电力系统继电保护文中英文资料
Relay protection development present situation
[Abstract ] reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological devil orpiment process has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement pro posed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be Computerizes n networked protects the control the survey the data communication integration and the artificial I intellectualization
[Key word ] relay protection present situation development relay protections future development
1 relay protection development present situation
The electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly t he new request the electronic technology computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology de velopment therefore the relay protection technology is advantageous has completed the deve lopment 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time
After the founding of the nation our country relay protection discipline the relay protection de sign the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of noth ing has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century pa sses through The 50's our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption the diges tion have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the m ovement technologycompleted to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team and grew the instruction function t o the national relay protection technical team's establishment The acheng relay factory introd uction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology has est ablished our country relay manufacturing industry Thus our country has completed the relay p rotection research the design the manufacture the movement and the teaching complete sys tern in the 60's This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation
From the end of the 50's the transistor relay protection was starting to study In the 60's to t he 80's in are the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely
uses Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from th e protection moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv line finished the 500kv line protection to d epend upon completely from the overseas import time
From the 70's started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protectio n to study Has formed the complete series to at the end of 80’s integrated circuit protection substitutes for the transistor protection gradually The development the production the applica tion the integrated circuit protects which to the beginning of the 90's still were in the dominan t position this was the integrated circuit protection time The integrated electricity road work fr equency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power aut omation research institute high frequency protected the vital role the Tianjin University and t he Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase v oltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi strip 220 kv and on the 500kv line
Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the end of the 70’s the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunners fu notion Huazhong University of Science and Technology southeast the university the North C hina electric power institute the Xian Jiaotong University the Tianjin University Shanghai Jiao tong University the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation research institute one after another has all developed the different principle the different pattern microc omputer protective device In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal and in the system the find application had opened in our country relay protection history the new page pr otected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way In the host equipment protectio n aspect the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science a nd Technology develops loses magnetism protection the generator protection and the generat orBank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989in 1994 through appraisal investment movement The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops micro computer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltag e compensated the type direction high frequency protection the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993in 1996 through the appra isal Heres the different principle the different type microcomputer line and the host equipme nt protect unique provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical po wer system fine the function has been complete the work reliable relay protection installment Along with the microcomputer protective device research in microcomputer aspect and so on protection software algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result May say starte d our country relay protection technology from the 90*s to enter the time which the microcom puter protected
