高中英语语法最重要知识汇总

：套资料省名词代词形容词等部分保留核心句型动词希帮助
第章 名词性句
　　句子中起名词作句子名词性句名词性句功相名词词组 复合句中担语宾语表语位语介词宾语等根句中语法功名词句分称语句宾语句表语句位语句
．语句
　　语句复合句中充语句通常放句谓语动词前形式语it代身放句子末尾
1 It作形式语it引导强调句较
It作形式语代语句衡句子结构语句连接词没变化it引导强调句句子某部分进行强调强调什成分连词that强调部分指时whowhom例：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film 场电影真惜
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not　成功否感兴趣
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place　谋杀案早发生（强调句型）
d) It is John that broke the window　John碎窗户（强调句型）
2 it作形式语结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 句
It is a fact that … It is an honor that… It is common knowledge that…
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 句
It is natural that… It is strange that…
(3) It is ＋ 物动词 ＋ 句
It seems that… It happened that… It appears that…
(4) It ＋ 分词 ＋ 句
It is reported that… It has been proved that… It is said that…
3 语句位句首五种情况：
（1）if引导语句居复合句句首
（2）It is said reported…结构中语句提前例：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said
（3）It happensoccurs…结构中语句提前例：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination
错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him
（4）It doesn’t matter howwhether …结构中语句提前例：
正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not
错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter
（5）含语句复合句疑问句时语句提前例：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely
4 what that 引导语句时区
what 引导语句时句时句中充句子成分语．宾语．表语that 然例：
a) What you said yesterday is right
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二．宾语句
宾语句复合句中作宾语名词性句通常放句谓语动词 (物动词) 介词
1 作动词宾语
(1) that引导宾语句(that 通常省略) 例：
I heard that he joined the army 听说参军
(2) what whether (if) 引导宾语句例：
a) She did not know what had happened　知道发生什
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me　想知道否帮改笔记
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语句例：
She told me that she would accept my invitation　说会接受邀请
2 作介词宾语例：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another　成功取决间合作
3 作形容词宾语例：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake　恐怕已犯错误
注意：that 引导句常列形容词作宾语：anxious aware certain confident convinced determined glad proud surprised worried sorry thankful ashamed disappointed annoyed pleased hurt satisfied content 等类词that 句作原状语句
4 it 作形式宾语
it 仅作形式语作形式宾语真正宾语that 句放句尾特带复合宾语句子中 例：
We heard it that she would get married next month 听说朋会结婚
5* 边直接that 句动词
类动词allow refuse let like cause force admire condemn celebrate dislike love help take forgive等类词定式动名词作宾语that引导宾语句：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match
错误表达：I admire that they won the match
6* that句作直接宾语动词
动词动词＋间接宾语＋that句结构中常见envy order accuse refuse impress forgive blame denounce advise congratulate等例：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man
错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man
7 否定转移
句谓语动词think consider suppose believe expect fancy guess imagine等宾语句含否定意义般否定词转移句谓语句谓语肯定式例：
I don’t think this dress fits you well 认件衣服适合穿
三 表语句
表语句复合句中作表语名词性句放系动词般结构语＋连系动词＋表语句接表语句连系动词be look remain seem等引导表语句that常省略外常the reason is that… It is because 等结构例：
1) △The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people
3) But △the fact remains that we are behind the other classes
4) △The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus
四 位语句
位语句复合句中作名词位语名词性句
1 位语句功
位语句名词进步解释说明名词具体容般that引导例：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general
2 位语句子中位置
位语句时紧说明名词面词隔开例：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off
3 位语句定语句区
(1) 定语句中that代先行词时句中作某成分（语宾语）位语句中that连词起连接句句作充句中成分
(2) 定语句形容词性功修饰先行词先行词加限定描述定性质特征位语句名词性功名词进行补充说明例：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year（告诉消息汤姆明年出国）（第that引导句定语句that句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him（汤姆出国消息讲）（位语句that句中作成分）


第二章 定语句
　　定语句句中做定语修饰名词代词时修饰部分整句子
　　修饰名词词组代词先行词定语句通常出现先行词关系词（关系代词关系副词）引出
　　关系代词：who whom whose that which as
　　关系副词：when where why how
　　关系代词关系副词放先行词定语句间起连接作时做定语句成分关系代词做宾语时省略
　　定语句中谓语动词必须称数量先行词保持致
　　定语句分限制性定语句非限制性定语句
1关系代词引导定语句
1) who whom that 词代先行词名词代词句中起作：
Is he the man whothat wants to see you（whothat句中作语）
He is the man whom that I saw yesterday（whomthat句中作宾语）
2) whose 指物（作定语指物of which互换）例：　
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green　
3) which that 代先行词事物名词代词句中作语宾语等例：
A prosperity which that had never been seen before appears in the countryside（which that句中作宾语）
The package (which that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped (which that句中作宾语)
△关系代词thatwhich 指物that Who 指法区：
△1)that情况：
a) 引导非限定性定语句时
(错)The tree that is four hundred years old is very famous here
b) 介词
We depend on the land from which we get our food
c) who 情况
①关系代词句中做语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend
②先行词those people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth
③先行词all anyone ones one 指时
One who doesn＇t work hard will never succeed in his work
④There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you
⑤分隔定语句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German
⑥两定语句句子中who二that先行词接两列定语句时必须重复前关系代词
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does
△2) that作定语句关系代词情况
a)定代词：anything nothing everything all much few any little等作先行词时thatwhich
All that is needed is a supply of oil
Finally the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police　
b)先行词the only the very the just修饰时that　
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water
c)先行词序数词(the last)数词形容词高级时that
The first English book that I read was The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twin
d)先行词物时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited
e)句who which 开始特殊疑问句时that 避免重复
Who is the person that is standing at the gate
f)关系代词句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be
2 关系副词引导定语句
关系副词代先行词时间点方式理名词句中作状语
关系副词when where why how含义相介词+ which结构常常介词+ which结构交例：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield　
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born　　
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer　
I＇m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem
注意：
①非限制性定语句中介词+ which结构代关系副词
：They set up a state for their own where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves
②含介词短语动词般拆开介词放动词面
Is this the book which (that) she was looking for
3名词数词代词 形容词高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语句
She has written a book the name of which I have forgotten
There are fiftyfive students in our class all of whom are working hard
There are five continents in the world the largest of which is Asia
4as which 引导非限定性定语句差
as which 引导非限定性定语句aswhich代整句相and thisand thatAs般放句首which句中
As we know smoking is harmful to one＇s health
The sun heats the earth which is very important to us　　
as引导非限制性句常带正意思
As is know smoking is harmful to one＇s health
法区：
(1) as 引导定语句置句首which
As we all know he never smokes
(2) as 代表前面整句句中作语时句中谓语必须系动词行动词句中关系代词which
(3)非限定性定语句中出现expect think suppose 等表示猜测想象预料等时
She succeeded in her doing the research work as we expected
(4)As 法 the same… as such…as 中as 种固定结构 ……样……
I should like to use the same tool as is used here
We should have such a dictionary as he is using

