联系认 tear 数事实tear 数
(3) 受名词词义影响名词止意思意思时数性形成思维思势aim表示目时数名词表示瞄准时数名词 experience 表示验时数表示历时数fortune表示运气时数(luck)表示命运时数表示财产时数a连
9 数数名词常修饰语
(1) 修饰数名词常修饰语：these those few a few many a good [great] many a great [good] number of 等
注：a good [great] many 直接名词没介词 of
(2) 修饰数名词常修饰语：this that a few a little a bit of much no a great deal of 等
(3) 修饰语修饰数名词修饰数名词：all some enough a lot of lots of plenty of a large amount of a large quantity of 等
(4) 名词形式复数作数名词much little等修饰语：
He hasn＇t got much brains 没什头脑
He took much pains to do the work 费少心做工作
I said I wouldn＇t want much wages 说工资
It＇s high time you were taught a little manners 该学点礼貌时候
10 单位词数名词数量表示法单位词表示事物体性词语数名词通常没复数形式数计算表示数名词体性需助单位词：
a piece of paper 张纸 a piece of advice条建议
a piece of news条消息 an article of furniture 件家具
a cake of soap 块香皂 a slice of meat 块肉
a cup of tea 杯茶 a bottle of ink 瓶墨水
注：汉语惯该单位词方错单位词张邮票说 a stamp说 a piece of stamp
三名词格
1 名词格种类英语名词三格格宾格格名词格宾格形式相统称作通格名词作语宾语表语时通格英语名词格表示属关系分’s 格 of 格两种形式
Tom loves Mary (Tom 格Mary 宾格均通格形式)
Tom’s best friend is Mary (Tom’s 格Mary 通格)
The title of the book is interesting (of the book 格)
2 ’s格构成方法
(1) 般情况(包括单数名词带词尾s复数名词)加 ’s：
children＇s books 童图书 today’s paper 天报纸
(2) 带词尾s复数名词加省字撇(’)：
girls’ school 女子学校 the Smiths’ car 史密斯家汽车
注：带词尾s单数名词通常加’s：
the boss’s plan 老板计划 the hostess’s worry 女担心(3) 带词尾s名加’s 加省字撇(’)：
Dickens’ novels 狄更斯说 Charles’s job 查理斯工作
带词尾s咝音结尾者律加’s：
Marx＇s works 马克思著作 George＇s room 乔治房间
(4) and连接列连词格分两种情况表示关系时分列连词加’s表示关系时名词加’s：
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 汤姆吉姆()房间
Tom and Jim’s rooms 汤姆吉姆()房间
3 ’s格法’s 格生命东西时生命东西见：
(1) 表时间名词：
tomorrow’s weather 明天天气
two days’ journey 两天旅程
较：ten minutes’ break a tenminute break 10分钟休息
(2) 表国家城市名词：
America’s policy 美国政策
the city’s population 城市口
(3) 某集合名词：
the majority’s view 数观点
the government’s policy 政府政策
(4) 组织机构：
the station’s waitingroom 车站候车室
the newspaper’s editorial policy 家报纸编辑方针
(5) 度量衡价值名词：
a mile’s distance 1英里距离
twenty dollar’s value 20 美元价值
注：带连字符已转化形容词度量衡格形式：
tenminute walk 10分钟路程(较：ten minutes＇ walk)
(6) 表天体名词：
the moon’s rays 月光
the earth’s surface 球表面
(7) 某固定表达中：
a stone’s throw 箭遥
at one’s wit’s end 黔驴技穷
at arm’s length 臂距
out of harm’s way 完全方
注：名词格定表示关系时表示意义：
(1) 表类：a doctor’s degree 博士学位children’s hospital 童医院
(2) 表动作执行者：Mr Smith’s arrival 史密斯先生达
(3) 表动作承受者：children’s education 童教育
4 ’s 格of 格法较
(1) of 格生命物生命东西of 格时’s 格互换：
Mr Smith’s son the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生子
Jim’s patience the patience of Jim 吉姆耐心
the Queen’s arrival the arrival of the Queen 女王达
(2) 必须 ’s 格情形：
①表类时：men’s shoes 男鞋children’s stories 童事
②表源时：John’s telegram 约翰电报
③修饰名词位语修饰时：Mary’s husband a policeman has just been here 玛丽丈夫警察刚刚
(3) 必须of 格情形：
①生命事物时：the subject of the sentence 句子语
②表位关系时：the City of Beijing 北京市
③中心词名词化名词时：the life of the poor 穷生活
④of 格中名词置修饰语位语时：Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China 史密斯先生中国学外籍教师
5 双重格
(1) 谓双重格指 ’s 格 of 格结合起起：
a friend of my father’s 父亲位朋友
a photo of Mr Smith’s 史密斯先生张片
(2) 双重格场合：
①修饰名词前指示代词疑问代词定代词数词等限定词时般双重格：
I don’t like that big nose of David’s 喜欢卫鼻子
Which novel of Dickens’ are you referring to 谈狄更斯部说？
Some friends of my brother’s will come 兄弟朋友
注：双重格修饰名词前指示代词时通常带定感情色彩(赞赏厌恶等)：
That little daughter of your cousin＇s is really a dear 表哥女真逗爱(表赞赏)
That daughter of your cousin＇s is constantly complaining 表哥女老报怨(表厌恶)
外双重格修饰名词前定冠词通常定冠词：
说：a poem of Shelly＇s a novel of Dickens＇
说：the poem of Shelly＇s the novel of Dickens＇
②时双重格 of 格含义稍差较：
a photo of Mary＇s 玛丽收藏张片 a photo of Mary 玛丽张片
a criticism of William’s 威谦提出批评 a criticism of William 威谦批评
四关名词重考点
1 短文改错题考查名词单复数高考短文改错题型中年道涉名词单复数试题类试题身难度求考生根句意名词单复数做出简单判断具体做类题时考生注意点必：数名词通常复数形式连定冠词二通常情况单数数名词单独应冠词指示代词定代词等限定词连应复数三注意名词身单复数形式应修饰语保体致请道典型高考改错句：
(1)… drink some waters from a dream (waters应改单数 water)
(2) They have been to Europe many time (time 应改复数 times)
(3) There are branch library in many villages (library 应改复数 libraries)
(4) could come and visit us some times soon (times应改单数 time)
(5) We studies quite a few subject (subject应改复数 subjects)
(6) We often watch football match (match应改复数matches)
(7) … so that I＇ll get good marks in all my subject (subject应改复数 subjects)
(8) On my way up I was taking picture … (picture应改复数 pictures)
(9) Good health is person＇s mot valuable possession (应 person＇s 前加 a)
(10) There is public library in every town in Britain (应public library 前加 a)
2 高考集合名词考查高考考查集合名词涉数性单复数意义谓致恰修饰语等便理解记忆常考集合名词分类分简述关法特点：
(1) family(家庭)team(队)class(班)audience(听众)等法特点：视整体表示单数意义考虑体成员表示复数意义较：
This class consists of 45 pupils 班45学生组成
This class are studying English now 班学生学英语
(2) cattle(牛牲畜)people()police(警察)等法特点：单数形式 表示复数意义作语时谓语复数 a(n) 连the连(表示总括意义特指)：
People will laugh at you 会笑
The police are looking for him 警察找
For these many cattle were killed 原宰少牲畜
注：表示牲畜头数单位词 head(单复数形)：three head of cattle 3头牛twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛
(3) goods(货物) clothes(衣服)等法特点：复数形式(然表示复数意义作语时谓语复数)通常数词连：
Such clothes are very expensive 样衣服贵
To whom do these goods belong 书谁？
(4) baggage luggage(行李) clothing(衣服) furniture(家具) machinery(机器) poetry(诗) scenery(风景) jewelry(珠宝)equipment(设备)等 法特点：数名词单数形式定冠词 (然更数词)没复数形式：
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold 衣服御寒
