从生态批评视角分析《白鲸》中亚哈的悲剧命运


     生态批评视角分析白鲸中亚哈悲剧命运

    Acknowledgement
    I wish to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Ms Tao and Ms Wu I am deeply grateful not only for her profound literary knowledge which triggered my interests in ecocriticism but also for her patient guidance and insightful advice throughout the process of my writing Without her generous help detailed and responsible instruction I can by no means bring forward this thesis by myself
    Throughout my studies I have to deliver my thanks to my classmates and friends for their generous help and invaluable support during these four years
    Last but not least I have to thanks myself because during this time I pay much attention to my thesis













    Abstract

    In recent years more and more experts and scholars began to different angles to interpret and explain the research of Melville and his works The research on Moby Dick has been carried out from the aspects of narrative art mythological archetypes and symbolic meanings However there is still for research on the ecology of man and nature presented in Moby Dick especially from the perspective of ecocriticism to analyze the tragic fate of Ahab and its causes
    With the reading of the works and a great deal of information about ecocriticism and ecology ethics and Based on the concept of the wilderness in ecocriticism this article tries to analyze Moby Dick by using the new idea of ecological ethics to reveal the ecology that Melville embodied in this work so as to provide readers with a new perspective to understand the significance of the works in the context of the increasingly serious ecological crisis
    This paper consists of four parts The first part is a brief introduction to Herman Melville and his work Moby Dick and the main purpose of writing this thesis The second part is literature review of the domestic and international studies and critical comments on Moby Dick The third part briefly describes wilderness in light of ecocriticism Taking the ecological critical theory as the theoretical fulcrum this paper discusses its embodiment of wildness respectively from the point of sea and white whale At the same time this paper analyze the novel from different angles of the fate of the tragedy of Aha the enlightenment of human and natural harmony and our attitude towards nature The fourth part is conclusion this thesis considers that human beings can only avoid the tragedy by respecting nature and keeping man and nature in harmony

    Key Words Moby Dick Ahab Ecocriticism WildernessTragic fate Human and Nature


    年越越专家学者开始角度麦尔维尔作品文章进行种解读阐释叙事艺术神话原型象征意义等方面进行分析然前学界白鲸中呈现然谐生态思想研究继续推进特生态批评视角分析说中亚哈悲剧命运原方面阐释空间
    通细读作品文量关生态批评资料基生态批评中荒野概念文试图运生态批评学新兴理念白鲸进行深层次分析揭示麦尔维尔该作品中体现生态思想读者解读该作品提供新视角更深刻理解该作品生态危机日益严重背景重启示意义
    文包含四部分第部分简介绍赫尔曼·麦尔维作品白鲸文研究目第二部分白鲸国外文献综述进行总结梳理批评评第三部分简叙述诠释生态批评义视角荒野界定理解 作文理支点生态批评理基础探讨白鲸中荒野分海洋白鲸角度述体现荒野意象时角度分析亚哈悲剧命运根源然谐相处启示然态度第四部分结部分文认尊重然保持然谐相处避免切悲剧产生

    关键词白鲸亚哈生态批评荒野悲剧命运然
    Contents

    Statement of Authorship I
    Acknowledgments II
    Abstract III
    摘 IV
    1 Introduction 1
    11 A Brief Introduction to Herman Melville 1
    12 A Brief Introduction to Moby Dick 2
    13 The Purpose of the Thesis 3
    2 Literature Review 4
    21 Domestic Studies 4
    22 International Studies 5
    23 Critical Comments 6
    3Three Interpretation of Ahab’s Tragic Fate from the Perspective of Ecocriticism
    31 A Brief Account of Ecocriticism 7
    32 Wilderness in Light of Moby Dick 8
    321 Wilderness Embodied in sea 9
    322 Wilderness Embodied in The White Whale 10
    33 Analysis of Ahab’s Tragic Fate Based on Ecocriticism 11
    331 The Fate of A lonely Protester 11
    332The Tragedy of Profession 12
    333The Symbolic Meaning of Ahab’s Revenge 13

