初中英语近义词辨析大全

1　 a bit a little
两词意点时互换时
Ⅰ．二者作程度副词修饰形容词副词动词较级时意义相点 ：
① I am a bit a little hungry 点饿
② He walked a bit a little slowly 走路点慢
Ⅱ．二者作名词词组充语宾语：
① A little bit is enough for me 点够
② I know only a little a bit about her 情况解点
Ⅲa little直接修饰名词a bit须加of：
① There is a little water in the bottle There is a bit of water in the bottle
[注意] a little of 名词通常特指表……中：
①May I have a little of your tea
Ⅳ 否定形式 not a little 作状语相very quite 非常作定语宾语时相much 意 许not a bit 作状语时相not at all 意点作宾语时相not much Eg
① He is not a little (very) hungry 饿极
② He is not a bit (not at all) hungry点饿
③ She ate not a little (much) 吃
Ⅴ Not a bit 中not 分开not a little中not 分开Eg
① He felt not a bit tired He didn’t feel a bit tired 觉点累
② He felt not a little tired 觉非常累说：He didn’t fell a little tired

§2　 a few few a little little
Ⅰ a fewfew修饰数名词a littlelittle修饰数名词a fewa little表示肯定意义fewlittle表示否定意义受only修饰：
① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous
②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it
③ There is little water left in glass Will you please give me some
④ Don’t worry we have a little time left
⑤
§3　 about on
Ⅰabout 关表示容较普通指时侧重叙事叙述历事迹事容涉较浅问题非正式语
Ⅱon 关侧重述政治理国际形势学术报告等说表示书篇文章演说严肃学术性供专门研究问题阅读时eg
This is a text book on African history 关非州历史教科书[注]：时通

§4　 aboveoveronupon
Ⅰ 方位介词……
Ⅱ above 着重指：……方定含垂直意思反义词：below
① The sun rose above the horizon 太阳升线
② The aero plane flew above the clouds飞机云层飞行
Ⅲover 表盖……面铺……面时above代含垂直意思反义词under
① Spread the tablecloth over the table桌布铺桌子
Ⅳ on 含表面相接触意思
① The book is on the desk
② There is an oil painting on the wall 墙幅油画
Ⅴupon 含表面相接触意思on没区较正式口语中较少
① He laid his hand upon the boy’s head 手放孩子头
[注] up 表示方高处含低高意思常表示运动动词连作副词时表示方高处
① We run up a hill 跑山
② The plane was high up in the air飞机高空中

§5　accidentincident 事
Ⅰ accident 表示事指幸意外事件表偶然事件
① Twenty people were killed in the railway accident
② He met with an accident 完全偶然事
Ⅱ Incident 意思事件尤指较重事件相显重事件表引起国际争端战争事件
① It is a quite common incident普通事
② The Lugouqiao incident accrued on July 7th 1937 芦沟桥事件发生1937年7月7日
§6　 acceptreceive
Ⅰ accept 接受表示行观意愿决定
① I accepted it without question 毫疑问接受
② We have accepted his proposal 已接受建议
Ⅱ receive 接收受表示行观意愿关：
① I received a letter from him 收信
② He received the present but he did not accept 收礼物没接受
③ He received a good education受良教育
[注] 表示接接见时通常 receive accept
：We often receive foreign guests 常接外宾

§7 at hand in hand
Ⅰ at hand手边附：
① When he writes he always keeps a dictionary at hand 写东西时手边总字典
② Spring is at hand 春天
Ⅱ in hand 手中现引申：掌握中处理中：
① I have 100 yuan in hand 手头100元钱
② The police immediately had the situation in hand 警方立控制局势

§8　 accurateexactcorrect
Ⅰ accurate 准确精确 仅表错误表细心谨慎做符合标准符合事实真象：
① Clocks in railway stations must be accurate 火车站钟必须准确
② The figures are not accurate数字精确
Ⅱ exact 精确确切强调完全符合标准符合事实真象丝毫没差错三中语意强：
① His translation is exact to the letter 翻译翻译确切
② Your description is not very exact描述确切
Ⅲcorrect 正确指定标准规没错误词中语意弱
① His answer is correct 回答正确
② The thing turned out to be correct 事情结果
§9　 achepain 痛
Ⅰ ache 通常指种持续隐痛 表身体某部分词组成复合词：
① Where is the ache 里痛？
② I have a headache (stomachache toothache atc)
Ⅱ pain 普通语含持续痛意味尤指种突然剧痛指肉体外指精神痛苦：
① I feel a great deal of pain 感非常痛
② He cried with pain 痛直
③ I have a pain in the arm 手臂痛
④ I have pains all over 浑身痛
⑤ It gave us much pain to learn of the sad news 听幸消息悲痛

§10　 acrossthrough over
Ⅰ across 横穿指……边边含义on关：
① I swam across the river 游条河（指岸彼岸）
② Let’s help push the cart across the bridge 帮着车子推桥吧
Ⅱ through 穿通指穿两边空间较狭窄头穿头部穿含义in关：
① We walked through the forest 穿森林
② The river flows through the city from west to east 条河西东流城市
Ⅲ over横跨越指横道路河流等细长物时across通Over 指表面接触跳（飞）越指渡房间原野海洋等面延伸端横越端时常across
① She went across over the bridge
② He jumped across over the stream跳溪
③ She swam across the straight of Dover 游佛尔海峡
④ They drove across the desert 驶沙漠
外over作介词翻……意思：climb the mountain 翻座山

§11　 affairmatterbusiness
Ⅰ affair 事事情事务涵义广指已发生必须做事情 泛指事务（通常算数指重头绪较事务）：
① The railway accident was a terrible affair 次火车事件怕事
② That’s my affair not yours 事
③ We should concern ourselves with state affairs 关心国家事
Ⅱ matter事事情 普通语常指写谈事情考虑处理事情：
① This is a matter I know little about 件事知道
② I’ll ask some one about the matter关件事问问
③ There are several matters to be considered 件事情考虑
［注］：口语中be the matter 相　be wrong 表发生失常事出毛病等意思：
① What’s the matter 啦？
②　What’s the matter with you 啦？
Ⅲ business生意商业产普通语表事情事务时指种务责必须做事外　时含轻蔑意味：
① We don’t do much business with them 没少生意
② It is a teacher’s business to help his pupils 帮助学生教师责
③ He made it his business to fetch water for a granny 位老娘挑水作事
④ It’s not your business事
［注］：三词时通意换：
Mind your own business少闲事里　business affairs 换 matters

§12　 afraid fear frightened
Ⅰ afraid 害怕形容词作表语作定语接of 短语定式构成　be afraid of sb 　be afraid to do sth
① She is afraid of a snake 害怕蛇
② The little girl is afraid to go out at night
afraid +that clause 恐怕　婉转拒绝种表达方式　：
① I’m afraid (that) I can’t go to the party My brother is sick 恐怕参加聚会弟弟病
Ⅱ fear 害怕动词be afraid 通常（特口语中）：
① We fear no difficulty怕困难
② Ｈe feared to speak his mind敢说出想法
③ Fearing that he would catch cold I went out to see him怕会受凉走
Ⅲ frightened adj 受惊吓害怕做表语作定语：
① She is too frightened to move太害怕动弹
② A frightened girl is crying 受惊女孩正哭

§13 feel like would like
Ⅰfeel like would like 意思相feel like 面常名词动名词构成：feel like (doing) sth would like 般接名词动词定式构成：would like (to do) sth句式：
① I feel like (having) a drink I would like (to have) a drink 想喝杯
② Do you feel like talking a walk Would you like to take a walk 散步？
③ I don’t feel like eating 想吃东西
Ⅱfeel like 表示：觉摸起：
① It feels like silk 摸起绸缎

§14 afterbehind　……
Ⅰ after ……（时间）
……（点）指次序：
① He came after ten o’clock 十点
② Two days after his arrival I called on him 达两天拜访
③ Against’ comes after again’ in this cictionary字典中 against’ 排　again’
Ⅱ behind 表点时意：……面着重指位置前偶尔指时间表定时刻迟意思
① The garden is behind the house
② He stood behind me
③ The train was behind time 火车误点
④ You are two hours behind 迟两时

§15 agobefore
Ⅰ ago adv ……前指刻起干时间前通常连：
① It happened two days ago件事发生两天前
② I met him a few minutes ago分钟前碰
Ⅱ before adv prep & conj ……前指时起干时间前通常完成时时等连作前置词连接词表时间ago 样
① He said that he had seen her two days before说两天前见（表说话时起两天前）
② I had been fine the day before(天)前天天气
③ I’ve seen that film before
④ I never met him before

§16 agree to agree with agree on(up on)
Ⅰ agree to 意应允通常意某件事情（意法赞事情）：
① Do you agree to this plan
② He agreed to my proposal意提议
③ I agreed to his terms 意条件
Ⅱ agree with 意赞常常表示某意见致表赞某件事情（气候食物等）适合意：
① I quite agree with you意
② Do you agree with me
③ I agree with all you say意说
④ His words do not agree with his actions言行致
⑤ Too much meat doesn’t agree with her 吃太肉身体合适
[注]：agree with 动语态
Ⅲ agree on upon ……取致意见指两方方某问题取致意见达成某种协议：
① After discussion the two sides agreed on a ceasefire 讨双方停火问题达成协议
② They all agree on the plan计划意见致
[注]：句型转换成agree in doing sth：
① All of them agreed on upon it All of them agreed in doing it 做问题达成识

§17 at times at all times all the time
Ⅰ at times 时偶尔：
① The tide is at times very high 潮水时涨高
② I make mistakes at times when I speak English 说英语偶尔会出错
Ⅱ at all times时时候总 ：
He has a cool head at all times 时清醒头脑
Ⅲ all the time 直始终 中time单数形式：
The baby cries all the time 婴直哭

§18 aim purpose object
Ⅰ aim 目指抱种明确目意味着实现竭全力：
① What’s your aim in life生目什？
② The ultimate aim of the Party is the realization of communism终目实现产义
Ⅱ purpose 目指心中算意味着作算较决心：
① It was done with a definite purpose 做件事具明确目
② For what purpose (purposes) do you want to go to Canada 加目？
Ⅲ object 目 含较具体意味指行中需希直接达目：
① The object of my visit is to consult you 访问目商量
② What is your object in studying English 学英文目 ？
[注]：词涵义差语言实践中常毫区着

§19 alive living the living live dead
Ⅰ alive adj活着世修饰修饰物作表语定语作定语时应放修饰名词：
① They were alive and as happy as ever 活着前样快活
② All the other comrades were killed in the battle He was the only man alive 志活着亡唯幸存者
Ⅱliving adj活着着定语常置名词前时置名词作表语：
① Every living person has a name 活着名字
② No man living could do better 代没做更
Ⅲ the living 活着：
The living are more important to us than the dead 说活着死更重
Ⅳ live adj 活着读着[laiv]反义词 dead 作定语放修饰名词前般修饰 作动词读着[liv] 意生活生存：
① The cat was playing with a live mouse 猫玩弄活老鼠
② Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China 熊猫通常生活中国南部东南部
Ⅴ lively adj [laivli](livelier liveliest) 生动活泼充满生气作表语定语修饰物：
The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games 运动场进行着种球类赛呈现出派生气勃勃景象

§20 all every
Ⅰ all every 意思十分相二者泛指物all算数名词连every 单数名词连：
① All Mondays are horrible 星期总怕
② Every Monday is horrible 星期怕
Ⅱ all every 指某类东西中体all the 限定词every强调例外意思
She is eaten all the biscuits[biskit] –What every one –Every single one 饼干吃光块吃光？块全吃
Ⅲ all 单数名词连表示every past of every义：
She was here all day 呆整天

§21 all whole
Ⅰ 二者意义（全部整）相然词序
Ⅱ all冠词格限定词前
whole 冠词：
① all the time ────→the whole time全部时间
② all my life ────→the whole life生
③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion整混乱状况
Ⅲ 果没冠词限定词whole单数名词连说：
① The whole city was burning说：
② Whole London was burning
Ⅳwhole all 复数名词连时意思Whole 意思全部all意思：
① All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America 印第安部首白移民美洲遭殃
② Whole Indian tribes were killed off 印第安部落整杀光
Ⅴ whole 般修饰数名词（包括物质名词）
① 说：all the money all the wine
② 说：the whole money the whole wine
③ The whole of whole 单数名词连冠词格前
the whole of the time
the whole of my life
the whole of this confusion

§22　 allow permit let promise
Ⅰ allow允许许般指听默许某做什含消极反意味：
① We allowed him to depart允许离
② Who allowed you to leave the camp谁允许离开营？
③ I can’t allow you to do that允许做件事
allow 表客气请求
① Will you allow me to use your pen钢笔？
Ⅱ permit 允许许正式许含较积极意某做什意味：
① I will permit him to do so 准备意样做
② The sentinel permitted the strangers to pass when they had given the countersign群陌生说出口令哨兵允许通
[注]：allow permit 涵义差语言实践中常常通着：
① Smoking is not allowed here处禁止吸烟
② Smoking is not permitted in this theatre 戏院里禁止吸烟
Ⅲ let允许指积极允许更着重指予反阻止宾语接带to 定式表示客气请求时allow通更具口语色彩：
① Her father will not let her go父亲会
② Don’t let this happen again 种事发生
③ Please let me know what happens请告诉发生什事
Ⅳ promise 答应 允诺三词意义体答应作什场合：
① He promised to begin at once答应立刻开始
② I promised (him) to attend to the matter promptly 答应（）立处理件事
③ They promised an immediate reply答应立答复阻止tng is not permitted in this theatre the countersign

§23　 almost nearly
Ⅰ almost差very nearly 意思：
① He has almost finished his work 差完成工作
② Almost no one took any rest 没休息
Ⅱ nearly 差指差距般almost ：
① It’s nearly five o’clock差五点钟
② Nearly everyone knows it 知道
③ He’s nearly ready 快准备
[注]：almost时nearly通no none nothing never连时nearlyalmost例①互换例②

§24　 alone lonely
Ⅰ alone adj 单独作表语：
① I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely 单身觉孤独
② 外alone 作副词相by oneself单独独
③ I’ll go there alone独
Ⅱ lonely adj 孤独寂寞时表示荒凉烟意思deserted意思相含较浓情感色彩作定语作表语：
① We’re together most of the time so we never feel lonely
② a lonely deserted island

§25　 aloud loud loudly
Ⅰ aloud adv 出声听意味：
① Please read the story aloud 请朗读事
② They were shouting aloud高声呼喊
Ⅱ loud adv 高声声响亮常指说笑等方面：
① Don’t talk so loud 高声谈话
② Speak louder 说声点
Ⅲ loudly adv 高声时loud 通含喧闹意味：
① Someone knocked loudly at the door 声敲门
② Don’t talk so loudly（loud） 高声谈话

§26　 already yet still
Ⅰ already adv 已肯定句中通常动词完成时进行时连疑问句表真心疑问表惊奇置句中时强调置句末：
① I’ve seen the film already
② The train has already left 火车已开走
③ Have you already had breakfast 难道已吃早餐？
Ⅱ yet adv 已然般否定句疑问句常常置句末：
① He hasn’t found his bike yet没找行车
Ⅲ still adv 然种句中般句中：
① Do you still teach in that school 学校教书？
[注]：still句中位置意义：
① He is still（）standing there
② He is standing there still（adj动静止）站动动

§27　 also as well too either
Ⅰ also较正式位置通常动词句中肯定句中：
① He also plays football 踢足球
② I was also there
Ⅱ too 口语通常置句末前边须逗号隔开句中前均须逗号隔开肯定句中：
① He is a worker too
② The two cows too are white两头奶牛全白
Ⅲ as well 副词短语口语句末：
① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well教英语教数学
② He is a teacher and a writer as well位教师位作家
Ⅳ either 否定句中常置句末肯定句变否定句时中also too as well改either
① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film either 昨天没电视没电影

§28　for from since
Ⅰ 三者表示时间法
since 表示时间点作介词作连词接时间名词短语引导时间状语句求前面谓语动词句谓语动词必须完成时态延续性动词since引导句中谓语动词通常应短暂性动词接时间应点时间：
① He has worked there since1989
② She has lived here since she moved here
Ⅱ from 作介词表事情开始点现时态：
① They worked from 700 to 1200 this morning
② We have been good friends from childhood
Ⅲ for 作介词面接段时间完成时现时时时句中延续性动词：
① We’ll stay here for ten minutes呆10分钟
② They have studied English for three yeas

§29　 although though
Ⅰ although conj 然引导步状语句相 though though稍微正式句首though 非正式文体中较普遍种法although ：
① 表强调时even though：
Even though I didn’t understand a word I kept smiling字识直微笑着
② Though倒装句中：
Young though he is he is quite experienced 然年轻验
③ though 作副词表示然放句末位置：He said he would come he didn’t though说结果没
[外]although着副词英语中果although though butyet still 反果but although though ：
① Although he is in poor health (yet) he works hard He is in poor health but he works hard 然身体工作努力
②Although it was so cold he went out without an overcoat然天气冷未穿外衣出
③ He is quite strong although very old 然老十分健壮
Ⅱ though 常作连词然口语中着副词般放句末意然等：
① He didn’t light the fire though it was cold 天气冷没生火
② Though it was very late he went on working 然晚继续工作
③ He said he would come he didn’t though 说结果没

§30 always yet
Ⅰ always 总直常般现时连时进行时连 强调动作正进行表示赞叹厌烦满等情绪常肯定句中放三类词(情态动词助动词系动词书称三类词)行动词前：
① We always get up before six o’clock 总六点前起床
② He is always thinking of others 总想着
Ⅱ yet 然常not连否定结构中：
①He hasn’t finished the work yet 没完成项工作

§31　 always often frequently often
usually sometimes never
Ⅰ 词表频度副词间区百分区分：
（0）→（20）→ 70）→（75）→（100）
 —→ 时 —→ 时常 —→ 通常 —→ 总
：never(0)→sometimes(20)→oftenfrequently(70)→usually(75)→always(100)
Ⅱ always 永远总进行时连时表三老等意思时表生气耐烦等盛情色彩：
① The sun always rises in the east太阳总东方升起
② I always get up at seven o’clock 总七点钟起身
③ The boy is always asking whys男孩老问问没完
Ⅲ often 时常常常强调常性：
① He often comes here to see me 时常
② We have often been there
Ⅲ frequently 时常屡次常often 通强调次数频繁：
① Business frequently brings him to Shanghai时常事海
② He frequently comes here to see her时常
Ⅳ usually 常动作频率仅次always常常般时般现时连
① I usually get up at six in the morning
Ⅴ never 否定副词常常完成时连
① I have never been to the Great Wall
② She said she had never gone there频繁ten uently es here to see me tuently(70)→usually(75)→always(100)

§32　 edge side
Ⅰedge侧重指窄 边缘 刀刃边部分
Put some salt on the edge of your plate 盘子边放盐
Ⅱside 边 旁边 时edge义时指 (东西)侧面 ()方面 (身体)侧边

§33　 among between in the middle of
Ⅰ among ……中中间 指三者三者通常表某范围：
① Someone is wrong among us 中间错
② There is a small village among the mountains 山间座村庄
Ⅱ between …间指二者间时and 连：
① There is a river between us 两间条河
② I’m standing between a house and a big tree 站座房子棵树中间
Ⅲ in the middle of ……中间指某事物中间强调事物两端中间：
There is a bus stop in the middle of the road 条公路中间车站

§34　 animal beast
Ⅰ animal 动物 区植物言动物总称通常指兽鸟虫鱼等：
① It’s an animal of monkey kind 种属猴类动物
② The animal is hungry 动物饿
Ⅱ beast 四足动物通常指包括爬行动物较四足动物：
① The camel is a beast of burden 骆驼负重动物
② The tiger is a beast of prey 老虎猛兽

§35　 another other more
Ⅰ 名词前表示具增加意义般 more another more放数词 another 放数词前时 other other具意保留意：
① one more thing one other thing another thing表示件事意：
② I want three more other books I want another three books三书
③ I stayed there three more days I stayed there another three days 呆三天（里other dayday没意
④ We need three more another three hands to do the job需三做项工作 （里other 强调）
⑤ He works on the Great Green Wall with many other people 许块绿色长城工作（ other 没增加意表外）

§36　 another the other other others the others
Ⅰ another 指定数目中 （三）代修饰数名词：
I don’t think the coat is good enough Can you show me another
Ⅱ other 泛指外修饰复数名词：
We study Chinese maths English and other subjects
Ⅲ others 泛指外物 指余物全部：
Some like swimming others like boating
Ⅳ the other 指两中：
He has two sons one is in Shanghai the other is in Beijing
Ⅴ the others 特指某范围余全部物：
There are thirty books on the bookshelf Five are mine the others are my father’s

§37　 answer reply
Ⅰ answer 回答答复普通语包括口头书面行动回答作物动词物动词：
① He answered my question
② It is a difficult question to answer 难回答问题
③ Please answer my letter as soon as possible
④ They left a boy to answer the bell 留孩子应门
Ⅱreply 回答答复 answer 正式指口头书面回答严格讲指针性详细回答 指行动回答 Reply 常作物动词回答某某事接to 直接引语句连时作物动词：
① I didn’t reply to him没答复
② He replied that he might go 回答说

§38　 any either
二者指相关名词代词数量
Ⅰ any 指二意物：
When can you go with me to the city Any day of this week will do 什时候陪城里？ 星期天行
Ⅱ either 般指两中意接数名词：
Can you come on Friday or Saturday Either will do 星期五星期六？ 天行

§39　 any some
Ⅰany 点（时宜译出） 般疑问句否定句 ：
① Have you any new books （什）新书？No I have not any new books 没什新书
② Have you any money with you 身边带钱？
Ⅱsome 点 般肯定句：
① I have some new books 新书
[注]：① any肯定句中时表……便……等意思 You may come at any time 便什时候
②some 疑问句时表期肯定回答邀请请求等意思通常带情态动词问句：
1 Aren’t there some envelops in that drawer 抽屉信封？
2 Would you have some tea您喝点茶？

§40　 anyone any one
Ⅰ anyone of 短语：
Is there anyone at home
Ⅱ any one 物 of 短语：
I’ll send you any one of these pens
[注]：类似法：everyone & every one