第三章 状语句
状语修饰动词形容词副词整句子通常副词介词短语动词定式分词句等担例：
1 Naturally our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call (副词)
2  We worked hard from sunrise to sunset (介词状短语)
3  To help my disabled aunt I spend an hour working in her house every day (定式)
4   Seen from a distance the farmhouse looked deserted (分词)
5  I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before （原状语句）
状语位置较灵活位句首句末句中enough作状语修饰形容词副词时必须置
状语句修饰句句谓语般分九类分表示时间点原目结果条件步较方式种类较状语句汉语结构法相似理解掌握难状语句关键掌握引导状语句常连接词特殊连接词考点
现分列举
1． 时间状语句
常引导词：when as while as soon as while before after since till until
特殊引导词：the minute the moment the second every time the daythe instant immediately directly no sooner … than hardly …when scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult
While John was watching TV his wife was cooking
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain
Every time I listen to your advice I get into trouble
2． 点状语句
常引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever anywhere everywhere
Generally air will be heavily polluted where there are factories
Wherever you go you should work hard
3． 原状语句
常引导词：because since as since
特殊引导词：seeing that now that in that considering that given that considering that 
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful
Now that everybody has come let’s begin our conference
The higher income tax is harmful in
that it may discourage people from trying to earn more
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old his height of 180 m is quite remarkable
4． 目状语句
常引导词：so that in order that
特殊引导词：lest in case for fear thatin the hope that for the purpose that to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly
5． 结果状语句
常引导词：so … that so… that such … that
特殊引导词：such that to the degree that to the extent that to such a degree that
He got up so early that he caught the first bus
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night
6． 条件状语句
常引导词：if unless
特殊引导词：asso long as only if providingprovided that suppose that in case that on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying
Provided that there is no opposition we shall hold the meeting here
7． 步状语句
常引导词：though although even if even though
特殊引导词： as(步状语句中必须倒装)while ( 般句首 )no matter … in spite of the fact that while whatever whoever wherever whenever however whichever
Much as I respect him I can’t agree to his proposal
尊敬 意建议
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough
No matter how hard he tried she could not change her mind
He won’t listen whatever you may say
8． 较状语句
常引导词：as(级较) than(程度较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … just as … so… A is to B what as X is to Y no … more than not A so much as B
She is as badtempered as her mother
The house is three times as big as ours
The more you exercise the healthier you will be
Food is to men what oil is to machine 食物犹油机器
9． 方式状语句
常引导词：as as if how
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome do as the Roman do
She behaved as if she were the boss
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us
☆10  状语句简化
状语句省略
状语句时具备列两条件①句句语致句语it②句动词be某种形式句中语
be动词常省略例：
When ( the museum is ) completed the museum will be open to the public next year
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible
外较状语句常省略例：
I’m taller than he (is tall )
The higher the temperature (is) the greater the pressure (is )
状语句言时语言言简意赅常常状语句进行简化状语句简化现象口语中较普遍高考中复现率较高必进行全面透彻解
状语句简化现象常存五种状语句中①if unless等引导条件状语句②although though even if though等引导步状语句③when while as before after until till等引导时间状语句④as as if等引导方式状语句⑤as than等引导较状语句面针五种情形作纳
(1)状语句语it谓语动词be时itbe完全简化掉例
If (it is) possible he will help you out of the difficulty果话会帮摆脱困境
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you非情况说方便否必须出席次会议
(2)状语句语句语致时句语be动词简化掉常种情形
a连词+形容词
As (he was) young he learned how to ride a bike时候学会骑行车
Whenever (she is) free she often goes shopping空逛商店
Work hard when (you are) young or you＇ll regret少壮努力老徒伤悲
b连词+名词
While (he was) a young boy he was always ready to help others孩提时代乐助
Although (he was) a farmer now he is a famous director农民现位著名导演
c连词+现分词
As (she was) walking along the river bank she was singing a pop song着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days he has still got no good marks直学数学然没取成绩
d连词+分词
He won＇t go there with us unless (he is) invited非受邀请否会道里
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected场音乐会出意料取巨成功
e连词+定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something时站起说什He wouldn＇t solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge负责解决问题f 连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble焦急遇麻烦
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA美国前懂英语
注意句语句语致时句部分完全形式独立格结构表达
例
When the meeting was over all the people went out of the meetingroom会议结束时走出会议室(The meeting over…)

第四章 倒装结构
　全部倒装
　全部倒装指句子中谓语动词全部置语前结构通常般现时般时常见结构：
　1 here there now then thus等副词置句首 谓语动词常be come go lie run例：
　　1) There goes the bell　铃声渐渐消失
　　2) Then came the chairman　然席
　　3) Here is your letter　信
　2 表示运动方副词点状语置句首谓语表示运动动词例：
　　1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber　轰炸机面发出颗导弹
　　2) Ahead sat an old woman
　注意：述全部倒装句型结构语必须名词果语称代词完全倒装例：
　　1) Here he comes 　　
2) Away they went　走
二　部分倒装
　 部分倒装指谓语部分助动词情态倒装语前果句中谓语没助动词情态动词需添加助动词do doesdid置语前
　1句首否定半否定词语no not never seldom little hardly at no time in no way not until… 等例：
　　1) Never have I seen such a performance 没样表演
　　2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question　会找问题答案
　　3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room　妈妈直孩子睡着离开房间
　注意：Not until引出复合句句倒装句倒装
　注意： 否定词句首倒装例：
　　1) I have never seen such a performance没样表演
　　2) The mother didn＇t leave the room until the child fell asleep妈妈直孩子睡着离开房间
　2带否定意义词放句首语序需部分倒装常见词语： not never seldom scarcely barely little at no time not only not once under on condition hardly … when no sooner …than …等例：
　 1) Not only did he refuse the gift he also severely criticized the sender　仅拒收礼品狠狠批评送礼
　 2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her 刚出门时学生找
　 3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her　刚走时学生
　注意：Not only… but also连接两分句时第分句倒装结构果置句首Not only… but also仅连接两列词语倒装结构例：
　 Not only you but also I am fond of music　喜欢音乐
3表示 so neither nor放句首时句子作部分倒装例：
　 1) Tom can speak French So can Jack　Tom说法语
2) If you won＇t go neither will I　果
　 注意： so引出句子文容加证实肯定时倒装结构意确例：
　 1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did Tom踢足球
　 2) It＇s raining hard　　　So it is　雨　确
　4　only放句首强调状语（副词介词短语状语句等）全句语序部分倒装例：
　 Only in this way can you learn English well种方法学英语
　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting　请三次开会
　注意：果句子复合句句倒装句倒装
　 Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed 病非常严重时会卧床休息
三　as though 引导倒装句
　 as though引导步句必须表语状语提前 （形容词 副词 分词 实义动词提前）时应注意：1) 句首名词带冠词2) 句首实义动词 助动词放语果实义动词宾语状语实义动词起放语前例：
　　 Try hard as he will he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily　愿意努力工作令工作満意
　注意　步状语句中thoughalthough时面句but though yet连
四　部分倒装
　1 so… that 句型中so 位句首时需倒装例：
　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch　害怕动敢动
　2　某表示祝愿句型中例：
　　May you all be happy　家开心愉快
　3　虚拟语气条件句中句谓语动词were had should等词if 省略 were had should 移语前采取部分倒装例：
　 Were I you I would try it again　果试次