2 relay protections future development The relay protection technology future the tendency will be to computerizes networked the int ellectualization will protect the control the survey and the data communication integration de velopment
21 computerizes
Along with the computer hardware swift and violent development the microcomputer protection hardware also unceasingly is developing The original North China electric power institute de velops the microcomputer line protection hardware has experienced 3 development phases Is published from 8 lists cpu structure microcomputer protection does not develop to 5 years ti me to the multi cpu structure latter developed to the main line does not leave the module t he big modular structure the performance enhances greatly obtained the widespread applicati on Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops the microcomputer protection al so is from 8 cpu develops to take the labor controlling machine core partially as the foundati on 32 microcomputers protection
The Nanjing electric power automation research institute from the very beginning has develop ed 16 cpu is the foundation microcomputer line protection obtained the big area promotion a t present also is studying 32 protections hardware system Southeast the university develops t he microcomputer host equipment protects the hardware also passed through improved and th e enhancement many times The Tianjin University from the very beginning is the developmen t take more than 16 cpu as the foundation microcomputer line protection in 1988 namely star ted to study take 32 digital signals processor (dsp) as the foundation protection the control t he survey integration microcomputer installment at present cooperated with the Zhuhai Jin aut omatic equipment company develops one kind of function complete 32 big modules a module was a minicomputer Uses 32 microcomputers chips only to focus by no means on the preci sion because of the precision the ad switch resolution limit is surpassed time 16 all is acce pts with difficulty in the conversion rate and the cost aspect 32 microcomputers chips have t he very high integration rate more importantly very high operating frequency and computation speed very big addressing space rich command system and many inputs outlet The cpu re gister the data bus the address bus all are 32has the memory management function the memory protection function and the duty transformation function and (cache) and the floating number part all integrates the high speed buffer in cpuThe electrical power system the request which protects to the microcomputer enhances uncea singly besides protection basic function but also should have the large capacity breakdown i nformation and the data longterm storage space the fast data processing function the formid able traffic capacity with other protections the control device and dispatches the networking b y to share the entire system data the information and the network resources ability the high er order language programming and so on This requests the microcomputer protective device to have is equal to a pc machine function In the computer protection development initial per iod once conceived has made the relay protection installment with a minicomputer At that ti me because the small machine volume big the cost high the reliability was bad this tentativ e plan was not realistic Now with the microcomputer protective device size similar labor cont rolling machine function the speed the storage capacity greatly has surpassed the same year small machine therefore made the relay protection with complete set labor controlling machi ne the opportunity already to be mature this will be one of development directions which the microcomputer protected The Tianjin University has developed the relay protection installmen t which Cheng Vongtong microcomputer protective device structure quite same not less than one kind of labor controlling machine performs to change artificially becomes This kind of eq uipment merit includes has the 486pc machine complete function can satisfy each kind of f unction request which will protect to current and the future microcomputer size and structure and present microcomputer protective device similar the craft excellent quakeproof guards a gainst has been hot guards against electronmagetic interference ability may move in the very severe working conditions the cost may accept uses the std main line or the pc main line the hardware modulation may select the different module wilfully regarding the different prote ction the disposition nimble is easy to expand
Relay protection installmentcomputerizes is the irreversible development tendency How but to satisfies the electrical power system request well how further enhances the relay protection the reliability how obtains the bigger economic efficiency and the social efficiency still must conduct specifically the thorough research