§41　 arise rise
Ⅰ rise 升起起表起床意义时get up 正式 get up 常：
① The sun rises in the east 太阳东方升起
② The Chinese people have risen to their feet 中国民站起
③ He rises very early 起床早
Ⅱ arise 出现发生然表升起起起床等意思现般义特口语中：
① A new problem has arisen 出现新问题
② How did the quarrel arise 争吵样发生？

§42　 arms weapon
Ⅰ arms (pl) 武器着重指战争具体武器枪炮等 ：
① The black people there have taken up arms to defend themselves 里黑已起武器卫
② The soldiers had plenty of arms and ammunition 士兵充足武器弹药
③ Lay down your arms 放（）武器
Ⅰ weapon 武器单复数形式意义arms 广泛指战争种武器外指然战争制造作进攻防守器具：槌石子等外weapon 喻：
① The atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter 原子弹种规模屠杀武器
② Look to your weapons 心武器
③ A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life 外国语生斗争种武器

§43　 around round
Ⅰ around round 着前置词副词
Ⅱ around ……周围周围循环表静止位置：
① They sat around the table 围绕桌子坐着
② I found nobody around发现周围没
Ⅲ round 环绕……周围循环表种活动状况：
① The earth moves round the sun球绕着太阳转
② A wheel goes round 轮子旋转着
[注]：两词现通around 美国round英国

§44　 arrive reach get to
Ⅰ arrive reach get to 均达意意义基相arrive(in)(at) reach 正式语get to 通俗词常口语
Ⅱ arrive 物动词表达什点时面应接前置词inat 般说达方常in 达较方常at 绝（点副词连时然前置词）：
① He arrived in Beijing yesterday
② When he arrived at the stop the bus had left
Ⅲ reach 物动词面直接表点名词：
When does the train reach London
Ⅳ get to 较口语化接点副词时to ：
① He got to the shop at 500 o’clock this afternoon
② When I got there the film had been on for 5 minutes

§45　 article essay composition
Ⅰ article 文章文通常指记叙文文：
① The article explains how the machine works 篇文章说明部机器样开动道理
② There is an article on education in the paper 报纸篇教育文章
Ⅱ essay 文章文通常指文学散文笔杂文等指学术性文：
① We shall read Lu Xun’s essays 读鲁迅杂文
② Can you write an essay in English 英文写篇文？
Ⅲ composition 写作作文 尤指学语文者练写作做作文：
① He is learning composition 学写作
② The students were required to write a composition in English 学生写篇英语作文

§46　 as soon as as early as as quickly as
Ⅰ 三词快早意
Ⅱ as soon as 侧重极短时间表示…………意引导状语句：
① I’ll return it as soon as I can快
Ⅲ as early as 侧重天中早晨限定时间早点便达预期目：
① You should arrive there as early as you can 应早达里
Ⅳ as quickly as 表做某事速度非常快动作非常敏捷：
① Please read the text as quickly as you can 请课文快读遍

§47　 as soon as hardly…when no sooner…than

Ⅰ 三者意义基相…………刚…………特点
Ⅱ as soon as 普通位置灵活句前作种时态：
① As soon as I went in Kate let out a cry of surprise 进凯特惊讶声
② I’ll tell him as soon as he comes back
Ⅲ hardly… when…句通常 完成时句般时when时换成before：
① He had hardly finished his homework when the light went out 刚写完作业灯灭
② Hardly had I come back when they began quarrelling回开始吵起（hardly 提前时句子需倒装）
Ⅳ no sooner…than…句型中 no sooner般置句首句倒装形式：
No sooner had I known the news than I telephoned my mother 刚知道消息电话告诉妈妈

§48　 as well as as well
Ⅰ as well as 仅…意：not only … but also具连词性
① She is my friend as well as my doctor 仅医生朋友
② Small towns as well as big cities are being industrialized 城市城市样迅速实现工业化
Ⅱ as well 具副词性致相also too ：
He can speak Chinese as well

§49　 as because for since
Ⅰ 三词作连词表原理 区：
Ⅱ as 然表示原理明显语意because强理明显者认已知时as ：
① As he was not well I decided to go without him 身体决定独
② As it was getting very late we soon turned back 已晚 快回
③ As it is raining you’d better take a taxi 然雨出租车
Ⅲ because 表直接明确原理必然困果关系词中语意强回答why 引导特殊疑问句时because 注意：because so 连：
① He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill昨天呆家里病
② I did it because they asked me to do it 做件事请做
③ Ｗhy can’t you do it now Because I’m too busy
Ⅳ since然as 较正式说明知原语气because 稍弱
① Since light travels faster than sound we see lightening before we hear the thunder光声音传播快先闪电听雷声
② Since he can’t answer the question you’d better ask someone然回答问题问吧
③ Since you are busy I’ll do it for you然忙做吧
Ⅴ for 表原理时说明理解释性词中语意弱少口语中句首：
① I asked her to stay to tea for I had something to tell her 请留喝茶事告诉
② We must get rid of carelessness for it often leads to errors 定克服粗枝叶毛病粗枝叶常常差错
③ It must have rained for the road is wet 定雨路湿
④ I must go now for my sister is waiting for me 现走姐姐等呢
［注］：词语意强弱排序：
because—→since—→(as)—→for

§50　 as when while
三词作连词表时间关系　区：
Ⅰ as （）……时候when 　while　通着重指句句动作事情相发生：
① I saw him as he was getting off the bus 公汽车时候见
② As he walked on he felt himself getting more and more tired继续前走时候感越越疲乏
Ⅱ when （）……时候句句动作事情时发生先发生
① It was raining when we arrived 达时候正着雨
② Ｗhen we were at school we went to the library every day 求学时候天图书馆
Ⅲ while （）……时候表句动作事情发生句中动作事情进展程中句通常进行时态时when通指段时间（a period of time）指点时间（a point of time）面第例子：
① Please don’t talk so loud while others are working 工作时候请勿声讲话
② While I am washing the floor you can be cleaning the windows洗板时擦窗户

§51　 ask inquire question
Ⅰ ask 问询问普通语通常表示获回答解某事提问：
① I asked him if he could come 问
② I’ll ask him how to get there 问样
Ⅱ inquire 问询问表查究调查意思：
① I have inquired of him whether he could help me 已问否帮助
② She came to inquire about her friend’s health 询问朋友健康情况
③ He inquired of me about our work 解工作情况
Ⅲ question 询问审问提问含提出连串问题意味：
① I questioned him about the matter问件事
② He was questioned by the police　受警察审问

§52　 ask ask for
Ⅰ ask vt 问接宾语双宾语：
① Don’t ask me I don’t know问知道
② Ｔhen ask your friend the same questions然问朋友样问题
Ⅱ ask vi 求邀请接定式复合句宾语：
① He asked to join the PLA 求参加民解放军
② The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch 乡亲总请留吃午饭
Ⅲ ask for 求找某某物情况译法：
① He sat down and asked for a cup of tea 坐杯茶
② Last time Mum asked for some glasses in a shop 次妈妈家商店里买玻璃杯
Ⅴ ask sb for sth 某某物：
① Now ask your partner for the answers搭档答案
② He came and asked me for his bike行车

§53　 asleep sleep sleepy
Ⅰ asleep adj 睡着常作表语：
① The children have been asleep孩子已睡着
② He was too tired and fell asleep at once 太累立刻睡着
Ⅱ sleep v & n 睡着：
① You have a good sleep 需睡觉
② Last night I sleep very well 昨天晚睡
Ⅲ sleepy adj 困乏想睡：
① She is always sleepy 总想睡觉
② I feel very sleepy now 现昏昏欲睡

§54　 at Christmas on Christmas
Ⅰ at Christmas 表示圣诞节期间表示圣诞节天表示圣诞节前久：
I’ll return at Christmas 圣诞节期间回
Ⅱ on Christmas 指圣诞节般仅指十二月二十五日天：
Children always get many presents on Christmas Day 圣诞节孩子总收许圣诞节礼物
[注]：on Christmas Eve 指圣诞节前夜相中国夕

§55　 at first first
Ⅰ at first 起初表示发生事情动作前面甚相反：
At first she knew nobody but now she has many good friends起初谁认识现朋友
Ⅱ first 表示系列动作事物开始：
Be polite First knock at the door and then go in 礼貌先敲门进

§56　 at last finally in the end
Ⅰ at last 表定曲折某事发生强调努力结果带较强感情色彩须般时：
Did the man in the shop understand him at last
Ⅱ finally 表动作发生序 感情色彩时居句首时较
① Finally he went to see the famous man himself
Ⅲ in the end 表事物发展然序终结时finally相互换预测时in the end ：
① I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end

§57　 at school in school in a (the) school
Ⅰ at school表示学校学相家里校外：
① My son is at school now He is not at home or somewhere else 子现学校家方
② When my brother was at school he studied very hard 学校时兄弟学功
Ⅱ in school 求学学相工作：
My daughter still in school She doesn’t work 女学工作
[注]：①②at school 强调场时间③中in school 强调语身份学生in school at school着重点样通常互换
Ⅲ In a the school 学校定指学类似：
in hospital 生病住院
in a the hospital表医院（工作探视病等）
at table 吃饭
at a the table 桌边(聊天报）
① Is your friend in school 朋友学？
① Your friend looked for you in the school just now 刚朋友学校里找
② Children are often in hospital when they are young 孩子时候常生病住院
③ She is a good doctor in the hospital 医院里名夫

§58　 at the beginning at the beginning of in the beginning
Ⅰ at the beginning in the beginning表起初开始原先意两者间没明显区通常互换：
① You’ll find it difficult to learn Russian at the beginning 起初会觉俄语难
② In the beginning I didn’t know this开始知道事
Ⅱ 表世界开头必须in the beginning eg
In the beginning there were no men nor animals nor plants 盘古开天辟时没没 动植物
Ⅲ at the beginning of ……初 通常 接表时间事件意义名词反义词组at the end of ：
① At the beginning of 1975 he came back to China 1975年初回中国
② This adverb can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence副词放句子开头

§59　 at the top of on the top of
Ⅰ at the top of ……顶点……At 表示点句子中作状语反义短语常 at the bottom of ……底部
on (the) top of 中on 表示部位接触意思…………面反义短语常at the foot of ……脚底：
① He shouted at the top of his voice 高声喊
② He is at the top of the class居全班首位
③ Will you please put this box on (the) top of the books请盒子放书面？

§60　 at beside by near
Ⅰ at 动作联系意味着目意识by beside near意味着言：
① He sat at the desk He wanted to read 坐桌边想书
Ⅱ beside ……旁边by just at the side of 旁边两者般通by beside语势较强日常语中：
① There is a hospital beside by the river 河边家医院
[注]：指某身边时常beside Eg
① The little boy is standing beside his mother
Ⅲ near ……附离……远表示距离by beside 远：
① We live near the sea住海边（表离海边距离）
② We live by beside the sea住海边（表海身边）

§61　 at in
Ⅰ at in 点名词前at 时该方视点in时该方成范围：
① Are your classmates playing in the park 学公园里玩？
② They are waiting for you at the park 公园附（里面）等
Ⅱ at in & on 表时间名词前点时间前at 表某天某天某段时间（morning evening day night atc）名词前on 段时间名词前（星期年月周等）in ：
① I’ll meet you at eight 8：00 钟会面
② See you on Monday morning 星期早见
③ The story happened in May事发生5月份
Ⅲ 固定词组：：in the morning at night

§62　 at to
Ⅰ at表目目标to 仅表方：
① He threw the ball at me 准扔球
② He threw the ball to me 着方扔球
③ My father shouted at me父亲吼
④ My father shouted to me 父亲着喊

§63　 a year and a half one and a half years
英语中表示少半两种说法：
：
① an hour and a half one and a half hours 半时
② two kilos and a half two and a half kilos 两公斤半

§64　 awake wake waken
Ⅰ awake 弄醒醒唤醒醒wake意引申意义觉醒清醒时awaken 意
① The noise awoke me 喧闹声吵醒
② But before long the camel woke him 久骆驼弄醒
③ I usually awake (wake) at six 通常六点钟醒
Ⅱ wake up awake awake作形容词意醒着 ：
① Has he waked (up) yet 醒没？
② Is he awake or asleep 醒着睡着？
Ⅲ waken awaken 般动语态中意醒弄醒：
① I was awakened by the cry of the baby 孩哭声惊醒

§65　 bank shore beach coast
Ⅰ bank 岸 指河岸：
The twon is on the bank of the river 城镇河岸
Ⅱ shore 岸指海湖 河等岸常含水相意味：
The ship stopped a little way off the shore 船停离岸远方
Ⅲ beach海滩湖滩 通常指涨潮时水退潮时水沙子卵石海滩湖滩：
The children are playing on the beach孩子海滩玩
Ⅳ coast 海岸仅指海岸尤指水域边界：
① There are many harbours on the east coast of our land 国东海岸许港口

§66　 base on be based on
Ⅰ base on ……根：
① Edison based his ideas on scientific experiment 爱迪生想法建立科学实验基础
② You should base your opinion on facts 意见事实根
Ⅱ be based on ……根 根……基……
① What he said is based on fact 说话事实根
② The story is based on real life 事根现实生活写
③ Some modern languages are based on Latin 现代语言拉丁文基础

§67　 be afraid of sb or sth be afraid of doing sth
be afraid to do sth be afraid +that clause
Ⅰ be afraid of sb or sth 害怕某某事
① The man is afraid of nothing什怕
② Jenny is afraid of her father for he is very strict with her 詹妮害怕父亲求严格
Ⅱ be afraid of doing sth 害怕担心某事（法左右突发事情）发生：
I am afraid of falling into the swimming pool担心掉进游泳池里
Ⅲ be afraid to do sth 害怕敢做某事：
① The bat was afraid to leave his home 蝙蝠敢离开家
② I am afraid to go out at night 害怕晚出
Ⅳ be afraid +that clause 恐怕表带歉意回绝告知消息that 常省：
I am afraid (that) I can’t do that today 恐怕天做件事
Ⅴ 日常语中I am afraid 常表示歉意客气没恐惧意相I am sorry 引出愿发生方失情况：
① I am afraid I don’t agree with you 恐怕会意意见
② I am afraid (that) you are wrong 恐怕错
Ⅵ 口语中 I am afraid so not省文提容：
①Has he gone to Guangzhou 广州？
I’m afraid so
②Are we on time 迟？
I’m afraid not 没迟

§68　 be amazed at (by) be amazed to do sth
Ⅰ be amazed at by ……感惊讶：
① He is amazed at the news 消息感惊讶
Ⅱ be amazed to do sth ……做某事感惊讶 ：
① I am amazed to see such a bad accident 严重事感惊讶
Ⅲ amaze sb 某惊讶：
① The accident amazed me 事惊讶
[联想]：amazing 形容词令惊异起
amazement 名词惊讶
[注意]：amaze指事件惊讶强surprise surprise

§69　 be angry get angry
Ⅰ be get angry 生某气面介词with 某事生气面介词about at be get angry 接定式时定式动词 see hear 定式样表生气原 ：
① Miss Liu was got angry with Li Ping because he was late for school today 刘老师生李气天迟
② She was got angry with my behaviour 行感生气
③ What are you angry about 生什气？
④ My father was angry at what I said 爸说生气
Ⅱ get angry 强调变化强调生气变生气程be angry 强调状态表明正生气状态
His mother got angry with him when he told her what he had done at school告诉母亲校行时生气
[联想]：类似：
be become interested in ……兴趣
be get married 结婚
have catch a cold 感
be fall ill 生病 be fall asleep 入睡睡着
§70　 be good at do well in
Ⅰ be good at in 意思接 do well in （某方面）出色擅长……be good at in 强调种笼统情况do well in 表示种情况指具体次活动中表现出色
be good at 反义词组：be poor (weak) at (in) do well in 反义词组：do badly in ：
① Mary is good at in maths Mary does well in maths 玛丽数学（指情况） 玛丽数学学
② Tom did well in (宜be good at指具体次)that English test sports meeting汤姆次英语考试中（运动会中）考（表现出色）
③ Wu Dong does badly in his lessons Wu Dong is weak poor at in his lessons吴冬功课（指情况）
④ Mei Ying did badly in the high jump 梅英跳高赛中成绩（具体次宜换）
⑤ Mei Ying is weak poor in at high jump梅英善跳高（指笼统情况）
Ⅱ do well do badly单独表种情况be good weak poor 定助介词in at 强调某方面表达完整意思：
He does well badly at school 学校里功课差

§71　 be made of be made from
Ⅰ be made of ……制成造成品出原料：
The desk is made of wood 张桌子木头制成
Ⅱ be made from ……制造成成品出原料
Paper is made from rags纸破布做（已出原料）

§72　 be pleased with at to
Ⅰ be pleased with ……物感满意介词with接物 ：
① Both Mark and her mother were pleased with the girl 马克妈妈喜欢女孩
② I wasn’t very pleased with at my exam results 考试成绩太满意
Ⅱ be pleased at ……某事物感满意介词at 常事物搭配
He was very pleased at the news消息感满意
Ⅲ be pleased to 乐意…… ……高兴to 介词品词接动词原形：
① I shall be pleased to go 乐意
② We are quite pleased to be working in this country 国家工作十分高兴

§73　 be sure of be sure to do be sure that
Ⅰbe sure of 确信……握接名词代词动词ing 形式表客观事物肯定认识判断语必须：
① As David joined our team we are sure of winning the game this time
David参加球队次握取胜
② You may be sure of his honesty 确信诚实
Ⅱbe sure to 定肯定接定式表示局外推测评语定：
① It is sure to rain tomorrow 明天定会雨
② He is sure to win定会赢
▲ 祈句时作务必切切意：
① Be sure to come tomorrow 明天定
② Be sure to forget it 千万忘
Ⅲ be sure that 句认……定会语必须连词that 省略面接wheher where when who 等引导名词性句时句通常否定式：
① He is wure that he will succeed 确信会成功
② I am not sure where I left my notebook 确定笔记丢什方

§74　 be sure make sure
Ⅰ be sure 指某某事某种情况握常译：确信make sure 指务必务请确保某事弄清楚：
① I am sure that he is honest 相信诚实
② I have made sure that he is honest 已解清楚诚实
Ⅱ 二者面均接of about 引出短语：
① I am sure of success I am sure that I will succeed 深信会成功
② Will you make sure of his return Will you make sure that he returned 请查明否真回？
Ⅲ make sure 面that 句般少时
be sure 面that句时：
① Make sure that you come here before five 定5点前
② I am sure that he will come 相信定会
Ⅳ 两者面接定式均表示定做某事make sure 通常祈句be sure 受限制：
①to come to party on time 定准时参加晚会
② He is sure to call you up 准会电话

§75　 be surprised in surprise
Ⅰ be surprised 动词+形容词结构句中作谓语意：感吃惊 be surprised at 表……感吃惊
Ⅱ in surprise介词+名词结构句中作状语意：吃惊：
① She was surprised 感吃惊
② Everybody was surprised at you 家感吃惊
③ John turned round and looked at him in surprise 约翰转身吃惊着

§76　 be used for be used as be used by
Ⅰ be used for （）做……强调途作
Ⅱ be used as （）作……强调作工具手段
Ⅲ be used by ……by物强调者：
① Keys are used for opening locks 钥匙开锁
② Swim can be used as a noun Swim作名词
③ Recorders are often used by English teachers 英语教师常录音机
④ Wood can be used for making paper 木材造纸

§77　 be worth+n be worth doing sth
Ⅰ be worth +n(表值价值) ……值（钱等）
① What is your car worth 辆车值少钱？
② This house is worth ￡20000 幢房子值两万磅
③ It might be worth a lot of money 值钱
Ⅱ be worth doing ……值干某事表达意义动意义动词必须物动词相物动词动词短语句子语逻辑面动词宾语：
① That film is worth seeing 部片子值
② The report is worth listening to 报告值听
[注]：表值well worth ：
① The film is well worth seeing 电影值

§78　 beach bank coast shore
Ⅰ beach 海滨海滩湖滩指高水位低水位间滩：
On the hot sunny summer’s day on the beach you can feel how hot the sand gets 炎热晴朗夏天滩会觉沙子烫
Ⅱ bank 指河流湖泊岸堤：
① He swam to the bank 游岸边
Ⅲ coast 海岸海滨指海陆相接线理学语：
② They sailed along the coast 海岸航行
Ⅳ shore 岸指海洋湖河岸言较强水相意思：
His fisherman went to the shore before daybreak 渔夫天亮前海岸

§79　 beat hit strike knock
Ⅰ beat 着重连续击殴体罚指游戏竞赛战争中击败方：
① Don’t beat the child 孩子
② In the end their enemies were beaten 敌败
③ He beat the world record in high jump 破跳高世界纪录
Ⅱ hit strike通严格说hit指中准……着重敲击方某点：
① The stone hit him on the head 石头击中头
② I hit the target 击中目标
Ⅲ strike 普通词通常表示干等意思定意Strike表示擦着（火柴）意思：
① He struck the man on the head （拳）头
② Immediately Holmes jumped up from the bed and struck a match 福尔摩斯立床跳起划着根火柴
Ⅳ knock 敲撞击常aton down连：
You should knock on at the door before coming in the teacher’s office 应该进老师办公室时敲敲门
§80　 both either neither
三者谈两东西时作代词形容词连词
Ⅰ 作代词时：both 两者 either 两者中 neither 两者中 作语时谓语动词复数形式作位语either neither 单数形式作位语：
① Both of us are teachers
② Either of you can do it
③ Neither of the answerws is right 两答案
④ They both skate well 两会滑冰
Ⅱ 作形容词时：both 修饰名词复数形式Neither either修饰名词单数形式：
① Neither film is very long两部电影长
② You may use either pencil 两支笔中支
③ Both pencils are blue 两支铅笔蓝色
Ⅲ 作连词时： neither nor 连………… either or 连：………… …………连接两语时谓语动词遵循原both and 相连连接语时谓语动词复数：
① Neither Jack nor I have seen the film 杰克没影片
② Either you or I am wrong错错
③ Both John and Mike are good at swimming 约翰麦克擅长游泳

§81　 blind in blind to
Ⅰ (be) blind in 表示眼睛瞎（左眼右眼）表示眼睛瞎blind of onean eye：
① He is blind in the right eye 右眼瞎
② The old woman is blind of one eye 老妇眼瞎
Ⅱ (be) blind to 表示……视见：
Many people are blind to their own faults 许起缺点