第五章 It法句型固定搭配
　　It 法句型固定搭配高中英语语法重点难点年高考热点应予充分重视现it法纳：
It作实词
　　表达概念指代前文提事物前文中this that代前文中容指代位性明孩未知指代未指明谈话双方知道件事指代时间天气气候距离等然现象……
二It作形式语
　　代作语句动词定式动名词真正作语句动词定式动名词置句尾
It 作形式语常见句型：
1 代作语动词定式句型
(1) It be adj (for sb) to do sth
处adj 通常描述事件形容词：easy difficult hard necessary unnecessary possible impossible likely unlikely right wrong important unimportant legal illegal wellmannered illmannered polite impolite clear obvious certain suitable proper fit useful useless dangerous…
例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license
(2) It be adj of sb to do sth
处adj 通常描述形容词：kind unkind nice rude cruel considerate thoughtful thoughtless careful careless silly foolish stupid clever wise crazy
例 It＇s kind of you to help me with the problem
(3) It代作语动名词常见句型
It＇s no gooduse doing…
It＇s (well)worth doing…
It＇s (well)worth one＇s while doingto do…
It＇s (well)worth while doing to do
例 It＇s no use crying over spilt milk
2 It代作语句常见句型
(1) It is + noun +句
例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office
(2) It is adj +clause
It＇s surprising that… (should)………竟然……
It＇s a pityshame that…(should)………竟然……
例 It＇s important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness(It＇s of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness)
(3) It verb sb + clause It is ving + clause
It+surprisedelightinterestdisappointworrydisturbannoyamaze
botherconcernfrightenpleaseanger sb that…
例 It worried me that she drove so fast( It was worrying that she drove so fast)
(4) It verb (to sb) that… sbsth verb to do
(verb appear seem come about emerge follow chance happen occur transpire turn out work out)
例 It (so) happenedchanced that they were out( They happenedchanced to be out)
(5) It is ved that…sbsth is to do
(verbsay report think believe hope expect agree accept decide determine intend plan understand know）
例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced(The couple are said to have gotten divorced)
(6) It is ved that … (should)…
(verbdemand request require order suggest advise recommend
例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question
三It作语句型
1 It takes sb … to do…(sb takes…to do…)某长时间做某事
例 It took the men a week to mend our roof( The men took a week to mend our roof)
2 It＇s (just)(un)like sb to do…（）某做某事风格
例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us
3 It＇s (abouthigh) time that… should ved…该做某事时候
例 It＇s(abouthigh) time that we should take action
4 It＇s the xth time (that) … have ved…第次做某事
例 It＇s the third time that he has failed the driving test
5 It ishas been… since …continuous ved(延续性动词) 某动作已长时间发生
例 It＇s 10 years that he lived here
6 It was(not)… before…()长时间某动作发生
例 It was not long before they arrived
四It 作形式宾语
代作宾语句动词定式动名词真正作宾语句动词定式动名词置句尾
It 作形式宾语常见句型：
1 verb+ it+ adjnoun (forof) to doclause (verbthink believe suppose consider feel make keep…)
例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your ownI think it hard that you＇ll do the task on your own
2 verb+it+adjnoun (one＇s) doing (adjuselessworthworthwhile)(nounno useno goodworth one＇s whilea waste of timemoneyenergywords) (verbthink believe suppose consider feel make keep…)
例 I＇ll make it worth your while telling me about his secret
3 verb+it+ importantunimportantnecessaryunnecessarynaturalessential that … (should)…
verb+it+of muchgreatnolittle importance that…(should)…
(verbthink believe suppose consider feel make keep…)
例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference
4 verb + it+ as+ nounadj+ clause (verbaccept regard take see view)
例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture
5 v +it + prep + that…
owe it to sb that……功…
leave it to sb that……留某做
take it for granted that …想然
keep it in mind that…
例 Don＇t bother to arrange anything Just leave it to me to sort out
6 It直接宾语句动词面尤表示恶动词enjoy like love dislike resent hate don＇t mind be fond of feel like see to 宾语句紧it
例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can＇t
7 It直接宾语句介词面宾语句紧it（except that例外）
例 I＇m for it that you will follow their advice
五强调句型
It iswas+强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型强调谓语动词外句子成分强调部分时who
强调句型时需注意点：
1 请注意强调句型特殊疑问句
例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？
2 强调原状语句时强调because引导句
例 It was because he was ill that he didn＇t come to school yesterday
3 强调not … until结构时必须notuntil起放强调位置
例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother
4 注意强调句型定语句区
例 It was at 7 o＇clock that he came here yesterday( 强调句型)
It was 7 o＇clock when he came here yesterday(定语句)
六It 常固定搭配
1 make it
(1)口语中相succeed表示：成功做说定赶时达
例 It＇s hard to make it to the top in show business
(2)口语中相fix the date for表示约定时间
例 —Shall we meet next week
—OK We just make it next Saturday
2 as it is
(1)相in fact in reality表示事实实际情况……
例 We had planed to finish the task today but as it is we probably won＇t finish it until next week
(2)相方式状语句表示原样
例 Leave the table as it is
3 as it were 相as one might say that is to say 表示说说换句话说
例 He is as it were a modern Sherlock Holmes
4 if it weren＇t for…if it hadn＇t been for…引导虚拟语气相without or but for 表示果…………
例 If it weren＇t for Tom I wouldn＇t be alive today
5 that＇s it
(1) 相That＇s all That＇s so much 表示止没
例 You can have one more sweet and that＇s it
(2) 相 That＇s right表示啦
例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice A
—That＇s it
6 catch it 口语中相be punishedscolded for doing sth wrong 表示做错事挨骂受责备受批评受惩罚