Have you checked all your baggage 行李托运
特提醒：machinery poetry jewelry scenery 相应体数名词 machine poem jewel scene：a poem a piece of poetry 首诗many machines much machinery many pieces of machinery 许机器
(5) 补充说明特殊集合名词：
①hair(头发毛发)：指全部头发毛发时集合名词(数)指根头发毛发时体名词(数)：
My hair has grown very long 头发已长长
The police found two hairs there 警察找两根头发
②mankind(类)：数集合名词复数形式连冠词：
This is an invention that benefits mankind 项造福类发明
Mankind has its own problems 类问题
特提醒：mankind 表示(类)时数时表示复数意义尤表语复数时：Mankind are intelligent animals 理智动物
③fruit(水果)：作集合名词通常数：
He doesn＇t not eat much fruit 吃水果
He is growing fruit in the country 农村种水果
表示种类时视数名词a fruit 指种水果fruits 指种水果体会：
Some fruits have thick skins 水果皮厚
The potato is a vegetable not a fruit 土豆种蔬菜种水果
3 根文语境选择恰名词高考名词考查常涉样类考题求考生根句子文暗示语境选择恰词语类题考查定求考生辨析义词求考生根语境求选出恰词语构成固定短语固定搭配句子语意连贯逻辑通请两道高考真题：
1 We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _____
A fact B reality C practice D deed
2 Here＇s my card Let＇s keep in _____
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
第1题选C构成短语 put … into practice意…付诸实践第2题选A构成短语keep in touch意保持联系
高中英语语法全第02章 代 词
概说
代词代名词起名词作短语句子词代词分称代词物代词指示代词相互代词疑问代词连接代词关系代词定代词等九类
二称代词
1 称代词法称代词句中作语(格I you he she we they 等)宾语(宾格me you him her us them等)：
He loves her but she hates him 爱讨厌
注：(1) 口语中称代词作表语than as 强调句中强调时宾语：
Who is it It’s me 谁呀？
He sings better than me 唱
He is as tall as her 样高
It’s me who did it 干
than as 称代词动词必须格：
He sings better than I do He is as tall as she is
(2) 单独称代词通常宾格：
I’m tired Me too 累累
Who wants this Me 谁？
(3) 时格宾格会导致意思变化：
I like you better than he 更喜欢I like you better than he likes you略
I like you better than him 喜欢胜喜欢I like you better than he likes him略
2 称代词排序：
(1) 称代词排列序：单数称代词通常二三排列you he and I复数称代词通常二三排列 we you and they：
You he and I are of the same age 年龄
We you and they are all good citizens 公民
承担责错误等场合第称 I 置称代词前：
I and Tom are to blame 汤姆该受批评
较：Tom and I hope to go there 汤姆想
you and I 固定结构语序通常宜颠倒
(2) 通常情况称代词句子中出现代名词先出现名词出现相应代词书面语中时出现代词出现代词代名词：
As soon as it had hopped off the plane picked up speed 飞机刚起飞加速(较：As soon as the plane had hopped off it picked up speed)
3 称代词名词位语称代词时位语：
These small desks are for us students 课桌学生
We girls often go to the movies together 女孩子常起电影
He asked you boys to be quiet 男孩子安静
三物代词
1 物代词法物代词分形容词性物代词(my your his her its our your their)名词性物代词(mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs)形容词性物代词句作定语名词性物代词作定语作语宾语表语连of作定语：
His son is taller than hers 子子高
Her son is a friend of ours 子朋友
Ours is a great country 国家伟国家
This is your pen Mine is in the box 铅笔铅笔盒里
注：说 a friend of mine (ours yours hers his theirs)说 a friend of me (us you her him theirs)名词+of it时代its+名词 its price 说成 the price of it
2 物代词own 连强调时物代词加own词：
Mind your own business 闲事
I saw it with my own eyes 亲眼
of one’s own 置名词作定语：
I hope to have a room of my own I hope to have my own house 希房子
3 物代词注意点易错点：
(1) 注意英语汉语物代词差异汉语说校说成英语应my school I school汉语说妈说成英语应his mother he mother样汉语说先生说成英语应your husband you husband外英语中必物代词汉语中需表达：
听消息摇摇头
误：Hearing the news he shook head
正：Hearing the news he shook his head
汉语通常说摇头说摇某头英语说 shake one’s head
(2) 时汉语惯似应物代词英语称代词：
学期谁教英语？
误：Who will teach our English this term
正：Who will teach us English this term
English 作表示语言名词前物代词非表示英语水力说 My English is poor 英语(水)行类似说 He teaches my physics说 My physics is good
(3) 受相似结构短语影响错物代词lose heart lose one’s heart两者仅差物代词意思截然：前者意灰心泄气者意爱钟情 have…on one＇s mind(…担忧…挂心)keep[bear]…in mind(记住……记心里)两者结构相似物代词物代词
四反身代词
1 反身代词基形式反身代词 oneself根指词称性单复数等变化 myself himself herself yourself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 等形式
2 oneselfhimselfone指时相应反身代词通常oneself 美国英语中himself：
One should not praise oneself [himself] 应该吹擂
3 反身代词句法功：
(1) 作位语(加强修饰词语气紧放修饰名词 句末)：
The box itself is not so heavy 箱子身重
You yourself said so You said so yourself 样说
(2) 作宾语(动词介词宾语)：
Take good care of yourself 顾
She could not make herself understood 听懂话
(3) 作表语：
The poor boy was myself 怜孩子
The ones who really want it are ourselves 真正想
时 be feel seem look 等作表语表示身体精神处正常状态：
I＇m not quite myself these days 身体舒服
I＇ll be myself again in no time 会会
(4) 作语现代英语中反身代词般独立作语助 and or nor 等连词名词起构成列语(位列语部)某特殊结构(asas等)：
My brother and myself went there yesterday 昨天兄弟起
Jim＇s sister and himself get up at six every day 吉姆妹妹天6点起床
He was as anxious as myself 样担心
五相互代词
1 相互代词形式法英语相互代词each otherone another句中通常作宾语：
We should help each other 应该互相帮助
They respect one another 互相尊重(方)
The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other 海蓝天似融体
2 相互代词注意点：
(1) 相互代词句中通常作宾语作语相互代词宾语句子变动语态
(2) 相互代词误认副词作状语说 talk to each other说 talk each other
(3) 相互代词格形式：
The students borrowed each other＇s notes 学生互相笔记
They looked into each other＇s eyes for a silent moment 默默视会
(4) 时分开：
We each know what the other thinks 知道方想法
Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home 设法想说服方留家里
(5) 认each other两者one another三者现代英语中两者常换(均两者三者)
六指示代词
1 指示代词法指示代词(this that these those)句中作语宾语表语定语：
This is yours and that is mine
I want this book not that book 书书
I like these and he likes those 喜欢喜欢
These computers are cheap 电脑便宜
What I want to say is this 想说点
注：指示代词作语定语时指物作宾语表语时指物This is my father this 句中作作语指Do you know this 中this作宾语句理解知道情况？理解认识？
2 表代that those时避免重复 that those 代前面提名词：