§82　 beat win defeat
Ⅰ beat 赢战胜赛时接宾语战胜手表示赢某：
① Li Lei beat all the runners in the 100metre race 李磊百米赛跑中赢手
② We are sure to beat them肯定会赢
Ⅱ win 赢获胜 作物动词接宾语表示某种赛名词战争参加赛手：
① We won the basketball game 赢篮球赛
② Who won the race 谁赢赛跑？
Ⅲ defeat 战胜赢win 样较正式接宾语时beat样表示代表群体名词代词间接表事物名词代词 ：
Our class defeated beat theirs in the basketball match yesterday 昨天班篮球赛中赢班

§83　alikelike
Ⅰalike like 相意alike 作表语作定语前加very much very much 修饰外alike 作副词：
The two brothers are very much alike 兄弟俩长相
Ⅱ like 作表语作定语作介词连词作动词时意喜欢：
① The two brothers are very like (very much alike)
② Like father like son [谚]父必子
③ I don’t like swimming 喜欢游泳
④ Like causes tend to produce like results 类似原会产生类似结果

§84　 beautiful pretty fair lovely
nice handsome goodlooking
Ⅰbeautiful 常美丽美指种样美花鸟风景图画美指天气曲调衣服美含优美谐感觉快悦带美面心欢悦意形容时般指女子长美丽动
① She has a beautiful voice 声音听
② Rose is a very beautiful girl 露斯漂亮女孩
Ⅱ pretty 普通语漂亮标致程度beautiful 修饰时常指年轻妇女女孩侧重指温柔性格表活泼甜美 修饰物含巧玲珑意形容男青年时含贬义意带女气Beautiful义
① How pretty the child looks in her new dress 女孩穿着新衣服显漂亮呀
② The garden is small but extremely pretty 花园爱
Ⅲhandsome 描写男英俊健美女性时指五官端正定秀丽 ：
He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes and fair hair 英俊少年长着双明亮眼睛金黄色头发
Ⅳlovely 指外貌美爱常指激情感表说话赞赏喜爱：
① What a lovely wife you have 爱妻子
② Mother bought me a lovely radio to listen in at school 妈妈买漂亮收音机学校收听
③ The lovely woman has a deep love for her country 秀丽妇女热爱国家
Ⅴnice lovely 相似强调取悦感觉指外表美：
It’s a nice day for a walk
Ⅵgoodlooking普通语没beautiful 强烈男女均：
Nearly all girls are goodlooking some are pretty but only a few are beautiful姑娘漂亮少数美丽
Ⅵfair 指白肤金发美女

§85　 because because of
Ⅰ because 连词接句子 句直接原常回答why 引导特殊疑问句：
① Because he is ill he is not here today 病天没
② Why are you in a hurry
Because I want to catch the first bus
Ⅱbecause of 复合介词接名词代词相名词词组：
He can’t come because of illness 生病没

§86　 become get go grow turn
Ⅰ 词作连系动词表变化法：
become 较正式常书面语中表示状态状态变化通常完成事表未事：
① I became a teacher three years ago三年前老师（学生职业变成老师）
② He has become a famous person 已成名
Ⅱget 口语中常接形容词表变化程特常接较级形容词：
① The days are getting longer and longer 白天变越越长（含动作意识）
② Things are getting worse情况变更糟
Ⅲgo 表示某种原进入某种状态说明变结果
① After he heard the news his face went white 听消息脸变白
② The sky went cloudy 天娈阴
Ⅳgrow 表渐渐变强调逐渐变化程 ：
① The smoke grew bigger and thicker 烟变越越越越浓
② My younger brother is growing tall 弟弟渐渐长高
Ⅴturn 含变前完全意说明变结果
① The trees turn green 树变绿
② His love turned into hate 爱生恨

§87　 before long long before
Ⅰ before long 久久
Ⅱ long before 早前久前：
① I hope to see you again before long 希久见
② We finished our work long before 早工作做完

§88　 begin start
Ⅰ begin 开始普通语指开始某行动进程end 相：
① It’s time to begin work 开始工作时候
② She began to work in the factory at the age of fifteen 十五岁开始工厂里工作
③ The meeting will begin at eight o’clock 会议八点钟开始
Ⅱ start 开始begin通着重开始着手点stop 相：
① When did you start work 什时候开始工作？
② He started to study English 开始学英语
③ The child started crying 孩哭起
[注]：表示动身启程开动（机器）等：
①I think we ought to start at 8 认应该8点出发
外commence三词中正式接动词时接动词ing形式：
②The Prime Minister commenced speaking 25 minutes ago 首相25分钟前开始发言
§
89　 belive think suppose
三词面宾语句否定转移句反意部份句 谓保持致：
I don’t he can answer the question can he 认回答问题？

§90　 below under beneath
Ⅰ below……面指处某物低位置定某物正方反义词over：
① Write your name below the line 线写名字
② We are below the moon 月
Ⅱ under ……面相below时通指处某物正方反义词over：
① He stood under a tree 站树
② The cat was under the table 猫桌子面
Ⅲ Beneath……面 旧法文学语现少相below尤相under ：
① Children are playing beneath the window 孩子窗子面游戏
[注]：down 副词指高低常表运动动词连反义词up：
② He fell down the stairs 楼梯跌

§91　forget to do forget doing
Ⅰ forget ：
① I forgot to tell him about it忘事告诉
② I forgot telling him about it 忘事告诉
[注意]：类似：
① try：
1． Let’s try knocking at the back door敲敲门试试
2． We will try to go home tomorrow 明天争取回家
② remember regret doing sthto do sth
③ go on
④ need
want doing sth to do sth 相

§92　 besides but except beside except for
except that but for but that
Ⅰbesides ……指已……加except but ……外没……正相反：
① I don’t care for anything besides this外爱
② What have you done this morning besides reading the paper and watching TV 报电视外天午做什
Ⅱbeside prep ……旁边意思相：
① They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the the river惯河边路散步
Ⅲ but 作介词时：……外没……except意着重整体常no all nobody anything everything everybody everywhere who whose等词常接名词代词定式接定式时果前含实义动词 do (作助动词外)种形式动词原形（省略to）：
① He does nothing but laugh 笑已（前does动词原形laugh）
② Nobody was late but you 外没迟
Ⅳexcept 语气but强明显着重部分：
① I like all the fruits except pears 梨外喜欢水果
② The dress is quite nice except for the color 颜色外件衣服漂亮
Ⅴexcept for ……外中for 表示理细节句子含义起修饰作时except 互换：
① Betty worked out all the problems except for except the last one 问题外问题贝蒂解决
② Except for Sunday all of us go to school every day 周日外天学（处except）
Ⅵexcept that 作连词 ……外接句
① The Swede stood still except that his lips moved slightly瑞典嘴微动外站着丝动
② I know nothing about him except that he lives downstairs住楼点外关知
Ⅶbut for …… ……常虚拟语气搭配常名词相名词词代词常宾格
① But for you I should have been late for school 学迟
Ⅷbut that 接句：
But that I saw the elephant I couldn’t have believed it亲眼见象真相信

§93　 give a message leave a message take a message
Ⅰ Leave a message留信电话常介词for 搭配构成 leave a message for sb
Ⅱ take a message 捎信接电话常介词for 搭配构成：take a message for sb
Ⅲ give a message 某信to 搭配构成：
give a message to sb give sb a message：
① Can I take a message for him 捎信？
② Can you leave a message for her 留口信？
③ I will give a message to her 信

§94　 big large great huge
Ⅰ big large 修饰般具体事物
big 侧重表示物体块头重量含庞笨重意思反义词little
large 侧重表示物体宽度数量广阔众含义反义词small 现代口语中两者常互换big 较口语化large较正式：
① This is a big large room 房间
② This coat is too big for her 衣说太
③ China is a large country 中国幅员辽阔国家
Ⅱ big 作长解large没意思：
① She is big enough to ride a bike 长足骑行车
Ⅲ great 常表示伟修饰抽象名词修饰具体物带定感情色彩时表达说话喜悦赞扬等感情：
① We are going to visit the People’s Great Hall 算参观民会堂
② Einstein was a great scientist 爱斯坦位伟科学家
③ How do you like my coat Great 觉件外衣样？ 极
Ⅳ huge 巨极修饰具体事物指规格数额超常：
① How did they carry such huge stones 搬运巨石？
② The Great Hall of the People is a building
民会堂座建筑物

§95　 bloom flower blossom
Ⅰ bloom 指观赏花：玫瑰菊花牡丹等
Ⅱ flower 普通语
Ⅲ blossom 指果树花

§96　 boat ship
Ⅰ boat 船艇普通语指浆篙帆引擎船艇时指轮船：
① We crossed the river by boat 船河
② They pulled the boat up on to the shore 条船拖岸（指船）
③ When does the boat leave for Shanghai(指轮船)
Ⅱ ship 船舰指航海船：
① The ship is at sea 船厂航海
② They went to Guangahou by ship 船广州

§97　 bold brave courageous
Ⅰ bold 胆勇敢着重指胆勇敢气质表现出胆量敢闯敢抗畏缩：
① Be bold 勇敢
② It’s very bold of us to venture to go to sea 险航海勇敢
Ⅱ brave 勇敢 应广泛通常指危险困难怕情况表现勇猛畏缩：
① Be brave 勇敢
② It was brave of him to enter the burning building 敢进入燃烧着房屋真勇敢
Ⅲ courageous 勇敢畏表示勇敢气质屈挠精神畏觉付某种事情常常表示道义勇敢：
① He is courageous in telling the truth 敢讲实话
② We hope that they will courageously shoulder their responsibilities and overcome all difficulties 希够勇敢负起责克服切困难

§98　 borrow lend keep
Ⅰ borrow 指里东西（入）指某某处某事时搭配 Borrow sth from sb sw：
① Can I borrow your pen 笔？
② Do you often borrow books from the library 常图书馆书？
Ⅱ lend 指东西供（出）指某物某时：lend sth to sb ：
① Can you lend me your pen 钢笔供？
② You mustn’t lend it to others定供
Ⅲ keep 表长时间 时延续性动词完成时态borrow lend 短暂性动词完成时态表段时间状语连：
① He has kept the books for two weeks书两天
② How long can I keep the book Two weeks

§99　 both each
Ⅰ both 两 each强调：
① Both of us won a prize 两赢奖
② Each of us won a prize 赢奖
Ⅱ both 作句子语时谓语总复数：
① Both these books are mine
each常单数列情况复数复数名词代词：
①They each have beautiful stamps

§100　 bring take fetch get carry
意思法差切勿混
Ⅰbring带强调处带某某物说话：
The teacher asked the students to bring their dictionaries to the class
Ⅱtake走带走强调事物离开说话bring关系相gocome相关系：
May I take this magazine home
Ⅲfetch取 指取东西回返程相go and bringbring：
Please fetch me some chalk
getfetch意思相似口语：
Go and getfetch some water
Ⅳcarry携带搬运强调某物甲移乙带物体身移动固定方：
① He carried the box upstairs
外空气水电携带物carry：
① The boat was carried by ocean currents to a small island船洋水流飘岛

§101　 broad wide
宽意思
Ⅰ broad 指幅面宽广侧重表面广阔宏指时形容背肩胸等较正式文学性较强文体中描写河流街道田野峡谷等形关东西：
The road is 8 metres broad
Ⅱ wide 指边边空间距离侧重两端间距离宽指时形容眼睛口等：
This skirt is too wide
broad wide 反义词narrow
[语法]：度量表示法： 数词+名词（量）+wide(broad)long长thick厚deep深high高tall 身高around周长

§102　 build found put up set up
Ⅰ build 建筑建造指施工建筑房屋桥梁道路等建造广义：
We are building socialism with China’s style 正建设具中国特色社会义
Ⅱ found 创立成立创办批创立组织机构国家等：
① They founded(built) a school for the blind 创办亿盲学校
② The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949 中华民国成立1949年
Ⅲ put up set up 含义表示搭起竖起挂起表建筑物建起意思时通put up set up 常见：
① The boys put up (set up) their tents in the woods 孩子树林里搭起帐篷
② They have put up(set up) several cattle sheds for the team 队里建造牛棚
set up 表示建起成立某机构团体时put up 换：
The factory set up a night school last month 工厂月成立夜校

§103　 but however
Ⅰ 然意思However 较正式放句首句中句尾前面面加逗号隔开句中前加逗号but 连but放句首：
① I’d like to go swimming with you but I have to tidy the garden now 想游泳现必须整理花园
② It’s raining hard however they’re still working in the field 雨然然里干活
③ Later however she decided to buy it 决定买
④ He said it was so he was mistaken however

§104　 crowd group team
Ⅰ group 组团体 team 义词指目原聚集起形成群体搭配范围较广
team 指工作行游戏时起群体尤指体育赛队 搭配范围较窄：
① a study group 学组 a discussion group 讨组
② a basketball team 篮球队 a medical team 医疗队
Ⅱ group 指群时crowd义group 指数少常指较群 表示组织秩序群
crowd密集拥挤含义通常指未组织数众群

§105　 by oneself for oneself to oneself of oneself
五介词短语均属介词+反身代词结构意义相：
Ⅰby oneself单独独立（without help alone）：
Did you do this by yourself or did someone help you 做帮做？
Ⅱ 身身性质：
① Diamond is hard in itself 钻石硬
Ⅲfor oneself （利益做某事）独（by oneself 义）：
② He has built a house for himself 建造幢房子
③ You must find it out for yourself 必须找出
Ⅳof oneself 然然动物动词：
④ The fire died of oneself 火熄灭
Ⅴto oneself默默暗常talk say think等动词连
⑤ He said to himself that there was something wrong 想中毛病
[注]：say to oneself 心里想talk speak to oneself言语两者混淆

§106　 by train on(in)a the train
二者车意介词by表方式时交通工具名词前冠词表限定修饰词形容词性物代词批示代词等反介词in (较工具car等)on (较交通工具train等)：on the bus in his car

§107　 by at the end of into on the end
Ⅰ by the end of ……末前……末止般接时间名词年月周等接表活动名词strike
Ⅱ at the end of ……头……末端：
① At the end of the book there is an index 书附索引
② We shall have an exam at the end of the month 月末次考试
Ⅲ in the end 终终接of 短语：
I hope everything will turn out all right in the end 希终切利

§108　 by near
意思
Ⅰby… …旁边表示距离更：
① We have by the sea（暗示见海）
② We live near the sea(许离海边里远)
Ⅱnear表示距离稍远见例离ofits of enormous sum of money

§109　 by till
Ⅰby… …前迟仅指动作发生限定时间某时间止：
①Can you repair my watch by Friday 星期五前表修？（句中时间迟星期五动词瞬间持续）
Ⅱtilluntill直强调动作持续状态直某时刻止：
I shall go on working tilluntill next Monday （种情况肯定句中动词必须延续）
untillnot连时意直… …句谓语动词必须非延续性：
I don’t go to bed untilltill you come

§110　 call on visit go to see drop in
Ⅰ四者访问意思vist较正式访问访问方：
I visited my aunt in Bejing in the summer holidays 暑假探北京姨妈
Ⅱcall on时代visit限访问某方call at：
We called on Prefessor Liu a few days ago 前天拜访刘教授
Ⅲgo to see普通语般：
Tom is ill Let’s go to see him after school汤姆病放学吧
Ⅳdrop in特指路探访口语：
Would you like to drop in and have a cup of tea 便喝杯茶？

§111　 calm quiet
Ⅰcalm意思静镇静指天气海洋等时表示种风浪静状态指时表示镇静激动心情：
① The sea is now calm 海现风浪静
② He remained calm 保持镇静
Ⅱquiet意思安静寂静指没什动态没什声音尤指没骚乱种安静状态：
① Everything was quiet 万籁俱寂
② Ask them to keep quiet 保持安静

§112　 can be able to
Ⅰ can 表现力时be able to 通：
① He can is able to speak German 会说德语
② He could was able to run very fast when I was a boy 时候跑快
Ⅱ be able to 时表种努力做意思can时没种意义：
He started late but he was able to catch the eight o’clock train 出发晚赶八点钟火车
Ⅲcan 通常述两种时态be able to 种时态：
He has not been able to come since he got hurt 受伤直未前
Ⅳ 表猜测时canbe able to ：
That can’t be your bag 书包

§113　 can may
Ⅰcan意思会正式语中can通常指力言表示性非正式语口语中can常表示允许意思特疑问句否定句中：
① Can you swim across the Yangzi River 横渡扬子江？
② He can speak English 会说英语
③ I can’t come at that time 时候
④ Can the news be true 消息会真？
⑤ Can’t I go 走？
You cannot 走
Ⅱmay意思正式语中通常指性允许言：
① That may or may not be ture 真真
② He may be right
③ You may take this book I don’t need it 走书需
④ May I go now 现走？

§114　 cap hat
Ⅰcap意思帽子通常指边帽子包括便帽制服帽军帽等：
① He always wears a blue cap 总戴着顶蓝帽子
② How I wished I could have a cap a real soldier’s cap 想顶帽子顶真正军帽
Ⅱhat意思帽子指边帽子帽子总称：
① Hat in hand he came towards me 手着帽子走
② These hats are in fashion 帽子时髦
§115　 care (about) take care of care for
Ⅰtake care of料look after指喂饭等：
① Nurses take care of patients in hospital
[注]：表负责：
① Mr Savage takes care of marketing and publicity 萨维奇先生负责销售宣传
Ⅱcare about表否认某件事重某件事否引起兴趣忧虑常疑问句否定句中接句时about般省略：
I don’t care whether it rains I’m happy 雨呢快活着呢
Ⅲcare for 种意思
1）料（特正式较文文体中）：
She spent the best years of her life caring for her sick father 生中岁月料病父亲
2）关怀关心：care for the younger generation 关怀年轻代
3）喜欢愿意（疑问句否定句中）[care for sb to do sth] ：
① Would you care for a cup of tea 喜欢喝杯茶？
② I don’tshouldn’t care for him to read this letter 愿封信
§116　 carry on carry out carry through
Ⅰcarry on意思进行继续：
① I tried to carry on a conversation in English but could not 想英语进行谈话力心
② He told them to carry on 继续进行
③ Carry on (with) your work 继续工作
Ⅱcarry out意思贯彻执行完成实现：
① Sometimes it’s easy to make plans but difficult to carry them out 时候作计划容易执行计划难
② Our plan was carried out successfully 计划胜利完成
Ⅲcarry through 意思完成进行底（）战胜困难渡难关：
① Carry the revolution through to the end 革命进行底
② His courage will carry him through 勇气战胜困难渡难关

§117　 cause reason
Ⅰcause表示原缘理等意思时着重指产生某种结果原：
① The cause of the fire was carelessness 起火原心
② What was the cause of it 发生事原？
③ There’s no cause for anxiety 没理焦虑（必焦虑）
Ⅱreason意思理原缘着重指产生某种行想法理：
① I have no reason for it 没理样做
② Give your reason for changing the plan 改变计划理讲

§118　 centre middle
Ⅰcentre意思中心通常空间方面强调指正中心喩表示某事物中心：
① Draw a circle round a given centre 指定中心画圆圈
② We live in the centre of London 住伦敦市中心
③ Beijing is the political economic and cultural centre of China 北京中国政治济文化中心
Ⅱmiddle意思中间中指两边边两端端等距离部分空间时间等方面：
① In the middle of the room stands a table 房间中摆着张桌子
② He was standing in the middle of the road 站路中间
③ It will be coming into bloom about the middle of next month 约月中开花

§119　 certain sure
二者基法样
1） Be certain
：Manchester are certainsure to win(The other team haven’t got a chance)曼彻斯特队肯定会赢（队连点希没）
2） Before the game stared Alan felt quite surecertain of winning but after the first five minutes he began to lose confidence 赛开始前艾伦感握赢赛5分钟开始失信心

§120　 certainly surely
二者含义相
surely表相信感惊奇难相信：
① Surely that’s a plainclothes policeman 定便衣警察Can that really be a plainpoliceman
② Surely that’s Henry over there I thought he was in Scotland 边谅必亨利苏格兰呢
[注]：surely否定词连时常表示怀疑（愿意相信）：
Surely you aren’t going out in that hat 决会戴顶帽子吧
Ⅱ certainly 表解情况 ：
That’s certainly a plainclothes policeman 肯定便衣警察（说话者认出便衣信心肯定说出句话）

§121　 chicken cock hen
Ⅰchicken意思鸡鸡（泛指）鸡肉：
① Chickens pip 鸡吱吱
② He feeds 10000 chickens on his farm
③ We had chicken for lunch
Ⅱcock意思公鸡雄鸡：
① Cocks crow at dawn 天亮时公鸡喔喔
Ⅲhen意思母鸡：
A hen cackles when she lays an egg 母鸡生蛋时咯咯
[注] 鸡窝译hen coop鸡舍译hen house里hen笼统代表鸡

§122　 choose select elect
Ⅰchoose意思选择挑选通常指提供象中判断力进行选择：
① You may choose from among them the one you like best 中间挑选喜欢
② Let me choose a book from among these 书中选
[注]choose面接定式表示愿意决定等意思：
I didn’t choose to go 愿意
Ⅱselect意思选择挑选通常指象中精心进行挑选指根选择象优劣进行选择：
① The finest products were selected and sent to the exhibition 选择产品送展览会
② They were selected from among many applicants 许报名者中挑选出
Ⅲelect意思选选举常指通正式手续（投票等）进行选举：
They elected him chairman 选举席
里果改chooseselect着重选择意义定正式选举整句子应：They chose him as their chairman
[注] pick 词表示挑选选择意思含仔细挑选意味时表示意挑选意思：
Pick the best one 挑选吧 思ick stheir chairman
tion like best

§123　 city town
Ⅰcity意思城市市般指重城市（美国城市称city）：
① Shanghai is a big city 海城市
② Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world 北京世界古老城市
Ⅱtown意思市镇城市般指规模较城市常作country（乡）相语：
① The town is on the bank of a river 城市位河边
② Whould you rather live in a town or in the country喜欢住城市农村？