    34 Enlightenment of Ahab’s Tragic Fate 14
    341 Harmonious Coexistence of Human and Nature 14
    342 The Significance of Ecological Balance 15
    4 Conclusion 16
    References 18





























    1 Introduction
    11 A Brief Introduction to Herman Melville
    Herman Melville (18191891) was an American novelist short story writer essayist and poet He was one of the great American writers and a major figure in the world literature and he was also known as the American Shakespeare Melville has been regarded throughout most of the twentieth century as one of American’s most powerful literary artists particularly for his masterpiece Moby Dick dedicated to Nathaniel HawthorneI have written a wicked book and feel as spotless as the lamb Melville wrote to Hawthorne (Hawthorne Nathaniel 1951)After he died his work was only recognized as a masterpiece 30 years
    Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1 1819 He was a descendent of English Dutch colonial families Once his father was a successful drygoods When he was five years old he began his education career and then he read many books At the age of 12 his father died because of bankruptcy His family circumstances were worse so he had dropped out of his school life and experienced a hard time He worked as a store clerk a bank messenger and a teacher
    In 1845 he became a seaman on whaling ship In the next 4 years he went to many places in the world with the whaling ship so this experience helped him broadens his horizons He was very imprisoned because he worked for riot and other reasons Later he joined the American warship American when he landed in Boston he ended his own life at sea These experiences were a precious treasure for his writing In 1845 he left the army and returned to American so he began his own writing life The first novel Typee is based on his South Pacific’s life Because his professional fortunes waned he had many difficulties at home he died of illness in 1891 He was almost completely forgotten In 1919 the unfinished manuscript for his novella Billy Budd was discovered by his first biographer He was the first writer to have his works collected and published by the Library of American
    Herman Melville was a controversial writer at that age some critics regarded him as an elegist a fatalist and even an antihumanist writer But now more and more people
    began to pay much attention to his works especially Moby Dick And this story reveals a sad vision of the author’s embarrassment with the universal problem of reconciling ourselves to our aloneness and our mortality(Harry Levin1980285)
    12 A Brief Introduction to Moby Dick
    Moby Dick is a novel by Herman Melville It is a rich deep and forceful novel The novel is regarded as an encyclopedia of everything history philosophy religion etc in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry Some critics even point out that to get to know the 19th century American mind and America itself one has to read this book(Chang Yaoxin 1990113) It describes the dread fight between Pequot Captain Ahab who engaged in the whaling industry for 40 years and a huge ferocious whaleMoby Dick in the first hall of 19th century the vigorous era of whaling industry of America reflecting the author’s doubts and fears towards the great development of capitalism
    The book tells a story between the captain of Ahab and a white whale named Moby Dick from the South Pacific When he was young he was bitten off a leg by the white whale in whaling ship Then he was borne a grudge and set foot on the road of revenge He commanded the ship travel across all over the world so he found the big white whale and began his hunting trip Unfortunately his fighting is a failure although he had stabbed this white whale it was very tenacious and cunning chewed the boat and sank the whale ship When the white whale dragged the whaler to escape the rope twined Ahab he was hanged and the whole his crew on the boat drowned Only a sailor fled through the coffin of the reform of the lifesaving
    13 The purpose of the thesis
    From the perspective of ecocriticism the author analyzes the tragic fate of Captain Ahab in Moby Dick and the root cause of the tragic fate by analyzing the character of the Ahab character Therefore first we must establish the concept of nature We humans should ealize that human and nature are interdependent and interrelated as a whole grasp the law as a whole which are regarded as a basis for understanding of nature and transformation of nature the establishment of a comprehensive and harmonious coexistence between man and nature and harmonious development Second we must get out of the anthropocentrism of the errors and we must learn to respect the laws of nature and play a combination of subjective initiative destruction of ecological balance we must be punished by the laws of nature in the evaluation of all economic activities and social activities we not only need to consider the immediate value but also need to consider longterm values Finally In order to protect nature the capacity of modern society to protect nature is gradually enhanced including environmental monitoring capacity ecological balance maintenance and repair capacity biodiversity and the protection of the original ecology of key areas clean production capacity pollution prevention and control capacity This is a new material force which must be produced after the development of the productive forces to a certain level It is the expansion perfection and enhancement of the function of the productive forces of modern society But this is not enough humans need to work harder to achieve harmony between man and nature
