例 We＇ll really catch it form our teacher if we＇re late for class again
7 have it
(1)相say insist表示说张表明硬说
例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced
(2)相get to know something表示解知道获悉
例 I had it from John that she was going abroad
8 have what it takes口语中相be well qualified for 表示具成功条件
例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star
9 so it seems appears
10 Keep at it (Don＇t give up)相go on表示继续做放弃
例 My teacher asked me to keep at it
11 Go it (Go on) 拼命干 莽撞
12 Now you have done it (You have done sth wrong)
13 Now you＇ll catch it (You＇ll be punished)
14 As it happened … 口语中相it＇s a pity that… 表示真凑巧真遗憾
例 As it happened they were out
15 As it turned out…口语中相it was found to be in the end 表示证明
例 As it turned out his statement was false
16 Such as it is(they are) 口语中相although it may not be worth much 表示然没价值
例 You can borrow my exam notebook such as it is
17 Take itthings easy 相Don＇t worry or don＇t hurry 劝告表示慌担心存住气
例 Take it easy He will do it well
18 Take it from me口语中相believe me what I say表示请相信话敢担保
例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time
19 For what it is worth…口语中相although I＇m not sure it＇s of value 表示价值
例 Here is the article I promise you for what it＇s worth
20 Worth it 口语中相useful 表示处值做
例 Don＇t hesitate about it It＇s worth it
21 Believe it or not表示信信
例 Believe it or not Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday
22 Take it or leave it v 接受放弃
例 That is my last offer You can take it or leave it
23 It all dependsthat all depends 口语中相it hasn＇t been decided yet 表示情况没定
例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday
—ItThat all depends
24 It＇s up to sb 口语中相it＇s decided by sb 表示……决定……负责取决……
例 —Shall we go out for dinner
—It＇s up to you


第六章 谓致
谓致指称数方面致关系 He is going abroad They are playing football　分语法致 容致 致

() 语法致原 语单数谓语单数语复数谓语复数 注意事项
1 单数语面带with along with together with like(象) but ()except besides as well as no less than rather than() including in addition to 引导短语 谓语动词单数
Air as well as water is matter 空气水物质
No one except two servants was late for the dinner 两仆外 没迟餐
2 and连接列语果语事概念 谓语动词单数 否复数
The poet and writer has come 位诗兼作家()
A hammer and a saw are useful tools 锤子锯工具 (两样物)
and连接成名词惯成整体 bread and butter(黄油抹面包) knife and fork(刀叉)等作语时 谓语动词单数
3 定式(短语) 动名词(短语) 句作语时 谓语动词单数
Serving the people is my great happiness
民服务幸福
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided
什时候出郊游已决定
4 连接列语each every no修饰时 谓语动词单数
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming 男孩女孩喜欢游泳
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting 没老师没学生开会缺席
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help 男女请帮忙
5 each of + 复数代词 谓语动词单数 复数代词+each 谓语动词单数
Each of us has something to say 话说
6 语中more than one many aan 意义复数 谓语动词单数 more+复数名词+than one做语时 谓语动词复数
Many a boy likes playing basketball 许男生喜欢篮球
More than one student was late 学生迟
More persons than one come to help us 止帮助
7 none 做语时谓语动词单数 复数 代表数东西时总作单数谓语动词单数
None of us are (is) perfect 完
None of this worries me 事点着急
8 名词 trousers scissors clothes goods glasses 等作语时 谓语动词必须复数
His clothes are good 名词前出现 a pair of 谓语般单数
A pair of glasses is on the desk 桌副眼镜
9 形复意单名词news ics 结尾学科名称 physics mathematics economics 国名 the United States 报纸名 the New Times 书名 Arabian Night <天方夜谈> The United Nations<联合国> 等作语时 谓语动词单数
10 a +名词+and a half one and a half + 名词 the number of + 名词 等作语时 谓语动词单数
Only one and a half apples is left on the table
注意 one or two + 复数名词作语 谓语动词复数形式
One or two places have been visited 参观两点
(二) 容致原
1语中all half most the rest等 分数百分数+名词做语时谓语动词单复数取决连名词
The rest of the bikes are on sale today 剩行车 天出售
60of the apple was eaten by little boy 苹果60男孩吃
Most of the apples were rotten 部分苹果烂
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat 苹果部分老鼠吃
2 定数量词组 part of a lot of lots of one of a number of plenty of等作语时 谓语动词单复数取决量词面名词数
A part of the textbooks have arrived 部分教科书已运
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig 苹果部分猪吃光
3 加减单数
Fifteen minus five is ten 15减5等10
4 表示时间 金钱 距离 度量等名词做语时 复数形式 做单概念时 谓语动词单数
Ten miles is a good distance 十英里相距离
5 (1) 通常作复数集体名词 包括police people cattle 等 集体名词通常作复数
The British police have only very limited powers
(2) 通常作数名词集体名词 包括equipment furniture clothing luggage 等
(3) 作单数作复数集体名词 包括 audience committee government family enemy group party team public 等
The committee hashave decided to dismiss him 委员会决定解雇
6 the +形容词分词形式表示类事物 作语时 谓语动词复数
The injured were saved after the fire
(三) 原
1 here there where 等引导倒装句中 (时语止时)谓语动词语数致
Here comes the bus 公汽车
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you 支钢笔张纸
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away
时候 爱孩子呆呢？
2 连词or either or neither…nor not only…but also 等连接列语 谓语动词语数致 ：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生老师知道事
He or you have taken my pen 钢笔
注意 one of +复数名词+whothatwhich 引导定语句中 定语句动词复数：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets 玛丽饲养宠物者
The only one of +复数名词+ whothatwhich 引导定语句中定语句动词应单数
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets 玛丽唯饲养宠物


第七章 高中英语语法中省略现象
　　英语语言中语言简洁明重点突出文紧密相连省某句子成分保持句子愿意变种语言现象称省略现英语中种种省略现象分析：
列复合句中省略
列句中边分句省略前边分句中相成分：
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman 男孩马路拾起枚硬币交警察
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry 建议高兴汤姆生气
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework 汤姆肯定直篮球玛丽直写作业
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963高秀敏出生1959年傅彪出生1963年
二复合句中省略
1．状语句中省略
　　般说省略现象出现列五种状语句中： when while as before after till until once等引导时间状语句whether if unless 等引导条件状语句though although even if whatever等引导步状语句 as than 等引导较状语句as as if as though 等引导方式状语句述状语句省略时应遵循面原：
1) 状语句语句语致时省略状语句语系动词be时句中出现结构：(1) 连词（as as if once）+ 名词 (2) 连词（ though whether when）+形容词(3) 连词(whether as if while )+介词短语(4) 连词(when while though )+ 现分词(5) 连词(when if even if unless once until than as ) + 分词(6) 连词(as if as though ) + 定式：
a) Once (he was)a worker Pang Long now becomes a famous singer 庞龙工　现变成位著名歌手
b) Work hard when (you are) young or you＇ll regret趁年轻努力学然会悔
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something 处似找什东西
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao US President George W Bush thanked China for its important role in the SixParty Talks美国总统布什胡锦涛席会谈时感谢中国六方会谈中起重作
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected 次展览预料趣
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak奥林匹克金牌获者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴说什
注意：
1) 句语句宾语致时间样省略：
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street马路时父亲告诉心
2) 句语 it谓语动词中含系动词be 时 it系动词be起省略时构成连词(if unless when whenever)+形容词结构：
Unless (it is) necessary you＇d better not refer to the dictionary果没必查字典