The population of China is much larger that that of Japan 中国口日口(that the population)
His views are close to those of the Socialist Party 观点接社会观点(those the views)
3 this that法较
(1) 回指文提事情时this that指文叙述事情通常 this：
She married Jim and this [that] surprised me 嫁吉姆感吃惊
I want to know this Is he healthy 想知道点：否健康
注：回指文 that 译成汉语时通常译：
That’s where you are wrong 方
(2) 电话时通常 this 指 that 指方：
Hello This is Jim Is that John 喂吉姆约翰
美国英语中指方时 this
(3) 作代词外this that 作副词形容词副词连义(so)：
It＇s about this (that) high 约()高
Is it this hot every day 天热
4 this 特殊法注意句中this 法：
He will be in Paris this day next week 星期天巴黎
He will come here this day next month 月天
较：He got married ten years ago today 10年前天结婚
七疑问代词
1 疑问代词法疑问代词(who whom whose which what等)句中作语表语宾语定语等：
Who is your English teacher 英语老师谁？
Whose is this umbrella 伞谁？
Whose umbrella is this 谁伞？
What question did he ask 问什问题？
Which do you prefer tea or coffee 茶咖啡喜欢样？
注：who whom 作语宾语表语作定语what which whose 作语宾语表语作定语
2 两组疑问代词法较
(1) who whom：前者格作语者宾格作宾格：
Who spoke at the meeting 谁会发言？
Whom are you talking about 谈谁？
作宾语 whom 位句首时通常who 代：
Who(m) is the letter from 信谁寄？
紧介词作宾语 whom
(2) what which who：
① 接名词(作限定词)whichwhatwho：
Which What train did you come on 坐次火车？
What which 区：选择范围较较明确时 which选择范围较较明确时 what：
Which color do you like red black or white 红色黑色白色喜欢种？
What color is your car 汽车什颜色？
指选择范围明确 which：
Which [What] writers do you like 喜欢作家
② 接名词(作代词)三者均whichwhat法区参见面分析who般指(作代词 which 指)选择范围明确明确均：
Who won –– Tom or Mike 谁赢汤姆迈克
Who is your favorite poet 喜欢诗谁
选择范围较明确作宾语时whowhichwhich one代：
Who [Which Which one] do you like better your father or your mother 更喜欢谁父亲母亲
③ whatwho选择范围明确 else表示(事物)通常表示特定范围of 短语 which 选择范围相较明确般接 else常表特定范围of短语连：
Who (What) else did you see there 什(什东西)
Which of the three girls is the oldest 三女孩中年纪
④ 外较两句：
Who is he 谁？(who 指姓名关系等)
What is he 干什？(what 指职业位等)
3 两类易混句型区请先两句：
What do you think he wants 认想什？
Do you know what he wants 知道想什？
面第句特殊疑问句第二句般疑问句倒说成Do you think what he wants What do you know he wants 原区： yes no 回答者般疑问句形式(疑问词放句中句)适合类句型句动词通常 know hear ask tell 等 yes no 回答者特殊疑问句形式(疑问词放句首)适合类句型句动词通常 think believe suppose guess 等：
Where do you suppose he has gone 认什方？
Did you ask why he had left so soon 问什快离开？
4 两疑问代词情况请实例：
Where and when were you born 出生时？
When and how did he go there 什时候？
Where is it Where is what 什
八连接代词
1 连接代词法连接代词包括who whom what which whose whoever whatever whichever whosever 等句中作语宾语表语定语等引导语句宾语句表语句：
I don＇t know who he is 知道谁
What he says sounds reasonable 说话听起道理
The question is who(m) we should trust 问题该信谁
I＇ll take whoever wants to go 谁想带谁
Take whichever seat you like 喜欢坐座位坐？
I will just say whatever comes into my mind 想什说什
注：who whom whoever 等名词前作定语
2 what 两种法请两句子：
I didn＇t know what he wanted 知道想什
I gave her what she wanted 想切
面第句中 what 表示什带疑问意味第二句中 what 表示…切事东西意义致相 that (those) which the thing (things) that anything that all that as much as等：
What [That which] you say is quite true 说完全事实
He saves what [ all that] he earns 赚少积蓄少
Call it what [ anything that]you please 喜欢什什
样 what 时接名词：
He gave me what money [ all the money that] he had about him 身边带钱全
What friends [All the friends that] he has are out of the country 朋友国外
3 whatever whoever whichever法说明引导语句宾语句：
He does whatever she asks him to do 做什做什
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished 谁违反规受处罚
I＇ll give the ticket to whoever wants it 请想票谁
Whichever team gains the most points wins 队分队赢
注：中 ever 加强语气含切义类词时注意汉语惯错句子结构：
(谁)先张票
误：Anyone comes first can get a ticket Who comes first can get a ticket
正：Anyone who comes first can get a ticket Whoever comes first can get a ticket
九定代词
1 定代词概说英语定代词 all each both either neither one none little few many much other another some any no few little both enough every 等 some any no every 构成合成代词(somebody anyone nothing 等)定代词中数作语宾语表语定语代词 none some any no every 构成合成代词作语宾语表语作定语 no every 作定语
2 指两者三者定代词定代词指两者(both either neither)定代词指三者(all any none every)注意弄混：
Both of my parents are doctors 父母医生
All of the students are interested in it 学生感兴趣
There are trees on any side of the square 广场边种树
He has two sons neither of whom is rich 两子富
He has three sons none of whom is rich 三子富
注：each 两者三者三者 every 三者三者两者时 each every说 There are trees on every side of the road
3 复合定代词法特点复合定代词包括 something somebody someone anything anybody anyone nothing nobody no one everything everybody everyone 等句中作语宾语表语作定语something someone 等 anything anyone等区 some any 区样前者般肯定句者般否定句疑问句条件句(参见 any & some)具体时应注意点：
(1) 复合定代词受定语修饰时定语应放面：
There is nothing wrong with the radio 收音机没毛病
Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous 见名
(2) 指复合定代词作语谓语动词般单数相应称代词物代词单数 he him his (定指男性)非正式文体中常复数代词 they them their：
Everyone knows this doesn＇t he [don＇t they] 知道点
If anybody [anyone] comes ask him [them] to wait 等着
(3) 指事物复合定代词作语谓语动词单数相应称代词 it they：
Everything is ready isn＇t it 切准备
(4) anyone everyone 等指指物般接of 短语指物接 of 短语 any one every one (分开写)：
any one of the boys (books) 孩子(书)中()
every one of the students (schools) 学生(学校)
4 any not not any英语惯any 含any复合定代词否定句时出现否定词否定词前：
误：Any one doesn＇t know how to do it
正：No one knows how to do it 知道做
误：Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it
正：Nobody [No one] can do it 事谁干