    2 Literature Review
    21 Domestic Studies
    Over the years the domestic study of Moby Dick has achieved some results Although the research initiated later than the West there is a trend of spring bamboo shoots Up to the writing time of this paper there are 456 articles of Moby Dick onCNKI (China National knowledge Infrastructure) In 1957 Shanghai Translation Publishing Company published Cao Yong’s Moby Dick which brought Herman Melville’s works to China for the first time and so the study of Moby Dick began at home
    Chinese scholars use various forms to research the famous workMoby Dick In the discussion of the cause of Ahab’s tragic fate the domestic researchers mainly elaborated from the following aspects Christian original sin the objectivity of things and Ahab’s individualism
    From the aspect of the original sin of Christianity Jia Ting pointed outThe tragic fate of the Captain of Ahab in Moby Dick was the disobedience of Jonah he disregarded God’s various hints of the nature and the warning of his crew Step by step he was caught in a desperate desire to dominate the fate of desecration of God and arrogance of the selfdeification Christianity thank the absolute authority of the defiance opened the curtain of human suffering (Jia Ting 20107980)
    From the aspect of objectivity scholars mainly elaborated the tragic fate of Ahab from the aspect of the struggle between human and nature The existence of all things has its objective laws which does not transfer of human wills Liu Fang pointed out the white whale have giant power immortal mysterious power it is a symbol of nature The fight between Ahab and nature also can be considered a struggle of human and nature This is an eternal law of human and nature Ahab’s pursuit of Moby Dick and his conquest of nature’s ambition destined to his destruction (Liu Fang 201173)
    In the aspect of Ahab’s individualism it mainly manifested in the desires and power of Ahab In the tragedy of the theory of the Moby Dick Bai Xihan pointed out in the process of revenge the captain of Ahab knows the great dangers he must faces but he doesn’t want to died at the beginning or he didn’t think of death He thought only to eliminate this evil representative that is the White WhaleMoby Dick his blind revenge full of desires led to the final tragic fate (Bai Xihan 20001417) As Bai Fengxin pointed out In the incarnation of justice and evil the duality of the character of captain of Ahab in Moby Dick mentioned Peugeot’ can be said to be a small Kingdom The authoritarian rule of Ahab made him the ruthless monarch of the Kingdom Here Ahab is a symbol of authority and hierarchy No one can disobey his willing and all his crew must unconditionally obey his rule and exploitation
    22 International Study
    The research of Moby Dick abroad is more systematic and comprehensive The study of Moby Dick includes many aspects such as the author’s life religion society politics ecology narration culture and postcolonial research According to the period the research can be divided into the following three stages
    The first stage is in 1920s1930s and the research mainly confined to Melville’s life studies such as Lewis Mumford's Herman Melville (New York Literary Guid of America 1929) John Freeman's Herman Melville (London Macmillan Co 1926)
    The second stage is in 1940s1990s when the climax of the research on Melville appeared A lot of study of Melville's works published in this periodSuch as WE Sedgwick’s Herman MelvilleThe Tragedy of Mind (Herman Melville The Tragedy of Mind Boston Harvard University Press1944)
    The third stage is the early 21th century when the research comes into the systematic stage cultural study was commissioned in full swing postcolonial interpretation work is the main achievements Such as Shawn Thomson’s monograph The Romantic Architecture of Herman Melville's MobyDick(Teaneck Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 2001)
    23 Critical Comments
    Through the survey of the above researchers we can find that the research perspectives of domestic and foreign scholars on Melville's Moby Dick focus on Ahab's tragic fate of is single lack of macrosystem and indepth study so we cannot truly analyze it Based on ecocriticism this paper carries out a research on the souls in wildness to analyzes the tragic fate of Ahab
    Ecocriticism theory and practice in foreign countries has 30 years of development and its development is more mature and this theory has reached the domestic academic world Lately and its understanding and acceptance are still to be biochemical The captain of Ahab is an influential figure and when we put it in ecocriticism such a new open and diverse theoretical background to be examined not only contribute to multidimensional threedimensional mining and deep analysis but also helps understand the text more indepth and comprehensively and to a certain extent enrich the eco criticism theory



