2．定语句中省略
1） 般说限制性定语句中作宾语关系代词 that which whom 省略：
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work会解释工作中粗心原？（2002海春季）
　　非限制性定语句中作宾语关系代词 which whom 省略试较：
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill( whom省) 昨天见汤姆病倒
Tom whom you saw yesterday fell ill ( whom省) 汤姆病倒昨天见
2）口语非正式语中关系副词when where why 常that 代甚省略：
a) This is the first time (whenthat)he had trouble with the boss第次麻烦老板
b) He wants to find a good place (wherethat) we can have a picnic during the golden week holiday 想找黄金周期间野餐方
c) Could you tell us the reason (whythat)he was so unhappy 告诉什高兴？
3）先行词表示方式 the way 时 句 how 引导 应该that in which 全部省略：
I don＇t like the way (thatin which) you laugh at her喜欢嘲笑行
3．宾语句中省略
1）物动词面接宾语句中连词that 般省略果物动词面that引导两两列宾语句 第that省略：
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi＇s exchange rate is necessary 认民币兑换率改革必
b) He said (that)the Antisecession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 说 反分裂国家法已通胡锦涛席已签署席令
2） which when where how why 引导 宾语句全部部分省略：
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city)知道NBA明星城市知道什时候
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)想搬迁国外父母想知道什
4．suggest request order advise 等词相关名词性句中须虚拟语气形式should +动词原形should省略：
Chirac President of the Republic of France suggested that the ChinaFrance Culture Year (should) last long in various forms法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年种样形式长期持续
5．句省略句首：
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary＇s birthday party yesterday遗憾昨天没参加玛丽生日聚会
6．答语中句全部省略：
—Why were you absent from school last Friday —(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill —周五什没学？ —妈妈病
三简单句中省略
1．省略语
1）祈句中语通常省略 ：
(You) Open the door　please 请开门
2) 省略语限现成说法 ：
a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢帮助
b) (It)Doesn’t matter没关系
2．省略谓语谓语部分 ：
a) (There is) No smoking　禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else 事 ？
c) (You come)This way please请边走
d) (Will you) Have a smoke 抽烟 ？
3．省略宾语 ：
—Do you know Mr Li 认识李先生？— I don’t know (him) 认识
4．省略表语 ：
—Are you thirsty 30岁？　Yes I am (thirsty)　
5．时省略成分 ：
a) —Are you feeling better now 觉 ？—(I am feeling ) Much better (now)
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) 祝运祝利
四动词定式省略保留to 场合
1．定式作某动词宾语时动词常见：love like care wish hope expect prefer refuse mean try oblige advise persuade agree want afford forget remember try manage等：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left —I meant to but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere—该离开前谢谢—算做离开时候找（2000海春）
b) You can do it this way if you like to 果想做做
2．定式作某动词宾语补足语语补足语时动词常见：ask tell advise force persuade wish allow permit forbid expect order warn 等 ：
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to 男孩想街骑行车母亲(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come)　想父母
3．定式句中作某形容词状语时常见形容词：happy glad eager anxious willing ready 等：
　— I will be away on a business trip Could you mind looking after my cat 　 — Not at allI would be happy to (look after your cat)　—出差帮顾猫？—没关系愿意
4．定式作某复合谓语时常见结构：be able to be going to have to ought to used to等：
　He doesn’t like fish but he used to 现喜欢吃鱼喜欢
五动词定式to 省略
1．语部分to do 系动词 is was 时 作表语定式通常省to：
　The only thing you have to do is press the button必须做惟事情钮
2．作介词but expect besides 宾语前面实意动词 do时定式通常省to ：
　He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a proindependence timetable说陈水扁推进支持独立时间表外什没做
3．语部分暗含to do表语中定式通常省to：
　All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard 想（做）学努力学
4．两定式列时定式符号省略关系时省略：
　It is easier to say than to do 说起容易做起难
5．would rather…than… 等结构中定式符号常常省略 ：
　I would rather stay at home than go to see a film宁愿呆家愿电影
6．see watch notice hear listen to look at feel have make let observe 等词作宾语补足语时省略定式符号towhy (not) do 结构 中 定式带to：
　a) I saw her enter the room 见进入房间
　b) Why not join us 什加入行列里呢？
六．省略结构
1．名词格修饰名词表示住宅店铺教堂文已暗示明确指出事物时常常省略：
　We spent the weekend at the Mary＇s　玛丽家周末
2．What how引导感叹句中常省略语 it be动词 ：
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom Tom说胜利呀
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child 作正常孩子言美妙件事呀