§124　pleasant please pleased pleasing pleasure
Ⅰ pleasant 形容词 令愉快 令舒适 指心满意足快乐予性格活动氛围状态场合事物
① She has a pleasant voice 声音悦耳
② The weather there is not very pleasant 天气太宜
Ⅱ pleased 形容词感高兴相 glad happy面接定式at doing with sth that 句
① We are very pleased to see you here 高兴见
② I am pleased that they have dedided to come 高兴决定
③ He was pleased with my progress进步感满意
Ⅲ pleasing 令喜欢令愉快语般物①She has got a pleasing voice 声音悦耳
Ⅳ Pleasure 名词客套语中：
① I have had the pleasure of meeting your father before 前幸见令尊
② Will you lend me a hand With pleasure 请帮忙？
Ⅴ please 物动词常祈句语气意请
Please give me a cup of tea 请杯茶
[注]：口语中Yes please 谢谢应 No thanks谢谢

§125　 clever wise bright smar
聪明意思区：
Ⅰclever聪明伶俐巧妙机敏指动物时通常指脑子灵活指做成事物时常含巧妙意思：
① He is a clever boy
② That’a a clever plan
Ⅱwise聪明英明明智指知识验丰富良判断力正确处理事通常正式客气场合：
① a wise saying 理名言
② a wise leader 英明领袖
Ⅲbright聪明伶俐通常指年青孩常口语中：
the bright boy is reading English in the bright room
Ⅲsmart机敏精明clever义强调顽皮面便说法：
You can’t cheat him because he is a smart boy 骗聪明孩子

§126　 climate weather
Ⅰclimate意思气候指某般天气情况包括气温降雨量刮风等状况指长时间季度天气状况：
① The climate here is bad 气候恶劣
② The climate of China is very enjoyable spring 中国春天气候宜
Ⅱweather意思天气指某某时寒暖晴雨刮风等变化状况：
① What is the weather like today 天天气整样？
② I will come if I can but it depends on the weather 果定天气

§127　 close near nearby next to
Ⅰ close 接亲密密切含义法near 类似指距离时间次序紧接引申含义表关系感情亲作形容词副词：
① Mother’s Day is close (near) 母亲节快
② They are sitting quite close(near) to each other 坐
③ She and I are close friends亲密朋友
[注]：near 作形容词时close含义法相表距离be near close to +点 close 作形容词near 作介词时nearto搭配：
①I live near (close to) the factory
Ⅱ nearby 指空间附般指较范围作形容词副词介词：
① They live in the nearby village 住附村庄
② There was a traffic accident nearby 附发生起车祸
Ⅲ next to 意思……相邻紧着be close to 接next to 强调距离紧邻
① Our school is next to a supermarket 学校紧挨着家超市
② Our school is close to a supermarket 学校距离家超市

§128　 close shut
Ⅰclose作动词表示关闭意思时通常仅指开着东西关闭起较正式语：
① Did you close all the doors and windows 门窗关？
② Close your eyes 眼睛闭
③ Do you mind if I close this window 窗子关起？
Ⅱshut意思关关闭常常close通close意味较强说to close a door or gate时仅指门关说to shut a door or gate时进指门闩插销东西门关住外shut close正式：
① They shut the doors and windows 关住门窗
② Shut the box 箱子关起
③ Shut the door after you 手关门

§129　 Chinese of China
Ⅰ Chinese 中国式具中国特色作形容词时作前置定语物物角度事物：
I like Chinese food 喜欢中国风味食品
Ⅱ of China 中国属中国格式表属关系作置定语
Please show me a map of China 请幅中国图

§130　 colthclothes clothing dresssuit
Ⅰ cloth 指做衣服等布料布毛料等数名词表达块布料应说a piece of cloth：
① Different kinds of cloth are produced in that factory 家工厂生产种样布料
② My aunt bought me two pieces of cloth yesterday 姑妈昨天买两块布
③ 表达特殊途布时台布揩布等cloth数名词：Pass me a table cloth please 请递块台布
Ⅱ clothes 衣服没单数形式单独数词直接搭配说hour clothes 说many these a few clothes总复数形式出现说 The clothes are… ：
① All of her clothes were made by her mother 衣服母亲做
② There are many new clothes on sale 许新衣服出售
Ⅲ clothing 意思衣服 clothes 指具体件件衣服指衣着整体言：
① They were all in their summer clothing 穿夏天服装
② Each child has ample clothing 孩子足够衣服
Ⅳ dress 通常指外面穿衣服般指妇女童服装指礼服某种特殊服装数名词：
① Who’s that girl in red dress 穿红衣服位姑娘谁？
② What size dress do you wear 穿号衣服？
③ He doesn’t care much about dress 太讲究衣着（讲穿）
④ He is in full dress 穿着礼服
Ⅴ suit 通常指样布料衣料做成套衣服：
① She was wearing a red suit 穿着套红西装
② He wanted very much to get a new suit and throw off his old clothes 想买套新衣服赶快脱掉旧衣服

§131　 collect gather
Ⅰgather意思收集聚集表示收集聚集般语仅物抽象东西：
① He gathered his books and notebooks 书笔记收集起
② She gathered the children round her 孩子聚集周围
③ A crowd soon gathered round him 群快聚集周围
④ He is gathering information 搜集情报
Ⅱcollect意思收集搜集聚集通常指计划选择进行收集表示般收集聚集时gather通：
① He is collecting material for a book 正聚集写书资料
② I have collected some famous pictures 收集名画
③ A crowd soon collected when there was a car accident 发生车祸时候立群聚拢起

§132　 college institute university
Ⅰcollege意思学院般指学部学院独立学院：
① There are many colleges at Oxford and Cambridge 牛津学剑桥学学院
② There are several teachers’ colleges in Jiangsu Province 江苏省师范学院
Ⅱinstitute表示学院意思通常指专科性（专门）学院外语学院（institute of foreign languages）体育学院(physical culture institute)航空学院（aeronautical engineering institute）等：
① He graduated from an institute of foreign trade 外贸学院毕业
② She is a student of a chemical engineering institute化工学院学生
Ⅲuniversity意思学通常指学院组织成综合性学：
He graduated from Yale in 19151915年耶鲁学毕业

§133　 competition game match
Ⅰ competition 赛竞争指体技术力竞争
He won a drawing competition 图画赛中获胜
Ⅱ game 赛指定规决定胜负脑力体力劳动竞技：
There is going to be a football game tomorrow afternoon
Ⅲ match 指网球足球高尔夫球等运动项目赛
The golf match will he held tomorrow morning

§134　 complete finish
Ⅰcomplete作动词表示完成意思时指已开始尚未完成事情完成：
① He has completed his task 已完成工作
② The railway is not completed yet 铁路尚未完工
Ⅱfinish意思完成结束着重指圆满结束已着手事情尤指完成精心作步：
① Have you finished your work yet 工作做完没？
② I finished reading the book last night 昨晚完书
③ The picture is finished 幅画画

§135　 conceal hide
Ⅰ conceal 隐藏隐瞒常hide通hide正式指意某事物隐藏起予泄漏作物动词：
① The box was concealed under the bed箱子藏床底
② He concealed his moteves 隐瞒动机
Ⅱ hide 隐藏掩盖躲藏普通语指意意某物（）藏（躲）易发现方作物动词物动词：
① Where did you hide it 藏里？
② He cannot hide the truth 掩盖真相
③ The moon was hideen by the clouds 月亮云彩遮住

§136　 cost spend pay take
Ⅰcost 指某东西值……钱 需花费……钱 精力等语般表示东西名词表示名词作物动词名词接双宾语动语态：
① I’ll bet that dress cost a thousand dollars敢说件衣服花1000美元
② The chair cost me thirty yuan椅子花30元
③ The building of the dam cost many lives 修建水坝许丧生（花（某种代价）损失）
④ Bad driving may cost you your life开车技术行丢掉性命
⑤ 作名词时意花费成→The cost of the house was too high for me房子价钱太高买起
[常搭配]：
① at all costs 惜切代价—→The officer told the soldiers that they must defend the town at all costs 军官士兵说惜切代价保卫座城市
② at the cost of ……代价
→1) He finished the work at the cost of his health 完成项工作失健康
→2) She saved him from fire but at the cost of her own life 火中救出牺牲
③ cost of living 生活费
—→As the cost of living goes up my standard of living goes down 生活费越涨生活水准越降低
Ⅱspend 语常 表示花钱买东西花时间做某事
常句型： ：
① I spend 5 yuan on the book买书花五元钱
② The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a dog男孩花10分钟画狗
Ⅲpay 支付花费语 花费金钱结构 pay + sb + some money + for sth ……付某少钱 中钱事根具体情况取舍：
① I paid (him)5 yuan 付（）5元钱
② I paid him 5 yuan for the book 买书付五元钱
③ I paid him for the book 买书付钱
④ I paid for the book 付书钱
Ⅳtake 表花费时间金钱（般指花费时间）
常结构：It +take(种时态)+timemoney+to do sth
It took me three hours to finish the work

§137　 country state nation
Ⅰ country 国家着重指疆土言乡农村相countryside 指风景言：
① This country is in the south of Europe 国家欧洲南部
② Germany and France are European countries 德国法国欧洲国家
③ The countryside around Nanjing is beautiful at this time of the year
Ⅱ state 国家着重指政权言：
① I’d like to borrow a copy of The State and Revolution想国家革命
② The state is an organ of violence at service of class rule 国家阶级统治暴力机器
Ⅲ nation 国家着重指民言：
Two friendly nations support each other 两友国家互相支持

§138　 crazy mad
Ⅰ crazy 发狂糊涂狂热常指忧虑悲伤欣喜渴激动等某种强烈情绪引起种心神错乱失控制精神状态：
① He was crazy with joy 欣喜狂
② You are crazy to do such a thing 干样事真糊涂
③ The boy is crazy on (or about) skating 孩子溜冰着迷
Ⅱ mad 发狂发疯通常指精神狂乱完全控制种病态口语中表示某种强烈情绪失常：
① The poor fellow is mad 怜疯子
② The dog has gone mad 条狗疯
③ This worry is enough to drive me mad 烦恼足发狂
④ He is mad about the stage 迷恋舞台生活

§139　 crop harvest
Ⅰ crop 收成指谷物水果蔬菜等年季收成 表示农作物庄稼意思：
① The rice crop was very good this year 年稻子收成
② The rice bears two crops every year 稻子年收两次
③ It is harmful to growing crops 正生长农作物害
Ⅱ harvest 收成收获指谷物收成指水果蔬菜等收成时指收割行喻指行动行结果：
① Rich harvests have been gathered in for several years running 连续年获丰收（crops代）
② The summer harvest is about to start 夏收开始
③ He reaped the harvest of his hard work 获辛勤劳动成果

§140　 crossing turning
Ⅰ crossing 交叉点十字路口
Ⅱ turning 路拐弯处：
Take the second crossing turning on the left 第二十字路口 拐弯处左拐

§141　 cry shout exclaim
Ⅰ cry 喊常指痛痛苦恐惧等喊仅表示某种感情表达思想时指言语高声喊表祈求：
① He cried with pain 痛起
② Help Help he cried 救命啊救命啊高声喊
Ⅱ shout 喊指表达思想高声喊说话时表示高兴痛痛苦惊恐等时发出命令提出警告注意：
① I shouted to him but he was out of hearing 呼喊听
② He shouted with pain 声痛
Ⅲ exclaim 喊指高兴痛苦愤怒惊讶等突然感情激烈高声喊：
① What he exclaimed Are you leaving without me 什？喊道丢离？
②They exclaimed with one voice 齐声呼喊

§142　 cup glass
Ⅰ cup 杯子通常指带柄瓷杯喝茶牛奶咖啡乐等等：
① The cup stands on the table杯子放桌子
② Will you have another cup of tea 喝杯茶？
Ⅱ glass 杯子饮酒喝等：
① The glass is broken to pieces 玻璃杯碎
② He drank two gasses of milk 喝两杯牛奶

§143　 dear expensive highcheaplow
Ⅰ dear 表示贵意思时cheap相指索价高语物：
① It is too dear 太贵
② The flowers were not dear 花贵
Ⅱ expensive 昂贵指超物品价值购买者购买力语物：
① It is too expensive for me to buy 东西太贵买起
② This is an expensive hat 顶价钱昂贵帽子
Ⅲ high low相语价格(the price) ：
① The price of the pen is not low for him 支钢笔说便宜

§144　 decide determine make up one＇s mind
Ⅰdecide着重指考虑商谈研究作出决定决心结束踌躇疑惑争等状况名词代词动词定式句动语态中：
① Nothing has been decided yet什没决定
② They decided to accept the invetation 决定接受邀请
Ⅱdetermine表示决定决心指认真考虑定决心decide般换接名词代词动词定式：
① We determined on an early start决定早出发
② He has determined to learn English 已决心学英语
③ We are determined to get the work done before May Day 决心五节前完成项工作
Ⅲmake up ine’s mind 决定决心犹豫决等相应语意：定意：
① He made up his mind to go there at once 决定立刻
② He has made up his mind to be a dotctor 决心医生

§145　 deep deeply
Ⅰ作副词时深深意deep具体深度包括时间空间deeply抽象喻意义者deeply修饰形容词分词deep ：
① They lived deep in the sea深潜海里
② I’m deeply sory for your uncle’s death 叔叔世深表遗憾

§146　 defend protect
Ⅰ defend 保卫保护捍卫指采取积极措施抵御击退外威胁攻击表示……辩护：
① It is the duty of every citizen to defend his country保卫祖国公民职责
② He defended his comrades from harm 保护志受伤害
③ They defended the fundamental principles of MarxismLeninism 捍卫马克思列宁义基原
④ He made a long speech definding his ideas 发表长篇演说见解辩护
Ⅱ protect 保护指采取措施受伤害损害：
① The government protects the people’s interests 政府保护民利益
② He built a fence to protect his garden 围起篱笆保护园子

§147　 department store shop store
Ⅰ department store 百货公司原美国法现英英百货公司stores：
① I’m going to the department store 百货公司
② I get most things at the stores 部分东西百货公司买
[注]：美国杂货商店（铺）grocery drugstore
Ⅱ shop 商店店铺英国零售商店般shop：
① The shop opens at eight o’clock 商店八点钟开门
② The shop sells embroideries家商店出售刺绣品
Ⅲ store商店店铺美国零售店般store ：
① He keeps a store in New Youk 纽约开商店
② The wares in that store are dear 家店里东西贵
§148　 desire wish want hope expect
Ⅰ desire 表想希等意着重表强烈愿热切心情：
① I desired to see you 想见见
② He desired success 渴成功
Ⅱ wish 语气desire 强表示种实现愿（句动词虚拟语气形式）接定式代词名词+定式结构表示希体实现外接双宾语表祝愿表委婉语气：
① I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day 愿天坐宇宙飞船飞月球
② I wish I were you愿
③ We wish to visit Yanan 希参观延安
④ We wish you to be happy 希幸福
⑤ I wish you a long life 祝长寿
⑥ I wish you success 祝成功
⑦ We can begin to work at once now if you wish（物动词）愿意现立刻开始工作
Ⅲ want 想搭配关系：want to do sth Or want sb to do sth 较口语化没wish样正式：
She wants me to do with her
Ⅳ hope 表愿实现抱定信心接定式that 句接 双宾语
① I hope to be a doctor 希名医生
② I hope she will be well again 希会痊愈
Ⅴexpect 期盼预料等指某特定事件发生抱颇信心：
① We are expecting a letter from her 时正期着信
§149　 desk table
Ⅰ Desk 课桌书桌写字台指读书写字办公桌子：
There are fifty desks in the classroom 教室里50张课桌
Ⅱ table 桌子台指供吃饭游戏工作安放种东西桌子台子广义包括desk：
We all sat at the same table 桌吃饭
§150　 develop developing developed
Ⅰdevelop物动词物动词意发展开发：
The child is developing well 孩子发育
Ⅱdeveloping现分词起形容词作表示动意义意思发展中：
① China is a developing country 中国发展中国家
Ⅲdeveloped分词起形容词作表示动含意意思发达：
Japan ia a developed country 日发达国家
§151　 die dead death
Ⅰdie 物动词般指生病负伤等原死非延续性动词（瞬间动词）表示段时间状语（for+段时间短语since……）连：
① He was born in 1847 and died in 1913 生1847年死1913年
② His grandfather has been dead for two years His grandfather died two years ago 爷爷世两年
③ He died ten years ago10年前死（说：He has died for ten years 应说：It is 10 years since he died）
Ⅱdead 形容词表状态句中作表语定语作谓语：
① He is dead but his name sill live for ever in our hearts然死名字永远活心中
② It doesn’t look like a dead fox死狐狸
Ⅲdeath抽象名词句中作语宾语：
① The murderer was sentenced to death 杀犯宣判死刑
② I heard of his death when I got to his house 家知已世
[注]：①die dye 两词意义完全（die 死 dye 染染）时二者现分词形式常易混淆die—→dying dye—→dyeing
② die for die from die ofdie awaydie down die off die out
1 die for 表某目事业等死渴极想
1)To die for the people is a glorious death 民死死犹荣
2)I’m dying for a cup of coffee 想喝杯咖啡
2 die from 表死（创伤劳累忧愁等）(疾病情感外原)：
1)He died from a wound 死创伤
2)She died from overwork 度操劳死
3 die of 表死（疾病情感饥饿年老等）
1)The old man died of cancer老患癌症死
2)His father died of starvation in Germany 父亲饿死德国
3) The old woman died of grief soon after her husband’s deth 位老太太失丈夫久悲伤死
4 die away 消失停息：
1)The sound of the car died away in the distance 汽车响声远处消失
2)The wind has died away 风已停息
5 die down 指灯火等慢慢熄灭指骚动等渐渐息：
1)They waited till the storm died down 直等风暴停息
2)The fire died down 火慢慢熄灭
3)The fighting has died down 战斗渐渐停止
6 die off 指相继死掉：
1)They had to watch their young children died off through lack of food 眼睁睁着孩子没东西吃死掉
7 die out 死光绝种：
1)These animals have already died out 类动物已绝种
§152　 difficult hard
Ⅰ difficult 困难指智力困难般hard代换程度：
① The question is difficult to answer
Ⅱ hard 困难指体力困难：
①Some of the apples are hard to reach

§153　 litter rubbish
litter rubbish 指垃圾作数名词Litter 常指（室公场）乱扔废物（纸屑包装纸废瓶等）回收
rubbish 指没东西（扔丢弃东西）回收：
① Throw the rubbish out 垃圾扔出
② The room is full of rubbish 房间里堆满垃圾
③ Pick up your litter after a picnic 野餐废弃物收拾

§154　 discover invent find find out
Ⅰ discover 发现发现事物存知道：
① Columbus discovered America 哥伦布发现美洲
② He discovered a box hidden under the floor 发现藏板箱子
Ⅱ invent 发明 发明东西前没：
① Who invented the steam engine谁发明蒸汽机？
② He has invented a new way of making silk 发明种造丝新方法
Ⅲ find 找指寻找结果非延续性动词：
I am looking for my bike but I may not find it 正找行车定找
Ⅳ find out 找出查明指观察调查某事某物查出搞清楚弄明白：
When he was a child he liked to find out how things worked 孩提时代时爱弄明白种事物龙脉

§155　 dollar pound
Ⅰ dollar 美元货币符号：＄ ：
①125 125 dollars 12美元5美分
Ⅱ pound 英磅英国货币单位符号：￡：
②￡125 125pounds 12英磅5便士
[注]民币yuan 符号：

§156　 door gate
Ⅰ door门指进出房屋门屋门指车辆橱柜等门：
① The door opened and a man came out 门开走出
② There are sliding doors between rooms 房间间滑门
Ⅱ gate 门门指出入某场门城门围墙围栏篱笆等门：
① We’ll gather at the school gate at 630 六点半校门口集合
② Who is the man at the garden gate 谁花园门口？

§157　 drag draw pull
Ⅰ drag拖拉 指慢慢拖着笨重东西意味着拖东西阻力：
① The horse was dragging a heavy load 马拖着重东西
② The escaped prisoner was dragged out of hiding place 逃犯隐藏方拖出
Ⅱ draw 拖拉pull相通常指较稳较容拉：
① Draw your chair up to the table 椅子拉桌子旁边
② He drew the book towards him 书拉拖面前
Ⅲ pull 拖拉普通语指力拉push 相：
①Pull the door open Don’t push it 门拉开推

§158　put down put up put on put away
put off put one’s heart into…
Ⅰ ：
① Don’t put down your hands Put them up 放手举起
② A new notice has been put up 已贴出张新通告
③ He took down the old picture and put up the new one 旧画挂幅新画
④ A big building has been put up ( set up build)in our school 学校盖起座楼
⑤ He put on his coat and hat and went out 穿衣戴帽子出
⑥ Has the play been put on at this theater 剧院演部戏剧？
⑦ Let’s put our Christmas gifts away and keep them a while 时圣诞礼物暂时保存起吧
⑧ Put away your coats in summer 夏天时衣收起
⑨ The meeting has been put off because of the rain 会雨延期举行
⑩ You can do anything well if you put your heart into it 果全心身投入什事做
⑪ He put his heart into his work and didn’t notice me

§159　 dress put on wear in try on
Ⅰ dress 穿指穿动作指状态：
① His mother dressed him in new clothes 母亲穿新衣服
② Get up and dress quickly 快起床穿衣
③ She dresses neatly 穿着整齐
[注]：作vt直接象穿衣服作vi时表穿什衣服
Ⅱ put on 穿戴强调动作：
① Put on your coat 穿衣
② He put on his hat and went out 戴帽子出
Ⅲ wear 穿戴 强调状态：
① He wears a coat 穿着衣
② The teacher wears glasses老师戴着眼镜
Ⅳ in 穿戴 介词构成短语作定语表语表状态接表颜色词：
① She is in a coat 穿着衣
② The boy in blue is my brother 穿蓝色衣服男孩弟弟
Ⅴ try on 试穿 戴：
Please go to the tailor’s to have a suit tried on 请裁缝店试穿套衣服

§160　drill exercise practice
Ⅰ drill 练 指组织指导反复进行练尤指课堂军队里进行教练：
Questionand –answer drills are important when yu are learning a foreign language
Ⅱ exercise 指发展智力锻炼身体进行练：
① He is doing an exercise in English grammar
② We do morning exercises every day
Ⅲ practice 数名词指达熟练完善程度 反复进行练尤指艺术手艺技巧方面：
Piano playing needs a lot of practice弹钢琴需练