    3Interpretation of Ahab’s Tragic Fate from the Perspective of Ecocriticism
    31 A brief Account of Ecocriticism
    With the fast development of modern industrial society human’s life changed a lot But at the same time the human beings pay much attention to material interest rather than the environment consideration therefore ecocriticism came into being Ecocriticism is one of the most recent interdisciplinary fields that have emerged in literary and cultural studies it mainly emphasizes the linkage between human beings and nonhuman beings It also is a new branch in literary and cultural studies It studies the relationship between the natural world and the literary essay Ecocriticism aims at setting a new ecological society for sustainable development The core idea of ecocriticism is harmony Harmony is the most fundamental implications in ecoculture and ecoliterature it advocates and searches for the harmony between human and nature Cheryll Glotfelty the first professor of literature and environment at the University of Nevada and also one of the main American advocates of ecocriticism He thinks ecocriticism has three characteristics First the focus of ecocriticism is the relationship between physical environment and literature or even culture Secondly ecocriticism mainly studies text with earthcentered method Thirdly Scientific ecology and ecocriticism are inseparable but ecocriticism doesn't mechanically borrow approaches research strategies and data results from ecology Ecocriticism’s content is very abundant and wilderness is a part of it
    What is the wilderness The wilderness of the original meaning is nature and wildness It is the original nature that human beings have never been to Wilderness is a natural word in literature and the understanding of the wilderness is the essence of American natural literature The wilderness is not only the nature of the entity but also the natural state of mind or the natural state of mind Greg Garrard has made a definition of the wilderness
    The idea of wilderness signifying nature in a state uncontaminated by civilization is the most potent construction of nature available to New World environmentalism It is a construction mobilized to protect particular habitats and species and is seen as a place for the reirivigoration of those tired of the moral and material pollution of the city (59)
    From the above analysis we can know wilderness is a very important concept in the study of western literature and ecology which is a place that never has been polluted by civilization potent construction of nature and New World environment
    32 Wilderness in Light of Moby Dick
    Moby Dick is full of many beautiful descriptions of the sea and whale which are the symbol of nature Based on ecocriticism we know the wilderness is original nature It is a natural world in literature the understanding of the wilderness is the essence of American natural literature And the wilderness is not only the nature of the entity but also the nature state of mind In the novel of Moby Dick Herman Melville describes the ocean and the white whale is the embodiment of the incarnation and spirit of the wilderness And it a special influence on the main characterthe Captain of Ahab The sea and the whale are completely beyond the simple meaning and they have the vitality of life and spiritual glory
    321Wilderness Embodied in Sea
    In many Western literary works the ocean has special a symbolic meaning We commonly think it is an unpolluted human civilized world and human’s spiritual desire is to go to the sea In modern industrial civilization this desire is very obvious To eliminate the pursuit of spiritual life people were forced to become redundant copies Therefore people can lose their spiritual life finally they become a mere flesh
    The sea is nature which we can regard as wilderness Also the sea is the world’s largest cemetery Sometimes the boundless sea shows idyllic quietness its solemnness brings people unlimited reveries and wonderful Sometimes the weather is very rough the surging waves make people feel sleep Whether the weather is cool and sunny its moody nature has some feature of the human And in the story of Moby Dick we think most of the whaling fleet is frantically hunting whales they destroyed the nature and break the calmness of the sea Eventually the sea not only buried a seaman and vessels but also engulfed the souls of many people In Moby Dick because the ocean is the largest wilderness it also brings people a lot of true senses of the unknown and fear In nineteenth century the technological development has just begun In the era of sailing sea life activities hasn’t have various available tools ships sailing on the sea depends on natural wind In many places this story describes the human and grisly world it brings many fears and anxieties for people These fears and anxieties just a surface more secrets are hiding in creatures When the Captain of Ahab sailing on the sea All sailors know ship sailing in the waves is like sailing on the battlefield and in this battle no one can tell you how many spirits are buried in this battlefield