误：Anything cannot prevent me from going
正：Nothing can prevent me from going 什阻挡
5 定代词部分否定定代词all both every 等 not 连时构成部分否定 表示完全否定需换 none neither no one等较：
All of the students like the novel 学生喜欢说
Not all of the students like the novel 学生喜欢说
All of the students don’t like the novel 学生喜欢说
None of the students like the novel 学生中没喜欢说
6 all both each 等作位语作语位语语名词代词作宾语等成分位语宾语等成分必须称代词名词：
We have all read it 读(all 修饰语代词)
The villages have all been destroyed 村庄毁(all 修饰语名词)
They told us all to wait there 等(all 修饰宾语代词)
说：They told the men all to wait there (all 修饰宾语名词代词)
7 so little such little区so littlesuch little取决little意思：表示数量方面少so little表示形状体积such little：
He has so little time for reading 读书时间少怜
I＇ve never seen such little boxes 未见样盒子
8 some any法区般说some 肯定句中any 否定句疑问句中表示请求邀请征求意见句子中通常 some any：
Would you like some cake 吃点蛋糕？
Why not buy some bread 什买面包呢？
Shall I get some chalk for you 帮粉笔？
注：any 时肯定句中时表示：
Any colour will do 颜色行
Come any day you like 便天
9 many much法区两者表示许 many 修饰代数名词(复数) few(少数)相 much 修饰代数名词(单数)little(少量)相口语中两者非肯定句中：
Did you see many people there 见许
We don＇t have much time 没许时间
肯定句中般 a lot of lots of plenty of 等代正式文体中时肯定句中外作语语定语前 how too as so a good a great 等修饰肯定句中：
Many of us left early 许离开早
Much work has been done 许工作已做
You＇ve given me too much 已太
Take as many (much) as you want 少少
I asked her a great many questions 问许问题
10 few a few little a little法区
(1) fewa few 接数名词复数形式few 表示数量少没强调少含否定意义a few 表示数量然少毕竟强调含肯定意义：
It is very difficult and few people understand it 难没懂
It is very difficult but a few people understand it 难懂
(2) little a little 接数名词区 few a few 间区相似：
Unfortunately I had little money on me 巧身没带什钱
Fortunately I had a little money on me 幸身带着点钱
11 other the other anotherothers法区：定代词仅含义单复数分法泛指(the)特指(the)法区纳：
(1) 指单数时泛指another特指 the other：
Give me another (one) 外
Shut the other eye please 请眼睛闭
(2) 指复数时泛指 other(接复数名词)特指the other(接复数名词)：
There are other ways of doing it 做事办法
Where have the other students gone 学生里？
(3) others永远表示复数意义(接名词)法致相other+复数名词样 the others 致相the other＋复数名词：
Other people [Others] may not think that way 样想
He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class 班学生聪明
(4) another般表单数接名词接单数名词数词 few 修饰时接复数名词：
We need another few chairs 需椅子
In another two weeks it＇ll be finished 两星期做完
(5) some 时 others(时 some 义)：
Some say yes and others say no 说说
12 定代词语境考题定代词高考常考考点定代词考题出较灵活死套规注意结合语境理解：
(1) Is ____ here No Bob and Tim have asked for leave
A anybody B everybody C somebody D nobody
表面填空句疑问句会误选A实题佳答案应选B文答句说BobTim请假说明问句查数 Is everybody here (家齐？)
(2) I agree with most of what you said but I don＇t agree with _____
A everything B anything C something D nothing
句表面误选B填空句否定句实际佳答案A文说意说部分容文 but I don’t agree with everything(意说容)完全相符
(3) Do you have _____ at home now Mary No we still have to get some fruit and tea
A something B anything C everything D nothing
答案选C句意玛丽现家里东西准备齐？没买水果茶
(4) If you want a necklace I’ll buy one for you at once Oh no A necklace is not _____ that I need most
A anything B something C nothing D everything
题容易误选A机械认：something 肯定句anything 否定句疑问句题佳答案Bsomething 意思某种东西指种东西种东西心中想种东西(相 the thing)
十关系代词
1 关系代词法关系代词 that who whom whose which as 等中who whom 指which as 指事物whose that 指指物关系代词定语句语宾语(省略)表语定语：
He is the man who [that] lives next door 住隔壁
How do you like the photo that [which] I took 觉拍张片样？
This is the same watch as I lost 块表丢失块样
I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music 想找谈音乐
She received an invitation from her boss which came as a surprise 收老板邀请意想
2 that which法区两者指物常互换区：
(1) 引导非限制性定语句时通常which：
She received an invitation from her boss which came as a surprise 收老板邀请意想
(2) 直接放介词作宾语时通常which：
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer 干活工具做锤子
(3) 先行词列定代词修饰时much little none all few every(thing) any(thing) no(thing) 等时通常that：
There was little that the enemy could do but surrender 敌法投降
All [Everything] that can be done must be done 做事必须做
(4) 先行词the very the only the same 等修饰时通常that：
This is the only example that I know 知道例子
Those are the very words that he used 原话
(5) 先行词形容词高级序数词(包括last next等)等修饰时通常that：
This is the best dictionary that I＇ve ever used 词典
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan 应该做第件事订计划
(6) 关系代词定语句中作表语时通常that：
China is not the country (that) it was 中国已中国
(7) 先行词指指物列词组时通常that：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them 谈印象深事
(8) 避免重复时：
Which is the course that we are to take 选门课程？
3 thatwho法区
(1) 两者均指时互换：
All that [who] heard him were delighted 听讲话高兴
Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris 遇见巴黎
He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian中间唯懂俄语
(2) 列情况通常 that：
①先行词指指物列词组时：
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad 国外见事作报告
②先行词who时(避免重复)：
Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982 谁赢1982年世界杯？
③关系代词定语句中作表语时(省略)：
Tom is not the boy (that) he was 汤姆孩子已前样子
4 aswhich法区
(1) 引导限制性定语句时such as the sameas情况 which：
I never heard such stories as he tells 未听讲样事
It＇s the same story as I heard yesterday 事昨天听样
This is the photo which shows my house 张片拍住宅
(2) 引导非限制性定语句时时两者互换：
I live a long way from work as [which] you know 住离工作单位远知道
(3) 情况引导非限制性定语句时两者换：
① 句位句前面时 as：