第八章 情态动词
概念
情态动词表示力义务必须猜测等说话语气情态动词
二 相关知识点
☆1．can
1)表力
can表力时意味着体力脑力技术等甚阻力做某事
I can climb this pole 爬根杆子
He is only four but he can read 4岁已认字
Fire can’t destroy gold 火烧毁金子
can助动词连表示式时will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times
练两三次会溜冰
2)表性
否定疑问结构中肯定句中
Can the news be true 消息真？
It can’t be true 真
What can he possibly mean 什意思？
can 肯定句中表示理性（时）
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money
Attending the ball can be very exciting
The road can be blocked 条路会通
may 肯定句中表示现实性
The road may be blocked 条路通
3)表示允许（may意思相）常见口语
Can (May) I come in 进？
Can I smoke here 里抽烟？
2could法
1)表许（间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true
时认说事真
Father said I could swim in the river
爸爸说河里游泳
2)表力
I could swim when I was only six
刚六岁游泳
Could肯定句中表示力时常表抽象般力
He could be very naughty when he was a child
时候会顽皮
3)表允许表示委婉客气提出问题陈述法
Could I use your bike
Yes you can
会记时
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today
恐怕天回答
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets
老师说商店买糖
3)Couldcan+have done 结构表示发生事情怀疑肯定 could 加完成式肯定句时般表完成未完成动作
Can they have won the basketball match？
赢场篮球赛？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad
刚刚谈令伤心
You could have completed the task a little earlier
早点完成务（事实没提前完成务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes
轻易通考试犯太该犯错误
表具体做某件事力时须 be able to
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary
词典翻译篇文章
Can表示贯力 be able to表示客观力通努力达力
I can’t swim But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing
The fire spread through the hotel but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3may 法
1)表示请求允许
You may drive the tractor 开台拖拉机
2)回答may 引起问题时否定答语must not表示许应该行
May I come in
Yes you may
Noyou can’t
No you may not
No you mustn’t
No you’d better not
3) may might 推测性法
He may be right
He may not come today ()
He may might come tomorrow
注意 1肯定否定句中疑问句中
2 might may性更
He might get a job
He may get a job
3 may no can not
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建议（as well 连）
You may（might）as well stay where you are
原着（may as well ……含义）
4)表祝愿
May you be happy
might
1)表允许间接引语
She said that he might take her dictionary
说词典
间接引语中外might般表示许表could表许were (was) allowed to
2)表现性may
Electric irons could be dangerous they might give you a severe shock
电熨斗会危险电着
3)may (might) + have +done 表示发生行推测含想必许意思
It may have been true 事许真
He might not have settled the question 尚未解决问题
☆4must 法
1)表示必须必
We must do everything step by step 必须部班做切事情
Why must you always bother me 什偏扰呢
2)must be + 表语结构通常表示猜测含定意（肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy 定诚实男孩
This must be your room 定房间
3)must 否定式两：回答must引起问题时否定答复needn’tdon’t have to 表示必须着定意义表示应该许禁止时must not
Must I go tomorrow明天必须？
Yes please请吧
No you needn’t 必
4)must +have +分词结构常肯定句中表示发生行推测含定准意思否定疑问句can
She must have studied English before前定学英语
△5have to含义must接have to 较强调客观需must着重说明观法
I must clean the room（观想法）
I have to clean the room（客观需）
外have to 更时态：
We had to be there at ten 十点钟里
We will have to reconsider the whole thing
切重新加考虑
have to 否定式：don’t have to do 表示必做……意
6ought to 法
Ought to 接动词原形表义务must 样具信心：
You don’t look well You ought to go to see the doctor
气色应该病
Ought to 否定句否定形式缩略oughtn’t ：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much 应该抽烟
疑问句：
Ought you to smoke so much应该抽样烟？
Ought to 间接引语中表时形式变：
He said you ought to tell the police
说应该报告警察
7shall法
1)第称征求方意见：
What shall I wear on the journey 路穿什呢？
Shall we dance 跳舞？
2)shall 第二三称时表允诺警告命令威胁（现已少见）：
She shall get her share 份
You shall have it back tomorrow明天回
情态动词should般应认情态动词shall式法：
1)第称疑问句中询问方意愿语气较委婉温：
What should we do now 现该办？
2)表示应该必须常must 换例：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least
应少掌握门外语
3)should+be+表语结构表示推测惊奇例：
They should be back by now 现应该回吧
I am sorry that she should be so careless 感遗憾竟会样粗心
4)should+have+分词结构表示该做实际尚未做动作行否定表示发生应该发生行义结构ought to have +分词表示早应该意语气较强例：
I should have thought of that 点应想（没想）
They should not have left so soon应走早（已走）
5) It is natural (strange natural necessary surprised impossible important ) that……句型中语句中谓语动词should +动词原形表示理然奇怪必惊异等意思lest（免）for fear (that) (防)in case（备万）等should+动词原形advise sugest order demand request 等句中should+do例：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once
　必马派里
It is strange that he should say so 会说样话真奇怪
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train
　马走吧免赶火车
8willwould法
1）表示意志决心愿例：
　Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace
　定支持全世界民争取斗争
　He would not let me try it 　肯试
2）will表示常性惯性倾性would表示惯行
　He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by
会常连时坐观车辆
　He would come to see me when he was in Beijing
北京时常
3）第二称作语疑问句中表示方请求would语气will委碗
Wouldwill you kindly tell me the way to the station 请问火车站走？
4）表性
This will be the book you are looking for
找书
She eould be about 60 when she died
死时概60岁
9 needdare法
情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do

时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
 
You needed (didn’t need) to do

时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
 
You need (not) do You will (not) need to do

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do

句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现时 dare to 少 daredares to do
时 dare to 少 dared to do
否定句 现时 daren’tdare not do dodoes not dare (to) do
时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现时 Dare he do Do youDoes he dear (to) do
时 Dared he do Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have ved 表示做某事没做必 意没必…例：
You needn’t have waken me up I don’t have to go to work today
10表推测情态动词句子反意疑问句
He mustmay be in the room isn’t he
He can’t be in the room is he？
He must have finished the work hasn’t he
He may have done the work last night didn’t he
△情态动词+行动词进行式（情态动词+ be + ving形式）表示推测评某动作现否正进行例：
1）He must be playing basketball in the room
2）She may be staying at home
11情态动词+行动词完成进行式
情态动词+行动词完成进行式（情态动词+ have been + ving 形式）表示推测评某动作否正进行直进行例：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem
2）He may might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him
12used to +v be used to +vingbe used to +v
（1）used to +v意常常直be used to +ving n（名词）意惯be used to +v意（做某事）
（2）used to表示be used to +ving n表示现例：
1）He used to smoke Now he doesn’t
2）He’s quite used to hard work working hard
3）The knife is used to cut bread
13．作情态动词短语
would rather would sooner would (just) as soon had rather had better had sooner can not but may (just) as well等作情态动词例：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus
4）If you don’t like to swim you may just as well stay at home
注：短语般直接动词原形would (had) rather would (had) sooner would (just) as soonthat 引导句that 常省句虚拟语气现假设时假设完成时例：
1）I would rather you came on Sunday
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday


第九章 非谓语动词
非谓语动词种类句法功
（）概述：
　　英语中作句子谓语具谓语外语法功动词做非谓语动词非谓语动词动词定式（the Infinitive）动名词（the Gerund）现分词（the Present Participle）分词（the Past Participle）
1．非谓语动词谓语动词相点：
（1）果物动词宾语连例：
　　 They built a garden
　　They suggested building a garden
（2）状语修饰：
　　The suit fits him very well
　　The suit used to fit him very well
（3）动动 体式（般式进行式完成式）变化例：
　　He was punished by his parents（谓语动词动语态）
　　He avoided being punished by his parents（动名词动式）
　　We have written the composition（谓语动词完成时）
　　Having written the composition we handed it in（现分词完成式）
（4）逻辑语
　　They started the work at once（谓语动词逻辑语）
　　The boss ordered them to start the work（动词定式逻辑语）
　　We are League members（谓语动词语）
　　We being League member the work was well done
（现分词逻辑语）
2非谓语动词谓语动词点：
（1）非谓语动词名词作（动词定式动名词）句中做语宾语表语
（2）非谓语动词形容词作（动词定式分词）句中做定语表语宾语补足语
（3）非谓语动词副词作（动词定式分词）句中作状语
（二）非谓语动词句法功：
二非谓语动词法：
（）动词定式：（to）+do具名词形容词副词特征
1．定式形式：（动词write例）
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）般式：定式般式表示动作谓语动词动作时发生发生谓语动词动作
　　 例：
I＇m glad to meet you
He seems to know a lot
We plan to pay a visit
He wants to be an artist
The patient asked to be operated on at once
The teacher ordered the work to be done
（2）进行式：定式进行式表示动作谓语动词动作时发生例：
The boy pretended to be working hard
He seems to be reading in his room
（3）完成式：定式完成式表示动作发生谓语动词动作前例：
I regretted to have told a lie
I happened to have seen the film
He is pleased to have met his friend
2．定式句法功：
（1）作语：
　　 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard
　　 To lose your heart means failure
　　 动词定式短语作语时常it作形式语例面两句形式：
　　 It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes
　　 It means failure to lose your heart
（2）作表语：
　　 Her job is to clean the hall
　　 He appears to have caught a cold
（3）作宾语：
　　常定式做宾语连动词：want hope wish offer fail plan learn pretend refuse manage help agree promise prefer 果定式（宾语）面宾语补足语it作形式宾语真正宾语（
定式）置放宾语补足语面例：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia
　　 动词定式充介词宾语：
　　 I have no choice but to stay here
　　 He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike
　　 动词定式前时疑问词连：
　　 He gave us some advice on how to learn English
 
（4）作宾语补足语：
　　 复合宾语中动词定式充宾语补足语动词常种复合宾语：want wish ask tell order beg permit help advise persuade allow prepare cause force call on wait for invite
　　 外介词时种复合宾语连：
　　 With a lot of work to do he didn＇t go to the cinema．
　　动词make let see watch hear feel have等带to定式连改动语态时定式加to ：
　　 I saw him cross the road
　　 He was seen to cross the road
（5）作定语：
动词定式作定语放修饰名词代词修饰名词关系：
①动宾关系：
　I have a meeting to attend
　注意：定式物动词时修饰名词果点工具等应必介词：
　He found a good house to live in
　The child has nothing to worry about
　What did you open it with
　果定式修饰time place way省略介词：
　He has no place to live
　This is the best way to work out this problem
　果定式修饰名词定式动作承受者定式动式动式：
　Have you got anything to send
　Have you got anything to be sent

②说明修饰名词容：
　We have made a plan to finish the work
③修饰名词定式逻辑语：
　He is the first to get here
（6）作状语：
①表目：
　He worked day and night to get the money
　She sold her hair to buy the watch chain
　注意定式放句首时逻辑语句子语致：
　wrong：To save money every means has been tried
　right：To save money he has tried every means
　wrong：To learn English well a dictionary is needed
　right：To learn English well he needs a dictionary
②表结果：
　He arrived late to find the train gone
　常only放定式前表示强调：
　I visited him only to find him out
③表原：
　They were very sad to hear the news
④表程度：
　It＇s too dark for us to see anything
　The question is simple for him to answer
（7）作独立成分：
　　 To tell you the truth I don＇t like the way he talked
（8）定式省略：保留to省略do动词
　　 If you don＇t want to do it you don＇t need to
（9）定式列：第二定式省略to
　　 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor
（二）动名词：
动名词具动词特征具名词句法功
1．动名词形式：
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）般式：
Seeing is believing 眼见实
（2）动式：
He came to the party without being invited．未邀请晚会
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film 记部电影
（4）完成动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old 
忘记五岁时带广州
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice 悔没听劝告
（6）复合结构：物代词（名词格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again 建议试次
His not knowing English troubled him a lot
 
懂英语带许麻烦
2．动名词句法功：
（1）作语：
Reading aloud is very helpful 朗读处
Collecting stamps is interesting 集邮趣
动名词短语作语时常it作形式语
It＇s no use quarrelling争吵没
（2）作表语：
In the ant city the queen＇s job is laying eggs 
蚂蚁王国蚁工作产卵
（3）作宾语：
They haven＇t finished building the dam 没建坝
We have to prevent the air from being polluted
必须阻止空气污染
　　注意动名词作动词宾语作介词宾语面两例句外动名词作宾语时宾语补足语常形式宾语it例：
We found it no good making fun of others 发现取笑
记住动词短语动名词作宾语：
　　enjoy finish suggest avoid（避免） excuse delay imagine keep miss consider admit（承认）deny（否认） mind permit forbid practise risk（险） appreciate（感激） be busy be worth feel like can＇t stand can＇t help（情禁） think of dream of be fond of prevent…(from)keep …from stop…（from）protect…from set about be engaged in spend…(in) succeed in be used to look forward to object to pay attention to insist on feel like
（4）作定语：
He can＇t walk without a walkingstick 没拐杖走路
Is there a swimming pool in your school 学校游泳池
（5）作位语：
The cave his hidingplace is secret 山洞藏身方秘密
His habit listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
收听收音机新闻节目惯未改变
（三）现分词：
现分词具动词特征具形容词副词句法功
1现分词形式：
否定式：not + 现分词
（1）现分词动语态：现分词动语态般式表示谓语动词表示动作时发生完成
　　 式表示动作谓语动词表示动作前发生常作状语例：
They went to the park singing and talking 边唱边说公园走
Having done his homework he played basketball 做完作业开始篮球
（2）现分词动语态：般式表示谓语动词时发生动动作完成式表示发生谓语动
　　 词前动动作
The problem being discussed is very important 正讨问题重
Having been told many times the naughty boy made the same mistake 
告诉遍淘气孩子犯错误
2．现分词句法功：
（1）作定语：现分词作定语分词单独做定语时放修饰名词前果分词短语做定语
　　 放名词
In the following years he worked even harder
 
年中学更努力
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor＇s father
正老师谈话班长父亲
　　现分词作定语相定语句句法功：in the following yearsin the years that followed the man speaking to the teacher改the man who is speaking to the teacher 
（2）现分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting 正家演电影棒
The present situation is inspiring 前形势鼓舞心
　　be + doing表示现进行时现分词做表语区be + doing表示进行动作进行时表示特征时系动词be现分词构成系表结构
（3）作宾语补足语：
动词现分词作宾语补足语：
　　see watch hear feel find get keep notice observe listen to look at leave catch等例：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room 听见隔壁唱歌
He kept the car waiting at the gate 汽车门口等着
（4）现分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
　(While) Working in the factory he was an advanced worker 
　工厂工作时名先进工
②作原状语：
　Being a League member he is always helping others 青团员常帮助
③作方式状语表示伴：
　He stayed at home cleaning and washing 呆家里擦洗
④作条件状语：
　(If) Playing all day you will waste your valuable time 
　整天玩会浪费宝贵时间
⑤作结果状语：
　He dropped the glass breaking it into pieces 杯子掉结果摔粉碎
⑥作目状语：
　He went swimming the other day 天前游泳
⑦作步状语：
　Though raining heavily it cleared up very soon 
　然雨久天晴
⑧逻辑语构成独立格：
　I waiting for the bus a bird fell on my heard．
　等汽车时鸟落头
　All the tickets having been sold out they went away disappointedly 
　票已卖光失离开
　Time permitting we＇ll do another two exercises 
果时间允许做两练
　时with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
　With the lights burning he fell asleep 点着灯睡着