    There is one knows not what sweet mystery about this sea whose gently awful stirrings seem to speak of some hidden soul beneath [5] (p589)
    For many years many people buried down to the ocean This ocean is their tomb This water cemetery buried countless dead ghost and these trouble ghosts often made the sea roaring continuously We found ourselves launched into this tormented sea that is
    where guilty beings transformed into those fowls and these fish seemed condemned to swim on everlastingly without any haven in store……[6] (p282)
    In the novel of Moby Dick wilderness appeared in the ocean it representative horror suspense magic and mystery Herman Melville has spoken highly of the sea The vast endless ocean likes a big cup of wine and the raging waves is the wine under the shining sunset the sea showed the color of the divine When we facing this colorful Bowl Ishmael has a deep though
    Sunset goes down my soul mounts up [1] (p200)
    The sea symbolizes the mysterious power of nature The boundless ocean has irresistible mysterious force Finally from the tragedy of Ahab it symbolizes the human and other species must have a harmonious relationship This is the only way human to survive
    322 Wilderness embodied in the white whale
    As we all know the white whale is an animal Its color is the important element of the terrible wilderness The white whale is free to live in the ocean and has no distraction with human not to mention destroy But the representative of Ahab thinks it is human’s enemy He tries all his best to conquer it but finally it brings a big tragedy for him Therefore it is human victims of symbolizes the mysteries of the universe and universe is like white this s a big white and nothing can be seen The whale’s white also symbolizes purity and innocence and destiny and the results will perish
    The white whale is the symbol of nature we can regard it as part of the wilderness for it has elusive strength From its appearance the whale is
    a legendary white sperm whale with mandibular deformities that like a sickle it has a peculiar snowwhite wrinkled forehead and a high paramedical white hump [4] (p217)
    In addition to its singular form
    at intervals only the unaccompanied secluded white whale had haunted those uncivilized seas mostly frequented by the sperm whale fishermen [15] (p213)
    in this story before the whale appeared the writer pays much attention to its magic legend which cast a large of mystery They proclaim
    Moby Dick not only ubiquitous but immortal that though groves of spears should be planted in his flanks he would still swim away unharmed [16] (p217)
    and Ishmael think it has a divine aura
    ……his vat mild head overhung by a canopy of vapor……and that vapor glorified by a rainbow as if Heaven itself had put its seal upon his thoughts [17] (p416)
    Therefore people often think the whale has a magic and invincible strength In the heart of Ahab the white whale has become another symbol
    the white whale is that wall shoved near to me if he can be saved or recovered he must reach outside except by thrusting through the wall [19] (p196)
    Maybe Melville also made a suggestion to us everyone is the prisoner of their own soul
    Melville successfully uses the symbolic art to warn us blind and relentless conquest will bring a big tragedy In the novel of Moby Dick the struggle of Ahab and the whale can be considered a struggle of Ahab and nature However Human cannot override above nature and destroy the harmonious relationship between human and nature
    33 Analysis of Ahab’s Tragic Fate Based on Ecocriticism
    331The Fate of A Lonely Protester
    From the perspective of ecological criticism the fate of the tragedy of Ahab is because he advocates the individual Ahab’s conquest and forgets the harmonious interrelationship between human and nature as a starting point So he will eventually be a lonely fate of the protesters his life can’t escape last tragedy Although Ahab is the captain of Pequot ruling the whole ship his spirit is lonely he took the initiative to accept loneliness because only loneliness can make his thinking more profound and let him have the sacred sense of rule
    It is believed that Ahab is a crazy man and a person who is affected by paranoia There is no doubt that he has been eager to kill Moby Dick But he is a clear madman He became crazy because he thought his dignity was insulted So he must defend the human dignity but in a crazy way That is to do everything to kill Moby Dick
    A man can be destroyed But he cannot be defeated[19] (p68)
    In the eyes of Ahab he can lose his life but he cannot lose his dignity A gentleman prefers death to humiliation A brave hero do not be afraid of God we should try our best to struggle with this world Ahab wants to choose a heroic death that is to struggle with the White Whale Ahab died in a suicide attack with Moby Dick in the end As Schopenhauer once said
    Then in the tragedies we can see that all the greatest men have given up the ultimate goal which they are eager to pursuit for quite a long time and they are always reject to enjoying life or they are happy to give up their lives at ease after a long period of conflict and suffering [21](p348)