§161　 drop fall
Ⅰ drop 作物动词物动词意降丢放fall 作物动词意落降 ：
① The boy fell off the tree 男孩树掉
② The temperature is dropping 温度降
③ Can you drop me 中途车？
④ I dropped the box on my foot 失手盒子砸脚
⑤ I’ll drop off at the next stop 站车
§162　 maybe perhaps probably
Ⅰ maybe perhaps & probably副词许意法略
Ⅱ maybe perhabs 意思基相：
① Maybe perhaps the weather will get better 天气会变
② Maybe perhaps you put it in your basket 许放蓝子里
Ⅲ Probably maybe perhaps 性：
They will probably refuse to speak at the meeting会拒绝会发言
Ⅳ maybe 句首句尾perhaps 句首句中 probably 般句中句首：
① Maybe they will come（）
② They will perhaps come （）
③ They will probably come

§163　 during in for
Ⅰduring in 二者表示某事发生贯穿某段时间中发生某段时间 中某点点时间 数情况强调某段时间时in during意思没什区表达某事具体发生时间时 in指项活动段时间时during 外during 强调某动作持续段时间：
① I woke up three times in during the night 夜里醒三次
② He had some amazing experience in during his childhood 童年时惊历
③ We usually go on holiday in July (during) 通常七月份度假
Ⅱduring for 两者表示段时间介词
1 during 意：……（时间）行状态段时间整体连：during the spring during last year during 1980等表示延续性事件名词连：during my childhood during our stay during his visit等般现完成时句子里：
① During the winter we play fotball 冬季踢足球
② Many comrades went to see him during his illness 生病期间许志
2 for引导段时间强调时间始终译（时间）长达……般长度时间短语连for three weeks For a long time等现（）完成时时句子等 ：
① He studied English for three years 学三年英语
② The French teacher has been in China for about a month
§164　 each every
Ⅰ each every 常通单数名词区：1）着重强调体every 着重强调整体：
① Each student has got a new dictionary 学生字典
② Every student has got a new dictionary 学生字典（every student all the students）
Ⅱ each 指两两 事物 every 指三三事物 ：
① There are some ads on each side of the road 公路侧广告（each side – both sides句子中each every 代）
② You look more beautiful each every time I see you 次见起更漂亮
Ⅲ each 作代词of+复数名词 代词动词然单数every 样every形容词：
① Each of students has got a new book Every one of the students has got a new book The students each have got a new book(The students have got a new book each)学生新书
② Each of them likes light music Every one of them likes light music They each like light music (They like light music each) 喜欢轻音乐

§165　earth groundfloorfield land soil
Ⅰearth 球泥土着重批天空指区坚硬岩石泥土：
① The earth moves round the sun 球围绕太阳转
② Snakes creep on the earth蛇爬行
Ⅱground 面指表面呢沙水泥均词表示指运动场：
① The ground is covered with leaves in the woods树林面落满树叶
② There is a football ground in our school学校足球场
Ⅲfoor指建筑物板前面通常加the外表示楼房层：
① The cat is on the floor 猫板
② the first floor(美：)楼 （英：）二楼
Ⅲfield 表田常指种植农作物农田土时指研究活动范围流域：
① They are working in the fields正田里劳动
② What’s your field of study 研究领域什？
Ⅳland 陆河流海洋相指土耕种田做land表示国土国家：
① We travelled by land until we reached the sea陆路直旅行海
② All the waste land in this area has veen opened up方荒全开垦
Ⅴsoil土土壤尤指生长植物土：
① The soil is very thin in the forest 森林里土层非常薄
② The peasants are preparing the soil for seed农民正整土
§166　 elder older
Ⅰelder意思年长指家庭里两成员中年龄较长者指明两中年龄较长例：
① He is my elder brother 哥哥
② My elder sister works at a factory 姐姐工厂里工作
③ Which is the elder of the two 两中年龄较？
[注] elder作形容词时通常放名词前面作定语作名词复数形式表示长者长辈意思例：
We respect our elders 尊重长辈
Ⅱolder形容词old 较级形式指年龄较较老指较旧例：
① Comrade Zhang is two years older than Comrade Wang 张志王志两岁
② This tree is older than that one 棵树棵树

§167　 else other
Ⅰ else adj& adv 作形容词时 who whose what 等疑问代词nobody nothing somebody something anybody anything 等定代词作宾语作副词时wherewhen等词作状语：
① He said what else you would like 问想什？
② Where else are you going to stay 什停留？
Ⅱ else 带’s读作：[′elsiz] ：
I took someone else’s book by mistake 错书
Ⅲ other 形容词修饰名词时须放名词前：
Where are the other boys 男孩里？
Ⅳ 修饰代词one ones ：
This story is more interesting than the other one 事事更趣
§168　 end finish stop
Ⅰ ▲ end 指动作程终止
▲ finish指动作已完成没动作做
▲ stop 侧重动作停止动动：
① Everything ended 切结束
② Have you finished your work 工作做完？
③ He stoppedreading to have a rest 停止阅读休息会
§169　 enjoy like love prefer
四词喜欢意法
Ⅰlike意喜欢爱语气较弱名词代词定式动名词等作宾语like复合宾语宾语补足语常动词定式like sb to do sth 喜欢某做某事：
① In England many people like fish and chips 英国许喜欢鱼油煎土豆条
② He likes playing volleyball 爱排球
③ I don’t like to eat pears now 现想吃梨
Ⅱlove意爱爱感情like强烈常爱祖国爱父母类程度较深情况口语中仅指般喜爱样时like意思相互换面名词动名词动词定式：
④ We love our Party 热爱
⑤ I love to skate 喜欢滑冰（like换）
⑥ They love playing table tennis 爱乒乓球（like换）
Ⅲenjoy意喜欢欣赏意乐享受乐趣意思名词代词动名词作宾语接定式形式外enjoy oneself 玩愉快意相have a good time：
① Many old people enjoy living in a village 许老年喜欢乡村居住
② Did you injoy yourself in the park yesterday 昨天公园玩痛快？
Ⅳprefer更喜欢宁愿意常两者间选择名词代词动名词定式宾语句宾语句虚拟语气prefer介词to连表示喜欢喜欢中to介词名词动名词Prefer to do…rather then do…意喜欢喜欢：
① Li Lei likes Chinese but I prefer English 李雷喜欢语文更喜欢英语
② Mr Green prefers walking to riding a bike 格林先生喜欢步行愿骑车
③ Which would you prefer tea or coffee 较喜欢喝茶咖啡？
④ He prefers to write her some letters rather then telephone her 喜欢写信愿电话
▲ 总结：rather than宁连接种列成份语气肯定前面否定面写成would…rather thanrather than…would…相instead of：
① He ran rather than walked 跑步步行
② They lost fame rather than wealth 失财富名誉
③ He would die rather than give inRather than give in he would die 宁死屈
④ These shose are comfortable rather than pretty 双鞋穿起舒服
⑤ She would rather be poor than do that 宁愿受穷愿样做
§170　 enter enter into
Ⅰenter 进入表进入具体处房间场等面需加介词 表进入某时期阶段表示加入某组织成成员时 enter相join：
① She entered the house走进间屋子（into）
② China is entering a new stage of development中国正进入新发展阶段
Ⅱenter into 进入参加开始事加抽象名词表示进入某种状态般表抽象喻意义
Tom’s accident didn’t enter into our plan Tom事计划中没预料
§171　 error mistake fault
Ⅰerror意思错误失指背离某种准偏差表示精确正确组词中词广泛例：
① This is an error in grammar 语法错误
② He made an error in opinion 意见错误
Ⅱ mistake 错误 指粗心疏忽缺乏正确理解等原造成错误error通某固定词组中换：
by mistake In error 等：
① You have made a mistake in your spelling 拼写弄错
② I took his umbrella by mistake 错伞
Ⅲ fault缺点毛病表失错含事造成错责意味：
① With all his faults he is still a good comrade 缺点分志
§172　 even if even though though
三者引导步状语句Even if even though般换意然引出句叙述假设握事情时动词虚拟语气though 意思然引出句叙述事实：
① He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 然知道消息愿意告诉（肯定知道）
② He won’t tell me about it even if though he knows the news 知道消息愿意告诉（消息知知句子含定推测意味）
③ I will try even if I may fail 失败尝试
④ Though it was very late he went on working 然晚继续工作
[注] though but 时出现句中
§173　 evening night
Ⅰevening意思傍晚晚指晚餐寝段时间：
① I must start by tomorrow evening 迟明天傍晚必须动身
② We have a film every Saturday evening 星期六晚电影
Ⅱnight意思夜夜里晚指日落日出黄昏拂晓段时间：
① They spent the night in the forest 森林里夜
② We sleep during the night and work during the day 夜里睡觉白天工作
③ We saw the play on the first night 戏第晚演
§174　 every day everyday
Ⅰevery day连写分开句中作意义 every day副词词组意天天天句中作状语：
We go to school every day
Ⅱeveryday形容词意日常普通句中作定语：
I study everyday English every day
§175　 every one everyone
Ⅰevery one意思通常指物面常of短语of短语every one指指物具体指什of短语容：
① He ate up every one of those apples 苹果吃完
② Every one of us went there
Ⅱeveryone代词（everybody）意思般指具体接单数动词果需物代词应theirhisof引起介词短语：
① Is everyone here
② Everyone can do it
[注]every oneof连时指指物指时everyone 相：
Everyone (every one) can do it相eryone
there day first
every oneof连必须分开写
everyone not连表示部分否定意思
§176　 examination test quiz
Ⅰexamination表示考试意思时通常指较正式考试学期考试入学考试等：
① We have an examination in English today天考英语
② The students did very well in the terminal examination 学生学期考试成绩（里指门课程考试examination 复数形式）
③ They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College 通南京师范学院入学考试
Ⅱtest表示考试意思时指考考查：
① We are going to have a midterm test next week周进行期中考试
② The teacher gave us a test in grammer 老师进行语法考查
Ⅲquiz表示考测验意思时指事先准备时进行短促测验：
① The teacher gave us a fiveminute quiz老师进行次五分钟测验
② How ofter do you have your quiz 长时间测验次？
§177　 exciting excited
Ⅰ exciting excited 含激动意思句中作定语表语
exciting 指某事物令兴奋激动语常物：
① Skiing is more exditing than skating 滑雪滑冰更令兴奋
② It was an exciting match 场激动心赛
Ⅱ excited 表示某某事物感兴奋激动语常：
① The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩球队赢十分激动
② The excited children were opening their Christmas presents兴奋孩子正开圣诞礼物
[注意]英语中类似法词常见：
interested 感兴趣 interesting 令感兴趣
worried 感着急 worrying 令着急
tired 感疲倦 tiring 令疲倦
bored 觉厌烦 boring 令厌烦
frightened 感害怕 frightening 令害怕
§178 excuse …for excuse … from
Ⅰ excuse … for 原谅某事：
① He excused me for being late 原谅迟
② Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission 请原谅没允许电话
Ⅱ excuse … from 免……允许……：
① The teacher excused him from the examination 教师意免试
② The boy was excused from doing housework 允许男孩做家务事
§179　 expect wait
Ⅰexpect 物动词作期预料指解表期某会某事会发生意思接名词代词动词定式句：
① We expected you yesterday 昨天盼
② We expect to meet you again next year 期明年见
▲ expect 引申汉语等进行时态指期盼心理状态接介词for ：
③ Mr Brown was anxious He was expecting you布朗先生焦急等着呢？
Ⅱ wait 物动词常常for连指等候具体行：
① Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you 胡等着说句话
② I have a month to wait yet 等月
③ We are waiting for a bus 等公汽车
§180　 family home house
三词作家讲
Ⅰhouse指供家住房子侧重具体建筑物：
There are four rooms in the house
Ⅱfamily指父母子女组成家庭集体名词成单数（指整体概念）视复数名词（指家庭成员）：
① His family is a large one 家家庭
② My family are all watching TV 家电视
Ⅲhome指出生居住方具抽象含义：
Hise is home near the station 家火车站附
外home作副词：Let’s go home
§181　 faraway far away
Ⅰfaraway指时间距离程度等遥远：
the faraway guests 远方客
表心焉：
a faraway look 恍惚神色
Ⅱfar away副词词组表距离远句中作状语常作置定语：
① He’s standing far away
② He lived in a small village far away
§182　 farm field
Ⅰfarm农场范围包括田树木家畜家禽房屋等前常介词on
Ⅱfield田生长草木原野复数形式块稻田说：a rice field前常介词in：
① There several kinds of animals on the farm
② They’re working in the rice field
§1 83　 farmer peasant
Ⅰfarmer指营农庄
Ⅱpeasant包括雇农佃农耕农国农民译peasant
§184　 farther further
father furtherfar较级意较远更远further外更进步外等意思作形容词作副词：
① They made further arrangement 作进步安排
② I may be able to give you some further information about it 关件事提供外信息
③ She didn’t argue further about it 争
§185　 fast rapid swift quick
Ⅰ fast 快般指物体运动速度（speed）快常形容交通工具跑快钟表走快动作快等：
① A car goes faster than a truck 汽车卡车跑快
② How fast the horse runs 匹马跑快呀
Ⅱ quick 指较短时间较发生完成某事常形容动作敏捷反应迅速：
① Come quick 快呀
② Please give me a quick reply 请迅速答复
Ⅲ rapid 表速度快fast通指运动身：
① The boy is making rapid progress 孩子进步快
② Rapid speech is usually indistinct 急促语言清晰
③ The current was rapid 水流急
Ⅳ swift 表速度快常指运动稳费力：
① Eagles are swift in flight 鹰飞快
② The curent was very swift 水流快
§186　 feed keep
Ⅰ feed 喂养强调具体动作意：……喂食……东西吃常句型：feed sb sth(on sth) feed sth to sb sth （动物）某物作食物：
① Mr King has a large family to feed 金先生养活家
② What do you feedyour dog on什喂狗？
③ Feed some stewed(炖)apple to the baby 婴喂炖苹果
Ⅱ keep 饲养指总体情况涉具体动作：
① The old woman kept many dogs 位老太太养许狗
§187　 festival holiday redletter day vacation
Ⅰfestival节日特点欢乐：外国圣诞节国春节等
① Christmas and Easter are Church festival圣诞节复活节教会节日
② A number of new films were shown during the Spring Festival
Ⅱredletter day 纪念节日喜日子指日历红字标明日子：
There aare many redletter day round the year
Ⅲvacation通常指规定停工作学等活动休息段时间般较长学校里寒暑假：
The summer vacation is over 暑假已
§188　 few a few little a little
fewa few 修饰数名词little a little 修饰数名词fewlittle表否定意义受very修饰a few a little表肯定意义受only修饰：
① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous
② This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it
③ There is little water left in my glass
Will you please give me some
④ Don’t worry we have a little time left
§189　 fairly quite rather
Ⅰ fairly 褒义语气弱表适度尚等意思
① It’s fairly cold out wear a jacket 外面颇冷穿件外套
② This is a fairly easy book 相浅易书
Ⅱ Quite fairly 法相似语气较强：
① It is quite cold out wear a coat 外面冷穿件外套
② You are not quite happy this morning 天早太高兴
Ⅲ rather 贬义语气三词中强：
It is rather cold out wear a warm coat 外面相冷穿件暖衣
§190　 fight strugglebattle
Ⅰfight 意战斗指动物动物武器武器战斗引伸义：
They fought their enemies bravely 勇敢斗敌
Ⅱstruggle意斗争指费力艰苦时间长斗争：
His life was a hard struggle with sickness 生疾病作艰苦斗争
Ⅲbattle作战般指组织武装部队间斗争：
They were wounded in battle 战斗中受伤
作名词时fightbattle战斗意思时通：
The fightbattle lasted a long time 次战斗持续长时间
1） fight意义较广泛指然界斗争时指间斗争：
We have starded a fight against pollution 已开始场消污染斗争
2） struggle相a hard fight（奋斗）：
The slaves won their struggle for freedom 奴隶进行斗争胜利
§191　 fill full
Ⅰfill物动词表……满常介词with搭配表达……充满时be filled with结构：
① The bottle is filled with water 瓶子装满水
② He was filled with joy at the news 听消息心充满喜悦
Ⅱfull形容词作表语表示语处状态常见be full of 结构中：
① The schoolbag is full of books 书包里装满书
② He drew in an old badsket full of sand 捞灌满泥沙旧蓝子
[注]：be filled with be full of 互换介词withof 混淆：
The room is full of people The room is filled with people
§192　 final last
Ⅰfinal表终止结束意时带决定性结性等意味：
① Today is the final day of this term 天学期天
② We shall know the final results of the elections tomorrow 明天知道选举结果
Ⅱlast 末尾指次序前时间先居意味着面：
① My house stands in the last row
② He was the last one to enter
§193　 finally at last in the end
三作讲法
Ⅰfinally表动作发生序感情色彩时居句首时较
Ⅱat last 表定曲折某事发生强调努力结果带较强感情色彩须般时
Ⅲin the end 表事物发展然序终结时 finally相互换预测in the end：
① Did the man in the shop understand him at last
② Finally he went to see the famous man himself
③ I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end
§194　 famous as famous for
Ⅰ (be) famous as （某种身份）……出名（著名）as宾语语位：
① She is famous as a poet 名诗著名
② The town is famous as a carmaking place 该城镇制造汽车闻名
Ⅱ (be) famouse for 困……闻名（驰名）表示某种特征出名for宾语般语属容：
① China has been famous for its silk 中国素丝绸闻名
② This city is famous for its big gambling resort 该市赌场驰名
§195　fix mend repair
Ⅰ 三词译修理fix 词美语中应更广泛fix repair 样表示受定损坏失灵东西恢复性状机修理安装钟表收音机相机电视机汽车机床等型物体repair 修筑堤坝道路建筑等：
a
Ⅱ mend 般修补破损东西恢复原样般指较物衣服鞋袜伞桌椅等：
mend
§196foolish silly stupid
Ⅰfoolish 意思愚蠢傻指显缺乏判断力普通常识言行等：
① How foolish of you to condent 竟会意愚蠢啊
② Don’t be so foolish 傻
③ He is a foolish man to throw away such a chance 放弃样机会真傻瓜
Ⅱsilly意思愚蠢傻表示愚蠢极点致令发笑轻视常常表示没意思聊等意义：
① How silly of you to do that 竟做件事愚蠢啊
② That is a silly story 聊事
Ⅲstupid意思愚蠢笨指智力差觉察理解力学力等差时foolishsilly通意味强：
① He is a stupid person 蠢
② How stupid of him to overlook such an obvious mistake 明显错误居然没出愚蠢呀
§197for short short for
Ⅰfor short意简称缩写介词词组常作状语：
① The teacher told Tom to write the text for short 老师汤姆缩写课文
Ⅱshort for意 缩写be 动词连构成系表结构作谓语：
① There’re is short for there are
§198 from now on from then on
from now on现起现起点延续谓语通常时态from then on时起起点延续谓语通常时态完成时态：
① She is going to live with you from now on 现起刻苦学
② From then on he hasn’t seen his uncle again 没见叔叔
§199 game match race sport
Ⅰ game 指决定胜负游戏通常套规参加者均须遵守：
① After a game on the wports field they often become good friends 运动场进行场赛常常变成朋友
[注]：说赛 英国通常match美国通常game外game 复数形式般指型国际赛综合性体育运动会：the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会
Ⅱmatch 表示相互间正式体育赛球类赛英国常
① They are going to have a volleyball match 进行场排球赛
Ⅲ race 赛跑赛车等速度赛：
① Who can win the relay race Class 3 or Class 4 谁赢场接力赛三班四班？
Ⅳ sport 指户外游戏娱乐活动球跳高游泳钓鱼猎赛马拳术等：
① Swimming is his favourite sport 游泳喜欢运动项目
② Skating is one of the winter sports 滑冰冬季运动项目
[注]复数形式sports指运动会：
③ He created a new record in highjump at our school sports 学校运动会创造跳高新纪录
§200gift present
Ⅰgift礼物指较正式礼物：
The watch was a gift from his father
Ⅱpresentgift通gift正式：
① I’m buying it for a present so please wrap it up nicely 买东西作礼物送请包扎点
② He gave me the book as a present 书作礼物
§201grow keep raise plant
Ⅰ grow & plant 表示种植种植草树苗花卉粮食等植物grow 着重指种植栽培理程
plant 着重指种植行某plant a tree 树死活定某grow a tree 包括培育理生长程：
① The students are planting trees on the hill 学生正山坡栽树（grow）
② The farmer grows wheat in this field位农民块田里种植麦（plant）
③ People grow bananas in Hainan 海南种植香蕉（plant）
Ⅱ keep 表赡养接表动物名词代plant grow ：
① He has a wife and three children to keep 养活妻子三孩子
② My grandma keeps pigs and hens 奶奶养猪养鸡
③ My uncle has a large family to keep 叔叔养活家
Ⅲ raise 表饲养（动物）外表示教育（子女） 培育（植物）：
① We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year年种西红柿长
② My grandma raised a family of five 祖母养育五口家
③ Where were you raised 长？
④ He raised some flowers in the back garden 园里种花
[注]：raise 强调精心培养通常指培养花卉较难理植物：
① Let’s grow raise some flowers in the garden园子里种花吧
② We grow rice wheat and cotton in my hometown 家乡种植水稻麦棉花（宜raise）
§202　 glad happymerry pleased
组形容词：高兴快乐意
Ⅰglad 见面时客套语中指感：情绪短暂喜悦常作表语般情况作定语：
① I’m glad to help you with your English 高兴帮学英语
Ⅱhappy指感心满足幸福愉快祝贺新年庆贺生日时常作表语定语：
① Happy New Year 新年
② I’ll be happy to meet him 高兴见面
Ⅲpleased 意：……感满意高兴常be连面接介词with（sb） at(sth) 等引起短语定式pleased 通常作定语：
① He is pleased with his new job 新工作满意
② She was very much pleased at the news 听消息非常满意
[注意]：结构互换：
be
Ⅳmerry 高兴外耳目感热闹般作定语：
Merry Christmas祝祝zzzzzhristmasth your English
§203　 go walk
Ⅰ go 指着定点方运动：
① We go to school at seven in the morning
② Please go downstairs to have lunch
③ 外go语动物交通工具机械等：
My watch goes fast表走快
The train goes to Beijing 火车开北京
Ⅱ walk 指着定点目走常译步行散步：
① He often walks after supper 饭常散步
② They are walking along the river 正着河岸走
③ Let’s go out for a walk 們出散步吧
§204　 go on with sth go on doing sth
go on to do sth
Ⅰ go on doing sth（停顿）继续做某事停做某事做原做事情：
① Now let’s go on writing 继续写
② It’s raining but the farmers went on working( kept on working) in the fields 天雨然农民們里停干活
Ⅱ go on with sth 表示：间断做原没做完事面名词接动词ing 形式：
① After a rest they went on with the work 休息继续劳动
Ⅲ go on to do sth 指接着做件事接做原事情：
① That’s all for the text Now let’s go on to learn the grammer 课文里现接着学语法
② He went on to show us how to translate the sentence in a different way 接着教种方法翻译句子