22 networked
The computer network has become the information age as the information and the data com munication tool the technical prop caused the human production and the social life appearanc e has had the radical change It profoundly is affecting each industry domain also has provid ed the powerful means of communication for each industry domain So far besides the differe ntial motion protection and the vertical association protection all relay protections installment a II only can respond the protection installment place electricity spirit The relay protection functi on also only is restricted in the excision breakdown part reduces the accident to affect the s cope This mainly is because lacks the powerful data communication method Overseas alread y had proposed the system protection concept this in mainly referred to the safe automatic d evice at that time Because the relay protection function not only is restricted in the excision breakdown part and the limit accident affects the scope (this is most important task) but also must guarantee the entire system the security stable movement This requests each protectio n unit all to be able to share the entire system the movement and the breakdown information data each protection unit and the superposition brake gear in analyze these information and in the data foundation the synchronized action guarantees the system the security stable mo vement Obviously realizes this kind of system protection basic condition is joins the entire sy stem each main equipment protective device with the computer network that is realization mic rocomputer protective device networked This under the current engineering factor is completel y possible
Regarding the general non system protection the realization protective device computer netw orking also has the very big advantage The relay protection equipment can obtain system fail ure information morethen to the breakdown nature the breakdown position judgment and the breakdown distance examination is more accurate Passed through the very long time to the autoadapted protection principle research also has yielded the certain result but must realiz e truly protects to the system movement way and the malfunction autoadapted must obtain t he more systems movement and the breakdown information only then realization protection c omputer networked can achieve this point
Regarding certain protective device realization computer networkings also can enhance the pr otection the reliability The Tianjin University in 1993 proposed in view of the future Three Go rges hydroelectric power station 500kv ultrahigh voltage multi return routes generatrix one kin d of distributional generatrix protection principle developed successfully this kind of equipment initially Its principle is disperses the traditional central generatrix protection certain (with to pr otect generatrix to return way to be same) the generatrix protection unit the dispersible attire is located in on various return routes protection screen each protection unit joins with the c omputer network each protection unit only inputs this return route the amperage after transfo rms it the digital quantity transmits through the computer network for other all return routes p rotection unit each protection unit acts according to this return route the amperage and other all return routes amperage which obtains from the computer network carries on the generatri x differential motion protection the computation if the computed result proof is the generatrix i nterior breakdown then only jumps the book size return route circuit breaker Breakdown gene ratrix isolation When generatrix area breakdown each protection unit all calculates for exterior breakdown does not act This kind the distributional generatrix protection principle which reali zes with the computer network has the high reliability compared to the traditional central gen eratrix protection principle Because if a protection unit receives the disturbance or the miscalc ulation when moves by mistake only can wrongly jump the book size return route cannot ere ate causes the generatrix entire the malignant accident which excises this regarding looks lik e the Three Gorges power plant to have the ultrahigh voltage generatrix the system key posit ion to be extremely important
By above may know microcomputer protective device may enhance the protection performan ce and the reliability greatly this is the microcomputer protection development inevitable trend
23 protections control survey data communication integrations