As is known to everybody the moon travels round the earth once every month 月球月绕球转周清楚
② as 引导非限制性定语句应句意义谐致which限制：
He went abroad as [which] was expected 出国家预料
He went abroad which was unexpected 出国家感意外(as)
③ as 引导非限制性定语句时先行词通常句中某具体词应整句子整短语某短语推断出概念which 限制：
The river which flows through London is called the Thames 条流伦敦河泰晤士河(as)
④ as 引导非限制性定语句作语时谓语通常应连系动词宜动词 which限制：
She has married again as [which] seemed natural 结婚似常
She has married again which delighted us 结婚高兴(as)
5 whowhom法区两者均理说who 格whom宾格：
Where＇s the girl who sells the tickets 卖票女孩里？
The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply 评中批评作者已写封回信
实际非正式文体中宾格关系代词 whom 省略whothat代：
The man (that who whom) you met just now is called Jim 刚遇见吉姆
种情况值注意：
(1) 直接介词面作宾语时 whom省略：
She brought with her three friends none of whom I had ever met before 带3朋友前没见
(2) 引导非限制性定语句作宾语时who whom均 whom 佳时省略：
This is Jack who [whom] you haven＇t met before 杰克前没见
高中英语语法全第03章 冠 词
概说
冠词名词前说明该名词含义虚词(现代英语中冠词称限定词)传统语法通常冠词分定冠词(a an)定冠词(the)两类现代英语通常冠词分定冠词定冠词零冠词三类定冠词冠定两字特点确定泛指定冠词冠定字特点确指特指
二冠词位置
1 通常位置冠词帮助说明名词含义词通常情况总放名词前名词前带形容词等修饰语放相应修饰语前：
He is a (famous) poet (著名)诗
2 特殊位置
(1) 修饰名词形容词受 too so as how however 等副词修饰通常定冠词置形容词名词前：
She is as clever a cook as her mother 妈妈样做饭
It is too difficult a book for beginners 书供初学者太难
It＇s so interesting a film that we all like it 部电影趣家喜欢
He didn＇t know how great a mistake he had made 知道犯错误
(2) 单数数名词前such what many 等词修饰定冠词应置：
What a nice coat 漂亮衣啊
I have been there many a time 次
I＇ve never seen such a big apple 未样苹果
注：many a＋单数数名词种较文说法现代英语口语非正式文体中通常many＋复数名词代
(3) 定冠词副词 quite rather 连时定冠词通常置名词前形容词修饰定冠词放 quite rather 前均：
He is rather a fool 傻瓜( a 必须置)
It is quite a [a quite] good book 书
说：He is a rather fool (名词前形容词错误)
定冠词quite rather连时情况(定冠词置)：
You＇re going quite the wrong way 路全走错
It＇s quite the most interesting film I＇ve ever seen 趣电影
(4) both all half twice等连时冠词通常应置：
I know both the brothers 两兄弟认识
All the children have gone home 孩子回家
Half the workers are women 半工妇女
He left half an hour ago 半时前离开
Yours is twice the size of mine 两倍
注：① both 定冠词通常省略影响意思表达all 定冠词省略省略含义稍变化(定冠词表示特指省略定冠词表泛指)
② 美国英语中half 置定冠词：half an hour＝a half hour 半时
三定冠词法
1 aan定冠词a an两种形式区：a 辅音音素前an 元音音素前：
a dog 条狗 a dictionary 词典 a student 学生
an egg 鸡蛋 an elephant 象 an island 岛
注：元音字母开头单词元音开头前a：
a university student学生 a European country欧洲国家
时单词然辅音字母开头第读音元音前an：
an honest man 诚实 an honorable deed 高尚行
例均an紧词语元音开头：
miss an m 漏写m an 8year plan 8年计划
2 定冠词类法指明某类事物类事物区开
(1) 泛指指某类物中：
We need a boy to do the work 需男孩做工作
定义时通常样：
A teacher is a person who teaches 教师教书
(2) 笼统指某类中某具体说明：
He bought a computer yesterday 昨天买台电脑
较：
A tiger can be dangerous 老虎危险(泛指老虎)
A tiger has escaped 老虎逃跑(指某老虎具体说明)
(3) 补语位语前表示某身份职业国籍等：
He is a Frenchman 法国
My father is a doctor 父亲医生
3 定冠词数量法表示意思含数量意味
(1) 表示类似数词 one 含义语气 one 弱：
I＇ll be able to finish it in a day or two 两天会完成事
It took us an hour and a half to get there 花半时
2) 定冠词数词one表示意思前者视者弱式：
I have a [one] brother and two sisters 兄弟两姐妹
两者时换两者词性法数情况互换：
① 质说定冠词侧重指类概念数词one侧重指数量概念时两者含义差：
I bought a dictionary yesterday 昨天买词典(意指买词典语法书钢笔等)
I bought one dictionary yesterday 昨天买词典 (意指买词典两三词典等)
Can a boy do it No but a man can 孩做做行
Can one boy do it No but two (boys) can孩做行两孩行
② 强调数量概念进行数量时数词 one：
How many pens do you have I have one (pen) 支钢笔支钢笔
I want one apple not three apples 苹果三苹果
③ 表示数量概念表示类概念定冠词：
A computer is useful 电脑
He is an excellent teacher 位优秀教师
④ 某短语中两者均含义相：
at a [one] blow 子举 in a [one] word 句话总言
某表达中两者均含义：
at a time 次时 at one time 度
表达两者均含义相表达：
on a hot summer afternoon 炎热夏日午 (介词 on)
one hot summer afternoon 炎热夏日午 (介词 on)
an hour and a half 半时 (说 one hour and a half)
one and a half hours 半时
a minute or two 两分钟 (说 one minute or two)
one or two minutes 两分种
注意绝数语中两者换：as a result 结果all of a sudden 突然one day 天one by one 等
⑤ 表示时间度量衡名词连表示时定冠词：
Brush your teeth twice a day at least 天少刷牙两次
They are sold at two dollars a dozen 售价两美元
4 定冠词法
(1) 序数词前表示数量序数增加：
Soon I saw a second plane 久架飞机
This is the second time that I＇ve read the book Do you want to read it a third time 第二次书想第三次
(2) 表示非常等意义 most 前：
This is a most interesting story 非常趣事
(3) 物质名词前转化具体名词表示种杯量等：
A coffee please 请杯咖啡
I＇d like a tea please 杯茶
(4) 抽象名词前具体化表示该相关具体事：
He was a success in business 事业成功
It＇s a pleasure to talk with you 谈话件令愉快事
(5) 指专名词前指某某作品艺术品…似(式)等：
A Mr Smith wants to see you 位名史密斯先生想见
He bought a complete Lu Hsun 买套鲁迅全集
He thought he was a Zhu Geliang 诸葛亮
(6) 某动词转化具动作意味名词前表示次番等义(通常 have take make give 等动词连)：
Let＇s go out for a walk 出走走吧
Do you care for a smoke 抽烟
Would you like a drink 喝杯
(7) 数名词带定冠词 the名词受定语修饰前定冠词表示某种状态时定冠词含类似a kind of 意思：
have breakfast 吃早餐 ─ have a quick breakfast 吃快餐
the world 世界 ─ a world like ours 样世界
(8) 构成短语表示数量：
a few apples 苹果 a little money 点点钱
a lot of time 许时间 a great many friends 许朋友
5 定冠词省略重复
(1) 引起误会情况两列名词中名词前定冠词省略：
The noun is the name of a person or thing 名词物名称
(2) 两列名词指时名词前定冠词通常省略：
His father is a teacher and poet 父亲位教师兼诗
果强调两种身份定冠词：
His father is a teacher and a poet 父亲教师诗
时两列名词关系较紧密视整体冠词：
A man and woman are walking arminarm 男女手挽着手走着
(3) 两形容词列时修饰名词时该名词指两事物通常应分两冠词：
We have a black and a white cat 养黑猫白猫(较：We have a black and white cat 养黑白花猫)
时两列名词事物加强语气两冠词：
It was a cold and a dark night 冷黑夜晚