    332 The tragedy of Profession
    In the United States in Nineteenth Century whaling industry is very dangerous At that time the essential oil is very important oil and the market demanding for the early American whaling industry has laid a good external environment so many people working on the industry But in most cases only those who are poor and desperate will choose this occupation Because the profession is so dangerous and they will died in any time In a way they have given up their lives and they have given their souls to the sea
    From the perspective of ecological criticism the white whale is a species in nature human beings should learn to live in harmony with nature and respect for nature But because the material and technical conditions at that time is not very advanced so the whaling can only rely on human physical strength Ahab is helpless of his life so he chose this career he relied on his personal experience began his whaling trip
    So many are the unrecorded accidents in the fishery [15] (p50)
    We can know the environment is very dangerous every year thousands of whalers died in the sea and finally left their families alone alive
    Death is easily to happen in the business of whalinga speechlessly quick chaotic bounding of a man into Eternity [16] (p51)
    Although Ahab is the captain of Pequot there are enough sailors and crew members their lives are fragile and every day their common goal is to catch a great whale and then get whale oil finally get part of the profits Obviously they risk their life to fight with the white whale which is also caused by the captain of the captain Ahab lost a leg in the tragedy of life
    There was no doubt that he had struggled with the god of fate every time for about a 40years In the struggle every time the sailors and crew have a common ground that is the tragedy of occupation In order to get a lot of money they will not respect and treat every species on earth and of course the last will be punished by nature Because the universe is an unknown surface for mankind the vast nature also has its own laws so Aha eventually has to pay a heavy price
    333 The Symbolic Meaning of Ahab’s Revenge
    As we all know the story of revenge in Western literature has a long tradition However Melville's Moby Dick has shown complexity it is not only a story of the sea but also a prophecy of modern society Revenge is one of Moby Dick's most important themes At sea Ahab had an inviolable dignity of the emperor and he was also the conqueror of the sea However in a hunting trip the whale took one of his legs the disaster caused his desire for revenge He vowed at all costs to find Moby Dick Moby Dick so revenge is almost the only goal in his life Driven by this desire he boards Pequot and made this decision leading to other results He could abandon whaling and return to the land to enjoy life with his family From this point of view this option is his own will which is just because of his personal character and his revenge is subjective
    The captain of Ahab had a wellplanned vengeance in the course of the voyage He only spent three hours a day on a bed The other times he was thinking observing calculating and planning which shows Ahab’s determination and wisdom for this action In the initial stage of this hunting trip he did not show up his ability but at most important moments in order to hunt the whale he got mad This kind of behavior shows his strong desire Ahab has worked on whale fishery for over 40 years he defeated himself again and again becoming the overlord of the sea This victory brought more pleasure to him
    In the beginning Ahab’s revenge is subjective When Ahab decided to revenge his willing is very firm From his perspective he already becomes the embodiment of justice conscience and truth If we trace back to the root of revenge human make mistakes first From this point of view human doesn’t have the right to revenge It is because of human’s hunting for whale so the captain of Ahab loses one of his legs Human beings have a long history of whaling the scale is becoming larger and larger in order to make money more and more people are going to do this job many innocent whale died they don’t have enough space to live so human beings have no right to revenge
    In the chapter54 (The TownHo’s Story) described the revenge between human and human The chief officer and a sailor on the ship decide to revenge each other just because some trifles The chief officer does harm to the sailor by authority and the sailor doesn’t harm the chief officer he let the whale ship sink At the most important moments of chasing Moby Dick they can’t work well together because of the hatred in their heart
    From the above analysis we can see every revenge can lead to tragedy From the perspective of ecocriticism we could draw the conclusion that we should learn to respect nature there are no reasons for human beings to revenge
    34 Enlightenment of Ahab’s Tragic Fate
    341 Harmonious Coexistence of Human and Nature