§205　 go to bed go to sleep sleep be(fall) asleep
Ⅰ go to bed 指寝 表示床睡动作睡着意终止性动词应词 get up 起床
Ⅱin bed 表示种状态句中常作表语意躺床睡着中inon 换
Ⅲ go to sleep get to sleep 意义相终止性动词：入睡睡着强调进入梦乡程开始睡觉：being to sleep：
① I don’t know when I went to sleep got sleep last night 知道昨晚什时候睡着
Ⅳ fall asleep意睡着表示动作程侧重然然入睡时含想入睡入睡意be asleep熟睡强调睡眠状态该短语句中作谓语
Ⅴ sleep 动词名词表睡着睡眠持续性动词
Ⅵ asleep 表语形容词作定语 ：
① The children are all asleep 孩子睡着
② Are you asleep 睡着？
§206　 good fine nice well
Ⅰ good 含义广形容词表质量品质等意思：
① Lucy is a good girl
② These eggs are good ( 指鲜品质)
Ⅱ fine 侧重质量精细 身体健康表示天气晴朗等：
① This is a fine house
② How are you I’m fine thank you
③ It’s a fine day for walk 散步天气
Ⅲ nice 指外表漂亮取悦感觉指（）友蔼：
① It’s a nice watch but it’s not a goodfine one 块表错块表
② It’s very nice of you 真太
③ They are nice mooncakes 美味月饼
Ⅳ well 副词表干做修饰动词作表语指身体：
① Well done 干
② I’m well

§207　 grow increase
Ⅰ作物动词两者相含意增长：
① The population of the world is growingincreasing faster and faster 世界口增长越越快
Ⅱgrow生长发育意思：
① The rice is growing fine 水稻长势错
Ⅲ作物动词法异
grow种植栽 ：
① Wheat is grown in north of China 中国北方种植麦
increase增加增长 ：
① They are working hard to increase production 正努力工作增加产量
Ⅳincrease作名词意增加增长：
①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China 中国正全力降低口数量增长
§208　 hand in turn in
Ⅰ hand in 传递交指交作业等：
The teacher told them to hand in their exercisebooks 老师交作业
Ⅱ turn in 交交出指某物公交级组织便找失般hand in 互换：
① You should turn in the money 应该钱缴
② You should turn in hand in your finished homework应该完成作业交
§209　 hands up put up one＇s hand
Ⅰ hands up 句祈语气口语相Put up your arms over your head 举起手：
① Hands up or I’ll shoot The policeman demanded the robber 举起手然开枪警察命令抢劫犯
Ⅱ put up one’s hand 意思hands up 相语气弱：
① Who knows the answer Hands up Put up your hands please 谁知道答案？请举手
② Put up your hands if you have any question问题请举手
§210　 happen take place occur
发生意
Ⅰ happen 普通语应广泛指事情发生直接原带偶然性：（某）发生什事——happen to sb （某物）发生什情况——happen to sth语通常 accident 类似it what this that thing something 等代词担表示碰巧发生某事——happen to do sth：
① What has happened 发生什事？–––
② What happened to you 发生什事？
③ It happened through your negligence 事发生疏忽
④ He happened to be working 恰正工作
⑤ I think it’s because I happened to like English 想碰巧喜欢英语
Ⅱ take place 常指安排事偶然意语常表：运动活动会议等名词：
① The Olympic Games take place every four years 奥林匹克运动会四年举行次
② The May 4th Movement took place in 1919 五四运动发生九九年
③ Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation 解放国发生巨变化
Ⅲ occur[ә｀kә] 常happen 通较正式语指定时间发生定事情
① When did the accident occur 事什时候发生？
② Don’t let the mistake occur again 样错误次发生
§211　 hare rabbit
Ⅰ hare 野兔rabbit洞栖身：
① That is a hare 野兔
Ⅱ rabbit 指野兔时hare洞栖身指家兔
① I saw a rabbit hole 野兔洞
② He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare 带家兔野兔回
§212　 harm hurt
Ⅰ harm hurt 均伤害意二者区：
harm 面较广暗示良果 指伤害抽象笼统
hurt 暗示肉体疼痛精神快宾语常常身体部分名词指伤害具体见
① The nose of machines harmed their hearing
机器噪声伤害听力
② He hurt his back when he fell 跌倒时伤背
§213　 have been to have been in have gone to
Ⅰ have been to … 表示：某处目前未：
① Where have you been ？（现已回）I have been to Beijing 北京（现北京）
② I have never been there before have I 前未？
Ⅱ have been in 表示：某（段时间）现
① She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks
Ⅲ have gone to … 表示：指已走（少目前说话点途中已目）：
① Kate isn’t at home She has gome to school 凯特家学（路已学校）
② She isn’t here she has gone to Nanjing 南京
§214　 have sth done have sb donehave sb do sth have sb(sth) doing have sb(sth) +prep
Ⅰ have sth done 某事做：
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow 明天理发（理）
Ⅱ have sh done某……：
He had me whipped 鞭子（）
Ⅲ have sb do sth 某做某事：
I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV 王叔叔修理电视机
Ⅳ have sb sth doing 某 某物处某种状态：
① Don’t have the students studying all day 整天学生們学
② They had the machine working all day and all night 机器整日整夜工作
Ⅴ have sb sth +介词短语副词：
① The teacher had her students in the classroom老师学生留教室里
② Have her here
§215　 have to must
Ⅰ have to 必须着重客观需含意味：
① Do you have to see a doctor today 天医生？
② It was late and we have to stay at home 时间已晚呆家里
Ⅱ must 必须 着重观认义务必：
① We must work hard 必须努力工作
② We must go 必须
§216　 have own
Ⅰ have 表物物物间存属关系时定物：
① I have an English book here 英语书
② Do you have any money with you 带钱？
Ⅱ own 较正式场合强调（合法）拥某物权语定该物：
① I own a bike 辆行车
② Who owns the car 辆汽车谁？
§217　 head brains
Ⅰ head 指外表见形头：
Don’t hit the boy on the head 孩子头
Ⅱ brains 指抽象形脑力智力
[注]use one’s head use one’s brains含义基相brains 常作单数
§218　 hear hear of hear from
Ⅰ hear 听见指听力强调听结果：
① I often hear Lucy sing in the next room
Ⅱ hear of 听说强调间接听关某情况消息时about 代of意义区：
① We are all glad to hear of your success 听成功消息高兴
② Have you heard of her lately 听什情况？
Ⅲ hear from 接……信（电话等）：
① Hope to hear from you soon 希早点信
② We have not heard from him since he left 离开直没收信
§219　 hear listen
Ⅰ hear 听强调听结果定意识：
① Can you hear me 听见说话？
② I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying 听声音心听说什
Ⅱ listen 听强调倾听动作然未必听什物动词接宾语时常介词to连：
① Listen What do you hear what she is saying 听听见说什？
② We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing 仔细听半天什没听
§220　 heaven sky
Ⅰ heaven 天天国天堂earth hell（狱）相文学语言中指天空常算数形式：
① The commune members are fighting heaven and earth 社员战天斗
② He looked at the starry heavens He is looking at starry sky 瞧着布满星星天空
Ⅱ sky 天天空般作单数文学语言中时算数形式（skies）：
① There were no clouds in the sky 天没云
② Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies
牺牲斗志敢教日月换新天 （毛泽东）
§221　 high tall
Ⅰ high 高（）普通语low 相指块状物体高度指身般类东西较高指处位置较高：
① That’s a very high mountain 座高山
② He looked at the high ceiling 着高高天花板
Ⅱ tall 高常short相指类中较高尤表示高度远远超宽度直径指细长物体高度指指物指物时high 通指山型建筑物：
① She is rather tall 相高
② We can see the tall (high) tower 高塔
§222　 hill mountain
Ⅰ hill 山通常mountain ：
① I went down the hill 山走
② The house stands on the top of a hill 房子山顶
Ⅱ mountain 高山hill：
① We made our way up the mountain 登山
② He was brought up in the mountain 山里长
§223　help with help…with
Ⅰ help with 帮助面直接名词：
① Jones will help with the concert 琼斯帮助搞音乐会
② The children are helping with the housework 孩子正帮助做家务
Ⅱ help …with 帮助某做某事help st with sth ：
① May I help you with your luggage 帮行李？
② My father used to help me with my lessons 父亲常常帮助做功课
§224　 human being man person people
Ⅰ human being 类数名词算数human beings 意义较具体区动物鬼神类：
There were no sight of human beings on the island although there were monkeys wild goats and snakes 岛然猴子野羊蛇没居住痕迹
Ⅱ man 类单数复数均前限定词：
Man must make the earth support more people 类必须球养活更
Ⅲ person 着重指言animal相指男女老少均：
There are only three persons in the room 房间里三
Ⅳ people 集合名词enemy相较强感情色彩指普通时person代换复数形式民族意：
① Most people think so 数样想
② There are more than 50 peoples in our country 国50民族
§225　 hanged hung
两词hang分词
Ⅰ hanged hang作吊绞死时时分词
① The murderer was hanged this morning 杀犯天午绞死
② He hanged himself from a beam in the attic 阁楼悬梁
Ⅱ hung hang 作悬挂垂等 意思时时分词：
① She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree 圣诞节装饰品挂树
② He hung his head in shame 羞耻垂脑袋
§226　 hurry up hurry off(away) hurry to
Ⅰ hurry up 中up副词赶快快点加紧意含催促命令意常肯定结构偶否定结构时up省：
① Hurry up There is not enough time 赶快时间够
② Don’t hurry There is enough time 着急时间
Ⅱhurry off away中 away副词匆匆离催促意：
① Li Lei hurried off away without a word 李雷句话说匆匆走
② With this the woman hurried away off With this the woman went away in a hurry说完话妇匆匆离
Ⅲ hurry to 短语动词to 介词匆匆某：
① He hurried to his office He went to his office in a hurry
Ⅳ in a hurry 介词短语匆忙（）慌忙（）
① She dressed herself for the party in a hurry 参加联欢会匆忙换穿衣服
② You are always in a hurry 总匆匆忙忙
§227　 hurt injure wound
Ⅰhurt意思受伤疼痛伤心伤害普通语表示肉体受伤疼痛表示感情受伤害：
① He hurt his back when he fell 跌时伤背部
② My shoe is too tight it hurts (me) 鞋太紧脚感痛
③ That’ll hurt her feelings 会伤感情
Ⅱinjure意思伤害损害指损害外表健康完东西（尊心名誉成）等：
① He injured an arm in a car accident 次车祸中伤手臂
② You will injure your health by smoking too much 吸烟太伤身体
③ This injured his pride 伤尊心
Ⅲwound意思受伤伤害通常指外暴力身体受伤尤指战争中遭袭击受伤指精神受创伤：
① Ten soldiers were killed and thirty wounded 十名士兵阵亡三十名受伤
② The bullet wounded him in the shoulder 枪弹伤肩膀
③ He felt wounded in his honour 觉名誉受伤害
§228　 if whether
Ⅰ否意某种情况右互换：
⑤ I don’t know if whether he’ll come tomorrow 知道明天否
Ⅱ 列6种情况if 换whether
1 正式文体中句中or not时：
I wonder whether it is big enough or not 知道否够
2．引导语表语位语句时：
Whether it is true(or not) is still a question 真问题
3 作介词宾语时：
I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home 未决定否回家
4 放定式前定式组成词组：
Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not 李雷未决定
5 作discuss等词宾语时：
They discuss whether they should close the shop 讲座否该关闭家商店
6 引导句放句首时：
Whether this is true or not I cannot say件事否真实说
Ⅲ if 连词功意果引导条件状语句whether意引导步状语句：
① I will be happy if you call me 果电话高兴
② Whether you like it or not you’ll have to do it 喜欢喜欢必须做件事
§229　 ill sick
Ⅰ ill 病常作表语般作名词前置定语sick直接作前置定语：
① She is looking after her sick mother (ill) 顾生病母亲
② He was ill yesterday 昨天病
Ⅱ ill 放修饰名词面：
① He is a man ill with TB 患肺结核
Ⅲ ill 较级高级分worseworst 表病重时般说heavily ill sick 应说：seriously sick ill ：
① He caught a cold and soon got worse 伤风久更厉害
② His uncle is seriously ill 叔叔病重
§230　 in after later
……意思区：
Ⅰin介词表示现算起段时间常时态肯定句中般go come start arrive return ( be back) finish等表示瞬间动作终止性动词连：I’ll come and see you in two days 两天
Ⅱafter介词表示某具体时间某具体事件谓语动词时时：
① He will arrive after four o’clock 四点达
② She said she would be back after five o’clock
[注] 情况时间名词应点时间
after 表示某时起干时间谓语动词时时：Lucy started after two days [注] 时应段时间名词
Ⅲlater副词讲话时刻算起干时间根文推断时起时：
① I shall call on Mr Lilaterysed woiyou lled and thirty on May 1st and shall call again about a week later 五月日拜访李先生约星期拜访
② I shall call again later
[注] later放段时间名词
§231　 in of
均表较范围
Ⅰof 表属性意类中……
Ⅰin表……意指某某范围中……接表点组织机构等名词较象属范畴：
① Li Lei is the tallest of the three boys
② Li Lei is the tallest in our class
§232 in the futurein future
两词组意思含义区
Ⅰin furture指现开始期时间包括现：
① You must be more careful in furture 必须更加心
② He promised to give me more help in furture 答应更帮助
Ⅱin the furture指较遥远某时间时间概念般包括现：
① Who can tell what will happen in the furture 谁说准会发生什？
② In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon 旅行社会组织月球旅行
[注] in the furture furture 前加形容词时掉 the in the nearfar distant furture
§233 in timeon time
Ⅰin time时指迟提前时间前做某事面接定式for短语
Ⅱon time准时指规定时间指定时间做某事面定式for短语：
① Joe was just in time for the bud Joe正赶班汽车
② They got there on time to see the exhibition 准时展览
③ Can you get there in time 时感？
④ You must always return your library book on time 必须总时图书馆书
§234　 in on to
Ⅰin 表示某范围：
① In the Northwest there will be snow in the night
② Beijing is in the north of China
Ⅱon 表示两接壤：
① Tianjin is on the north of Beijing
② Jiangshu is on the south of Shandong
Ⅲto 表示某范围外两接壤：
① There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River
② Japan is to the east of China
§235　 increase by increase to
Ⅰincrease by + 倍数百分数表示增加倍百分inctease to + 具体增长数字表示增加：
① The population of this town has increase by 5 percent 镇口增长5
② The population of our country has increased to 13 billion 国家口已增长13 亿
Ⅱ表示方面增长in 引导短语：
① It has increase 30 percent in price 价格增长30
② Its members are increasing in number 成员数量正增加
③ The country is fast increasing in population 国家口增长快
§236　 indeed really
Ⅰindeed意思真确肯定证实家说话加强说话肯定语气：
① It’s a difficult problem 困难问题
Indeed it is 确
② We were indeed very glad to hear the news听消息真高兴
④ Thank you very much indeed 真感谢
Ⅱreally 意思真真正确指事实现实相违背表示肯定家说实话希家说实话强调说实话时表示家说话感惊讶生气怀疑等：
① He is a good student 学生
Really 确
② It was really not my fault 确错
③ Do you really wish to go 真想？
④ We’re going to Qingdao this summer 年夏天青岛
Oh really？ 啊真？

§237　 interest interesting interested
Ⅰinterest n 兴趣趣味v （）产生兴趣
① What you said interests me 话引起兴趣
② He shows an interest in music音乐感兴趣
Ⅱinteresting adj 趣引起兴趣作表语定语指物身引起兴趣：
③ The film is very interesting 电影非常趣
④ He is an interesting man 趣
Ⅲinterested动词interest 加ed 构成形容词意感兴趣语般指
常构成短语：interested in ：
⑤ When he was only a child he got interested in science 仅孩子时科学产生兴趣
§238　 job work
两者均表示工作者(work)含义更广数名词作物动词前者(job)强调工作性质工种数名词：
① I like the jobwork 喜欢份工作
② The work is easy to do 份活易做名词ot my fault gdao this summer
he north of the Huai
§239　 join join in take part in
Ⅰ join 表示加入某政团体组织等 指成中成员：
① My uncle joined the Party in 1989
② We are going for a swim Will you come and join us 游泳起？
Ⅱ join in 表加入参某种活动接名词动词ing 形式表参加某活动说：join sb in (doing) sth ：
① He joined them in the work起工作
② Will you join us in playing basketball 起篮球？
Ⅲ take part in 指参加会议考试竞赛群众性活动重说明句子语参加该项活动中发挥作：
① The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday 昨天老师参加讨
② When will you take part in the meeting 什时候参加会议？
[注意]：join in 面宾语take part in 面必须宾语：
Let me join in 参加吧
§240　 journey trip voyage tour travel
Ⅰ journey 旅游 着重指：甲乙走路程花费时间指陆路旅游英语解释：a trip of some distance usually by land
Ⅱ travel 旅行游历指世界活动国国间旅行（没回原出发含义）表某次具体旅行时常复数英译：the activity of moving about the world
① On his doctor’s advice he went on his travels 遵医生意见出发旅行
② He came home after years of foreign travel
Ⅲ trip 指带特殊目定期旅行高兴进行较短距离旅游远足
① We’ll make a trip on Sunday
② He came back from a trip 旅
Ⅳ tour 周游旅游观光游览等指点漫游短途旅行参观通常回原出发点时意味着旅行结束英译：a journey during which several places of interest are visited a short trip to or through a place on order to see it ：
① I’m going to set out on a walking tour 动身徒步旅行
② He has gone for a tour in Europe
Ⅴ voyage 指较长距离水航行指空中航行
① He made a voyage from Shanghai to Qingdao 海航行青岛
② They made a voyage to France by air飞机法国
§241　known as known by known for known to
Ⅰ known as 作…出名称作…as面宾语句子语位：
① George is known as a successful banker 乔治作成功银行家出名
② The first tomb known as Chang Ling was built in the 15th century 第座陵墓长陵修建５世纪
Ⅱ known by ……判断认识般太常出现某谚语中：
① A man is known by the company he keeps (谚)见友知
Ⅲ known for ……出名for面接表示特征品质类词：
① Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries 桂林风景优美闻名
② He is known for his frankness 坦率出名
Ⅳ known to ……知to面常接表示名词代词：
① She is known to everyone in the college 　学院里皆知
② The usage of that word is known to us all 词法皆知
§242　 keekp doing sth keep on doing sth keep sb doing sth keep sb or sth from doing sth stop……from doing sth prevent……from doing sth
Ⅰkeep doing sth 表示继续（断）做某事指停顿停顿较短接表静态动词：sit sleep Wait stand等
He kept sitting there for half an hour without moving 动动站半时
Ⅱkeep on doing sth 表段时间间隙继续做件事接表动态词walk write talk 等暗指顾困难反警告坚持做某事
They kept on working in the field though it was raining然天正雨继续田里干活
Ⅲkeep sb doing sth 某处某种状态
Our Chinese teacher kept us reading by ourselves the whole class 整节课 语文老师书
Ⅳkeep sb sth from doing sth 阻止防止某 某物做某事：
① The policeman kept the children from crossing the road when it was dangerous 危险时候位警察阻止孩子马路
② Be carful Keep the glass from dropping on to the floor 心防止玻璃掉板
Ⅴ prevent……from doing sth意较正式隐含预防意From动语态中省：
In many countries laws have been passed to prevent factories from sending out poisonous gases and polluted water 许国家已制定法律制止工厂排放毒气体污水
Ⅵstop……from doing sth 代换常指现场具体行：
The policeman stopped the children from playing football in the street 警察制止孩子街踢球
§243　 kill murder slaughter
Ⅰkill意思杀普通语限刀杀指办法动物弄死：
① He was killed 杀死
② He was killed in a train accident 次火车事中死亡
③ They killed animals for food 宰杀动物食
Ⅱmurder意思谋杀指非法存心良预谋杀：
They murdered a revolutionary 谋害革命者
Ⅲslaughter意思屠杀指批残酷杀指屠宰动物：
Old men woman and children were mercilessly slaughtered 老妇女孩子遭残酷屠杀
§244　 kind sort
Ⅰkind表示种类意思时指属种类东西：
This is a new kind of machine 种新式机器
What kind of man is he 样？
Ⅱsort意思种类指体相似东西语言实践中两词常毫区着表示带轻蔑意味时sort：
① What sort of book do you want 需种书？
② I’ll never do this sort of thing 决会干种事
③ What sort of people go there 什样？
§245　 know know about know of
Ⅰ know 知道解侧重直接性：
① I know her very well 解
② I don’t know his current address 知道目前址
Ⅱ know about 知道知道关……情况
① I happened to know about him 碰巧解情况
② I don’t know about that matter 知道件事
Ⅲ know of 知道……听说……侧重间接性
① I know of the town but I’ve never been there 知道镇子未里
② I don’t know Mark but I know of him 认识马克听说
§246　 know recognize
Ⅰknow表示认识意思时表示认识熟悉某表示认识某谁（认某什样子）仅方等：
① Do you know him 认识？
② I have known him for more than ten years 认识十年某 knowple go theretldren were mercilessly sl moon
③ I know him by sight but have never spoken to him 认识谁没谈话
④ He knows the city thotoughly 熟悉城市
Ⅱ recognize表示认识意思时表示认出见原认识物：
① Do you recognize him 认谁？
② I did not recognize him at once 子认
③ When he came back to Nanjing he hardly recognized the city 回南京时认城市
§247　 lay lie
两词常易混淆两者意义式分词形式极易混淆
Ⅰlay通常作物动词意摆放蛋产卵等式分词现分词分laid laid laying：
① He laid the papers on the desk and then went out 文件放桌然出
② They were laying the foundation of the house 房子基
③ The cuckoo lays its eggs in other birds’ nets 杜鹃鸟巢中产卵
Ⅱlie般作物动词作躺放解时式分词分lay lain作撒谎解时式分词均lied现分词均lying ：
① She lay on the beach all morning 整午躺沙滩
② How long has he lain there like that 样躺久？
③ He lied to me 撒谎
§248　 learn study
Ⅰ 两动词作学讲时互换
① He is learning studying English now 现学英语
Ⅱ learn 通学练教授获某种知识技侧重学成果学会学意思study 通常指较深入学含努力学意味侧重学程研究钻研意思：
① He studied hard and finally learned the language 努力学终学会种语言
② He studies in a school near here 附学校读书
③ But I am learning to skate 学滑冰
§249　 leave sw leave for sw
Ⅰ Leave意思离开作物动词作物动词
① He left Rome 离开罗马
② It’s time for us to leave 该走
Ⅱ Leave for 意思前指离开某for 面表示目点名词
① He left for Rome 动身罗马
② The delegation left for Guangzhou by plane 代表团飞机前广州
§250　 leave forget
Ⅰ 二词忘记意思leave 表示忘带…… ……落某方面点状语
forget + ：
① I left my handbag in the office手提包落办公室
② We often see Mr Gates standing outside his own house because he often leaves the key in the house常盖茨先生站家门外常钥匙忘家里
③ I have never forgotten my family’s birthdays 没忘记家生日
Ⅱ 离开留处……状态 听意思：
① In 1933 Einstein and his family left Europe for USA 1933年爱斯坦家离开欧洲美国
② Jim left a message on the computer to you just now 刚吉姆电脑留言
③ They went into the café leaving the car unlocked 没锁车走进咖啡厅
[谚语]：Never leave today’s work until tomorrow 天事天做