(4) 两样东西构成然成事物通常前冠词：
a knife and fork 副刀叉 a cup and saucer 副茶杯茶托
a horse and cart 辆马车 a needle and thread 根带线针
hire a car and driver 租辆配司机汽车
时连第冠词省略(尤介词连时)：with knife and fork 刀叉R2)
(5) 两列名词进行选择较方面强调时通常应重复两冠词：
Give me a pen not a pencil 支钢笔铅笔
Do you want a novel or a dictionary 想说想字典？
6 汉语惯错定冠词种情形
(1) 单数数名词泛指前需加 aan汉语惯漏掉定冠词：
著名影星
正：He is a famous film star
误：He is famous film star
(2) 定冠词指示代词物代词格等连：
公园遇位朋友
正：I met a friend of mine in the park
误：I met my a friend in the park
(3) 受汉语影响错定冠词位置：
未读趣书
正：I have never read such an interesting book
误：I have never read a such interesting book
误：I have never read a so interesting book
三定冠词法
1 定冠词表示类
1表示特指：
Look A car has stopped there The car is beautiful 瞧辆汽车停辆汽车真漂亮 Why not ask the teacher 什问问老师
2单数数名词连表类：
I hate the telephone 讨厌电话
The cobra is dangerous 眼镜蛇危险
3某形容词连表示类：
The rich are not always happier than the poor 富总穷开心
The old are more likely to catch cold than the young 老年年轻容易感
4独二事物名词前：
The earth goes around the sun 球绕着太阳转
The sky was blue and clear 天空清澈湛蓝
5方方位等名词前：
He looked towards the east 东
Turn to the right at the second crossing 第二十字路口右拐
6序数词形容词高级前：
You will be the second to speak 第二发言
Autumn is the best season here 秋季里季节
7乐器名词前表示演奏：
He plays the piano very well 钢琴弹
注：演奏角度考虑考虑乐器实体定定冠词：
He bought a piano for his son 子买部钢琴
(5) 姓氏复数前表示全家全家中两两：
The Browns live next to us 布朗家住隔壁
The Greens have no children 格林夫妇没孩
(6) 代前面已提身体部位衣着等部分：
He hit me in the face 脸
He caught the thief by the collar 抓住偷衣领
(7) 逢整十数词复数名词前指世纪中年代约略年岁：
He began to learn French in his fifties 五十岁开始学法语
He went to Japan with his family in the sixties 60年代带家日
(8) 某单数数名词前意义抽象化指属性功等：
This colour is pleasant to the eye 颜色悦目
He is fond of the bottle 喜欢喝酒
(9) 表示计算单位含 a each per 类意义：
He is paid by the hour (piece) 计时(件)工资
It sells at two dollars the pound 东西磅卖两美元
(10) 名前特指喻指作品等某产品名称前指产品：
He likes the Picasso 喜欢毕加索画
Lu Xun has been known as the Gorky of China 鲁迅称中国高尔基
(11) 江(运)河海洋山脉群岛半岛海岛海峡沙漠等名称前：
the Changjiang River 长江 the Pacific (Ocean) 太洋
the Suez (Canal) 苏伊士运河 the Red Sea 红海
the Jingang Mountains 井冈山 the Bay of Bengal 孟加拉湾
the Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠 the English Channel 英吉利海峡
注：① 关湖名前否冠词通常分两种情况：中国湖名英译时前通常加定冠词：the West Lake 西湖the Dongting Lake 洞庭湖外国湖名前数加定冠词少数加定冠词视惯定：Lake Success 成功湖the Lake of Geneva 日瓦湖
② 山名构成两种方式：山名＋Mountains前常定冠词：the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山Mount Mt＋山名通常冠词：Mount Tai 泰山外出现 mountain 词时通常冠词：the Alps 阿尔卑斯山
(12) 普通名词含普通名词构成专名词(国名名政团体组织机构旅馆商店学校医院文娱场建筑物等)前：
the United Nations 联合国 the Peace Hotel 饭店
the Red Cross Hospital 红十字医院 the Friendship Store 友谊商场
the People＇s Republic of China 中华民国
the National People＇s Congress 全国民代表会
注：学名称构成注意情况：
① 名命名学 通常两种形式(注意冠词)：
the University of London London University 伦敦学
② 名命名学通常种表达(冠词)：
Yale University 耶鲁学 Brown University 布朗学
五零冠词法
1 物质名词前物质名词表示泛指般概念时通常零冠词：
Water boils at 100℃ 水摄氏100度沸腾
Blood is thicker than water 水浓水(亲总外亲)
表示泛指般概念物质名词前描绘性修饰语零冠词：
Don＇t eat rotten food 吃腐烂食物
注：(1) 特指物质名词前定冠词：
Is the water in the well fit to drink 井里水喝
(2) 表示种杯场阵份等样概念时定冠词：
This is a very good wine 种酒
A coffee please 请杯咖啡
It was very cold and a heavy snow was falling 时天气冷正雪
2 抽象名词前抽象名词表示泛指般概念时通常零冠词：
Do you like music 喜欢音乐
Failure is the mother of success 失败成功母
表示泛指般概念抽象名词前描绘性修饰语零冠词：
I like light music very much 非常喜欢轻音乐
注：(1) 特指抽象名词前定冠词：
I like the music of Mozart 喜欢莫扎特曲子
(2) 表示种类方面种种等类概念时定冠词：
He lives a happy life 着幸福生活
Physics is a science 物理门科学
(3) 表示动作次例番等时定冠词：
Let me have a look
(4) 表示抽象名词意义相关具体事定冠词：
The book is a delight to read 书读趣
3 专名词前通常情况专名词前零冠词：
Smith lives in London 史密斯住伦敦
注：(1) 特指专名词前时定冠词：
The Smith you’re looking for no longer lives here 找史密斯住
(2) 专名词前定冠词定冠词情况见章关容
4 复数名词前复数名词表示类时通常零冠词：
Teachers should be respected 教师应该受尊重
泛指定量物零冠词：
We are students of Class Five 五班学生
注：特指复数名词前应定冠词：
The teachers should attend the meeting 教师应参加会议
5 单数数名词前单数数名词前零冠词情况：
(1) 表示家庭成员 nurse cook teacher 等名词前：
Mother is not at home 妈妈家
Ask nurse to put the child to bed 保姆孩子抱床睡觉
Teacher was satisfied with our work 老师工作满意
(2) 动词 turn(变成)go(变成)作表语名词通常零冠词：
He was a teacher before he turned writer 成作家前教师zn
He has gone socialist 成社会义者
(3) 步状语句倒装句式中单数数名词通常零冠词：
Child as he is he knows a lot 然孩子已懂事
Teacher though he is he can＇t know everything 然老师什懂
(4) 单数数名词作呼语通常零冠词：
How is she doctor 医生样
Can you drive me to the station driver 司机请送车站
(5) 某独立结构中通常零冠词：
The teacher came in book in hand 老师走进教室手里着书
He was sitting in the chair pipe in mouth 坐椅子里嘴里叼着烟斗
(6) kind [sort] of＋名词结构中名词通常零冠词：
This kind of book is very interesting 种书趣
He is the sort of person I really dislike 种真喜欢
注：注意两句含义差：
What kind of car is it 什牌子车
What kind of a car is it 种车质量
(8) 单数数名词含义抽象化具形容词意味时通常零冠词：
The man was more animal than man 说说畜生
I was fool enough to accept his offer 接受提议真太傻
Are you man enough for this dangerous job 勇气敢做项危险工作
5 零冠词场合
(1) 节假日星期月份季节等通常零冠词：
We had a good time on Christmas Day 圣诞节愉快
Monday comes before Tuesday 星期二星期
He was born in September 1988 出生1988年9月
注：① 国 Festival 构成传统节日通常定冠词：the Spring Festival 春节 the Midautumn Festival [the Moon Festival] 中秋节
② 表示特指心目中专指星期月份季节等名词前定冠词：
He went abroad in the September of 1988 1988年9月出国
He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday 星期日星期走