In realization relay protection computerizing with under the condition the protective device is in fact a high performance the multipurpose computer is in an entire electrical power syste m computer network intelligent terminal It may gain the electrical power system movement an d breakdown any information and the data from the net also may protect the part which obta ins it any information and the data transfer for the network control center or no matter what a terminal Therefore each microcomputer protective device not only may complete the relay protection function moreover in does not have in the breakdown normal operation situation al so to be possible to complete the survey the control the data communication function that i s realization protection control survey data communication integration
At present in order to survey the protection and the control need outdoor transformer substa tion all equipment like the transformer the line and so on the secondary voltage the electric current all must use the control cable to direct to Lays the massive control cable not only must massively invest moreover makes the secondary circuit to be extremely complex But if the above protection the control the survey the data communication integration computer inst allation will install in outdoor transformer substation by the protection device nearby by the p rotection device voltage the amperage is changed into after this installment internal circulation the digital quantity will deliver through the computer network then might avoid the massive control cable If takes the network with the optical fiber the transmission medium but also m ay avoid the electronmagetic interference Now the photoelectric current mutual inductor (ota) and the photovoltage mutual inductor (otv) in the research trial stage future inevitably obtaine d the application in the electrical power system In uses ota and in the otv situation the prot ective device should place is apart from ota and the otv recent place that is should place by the protection device nearby Ota and the otv light signal inputs after this integration installm ent in and transforms the electrical signal on the one hand serves as the protection the com putation judgment On the other hand took the survey quantity delivers through the network May to deliver from through the network by the protection device operation control comman d this integrated installment carries out the circuit breaker operation from this the integrated i nstallment In 1992 the Tianjin University proposed the protection the control the survey the correspondence integration question and has developed take the tms320c25 digital signal pro cessor (dsp) as a foundation protection the control the survey the data communication integr ation installment
24 intellectualizations
In recent years the artificial intelligence technology like nerve network the genetic algorithms the evolution plan the fuzzy logic and so on all obtained the application in electrical power system each domain also started in the relay protection domain application research The n erve network is one nonlinear mapping method very many lists the complex nonlinear probl em with difficulty which the equation or solves with difficulty the application nerve network sid e principle may be easily solved For example exhibits in the situation in the transmission line two sides systems electric potential angle to occur after the transition resistance shortcircuits is a nonlinear problem very difficult correctly to make the breakdown position from the prot ection the distinction thus creates moves by mistake or resists to move If thinks after the ne twork method passes through the massive breakdowns sample training so long as the sampl e centralism has fully considered each kind of situation then in breaks down time any all ma y correctly distinguish Other like genetic algorithms the evolution plan and so on also all hav e its unique solution complex question the ability May cause the solution speed these artificia I intelligence method suitable unions to be quicker The Tianjin University carries on the nerve network type relay protection from 1996 the research has y
ielded the preliminary result M ay foresee the artificial intelligence technology must be able to obtain the application in the r elay protection domain by solves the problem which solves with difficulty with the conventiona I method
Since the founding of China's electric power system protection technology has undergone four times With the rapid development of power systems and computer technology communications technology relay technology faces the further development of the trend Domestic and international trends in the development of protection technologies computerization networking protection control measurement data communications integration and artificial intelligence which made protection workers difficult task but also opened up the activities of vast
继电保护发展现状