§251　 lift raise
Ⅰ lift 举起提起抬起常常表举（提抬）起某物时需费力气：
① This is too heavy for me to lift 太重举起
② He lifted a pail of water from the ground 桶水提起
Ⅱ raise 举起抬起着重指某物竖立起：
① Those who are ready please raise your hand 准备请举手
② He raised his head 抬起头
§252　 like love be fond of
Ⅰ like 喜欢喜爱dislike相组词中语意弱词：
① I like the poem 喜欢首诗
② I don’t like smoking 喜欢抽烟
Ⅱ love 爱热爱hate相带强烈感情组词中语意强词：
① We love our socialist motherland 热爱社会义祖国
② I like her but I don’t love her 喜欢爱
Ⅲ be fond of 喜欢爱语意like强love弱接定式：
① He is fond of music 爱音乐
② I am fond of reading 喜欢读书
③ He is very fond of his mother 喜欢母亲
[注]prefer 起……更喜欢……较象通常介词to ：
Which would you prefer tea or coffee
I prefer tea to coffee 茶咖啡喜欢？ 起咖啡更喜欢茶

§253　 little small
Ⅰ little big great 相表身含般意味词时带感情色彩：
① What a pretty little house 漂亮房子
② I want the little box not the big one 箱子
[说明]：little指时表成年相子年龄
Ⅱ small large 相常little 通指般标准言较东西带感情色彩
① The boy is small for his age 年龄说男孩子
② He lives in a small room 住房间里
§254　like as
Ⅰ like 较喻表示……样
① Sometimes he behaves like a fool 时行举止傻瓜
② I beg you not to say anything like that to my parents 恳求父母说样话
Ⅱ as 表示某某事实际具as面描写特征身份时as作作解：
① He works as a gardener 工作园丁
② Originally our house was used as a hotel 原先房子作旅馆
Ⅲ 外点提as作连词面接句子like正规英语中作连词：
① When in Rome do as the Romans do (谚) 入国问禁入乡俗
§255　 look look at notice see watch read gaze
Ⅰ look 强调动作指意思物动词接宾语时介词at ：look at：
① Look what’s the boy doing He is looking at the picture
Ⅱ see 强调结果指视力：
① He looked at the blackbord but he didn’t see nothing
Ⅲ notice 指眼睛感官感觉注意
① I noticed that he came early注意早
② I noticed him enter(ing) the office 走进（正走进）办公室
Ⅳ watch 强调观行动作踪运动着目标含监视意：
watch TV a game a play sb 电视 赛 戏曲某
Ⅴ read 指书报杂志等 指脑思考含阅读意：
① He is reading a book

§256　 look look for find find out look up
Ⅰ look 指意识强调行动作物动词直接接宾语：
① Look they are playing on the playground
Ⅱ look for 寻找指目找强调寻找动作
① What are you looking for 找什？
Ⅲ find 找发现指番努力找丢失东西强调找结果：
① I can’t find my pen 找钢笔
② The poor granny is looking for her little son I hope she can find him 怜老奶奶找子希找
Ⅳ find out 找出查明着物动词短语常表达找出答案弄明真相查明情况等意思：
① Please find out when the train leaves 请查火车什时候离站
Ⅴ look up 查字典：
① She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky
② You must look up the new words when you don’t know how to pronounce it

§257　 what’s …like How’s …
Ⅰ What’s …like 询问某事物持久特性特征 相貌等 ：
① What’s your elder sister like She’s a kind and humorous woman 姐样？ 善幽默女
② What’s your father like He is tall and fat 父亲长样？ 高胖
③ What’s the spring in the north like It’s usually very windy and dry 北方春天样？ 通常风干燥
Ⅱ How’s … 询问暂时 情况历事感受问候健康：
① How’s your study these days Very well Thank you 学情况样？ 谢谢
② How was the film last night Great 昨晚电影样？ 极
③ How is your sister She’s very well 姐（身体样）？
[注意]：面两句子含义样
① How was the film 电影样？
② What was the film like 电影讲什？（请方电影作番描述评）

§258　 none nobody no one
Ⅰ none 指指物意没没东西等表三者三者物全部否定all反义词接of 短语作语时果指代数名词谓语动词单数复数形式单数时强调体表没复数强调整体表没果指代数名词谓语动词单数形式常常回答how many & how much 特定范围问题：
① How many of the women are teachers None (of them is are) 女士中少老师？ 没
② How much water is left in the bottle Nove (of it is left) 瓶子里剩少水？ 点没剩
③ Which of the boys plays football well None(of them does) 男孩中足球踢？ 没
Ⅱ nobody & no one 指代意没作语时谓语动词单数形式of 短语常常回答who 确定问题：
① Luckily nobody no one was gurt in this accident 幸运没场事中受伤
② Who went to the net bar this week Nobody No one 周谁网吧？ 没

§259　 look seem
Ⅰ seem 似作连系动词做物动词接：形容词名词介词短语定式 ：
① Mother seemed to know that 母亲知道件事
② Bill doesn’t seem to a understand 尔似太理解 Bill seems not to understand(更正式)
Ⅱ 常搭配：
① It seems (that)似：
1． It seems to me that her accident is all your fault 出事错
2． But it seemed that it wasn’t the only letter 唯封信
② seem as if though 起：
1． It seems as though Ken will win the rice赛跑Ken赢
2． It seems (as if ) it is going to rain 天雨
Ⅲ look 似着重视觉出印象seem 暗示定根种判断接事实搭配两者接：形容词名词（前常形容词修饰）动词定式to be分词 介词短语：
① He looks seems a nice man
② You look seem tired Let’s have a rest 累休息会
③ The boy looked seemed to be very ill 男孩病重
Ⅳ 面情况seem look
1 面接动词定式：to do 时：
① The captain seemed to know all his soldiers
2 It seems that …结构时：
① It seemed that he had missed the train没搭火车
3 There seemed to (定式) 结构时：：
There seemed to be hundreds of people on the playground 运动场百

§260　 lose miss
Ⅰ lose 丢失失语气较强般指失易找回 miss 指觉察东西已丢失含找回意思miss 想念意lose 没：
① My grandfather lost a leg in in the war 爷爷战争中失条腿
② We shall all miss you when you go away 时会想念
Ⅱ 作定语表语时lose 分词 lost mess现分词missing：
① Who has found my lost pen谁找丢失钢笔？
② Missing book is found now 丢失书现已找

§261　meet meet with
Ⅰ meet 遇见遇接（）集会满足（求等）
① I know his name but I’ve never met him 知道名字未见
② The staff members will meet tomorrow to discuss the problem　员工明天开会讨问题
③ I will meet my wife at the airport 机场接妻子
④ This will meet your needs 满足求
Ⅱ meet with 遇碰强调偶然性常表示遭遇历遭时meet　：
① I met with a childhood friend on the bus 汽车遇时朋友
② They met with an accident on their way back 回路遇车祸
③ I met with some difficulties when I tried to enter the country 入境时遇困难

§262　 many much a lot of lots of a good or great many many a a number of a great or large number of a great deal of plenty of the number of
Ⅰ many 许量修饰数名词复数：
① Many students think so 学生样想
Ⅱ much 指量言数名词连：
① He mever eats much breakfast早餐吃
Ⅲ the number of ……总数number 指数目数句中真正语动词须单三式：
①The number of the students in our class is sixtyfive
见表：
词汇
面词
作语时
谓语动词形式
many
复数数名词
复数
much
数名词
单三式

复数数名词数名词（般肯定句中否定句疑问句many much）
复数
单三式
amany
复数数名词
复数
many a
单数数名词
单三式

复数数名词
复数
a great deal of
复数数名词
数名词
复数
单三式
plenty of
复数数名词数名词（般肯定句中否定句疑问句enough many much）
复数
单三式

§263　 may be maybe
Ⅰ may be 许may 情态动词be起作谓语maybe副词意许作状语：
① Maybe you put it there许放里
② But I’m afraid I may be a little late 担心晚点
③ Maybe he’s wrong He may be wrong 许错
④ Maybe the twin brothers are boating now The twin brothers may be boating now现双胞胎兄弟划船
⑤ Maybe perhaps they’ll go on a picnic next week They may go on a picnic next week 周野餐

§264　 mend repair
Ⅰ mend 修理修补普通语指穿戴等原破烂破损东西加修补修理：
① There’s a hole in your shirt Better mend it right away 衬衫洞马补补
② The broken window requires to be mended 扇破窗户需修理
Ⅱ repair 修理修补常mend换需修理物年代等原已损坏修起较复杂时repair ：
① They have repaired the car 已汽车修
② It will take all the summer to repair the house 需整夏天房子修

§265　 message news
Ⅰ两词消息意词义范围Message含义较广指书面口头线电等种渠道传信息消息口信电报等意思数名词news含义较窄通报纸电台电视等新闻媒介公众报道新消息指原未听现听消息数名词：
① I’ll leave a message for her 留口信
② I haven’t had a message from him for a month 月没音讯
[联想]： news搭配词组：
latest news 新消息 stale news 时新闻
current news 时事 highlighted news 重新闻
inside news 幕消息 grapevine news 道消息
invested news 实消息 distorted news 歪曲新闻

§266　 middle center
Ⅰmiddle指中间表示时间空间中间相言指笼统中部：
We have lunch in the middle of the day
外middle表程度中等：the middle school
Ⅱ centre 中心通常空间方面强调指正中心喻表某事物中心：
① Dray a circle round a given centre 指定中心画圆圈
② Ｗe live in the centre of London 住伦敦中心
③ Beijing is the political economic and cultural centre of China 北京中国政治济文化中心

§267　 mist fog
Ⅰ mist 雾指fog 薄薄雾形容词：misty 指：（眼睛）朦胧等：
① The mountain top was covered with mist 山顶笼罩着雾气
② She tried to see him through the mist of tears 试着透朦胧泪眼
Ⅱ fog 指较浓浓雾形容词：foggy：
③ The fog was so thick that he had to drive very slowly 雾太浓 必须慢慢开车

§268　 most a most the most
Ⅰ most adv 前冠词般表十分：
① Most likely it will rain 雨
② Ｔhe author is most serious in writing the essay 作者写篇文章态度严肃
Ⅱ a most 接形容词修饰单数数名词意思十分：
① That was a most enjoyable party 次非常快乐晚会
② These children lead a most happy life 孩子着非常幸福生活
Ⅲ the most much or many　高级意：
① That’s the most beautiful place I’ve ever been 美丽方

§269　 mouse rat
Ⅰ mouse 老鼠耗子rat ：
① I have set a trap for mouse 装置捕鼠器捕鼠
② When the cat’s away the mice will play [谚]：猫跑耗子闹
Ⅱ rat 老鼠耗子mouse ：
① A rat has fallen into the trap 老鼠落捕鼠器里
② A rat crossing the street is chased by all 老鼠街喊

§270　 much too too much
Ⅰ much too 太非常 作副词词组修饰形容词副词：
① It’s much too cold today 天天气太冷
② The old man walked much too slowly 位老走太慢
Ⅱ too much 太三种法：
1． 作名词词组：
③ You gave me too much 太
2． 作形容词词组修饰数名词：
④ I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice喜欢冬天雪冰太
3． 作副词词组修饰动词：
⑤ Don’t speak too much 讲太
[注]：much too too much作副词词组too much 修饰形容词much too 修饰动词动词ow and icebecause there＇ working presents

§271　 must have to
Ⅰ must 必须着重观认义务必
① We must work hard 必须努力工作
② Ｉmust go 必须走
Ⅱ have to 必须着重客观需含意味：
① Do you have to see a doctor today 天医生
② It was late and we have to stay at home 时间已晚呆家里

§272　 neither either
Ⅰ neither （两者）pron ：
① Neither of the books is mine 两书
［注］作连词时neither nor连表示……：
② The ground must be just right ——neither too wet nor too dry面务必适合——太湿太干
Ⅱ either （两者中）pron ：
① There are two bikes in the room You can ride eitheri of the two 房里两部行车骑部
［注］作连词时or连表示者……者………………：
② They were either too big or too small 太太
▲ 作副词时二者意句型句中位置：
① He doesn’t like swimming I don’t like swimming either
② He doesn’t like swimming Neither do I (倒装结构中)

§273　 neither none
Ⅰ neither 两者both相谓语动词单三式：
① Neither of my parents is at home 父母亲（）家
Ⅱ none 三者三者all相：
① None of the students are in the classroom They have all gone to the playground 学生（）教室里操场
§274　 next the next
Ⅰ next 时态中
Ⅱ the next 时态中时时：
① I’ll finish school next June The next month I’ll go on trip to my hometwon 明年六月毕业第二月（七月）回家乡
② She said in her letter that she would visit us the next week 信中说第二星期拜访

§275　 no not
Ⅰ no 作形容词作副词作形容词时否定名词代词动名词作副词时否定回答
① The poor boy had no money for books 穷孩子没钱买书
② No smoking 禁止吸烟
③ Isn’t he a teacher No he isn’t
Ⅱ not 作副词否定动词定式形容词副词通常放三类词（情态动词助动词系动词）行动词前否定定式时直接放定式品词to前：
① I have not been to Beijing
② He doesn’t like reading
▲ no not 形容词副词较级连句子含义：
① I am no taller than he 高（两矮）
② I am not taller than he 更高（两高）
▲ no not a not any ：
① She has no books She doesn’t have a book She does not have any books
▲ no 表示修饰名词相反意思not表示般否定：
① He is no teacher 根（绝）老师（善教书）
② He is not a teacher 老师（职业）
③ He is no fool He is clever 笨（聪明）
④ He is not a fool 傻子

§276　 no longer not…any longer
no more not any more
Ⅰ no longer not … any longer 强调时间动作持续常状态动词延续性动词连wait stay be等 no longerno more 样通常放三类词（情态动词 助动词连系动词）行动词前not … any longer not … any more 样中not谓语动词构成否定式常放三类词any longerany more 放句末：
③ He’s no longer living in this city 住城市
④ You are not a child any longer 已孩子
Ⅱ no more not … any more 强调数量次数增加强调动作终止结果常名词瞬间动词连hear see leave等：
① There’s no more bread 面包
② He didn’t go there any more 没

§277　 no matter what whatever what ever
Ⅰno matter what什什引导步状语句类似词组：no matter where 里 no matter which no matter how样：
① They are going to win the football match no matter how bad the weather is 天气糟糕会赢场足球赛
② No matter who knocks don’t open the door 谁敲门开门
③ Give me a call first no matter when you come 什时候请先电话
Ⅱwhatever 连接代词作什解引导步状语句样连接代词连接副词whoever whichever whenever wherever however等：
① Whatever you do do your best No matter what you do do your best 干什努力干
② Whoever telephones tell him I am out No matter who telephones tell him I am out 谁电话说出
③ Wherever he may be he will be happy No matter where he may be he will be happy 什方乐呵呵
Ⅲwhatever 解作 …………东西(anything that)引导名词性句时no matter what 换：
① Take whatever you want 什什吧
② Whatever I have is yours 东西全
Ⅳ what ever 中ever意究竟底疑问词what面加强语气着重表示说话者情绪惊讶愤怒兴奋等what ever 意义等what on earth what in the world 疑问词样：
① What ever do you think you’re doing想想底干什？
② Who ever left the door open究竟谁门敞着关？
③ Where ever did you pick up the pen 底捡支钢笔？

§278　 not at all not … at all
Ⅰ not at all 客套话意客气相 That’s all right You are welcome ：
①Thank you very much –Not at all
Ⅱ not…at all 根点at all 加强语气：
① She doesn’t like it at all 根喜欢
② He didn’t come at all 根没

§279　 officer official
Ⅰ officer 官员常指武官时指文官：
① The officer put down his arms and jumped into the pond for the fish 军官放武器跳池塘里捉鱼
② His father is a police officer 父亲警官
③ He is an administrative officer行政官
Ⅱ official 官员通常指政府文职官员：
① An official is suspended from office 位官员停职
② They are government officials 政府官员

§280　 on time in time
Ⅰin time 时指迟提前时间前做某事面接定式for短语
Ⅱon time准时指规定时间指定时间做某事面定式for短语：
① Joe was just in time for the bus Joe正赶班汽车
② They got there on time to see the exhibition 准时展览
§281　 one it
Ⅰ it 指代前面名词事物常代限定词the this that 修饰单数名词外表示称赞责备某做某事：
① Whose is the pen Oh it’s mine 支笔谁？哦
② It’s very kind of you to invite me to the party 承蒙邀请胜感激（代to invite…）
Ⅱ one 指代前面名词提类事物件具泛指性质代数名词复数形式ones ：
① Have you got a pen No I haven’t Please ask Tom I think he has got one 钢笔？没找汤姆吧想

§282　 pardon sorry excuse
Ⅰpardon没听清说话请重复宽恕严重失犯作名词动词
sorry 做错事伤害某道歉形容词
Excuse扰防碍场合
① Please pardon me for not arriving sooner 请原谅没时赶
② I did wrong and I’m going to beg their pardon 做错算请求原谅
③ I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill 听说母亲病难
④ You’ll be sorry about that 会事悔
⑤ Excuse me may use your pen

§283　 past passed pass passor
Ⅰ past 动词pass时分词句中作谓语意通传递时间消逝等：
① He passed (by) the bank 路银行
② She passed him the cake 蛋糕递
③ Two months passed before we had any news of them 两月点消息
Ⅱ passer 路客
Ⅲ past 动词形式作pass分词形容词作表语定语外作介词副词名词：
① He has been working hard in the past few weeks 周里工作努力（形）
② The past is past 事（形名）
③ She walked pasti him hurriedly 身边匆匆（介
④ The years went past without notice 岁月觉流逝（副词）

§284　 path road way
Ⅰ path 道路侧重指道径通常指走出路指行道等：
a) There is a path to the top of the hill 条路通山顶
b) Keep to the pathor you maybe lose your way 着条路走否会迷路
Ⅱ road 通常交通工具通行条条路作喻表示导致……途径：
① Where does this road lead to条路通什方？
② It was very hot day and the road was terrible dusty 非常炎热天路尘土惊
③ It is the road to success 成功路
Ⅲ way 指交通工具通行条条路指达特定点必须通方：
① It is a long way from here to the station 车站段路
② Which is the shortest way there 条路？
③ They are still on the way 路

§285　 personal personnel
Ⅰ personal [｀pәsәnl] personnel[ֽpәsә｀nel]两词音形相词性词义：
personal 形容词私亲身
① That is my personal opinion 意见
② She made a personal appearance 亲场
Ⅱ personnel 集体名词没复数形式全体员工作员：
① Our personnel are very highly trained 工作员训练素
② The personnel are unhappy about these changes 全体工作员满意变动

§286　 point score
Ⅰ point 指考试赛中分：
① 90 points 90 分
② We won lost the game by 3 points 三分差胜 失败
Ⅱ score 指成绩：
① a score of 90 points 90分成绩
② She scored 20points in the competition Her score of the competition is 20 竞赛中20分

§287　 point to point at
point to point at 手指着某某物意思者表准瞄准意：
① She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother
② He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted Hands up口准敌声喊：举起手
§288　 police policeman
Ⅰ police 常作复数加s ：
① The police are on duty 警察值班
Ⅱ policeman 警察police 意复数形式policemen (policewoman→policewomen) 表警察时应说：one a policeman 说：one a police
§289　 problem question
Ⅰ problem 通常指须急解决决定重问题难题
① This is a difficult social problem to solve 难解决社会问题
② He is clever enough to work out the maths problem
Ⅱ question 着重指某事感疑惑解断定提出等解答问题般难较短时间解决问题说：answer the question ：
① Please answer the question