③ 表示某受描绘性定语修饰表示某种样意义时节日星期月份季节等名词定冠词：
My birthday happened to be on a Saturday 生日碰巧星期六
She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday 晴朗星期日
We had a nice Christmas 愉快圣诞节
④ 季节名词强调时间强调季节涵时通常 the：
Winter is coming 冬天(单纯指冬天时间)
The winter is coming 冬天(暗示寒冷)
(2) 某表示然界时间变化现象名词某介词(at after before till until towards from 等)构成短语时通常零冠词：
at daybreak 天亮时 before dawn 天亮前
at dusk 黄昏时 after sunset 日落
after sunrise 日出前 until sundown 直日落
towards dark 天快黑时 at midnight 半夜
from dawn till dusk 早晚
day night evening morning afternoon 等表示抽象时间概念时通常零冠词：
Night fell 天黑
Evening came on 夜幕
It was late afternoon before he reached home 傍晚时候家
(3) 球类三餐茶点等名词前通常零冠词：
We play basketball in the afternoon 午篮球
What do you have for breakfast 早餐吃什
They were at tea when I called访时正喝茶(吃茶点)
注：① 球类名词作项体育活动作实实东西冠词：
The basketball is mine 篮球
He bought a basketball 买蓝球
② 三餐饭特指定冠词受形容词修饰非特指定冠词：
The supper she cooked was delicious 做晚餐口
We had a good lunch at Uncle＇s 叔叔家吃顿丰盛午餐
(4) 名词接数词表示序时名词前通常零冠词：
Lesson 10 is more interesting than Lesson 11 第10课第11课更趣
There＇s a picture of a ship on page 15 第15页张艘船片
(5) 公园广场学校语言等名词前通常零冠词：
Hyde Park 海德公园 Central Park (纽约)中公园
Zhongshan Park 中山公园 Tian An Men Square 天安门广场
speak English 说英语 Beijing University 北京学
注：语言名词表特指意义指某语言中应词时通常定冠词：
he English spoken in America and Canada 美国加讲英语
What＇s the English for this 东西英语说
外语言名词加 language词时冠词：the English language
(6) 表示学生活娱乐等单数名词表示相关活动时通常零冠词：
go to school (bed church town class college etc) 学(睡觉做礼拜进城课学等)
in bed (school class college church prison hospital etc) 睡觉(学课学做礼拜坐牢住院等)
be sent to hospital (prison) 送医院住院治疗(关进监狱)
School is over at twelve 12点放学
注：① 指活动指具体实物冠词较：
go to the bed 床边(侧重指床实体)
go to bed 床睡觉(侧重指床关活动睡觉)
be in the school 学校里(侧重指学校点)
be in school 学(侧重指学校关活动读书)
② cinema theatre例外表示相关活动时前定冠词：＋
He often goes to the cinema (theatre) 常电影(戏)
I prefer the cinema to the theatre 喜欢电影喜欢戏
③ 时定冠词零冠词选择英美英语惯关：
in hosptital(英)住院 in the hospital(美)住院
go to university(英)学 go to the university(美)学
at table(英)吃饭 at the table(美)吃饭
(7) 某介词 by 构成方式短语通常零冠词：
① 表示坐交通工具：
by bus 公汽车 by bike (bicycle) 骑行车
by plane by air飞机 by ship (boat) 坐船
by land 走陆路 by sea 海路
② 表示通讯通信等方式：
by phone 电话 by telegram 电报
by letter 信件 by post 邮寄
by radio 线电 by hand 手工
(8) 表示正式独二头衔职位等作宾语表语补语位语时通常零冠词：
John is captain of the team 约翰足球队队长
He is head of the foreign languages department 外语系
注：时定冠词现象零冠词普通
(9) 单数数名词紧密联系行结构通常零冠词：
They are brother and sister 兄妹
Please pass me pencil and paper 请纸笔递
Boy and girl came up to me together 男孩女孩起走
(10) 短语零冠词定冠词均含义：
out of question毫疑问 out of the question值考虑
keep house 料理家务 keep the house 呆家里外出
in charge of 负责理 in the charge of …理(负责)
(11) 许语零冠词：
catch fire 着火 give way 路 lose heart 灰心
move hosue 搬家 send word 捎信 take place 发生
by chance 偶然 catch sight of 见 make use of 利
六点补充说明
法the认冠词认副词：
1 高级前：
Of all her children Mary is the most honest 三孩子中玛丽诚实
2 较级前表示某某物前更更坏时句中通常会表示原理条件短语句：
I feel the better for my walk 散步觉舒服
I love him all the more for his faults 正缺点越发爱
3 the +较级the +较级表示越…越…：
The more a man has the more he wants 越越想
The higher up we go the colder it becomes 越走天气越冷
高中英语语法全第04章 数 词
概说
数词指表示数目少序先词表示数目少数词电基数词 one five ten thirty sixtyfive 等表示序先数词序数词 first sixth tenth twentyfirst 等数词定代词法相似现代英语中定代词冠词指示代词形容词性物代词等称限定词数词法相名词形容词句中作语宾语表语定语位语等
二基数词
1 基数词表示法
(1) 基基数词学者必须牢记：one(1) two(2) three(3) four(4) five(5) six(6) seven(7) eight(8) nine(9) ten(10) eleven(11) twelve(12) thirteen(13) fourteen(14) fifteen(15) sixteen(16) seventeen(17) eighteen(18) nineteen(19) twenty(20) thirty(30) forty(40) fifty(50) sixty(60) seventy(70) eighty(80) ninety(90) a hundred(100) a thousand(1000) a million(1000000) a billion (十亿)
(2) 21—99 表示法先说十说中间加连字号：twentyone(21) thirtysix(36) fortyfive(45) ninetynine(99)等
(3) 101—999表示法先说百接and加末尾两位数(末位数)：one hundred and one(101) five hundred and thirty(530) seventy hundred and eightynine(789)
(4) 1000 基数词表示法先右左数三位数加逗号(数目分干段)第逗号前数thousand(千)第二逗号前数million(百万)第三逗号前数billion(十亿)第四逗号前数 trillion(万亿)然段段数：
9 883 nine thousand eight hundred and eightythree
65 359 sixtyfive thousand three hundred and fiftynine
265 468 two hundred and sixtyfive thousand four hundred and sixtyeight
60 263 150 sixty million two hundred and sixtythree thousand one hundred and fifty
注：① 英语没万单位表示万须thousand万十千表示(ten thousand)十万百千表示(one hundred thousand)
② hundred thousand million billion 等词读数时带复数词尾s(单数形式)
③ hundred 通常加连词and 美国英语中省略读数中没 hundredthousand加and
④数高位aone表示数字中间onea：
1600 a [one] thousand and six hundred
6100 six thousand and one hundred (中 one 改a)
⑤ 非正式场合常hundred 单位读数11001900间整数尤(参见年代读法)：
It cost fifteen hundred pounds 东西花1500英镑
2 时刻日期年份等表示法
(1) 时刻表示法
① 整点钟直接读相应基数词非整点钟分时分单位相应基数词读出：twelve(12) eight twenty(820) nine fortyfive(945)
② 带分时间助past()to(差)两介词表示(美国英语中after表示)注意样表示时分超30否应作处理938应处理成10点差22分：
918 eighteen minutes past (after) nine ( nine eighteen)
1046 fourteen minutes to eleven ( ten fortysix)
分钟带minutes词分5 10 15 20 等五倍数省略minutes：
805 five (minutes) past [after] eight ( eight five)
920 twenty (minutes) past [after] nine (nine twenty)
分1545quarter 词分30half词：
615 a quarter past six 845 a quarter to nine 1030 half past ten
注：时刻表示法分12时编时制24时编时制