摘回顾国电力系统继保护技术发展程中概述微机继电保护技术成提出未继电保护技术发展趋势：计算机化电网络化保护控制调查结果显示数通信体化工智化
关键词继电保护现状发展继电保护未发展
1继电保护发展现状
电力系统迅速发展继电保护断提出新求电子技术计算机技术快速发展断继电保护技术发展注入新活力继电保护技术利40年时间里已完成发展4历史阶段
建国国继电保护学科继电保护设计继电器制造工业继电保护技术队伍约10年时间里走先进国家半世纪走道路50年代国工程技术员创造性吸收消化掌握国外先进继电保护设备性运行技术建成支具深厚继电保护理造诣丰富运行验继电保护技术队伍全国继电保护技术队伍建立成长起指导作阿城继电器厂引进消化时国外先进继电器制造技术建立国继电器制造业60年代中国已
成继电保护研究设计制造运行教学完整体系机电式继电保护繁荣时代国继电保护技术发展奠定坚实基础
50年代末晶体继电保护开始研究60年代中80年代中晶体继电保护蓬勃发展广泛釆时代中天津学南京电力动化设备厂合作研究500kv晶体方高频保护南京电力动化研究院研制晶体髙频闭锁距离保护运行葛洲坝500 kv线路结束500kv 线路保护完全国外进口时代
期间70年代中基集成运算放器集成电路保护已开始研究80年代末集成电路保护已形成完整系列逐渐取代晶体保护90年代初集成电路保护研制生产应处导位集成电路保护时代方面南京电力动化研究院研制集成电路工频变化量方高频保护起重作天津学南京电力动化设备厂合作研制集成电路相电压补偿式方髙频保护条220kv500kv线路运行
国70年代末已开始计算机继电保护研究高等院校科研院起着先导作华中理工学东南学华北电力学院西安交通学天津学海交通学重庆学南京电力 动化研究院相继研制原理型式微机保护装置1984年原华北电力学院研制输电 线路微机保护装置首先通鉴定系统中获应揭开国继电保护发展史新页微机保护推广开辟道路设备保护方面东南学华中理工学研制发电机失磁保护发电机保护发电机变压器组保护相继19891994年通鉴定投入运行南京电力动化研究院 研制微机线路保护装置1991年通鉴定天津学南京电力动化设备厂合作研制微机相电压补偿式方髙频保护西安交通学许昌继电器厂合作研制正序障分量方髙频保护相继 19931996
年通鉴定原理机型微机线路设备保护具特色电力系 统提供批新代性优良功齐全工作继电保护装置着微机保护装置研究微机保护软件算法等方面取理成果说90年代开始国继电保护技术已进入微机保护时代
2继电保护未发展
继电保护技术未趋势计赏机化网络化智化保护控制测量数通信体化发展
21计算机化
着计算机硬件迅猛发展微机保护硬件断发展原华北电力学院研制微机线路保护硬件已历3发展阶段：8位单cpu结构微机保护问世5年时间发展cpu结构发展总线出模块模块结构性提高广泛应华中理工学研制微机保 护8位cpu发展工控机核心部分基础32位微机保护
南京电力动化研究院开始研制 16位cpu基础微机线路保护已面积推广目前研究32位保护硬件系统东南学研制微机设备保护硬件次改进提高天津学开始研制16位cpu基础微机线路保护1988年开始研究32位数字信号处理器(dsp)基础保护控制测量体化微机装置目前已珠海晋电动化设备公司合作研制成种功齐全32位模块模块型计算机釆32位微机芯片非着眼精度 精度受ad转换器分辨率限制超16位时转换速度成方面难接受更重32位微机芯片具髙集成度髙工作频率计算速度寻址空间丰富指令系统较输入输出口cpu寄存器数总线址总线32位具存储器理功存储器保护功务转换功高速缓存(cache)浮点数部件集成cpu
电力系统微机保护求断提高保护基功外应具容量障信息数长期存放空间快速数处理功强通信力保护控制装置调度联网享全系统数信息网络资源力高级语言编程等求微机保护装置具相台pc机功计算机保护发展初期设想台型计算机作成继电保护装置时型机体积成高性差设想现实现微机保护装置相工控机功速度存储容量超年型机成套工控机作成继电保护时机已成熟微机保护 发展方天津学已研制成微保护装置结构完全相种工控机加改造作成继电 保护装置种装置优点：（1)具486pc机全部功满足前未微机保护种功求尺寸结构目前微机保护装置相似工艺精良防震防热防电磁千扰力强 运行非常恶劣工作环境成接受（3)采std总线pc总线硬件模块化保护意选模块配置灵活容易扩展继电保护装置微机化计算机化逆转发展趋势更满足电力系统求进步提高继电保护性取更济效益社会效益尚须进行具体深入研究
22网络化
计算机网络作信息数通信工具已成信息时代技术支柱类生产社会生活面貌发生根变化深刻影响着工业领域工业领域提供强力通信手段目前止差动保护联保护外继电保护装置反应保护安装处电气量继电保护作 限切障元件缩事影响范围缺乏强力数通信手段国外早已提出系统保护概念时指安全动装置继电保护作限切障元件限制事 影响范围(首务)
保证全系统安全稳定运行行求保护单元享全系统运行障信息数保护单元重合闸装置分析信息数基础协调动作确保系统安全稳定运行显然实现种系统保护基条件全系统设备保护装置计算机网络联接起实现微机保护装置网络化前技术条件完全
般非系统保护实现保护装置计算机联网处继电保护装置够系统障信息愈障性质障位置判断障距离检测愈准确适应保护原理研究已长时间取定成果真正实现保护系统运行方式障状态适应必须获更系统运行障信息实现保护计算机网络化做点
某保护装置实现计算机联网提高保护性天津学1993年针未三峡水电站500kv超高压回路母线提出种分布式母线保护原理初步研制成功种装置原理 传统集中式母线保护分散成干(保护母线回路数相)母线保护单元分散装设回路保护屏保护单元计算机网络联接起保护单元输入回路电流量转换成数字通计算机网络传送回路保护单元保护单元根回路电流蛍计算机网络获回路电流量进行母线差动保护计算果计箅结果证明母线部障跳开回路断路器障母线隔离母线区外障时保护单元计算外部障均动作种计算机网络实现分布式母线保护原理传统集中式母线保护原理较髙性 果保护单元受干扰计尊错误误动时错误跳开回路会造成母线整切恶性事象三峡电站具超高压母线系统枢纽非常重
述知微机保护装置网络化提高保护性性微机保护发展必然趋势
23保护控制测跫数通信体化
实现继电保护计算机化网络化条件保护装置实际台高性功计箅机整电力系统计算机网络智终端网获取电力系统运行障信息数获保护元件信息数传送网络控制中心终端微机保护装置完成继电保护功陣正常运行情况完成测蛍控制数通信功实现保护控制测量数通信体化
目前测量保护控制需室外变电站设备变压器线路等二次电压电流必须控制电缆引控室敷设量控制电缆量投资二次回路非常复杂果述保护控制测量数通信体化计算机装置安装室外变电站保护设备旁保护设备电压电流跫装置转换成数字量通计算机网络送控室免量控制电缆果光纤作网络传输介质免电磁干扰现光电流互感器(ota) 光电压亙感器(otv)研究试验阶段必然电力系统中应采otaotv情况保护装置应放距otaotv方应放保护设备附 otaotv光信号输入体化装置中转换成电信号方面作保护计算判断方面作测SS通网络送控室控室通网络保护设备操作控制命令送体化装置体化装置执行断路器操作1992年天津学提出保护控制测量通信体化问题研制tms320c25数字信号处理器(dsp)基础保护控制测量数通信体化装置
24智化
年工智技术神网络遗传算法进化规划模糊逻辑等电力系统领域应继电保护领域应研究已开始[7]神网络种非线性映射方法难列出方程式难求解复杂非线性问题应神网络方法迎刃解例输电线两侧系统电 势角度摆开情况发生渡电阻短路非线性问题距离保护难正确作出障位置判造成误动拒动果神网络方法量障样训练样集中充分考虑种情况发生陣时正确判遗传算法进化规划等独特求解复杂问题力工智方法适结合求解速度更快天津学1996年起进行神网络式继电保护研究已取初步成果预见工智技术继电保护领域必会应解决常规方法难解决问题
3结束语
建国国电力系统继电保护技术历4时代着电力系统高速发展计算机技术通信技术进步继电保护技术面着进步发展趋势国外继电保护技术发展趋势：计算机化网络化保护控制测量数通信体化工智化继电保护工作者提出艰巨务开辟活动广阔天
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Relay protection development present situation
[Abstract ] reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological devil orpiment process has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement pro posed the future relay protection technological development tendency will be Computerizes n networked protects the control the survey the data communication integration and the artificial I intellectualization
[Key word ] relay protection present situation development relay protections future development
1 relay protection development present situation
The electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection proposed unceasingly t he new request the electronic technology computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology de velopment therefore the relay protection technology is advantageous has completed the deve lopment 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time
After the founding of the nation our country relay protection discipline the relay protection de sign the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of noth ing has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century pa sses through The 50's our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption the diges tion have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the m ovement technologycompleted to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team and grew the instruction function t o the national relay protection technical team's establishment The acheng relay factory introd uction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology has est ablished our country relay manufacturing industry Thus our country has completed the relay p rotection research the design the manufacture the movement and the teaching complete sys tern in the 60's This is a time which the mechanical and electrical relay protection prospers was our country relay protection technology development has laid the solid foundation