    Since ancient times in order to be able to live better life mankind has to rely on nature to give them materials to survive with But mankind never knew to be satisfied they wanted to conquer nature and get everything from nature The results also proved that they would be punished such as in Moby Dick the captain of Ahab was bittedon the leg by the whale But he continues to revenge finally he died on the sea From the perspective of ecocriticism the root of his tragic fate is because his attitude towards nature we should learn to respect the nature Therefore we must establish the concept of nature In the modern sense of nature the real view of human and nature are interdependent and interrelated as a whole grasping the law as a whole and as a basis for understanding nature and transforming nature Secondly we must get rid of the misunderstanding of human center and establish a harmonious relationship between human and nature As we all know human beings are only a part of nature not the scale of all things At the same time because of the limitations of subjective and objective conditions human understanding has great limitations
    We often say that the earth is our homeland and human society comes from nature Therefore I think our society is a part of nature People should live harmoniously with nature All the materials we need to live with come from nature but we should also repay the nature rather than blindly solicit For example we should plant more trees and take actions to protect the environment In addition we have to control population Due to excessive population growth human beings require much more natural resources than before which lead to excessive pressure on nature In order to longterm development the population growth must be controlled We all come from nature which is our homeland so we must try our best to protect it
    342 The significance of Ecological Balance
    It is generally believed that people and nature should be in a same family and they are a integration that can’t be separated Whaling was the main source of American capitalism in the nineteenth century The whale’s oil became the indispensable lighting material for people's daily life so the whale was the source of people's wealth New Bedford citizens have great wealth and risk and tend to believe that if there are no whalers in the city New Bedford will still be desolate (Wagner 2008 18)
    There are two sides to explain on the one hand the whaling industry is the process of the pursuit of capital in order to obtain the high profits whalers are more likely to put their lives at risk On the other hand people in the rapid development of technology he is determined to rely on nature especially the new industrialization gives people a weapon to find a new world to prove his strength who believe he is the ruler And Melville gives people the chance to fulfill his dreams and take his adventures and he lets people see that if people are too arrogant before nature the result will be devastating
    The significance of Moby Dick is that it can lead the reader toward a world in which they will doubt the strong desire of humanity and learn how Ahab's crazy desires drive whale Moby Dick's revenge on mania Through this person the profound themes hidden between the linescan be dug out the importance of the balance between human and nature Some critics argue that in the creation of the epic Moby Dick Melville shows that he sharply identifies and foresees the future of mankind The pursuit of harmony has always been the goal of mankind Life and living in a balanced world is a trend of social development In addition the expression of harmony is an ideal relationship including truth justice and beauty as well as a harmonious expression of another that is the harmony between man and nature which is clearly shown in Moby Dick





















    Part Four Conclusion
    From the perspective of ecocriticism we can analyze the tragic fate of the captain of Ahab His ideas in Moby Dick not only predict the arrival of today's ecological crisis but also point out the direction in which people should take in the future In modern society people pay less attention to nature our environment already destroyed We are facing a lot of disasters For example acid rain toxic gases polluted air fatal disease and so on We are also facing the dilemma of getting economical profits at all costs or protecting the environment for ourselves and also for our later generations This literary masterpiece not only narrates a story but also a warning to mankind We must understand that human is not the center of nature we should learn to respect nature rather than blindly request and conquer it Finally we should strive to build a harmonious relationship between human and nature
    Once the ecological ethics is deeply rooted in humans mind we can promote the living conditions not only for ourselves but also future generations By devoting ourselves to higher pursuits than moneymaking we will consciously and actively take part in the action of protecting environment because we know that we are acting in terms of our enlightened selfinterest
















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