(2) 日期表示法：日期写法(书面语)读法(口语)稍十月日写成 October 1 October 1st 1 October 1st October (the) 1st of October 等表示月份词缩略式 Oct 1 1 Oct 1口语中通常两种读法 October (the) firstthe first of October
注：日期星期排列时通常星期前日期：He arrived on Friday May 10 5月10日(星期五)达
(3) 年份表示法：通常百单位读1986年通常读作 nineteen (hundred and) eightysix非正式场合中hundred and通常省通常情况普通基数词读法样读成 one thousand nine hundred and eightysix1500样年份两种读法 one thousand five hundredfifteen hundred2000年通常读作 two thousand2003年读作 two thousand and three
表示某某年代类似读法：1980s 读作nineteeneighties(20世纪80年代) 1600s 读作sixteen hundreds(17世纪头10年1600—1610) 较：1300 thirteen hundred(1300年)
3 复数形式基数词
(1) 表示整十基数词复数形式表示岁数年代：
in the sixties 60年代 in one＇s thirties 某30岁时
(2) 基数词转化名词复数形式：
How many twos are there in ten 10里面2？
The soldiers marched in tens 士兵10排前进
(3) 某语中复数形式基数词：
in [by] twos and threes 三三两两 at sixes and sevens 乱八糟
二序数词
1 序数词表示法
(1) 基序数词学者必须牢记：first(第1) second(第2) third(第3) fourth (第4) fifth(第5) sixth(第6) seventh(第7) eighth(第8) ninth(第9) tenth(第10) eleventh(第11) twelfth(第12) thirteenth(第13) fourteenth(第14) fifteenth(第15) sixteenth(第16) seventeenth(第17) eighteenth(第18) nineteenth(第19) twentieth(第20) thirtieth(第30) fortieth(第40) fiftieth(第50) sixtieth(第60) seventieth(第70) eightieth(第80) ninetieth(第90)
注：① 许序数词相应基数词加th构成：four fourthsix sixthten tenthsixteen sixteenthnine变序数词ninthnineth
② twentieth thirtieth fortieth 等表示整十序数词相应基数词词尾y改ie加th 构成
③ first second third 通常缩写1st 2nd 3rdth结尾序数词缩写基数词+th：4th 5th 9th 11th 60th 128th等
(2) 非整十位数位数变成序数词：twentyfirst(第21)thirtysixth(第36)ninetyninth(第99)three hundred and sixtyfifth(第365)等
(3) hundred thousand million 等序数词形式 hundredth thousandth millionth 等：
five hundredth (500th) 第500 ten thousandth (10 000th) 第10000)
注意：类词前数字时onea：
one hundredth 第100(说a hundredth)
2 序数词基数词场合
(1) 日期表示法通常序数词基数词5月5日书面语中通常写成5 May(英)May 5th(美)口语中通常说成 the fifth of MayMay the fifth(英) May fifth(美)等
(2) 类似编号场合序数词应放修饰词语前基数词置：
the First Lesson lesson one 第课 the tenth chapter chapter ten 第10章
the sixth line line 6 第6 行 the third part part three 第三部分
许情况基数词序数词更合适更方便：
Book One 第册 Room 805 805房
page 110 第110页 Bus Number Ten 第10路公汽车
3 序数词前冠词应注意两点
(1) 序数词前通常定冠词
It＇s the third time I＇ve been here 第三次
The second is better than the first 第二第
注：① 表示考试赛等名次时通常省略定冠词：
She was (the) third in the exam 考试第三名
②序数词作副词时通常冠词：
He came first 先
I＇ll have to finish my homework first 先作业做完
③语中序数词前没冠词：
at first 开始 at first sight 乍起 first of all 首先
④ 序数词前物代词名词格定冠词：
his second wife 第二妻子 Tom＇s third book 汤姆第三书
(2) 序数词前时定冠词表示次第原基础增加：
A second student stood up (第二)学生站起
I want to read the book a third time 书想读第三次
序数词前定冠词定冠词区定冠词表特指定冠词表泛指类似another意思another 意思更明确：
I like the third girl 喜欢第三女孩(少三女孩供选择特指)
I saw a third girl 见第三女孩(暗示原已见两已第三)
三分数倍数数百分数表示法
1 分数表示法分数基数词序数构成——分子基数词分母序数分子超1时分母复数：a [one] sixth(1) two thirds(2) three fifths()3)
注：(1) 1 通常读作 a [one] half般读作a second
(2) 1 读作 a [one] fourth读作 a [one] quarter
(3) 分子超1分母复数样理解：三分二两(two)三分(third)然两三分三分然复数thirds
(4) 数学简洁起见分子分母均基数词间介词over：3 读作three over four(较复杂分数通常采读法)
(5) 带分数读法：整数分数间and连接：five and two thirds
2 倍数表示法表示倍数时通常助half double twice three times等类词：
Half (of) the apples are bad 半苹果坏
His homework is not yet half done 作业没完成半
He eats twice what I eat 食量两倍
较三句然表达形式含义相：
(1) This rope is three times as long as that one 根绳子根三倍长
(2) This rope is three times longer than that one 根绳子根三倍长
(3) This rope is three times the length of that one 根绳子根三倍长
第(1)句第(3)句意思较清楚第(2)句常容易误解认两句意思应理解根绳子根绳子长三倍绝数语法学家样认认三句意思相
3 数表示法汉语样数点前数普通基数词读法读数点数单数字读出数点0通常读作oh时读作noughtzero数点读作point：one point five six(156) ten point three oh five(10305)
注：1数修饰名词复数说 13 meters说13 meter1数修饰名词通常复数：One centimeter equals 03937 inches 1厘米等03937英寸
4 百分数表示法百分数基数词(数)百分号()组成百分号()读作 per cent：fifteen percent(15) (zero) point six percent(06)
注：百分数接名词时时介词of时：30 of the students(30学生)a 30 chance(30握)两者区：接介词of时percent 名词of表示整体中部分接介词of时percent 形容词(时表示整体部分关系)较：6 percent of the interest＝利息中百分六at 6 percent interest＝百分六利息
四约数表示法
1 某数表示法 more than over or more等表示：
more than fifty people 五十
children of fourteen and over 十四岁十四岁少年
sixty students or more 六十六十学生
2 某数表示法less than under or less up to almost nearly 等：
It cost me less than 10 pounds 买没10英镑
Children under six years old are admitted free 未满6岁童免费入场
It＇s nearly [almost] 10 o＇clock 快两点
The temperature is five degrees below zero 温度零5度
3 约数表示法or or so about around round some more or less 等表示：
I＇ll come back in three or four days 三四天回
We stayed or an hour or so 停留时左右
It will cost around (round about) 100 dollars 概100美元
Some 100 people attended the meeting 约100参加会议
I read more or less forty pages last night 昨晚约40页
注：表示两分钟样意思通常a minute or two one or two minutes one minute or two
四数词句法功
1 作语：
The second is yours 第二
It’s said that 13 is an unlucky number 说13吉利数字
2 作表语：
Her father is sixtyfive 父亲65岁
Two thirds of the apples were bad 三分二苹果坏
3 作宾语：
I know three of them 中三认识
Please give me the third 请第三
4 作定语：
He has three English dictionaries 三英语词典
The second one is more expensive 第二更贵
The rope is only 215 meters long 根绳子215米长
5 作位语：
Are you two reading 两书？
Let us four finish the work 四完成工作吧
Who is that man the first in the front row 前排第准？
6 作状语：
I hate riding two on a bike 喜欢骑行带
Think first then act 先想清楚行动
We agree with you a hundred percent 百分百意
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