⑨作独立成分：
　udging from(by) his appearance he must be an actor 
　外表定演员
　Generally speaking girls are more careful 般说女孩子更细心
（四）分词：
　　分词种形式：规动词动词原形加词尾ed构成规动词分词没统规求记住
分词句法功：
1．分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday 周班开展次组织旅行
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting 选委员出席次会
　　注意分词单词时般名词前果分词短语放名词面分词做定语相动语态定语句
2．分词作表语：
The window is broken 窗户破
They were frightened at the sad sight 眼前悲惨景象感害怕
注意：be + 分词果表示状态系表结构果表示动动作动语态区：
The window is broken（系表）
The window was broken by the boy（动）
分词物动词构成表示动表示完成：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新货） the risen sun（升起太阳）
the changed world（变世界）
类分词：gone come fallen risen changed arrived returned passed等
3．分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week 
周听见首歌唱次
时分词做with短语中宾语补足语：
With the work done they went out to play 工作做完出玩
4．分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours he became the pride of his parents 
受邻居表扬成父母骄傲（表示原）
Once seen it can never be forgotten 
旦见忘（表示时间）
Given more time I＇ll be able to do it better
果予更时间做更（表示条件）
Though told of the danger he still risked his life

第十章 时态语态
汉语时态通副词表达英语时态动词变化时间状语表达英语中时态十六种常考较常9种重点测试完成时态 掌握英语时态语态必须掌握英语中助动词(do be have)时间状语两核心问题
1般现时 
表示事物现状况特点表示常惯性动作句子中常often always from time to time
 等时间状语 表示客观规律永恒真理等
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning
She has a brother who lives in New York
 The earth goes around the sun
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China
考点：表示永恒真理出现语境中般现时：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school
考点二：时间条件状语句中代般时常引导词：时间：when until after before as soon as once the momentthe minute the day 条件：if unless provided
If he accepts the job he will get more money soon
考点三：make sure (certain) see to it mind care matter ＋宾语句 句般现时代般时
 So long as he works hard I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment
 努力工作 介意什时候做完试验
考点四：the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中 句般时 句通常般现时
 The harder you study the better results you will get
2现进行时
 表说话时目前段时间正进行活动：表感情色彩加强语气频率副词alwaysconstantlycontinuallyagain等连表示说话某种感情色彩（赞叹厌烦埋怨等）
 We are having English class
The house is being built these days
 The little boy is always making trouble 
考点：时间状语条件状语句中表示正进行动作　Look out when you are crossing the street 
Don＇t wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning
考点二： 表示计划安排进行动作（时表示时间状语）
Marry is leaving on Friday
3现完成时
表示动作发生完成强调现情况联系结果影响存现完成时标志性时间状语：
考点：for + 时间段since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years
 They have lived in Beijing since 1995
I have learned English for ten years
考点二：常见确定时间状语：lately recently just already yet up to now till now so far these days 
 Has it stopped raining yet  
考点三：表示世纪 年 月……时间状语中谓语动词现完成时
in the past few yearsmonthsweeksdaysover the past few years during the last three months for the last few centuries through centuries throughout history 等
 考点四：表示第次做某事 It is the best (worst most interesting ) +名词 ＋that 面现完成时
This is my first time that I have visited China 
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen
That is the only book that he has written
4．般时
表某特定时间发生完成动作惯性动作强调现影响说明常明确时间连：yesterday last week in 1945 at that time once during the war before a few days ago when
 注意：
考点：used to + do表示常现已维持惯动作to定式接动词原形
bebecomeget used to + doing表示惯
He used to smoke a lot
He has got used to getting up early
考点二：时间条件状语句中代时
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 
5 进行时
表示某时间点某段时间正发生动作
 The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work
 He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help
What were you doing at nine last night
The radio was being repaired when you called me
6 完成时
表示某时间前已完成动作完成时动作发生句中明显参动作时间状语种时态孤立 ( before after by up till ) 
 There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000
 By the end of last term we had finished the book
 They finished earlier than we had expected
考点：hardlyscarcelywhen no sooner than 句型中句完成时句般时
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang （注意谓倒装）
考点二：表示第次做某事句时句完成时
　That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather
It was 3 years since we had parted
考点三：动词hope expect think intend mean want suppose plan 完成时表示未实现愿算意图
I had hoped that I could do the job
I had intended to see you but I was too busy
7 般时
表某时间会发生动作情况常tomorrow next year in 2008等表示时间状语连表现形式达5种Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008
考点：般时总时间状语句条件状语句句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes
（句般时句中定般现时代般时）
考点二：某表示短暂性动作动词arrive come go leave start等现进行时形式表示
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow
考点三：祈句 + andor + 句子种结构中and面句子谓语般时Use your head and you will find a way
考点四：am (is are) going to + 动词原形表示算做事发生事
am (is are) about to +动词原形表示预定计划算准备着手进行动作
am (is are) to + 动词原形表示必须必然计划做事They are to be married in this May
8进行时
　表某时间正发生动作计划定会发生事情
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow 明天会正写作业
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport

9完成时
表某时刻前业已完成事情时间状语非常明显
考点：常时间状语般by+时间：by the end of this year by 8 o’clock this evening by March next yearby the time… beforewhen等引导副词句
By the end of next month he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot
By the time you reach the station the train will have left
By next Tuesday I will have got ready for the exams
考点二：时间条件状语句中完成时现完成时表示
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school
☆高考会涉时现完成进行时请注意解
10 动词语态
般强调受者 做题时谓语动词名词宾语动词语态般单独考时态语气非谓语动词起考需注意考点
考点：动语态动词词组
 come true consist of take place happen become rise occur belong break out appear arrive die fall last exist fail succeed
 It took place before liberation 
考点二：列动词动语态表示动意义 常well quite easily badly等副词连
lock ( 锁 ) wash ( 洗 ) sell ( 卖 ) read ( 读 ) wear ( 穿 ) blame (责备)ride (坐) write ( 写 )
 Glass breaks easily 玻璃容易破碎
 The car rides smoothly 车走起稳
The case locks easily 箱子锁
The book sells well 书畅销
考点三：常典动句型：
 It is said… It is reported… It is widely believed… It is expected… It is estimated…
 句子般翻译说……认……
 前认…… 应该说：It was believed… It was thought…
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