§290　 propose suggest
Ⅰ propose 建议提议书面语带正式庄严色彩：
① I propose an early start 建议早开始（动身）
② We propose that the house (should) be repaired 建议房屋进行修理
Ⅱ suggest 建议提议没propose正式：
① I suggest a visit to the theatre 建议戏
② I suggest that we (should) begin at once 建议立开始
③ He suggest going to the Summer Palace 建议颐园
§291　pupilstudent
Ⅰpupil 特指学生初等学校学生指教师指导事研究学生门徒：
The peanist often gives pisno lessons to her pupils 位钢琴家常学生钢琴课
Ⅱstudent 指专院校学生中学生 时指研究攻读某学科：—→a college student a middle school student
He is a student of science 理科学生
§292　 quick fast rapid soon
Ⅰ quick 快般指动作敏捷迅速毫延迟较短时间发生完成某项动作：
① She ran with quick steps to the house 快步跑进屋子
Ⅱ fast快作副词指运动着物体速度快
① The watch is only two minutes fast 表快两分钟
Ⅲ rapid 指连串动作迅速敏捷着重指运动身时指激流：
① The diligent boy makes rapid progress in his studies 勤奋男孩学业进步迅速
② Their country house stands by a rapid steam 农舍急流溪边
Ⅳ soon 着重指时间方面快指现某特定时间久：
① He will come back very soon快回

§293　 quite very too
Ⅰ Quite 程度副词修饰副词形容词动词表程度词连时相非常意思没程度差词连时作完全讲：
① I feel quite well 觉身体错
② I am quite tired 相 累
③ We are not quite ready 没完全准备
Ⅱ Very 程度副词非常修饰形容词副词 ：
① This factory is very large
② He runs very fast
[注意]：very 直接修饰动词：
① I quite like her I like her very much
Ⅲ Quite very 时通份量very quite 重试较：
① His English is quite good( not bad)英语错
② His English is very good ( excellent)英语极
Ⅳ Quite & very 定冠词连时位置：a(n)+very+形容词+中心名词quite + a(n) + 形容词 +中心词序排列 ：
① Jimes was quite a small baby Jimes孩子
② Jimes was a very small baby Jimes 孩子
Ⅴ Too 太分含超容许程度带否定意味
① It is too cold today 天太冷（含喜欢……）
② It was very cold yesterday 昨天冷
[注意]：very too连说：It’s very too cold应very 改muchfar：
① The cap is too big for me

§294　 quite rather very
程度副词意：非常相较级高级区：
Ⅰ quite 直接修饰动词：
① Some people don’t like the winter but I quite like it
Ⅱ rather 直接修饰动词语气稍强would 连构成　would rather…than…行连词结构：
① She is rather tall 相高
② Ｉwould rather stay at home(than go for a walk) 宁愿呆家里（愿散步）
③ I would rather you stayed at home
④ I would rather listen to music than to swimming 宁愿听音乐愿游泳
Ⅲ very 直接修饰动词修饰形容词副词时语气强：
① I like English very much I quite like English
② His English is very good (程度强excellent) →His English is quite (rather) good (程度轻＝not bad)
［注］：quite (rather) very 定冠词＋形容词＋名词连时位置排列序：
▲ quite + a (an) +adj + noun → a + quite (rather) +adj +noun ：
① This is quite an interesting film
② It’s a quite (rather) fine day today (名词前形容词修饰时冠词a an 置前
▲ a + very + adj + noun ：
① I watched a very interesting TV play

§295　 real true
Ⅰreal 指客观存非想象虚构相言：
① This is a story of real life 真实生活中取材事
② This is a real diamond颗真正钻石
Ⅱ true 指符合某标准实际情况强调真实性：
① True love should last for ever 真爱永渝
② Is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays 国外度假真？
［注］：come true （梦想）实现real
genuine [`dЗenjuin]指没掺假货真价实强调纯真度：
Is the bracelet[｀breislit] genuine gold 手镯真金？

§296　 river stream brook
Ⅰ river 指流湖海等定航运力江河通词常见河流名称中：
① the Changjiang River
Ⅱ stream 川溪河指江河溪河等
Ⅲ broom 溪河指流量极stream

§297　 road street way
Ⅰ road 指交通工具通行路喻：导致……途径：
① Where does the road lead to 条路通什方？
② It is the road to success 成功路
Ⅱ street 街道指建筑物夹成路road法广泛
① Don’t play in the street
Ⅲ way 指实实路指达特定点须方方关：
① It is a long way from here to the station 车站段路程
② Ｗhich is the shortest way there条路？

§298　 say speak talk tell
Ⅰ say 说讲普通语指言语表达思想强调说容：
① What did he say 说什？
② He said that it was true 说真实
Ⅱ speak 说讲表示种方式说话着重说话动作身强调说容物动词作物动词时表语言词连：
① Please speak more slowly 请说慢
② The baby is learning to speak 孩学说话
③ She can speak English fluently 英语说流利
Ⅲ talk 谈话讲话通常表连贯谈话强调谈话动作容：
① He was talking to a friend 朋友谈话
② Ｈe went on talking for a long time but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said 滔滔绝讲半天说太快没什听懂说什
③ She is always talking nonsense 总爱讲废话
Ⅳ tell 告诉讲述指某事讲听时吩咐命令等含义：
① He told the news to everybody in the village 消息告诉村子里
② She told me not to write the letter 写信

§299　 seat sit
Ⅰseat 作名词表座位作动词时表坐座物动词反身代词连：
① He seated himself at a desk 桌旁坐
② Please be seated gentlemen请座位先生
③ Please go back to your seat 请回座位
Ⅱ sit 物动词：
①Sit down please

§300　 see sb doing sth do sth
Ⅰsee sb doing sth 见某正做某事动词ing形式作宾语补足语表动作正进行
Ⅱsee sb do sth 见某做某事表动作发生动作全部程已结束类似动词：hear feel watch等感官动词have let make等役动词：
① She saw a boy go into your classroom 见男孩进教室
② I saw him walking in the street见正街散步
③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in 老师进时听见Jim读英语

§301　 so…that such…that
Ⅰ so that 引导目状语句结果状语句引导目状语句时句中常情态动词can could 等：
① They climbed higher so that they might see farther 爬更高便更远
② I got up early this mornign so that I caught the first bus 天早晨起早结果赶头班车
Ⅱ so …that ……致……so 副词形容词副词that引导结果状语句：
① He spoke so fast that no one could understand him 说太快没听懂
② The Tshirt cost so little that she bought several 件T恤衫便宜买件
Ⅲ such … that so … that 意such 名词名词短语：
① She is such a girl that everyone likes her 喜欢女孩
② He made such raped progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper 进步快久开始英语家美国报纸撰稿
[注]：果名词前many 修饰时so such 见节例子

§302　 so such
Ⅰ 两者表样意So 副词修饰形容词副词：
① I am so glad to hear from my friend收朋友信真高兴
② He writes so well 写
Ⅱ Such 形容词 修饰单数数名词需加定冠词 a an ：
① He told us such a funny story 讲趣事
② You are interested in such things 样事感兴趣
[注意]：单数数名词前面形容词修饰时 so 调整冠词位置
① He told us so funny a story 讲趣事
果修饰名词前表 少两意义 many much small little 时 so such ：
① Don’t bame him He is just such a little boy 责备孩子
② We have a long way to go yet but there’s so little water left 长路走剩水已少

§304　 socks stockings
Ⅰ socks 指膝盖短袜：
① He bought a pair of nylon socks 买双尼龙袜
② My socks have been darned [dand] again and again 袜子已补补
Ⅱ stockings 指膝盖膝盖长袜　：
① She bought a pair of silk stockings 买双长丝袜

§305　 some time sometime sometimessome times
Ⅰsometime副词 意某时候时连时连：
③ He was here sometime last year 年某时候
④ We shall visit the Science Museum sometime next week 周某时候参观科学馆
Ⅱsome time 名词词组意段时间副词词组指未肯定时间常指sometime通
① I stayed here for some time 呆段时间
② Let’s have dinner some time(sometime) next week 星期找时间块吃顿饭
Ⅲsometimes 时时频度副词常般现时时连：
② Sometimes they make modes ships时制作轮船模型
Ⅳsome times 次倍 表次数倍数：
① We have been there some times 次

§306　 sound voice noise
Ⅰ sound 声音常词指听声音强弱令愉快愉快意义意义：
① I was reading last night when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room 昨晚正书时突然听隔壁房间声音
② Not a sound was heard 听点声音
Ⅱ noise 常指太响愿听声音嘈杂声喧闹声
① I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic 老受车辆噪声扰
② The boys made too much noise 孩子太吵闹
Ⅲ voice 指说话声唱歌声嗓音：
① That sounds like Mary’s voice 声音听起象玛丽声音
② She has lost her voice嗓子哑

§307　 space universe
Ⅰ space 宇宙指空间时间：
① The earth moves through space球太空中运行
② The moon is our nearest neighbour in space and men have visited it already 宇宙里月球邻居已访问
③ There isn’t enough space in the classroom for thirty desks 教室里没足够空间放三十张桌子
Ⅱ universe 宇宙世界独二前定冠词the 指时空外指时空万事万物
① Our world is only a small part of the universe世界宇宙部分

§308　 steal rob
Ⅰ steal 偷 指暗中盗取句型steal +盗物+from+盗点：
① Their car was stolen汽车偷
② He stole some money from her 偷钱
Ⅱ rob 抢劫指公然暴力抢劫物品句型：rob+盗点+of+盗物：
③ Their car was robbed 汽车抢
④ He robbed her of her money 抢钱
[注]：steal相关名词 thief(贼偷)rob相关名词robber 强盗盗贼

§309　 stop doing sth stop to do sth
stop from doing sth
Ⅰstop doing sth停止做某事表停止正做事情：
① They stoped talking to me 中断交谈
② Stop running about 乱跑
Ⅱstop to do sth 停做某事停止正做事做件事定式stop目状语：
③ They stopped to talk to me 停交谈
④ Let’s stop to have a rest 停休息会
Ⅲstop (sbsth)from doing sth 阻止某物做某事from省略prevent sb from doing sth keep sb from doing sth keep~ 中from省略：
⑤ We must stop him (from) doing such a foolish thing 必须阻止做样蠢事
⑥ The Green Great Wall stopped the wind blowing the sand to the field of the south
⑦ You’d better keep the fire

§310　 stop station
Ⅰstop 表站般指路途公汽车停点
Ⅱstation 着重指车船等始发终点站范围较前者：The bus stop is in front of the station

§311　 subject theme topic
Ⅰ subject 题目科目 应广泛语指讨研究写作艺术创作等题目：
① Let’s change the subject 改换话题吧
② I have studied the subject 研究题目
Ⅱ theme 题目题尤指文学艺术作品题：
① The students are discussing the theme of a novel 学生讨说题
② Waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter 瀑布早画家喜爱题
Ⅲ topic 题目指选定作写篇文章进行讨题目：
① The students were asked to write an essay [e｀sei ]on one of the assigned [ә｀saind] (指派)topies 求学生根指定题目中题写文章
② Baseball is their favourite topic of conversation 棒球运动喜谈话题
[注]： title 指书籍诗歌图画等名称标题

§312　 surprise surprising surprised
Ⅰsurprise作名词意惊奇诧异：
① To my surprisethey lost 惊奇输
② He said to me in surprise Can’t you skate 惊奇说：会滑冰？
Ⅱsurprise作物动词意惊奇感意外：①You surprise me 真惊奇
Ⅲsurprising现分词作形容词意惊奇出意料常指物：
The surprising success makes us very happy 出意料成功非常高兴
Ⅳsurpised分词作形容词指感惊奇：
We’re surprised at your words 话感诧异
[联想] 现分词作形容词表进行动含意分词常表完成动含意类似词excitingexcitedinterestingintereistedrelaxedrelaxing：
① I was surprised at the news 消息感吃惊
The news is surprising 消息令感惊奇
② We are all interested in her idea 想法感兴趣
She has an interesting idea 趣想法

§313　 talk with talk of talk on talk about
Ⅰ talk with 接象作宾语介词withto代：
① He was talking with to a friend 位朋友谈话
Ⅱ talk about 谈接谈话容宾语物：
① What are you talking about 谈什？
② Let’s not talk about it now 谈事
Ⅲ talk of 谈谈talk about 义talk of 仅指浅谈表面现象（作者书名等）：
① We often talk of you 常谈
Ⅳ talk on 述仅指容指评：
① They seldom talk on politics in those days 时候少谈政治

§314　 telephone ring ring up
Ⅰ telephone 电话物动词接名词代词句作物动词介词to接宾语缩略phone口语中：
① Did you telephone Li Lei
② Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow
③ He telephoned that he couldn’t attend the meeting
Ⅱ ring 电话作物动词物动词：
① He wanted you to ring him 电话
外：ring for 铃（某）ring back 回电话ring off挂断电话
Ⅲ ring up ……电话（ call up）：
①I will ring him up 会电话

§315　 tell of tell about
般情况tell of tell about 换Tell常接表示名词代词介词ofabout接谈事情容表示提起某事时倾tell of 表示详细讲述关情况时倾tell about：
① Have you told your mother of your idea 想法告诉母亲？
② I told her about that the other day 前天谈件事

§316　 thanks for thanks to
Ⅰ thanks for thank you for ……谢强调谢原：
① Thanks for lending me your umbrella谢谢雨伞
② Thank you for your dictionary 谢谢字典
Ⅱ thanks to 亏…………帮助相because of … with the help of … 短语中to介词接名词代词：
① Thanks to the doctor I am well again 亏位医生身体康复
② Thanks to our teachers we all passed the exam 亏老师帮助格
③ Thanks to your help I finish the work on time 亏帮助时完成工作

§317　 that who which
Ⅰ 引导定语句关系代词：who whom whose(般指)which(般指物)that ( 指物)等关系副词：where（点）when(时间) why(原)等
Ⅱ that 句中指物指作语宾语：
① Water that is polluted often causes serous illness 受污染水常会引起重病（that 句中指物作语）
② Do you have everything that you need (that句中指物作宾语) 需东西？
③ He is the man that they talked about just now (that 句中指作宾语) 时刚谈
④ Do you know the man that who spoke just now 认识刚讲话？
Ⅲ who whom 句中指分作语宾语：
① A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health ( who 句中作语) 医生保护健康
② I have just met a lady whom I saw last week (whom句中作宾语) 刚遇位星期见
Ⅳwhich 句中指物作语宾语：
① My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now (which 句中作语) 阿姨刚达列火车
② This is the coat which you wanted(which 作宾语)件外套
Ⅴ whose 句中指指物作定语：
① You are the only one whose advice he might listen to (whose 作advice定语) 话听
② I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea 想窗户面海房间
[注意]：述情况定语句中关连词 that
Ⅰ 先行词 all everything nothing something anything little much 等定代词时：
① Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant科学家知道追求意味着什
② I am sure she has something that you can borrow 相信东西
③ Everything that we saw was of great interest to us 见切感兴趣
④ There is little that I can use 东西没
⑤ He saw much that was bad 见坏东西
[注]：① 先行词 something 时关系代词 that which
② 先行词：someone anyone everyone somebody anybody nobodyeverybody 时关系代词 that who
Ⅱ 先行词 all every very no some any little much 等修饰时：
① I have read all the books that you gave me 书全
② He is the very man that came here yesterday 昨天
Ⅲ 先行词序数词形容词高级 修饰时：
① This is the first composition thathe has written in English 第篇英语写作文
② The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria 显微镜见东西细菌
③ This is the best novel that I have ever read 读说
Ⅳ 先行词 the only the very the same the last 等修饰时
① That white flower is the only one that I really like白花唯真正喜欢花
② This is the very book that I want to find 正想书
③ The last place that we visited was the chemical works 参观化工厂
Ⅴ 两两分表示物先行词时定语句that 句连接who whom which引导：
① He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited 谈关访问老师学校情况
Ⅵ 句 who which 开头特殊疑问句时关连词that who whom which ：
① Who is the person that is standing at the gate站门口谁
② Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this中懂物理知道？
[注]：固定搭配短语动词时that 关系词时互介词提前必须放动词时指物that which 均指时who whom that 均
① This is the key which that you are looking for
② He is a man (whom that ) you can safely depend on 赖
③ The person whom that who he looks after is his mother

§318　think of think aboutthink over
Ⅰ think of 想起记起……想法法……意见考虑 ：
① Will you think of me after I’ve left 离开会记着？
② I know the person you meanbut I can’t think of his name 知道讲谁记起名字
④ We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year年 西班牙休假想法（算）
⑤ What do you think of my new dress 认新衣服样？(think about 互换)
⑥ She thinks of no one but herself外考虑
Ⅱ 作想某事考虑某事解时常think about 通：……考虑……法
① We have many things to think of about before going there 动身前许事情考虑
② 见Ⅰ④
Ⅲthink about 表想回想着重想程：
① I am thinking about the friends I have lost正回想失朋友
[注]：think of 表想象想想think about —→Think of your mother想想母亲吧
—→Think of the danger 想象危险吧
Ⅳthink over 仔细考虑中over 副词：
①I will think the thing over 事仔细考虑

§319　 think much(well) of think highly of
think little(poorly) of sing high praise of speak highly of
Ⅰ speak highly of 高度评价赞扬相 think highly of ：
① Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting 校长会高度赞扬班学
② The people speak highly of the TV play 部电视剧评价高
[注] speak 构成短语：
speak English 讲英语（某种语言）speak to sb 某交谈
speak well ill of 说……坏话speak like a book 胆说
speak for oneself 辩护
Ⅱ think much well of ……印象：
① We all think well of your suggestion 认建议
Ⅲ think little poorly badly of ……印象：
① You thought very badly of him at first didn’t you 起初印象坏吧？
Ⅳ think much of ……更重（考虑）：
① He thought more of health than of money 金钱相更重健康
Ⅴ sing high praise for 高度赞扬某某物
§320　 till until
till until 作介词连词法两种：
Ⅰ 肯定句中意……止谓语动词般求延续：
① I shall stay here till until next day留直星期天
Ⅱ 否定句中意直…………表动词动作直till until表示时间发生：
① They are not going back to work until till they get more money 等增加工资复工

§321　 to do sth doing sth
动词定式(to do sth)动词ing 形式非谓语动词般 定式表示：具体某次特定行动词ing 形式表示：抽象般具普遍性正进行行句中作：语宾语定语状语宾补等：
① I like swimming but I dn’t like to go today 喜欢游泳天想
[注]：列动词接to do sthdoing sth 意义：
1．
2．
3．
4．
5．
6．
7．

§322　 towards to for
Ⅰ for ……接leave start depart 等动词表方：
① She is leaving for Beijing 动身北京
Ⅱ towards 仅表方for 意味强：
① He is coming towards the house 房子走
Ⅲ to ……表目接动词come go return proceed move march 等：
① Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer 船杨州吧
② Soon after his return(he returned) to England his father died 回英国久父亲便世

§323　 treat heal
二者动词treat意治疗强调药物医疗手段医治程表示治疗效果heal意治愈指医伤病：
① The dentist is treating his teeth牙医治牙
② The doctor healed my burns 医生治烧伤

§324　 used to do sth be used to doing sth
be used to do sth would
Ⅰ Used to do sth常常做某事（现做）时态：
① He used to get up early常早起（现已样）
② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays but now she does it on Sunday 母亲常周五购物现周日
Ⅱ Be used to (doing)sth 惯做某事be used 动语态结构现种时态Beget become等代：
① He will be has been used to getting up early 会 已惯早起
Ⅲ Be used to do sth 做某事 be used 动语态结构中定式表目种时态：
① Wood is used to make paper木材造纸
[注]：used to 否定式两种：：used not to 二：didn’t use to ：
① My father used not to smoke My father didn’t use to smoke爸爸抽烟
② They used not to live in the country They didn’t use to live in the country
疑问式used 提前添加助动词 did
Ⅳwould 情态动词没象used to样现说明否现做做

§325 very right just
Ⅰ right 正 立刻等：
① Mike lives right opposite the street麦克住街面
② There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road 路正中块石头
③ Lily met an accident right here 莉莉出事
④ She’ll be right back 马回
Ⅱ Just 作副词常祈句前加强语气：
① Just think of the result 试想果吧
② Just touch it 摸摸吧
③ Just wait a moment please请稍等
Ⅲ very 作形容词常the thismy your等连加强语气表正恰等：
① You are the very person I’m looking for ( You are the right person …) 正找
② The two men fought on this very spot ( right in this place) 两男子方起

§326　 why not why don’t
两者表建议句型般代换类似：
▲ Let’s…
▲ Shall I we …
▲ How What about …
Ⅰ why not 呀什呢？：
①Mum may I go out to play basketball now –Why not
③ Why not ask your teacher 问问老师呢？
外表种理解心情：
① I won’t see the film again – Why not
Ⅱ why don’t 种友建议（a friendly suggestion）什场合起十分亲切面接语：
① Why don’t you go swimming 什游泳呢？
② Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils 莉莉彩笔？

§327　 work job
Ⅰjob 工作指固定工作指时某项具体工作数名词前面定冠词a 复数形式：
① John lost his job John失业
② There were just not enough jobs没 工作（干）
③ Tom’s father is looking for a job
Ⅱwork 普通词泛指切工作数名词：
① I have a lot of work to this evening 教师工作教学
② A teacher’s work is teaching老师工作教学
[联想]：搭配
applyhung for a job求职 get find a job找份工作
lose one’s job失业 perform odd job零工
quit a job 辞职 havework a side job 兼职
take a parttimefulltime job in a department store
百货公司担兼职专职工作

§328　 work at work on work out
Ⅰ work at work on 作事接名词代词动词ing 形式作宾语 Work at 侧重表示事工作性质说明正做什时work at 译学研究写作致力等：
① They have worked at this subject for many years 研究课题已年
② He is working at a new invention 正致力项新发明
Ⅱ work on 侧重表示事某项工作译造创作画做……宾语具体象常进行时态完成时态表示：继续工作……起作：
① We’re workin on some woodcuts 正创作木刻作品
② He has been working on this painting for days 张画已画天
③ They will work on till sunset 继续工作直日落
④ This medicine will work on the affected part 药患部起作

§329　 worth worthy
Ⅰworth作名词形容词作名词时意价值复数形式解作值定金额数量：
① Nobody knew the true worth of his work 没知道工作真实价值
② Give me one yuan’s worth of apples 元钱苹果
▲ worth 作形容词时作表语作定语常钱数相钱词表示：值少钱动词ing 形式表示值（做）……：
③ The dictionary is worth 5 yuan 字典值5元钱
④ The play is worth seeing 场戏值
Ⅱworthy 形容词意值作表语of 接名词动词ing 动形式Worthy 定式表动意思须接定式动语态：
① She is worthy of help 值帮助
② The watch is worthy of being bought 块表值买
③ The question is worthy to be discussed 问题值讨

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