From the end of the 50's the transistor relay protection was starting to study In the 60's to t he 80's in are the times which the transistor relay protection vigorous development and widely
uses Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation research 500kv transistor direction high frequency protection the transistor high frequency block system which develops with the Nanjing electric power automation research institute is away from th e protection moves on the Gezhou Dam 500 kv line finished the 500kv line protection to d epend upon completely from the overseas import time
From the 70's started based on the integration operational amplifier integrated circuit protectio n to study Has formed the complete series to at the end of 80’s integrated circuit protection substitutes for the transistor protection gradually The development the production the applica tion the integrated circuit protects which to the beginning of the 90's still were in the dominan t position this was the integrated circuit protection time The integrated electricity road work fr equency conversion quantity direction develops which in this aspect Nanjing electric power aut omation research institute high frequency protected the vital role the Tianjin University and t he Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development integrated circuit phase v oltage compensated the type direction high frequency protection also moves in multi strip 220 kv and on the 500kv line
Our country namely started the computer relay protection research from the end of the 70’s the institutions of higher learning and the scientific research courtyard institute forerunners fu notion Huazhong University of Science and Technology southeast the university the North C hina electric power institute the Xian Jiaotong University the Tianjin University Shanghai Jiao tong University the Chongqing University and the Nanjing electric power automation research institute one after another has all developed the different principle the different pattern microc omputer protective device In 1984 the original North China electric power institute developed the transmission line microcomputer protective device first through the appraisal and in the system the find application had opened in our country relay protection history the new page pr otected the promotion for the microcomputer to pave the way In the host equipment protectio n aspect the generator which southeast the university and Huazhong University of Science a nd Technology develops loses magnetism protection the generator protection and the generat orBank of transformers protection also one after another in 1989in 1994 through appraisal investment movement The Nanjing electric power automation research institute develops micro computer line protective device also in 1991 through appraisal The Tianjin University and the Nanjing electric power automation plant cooperation development microcomputer phase voltag e compensated the type direction high frequency protection the Xian Jiaotong University and the Xu Chang relay factory cooperation development positive sequence breakdown component direction high frequency protection also one after another in 1993in 1996 through the appra isal Heres the different principle the different type microcomputer line and the host equipme nt protect unique provided one batch of new generation of performance for the electrical po wer system fine the function has been complete the work reliable relay protection installment Along with the microcomputer protective device research in microcomputer aspect and so on protection software algorithm has also yielded the very many theories result May say starte d our country relay protection technology from the 90*s to enter the time which the microcom puter protected
2 relay protections future development The relay protection technology future the tendency will be to computerizes networked the int ellectualization will protect the control the survey and the data communication integration de velopment
21 computerizes
Along with the computer hardware swift and violent development the microcomputer protection hardware also unceasingly is developing The original North China electric power institute de velops the microcomputer line protection hardware has experienced 3 development phases Is published from 8 lists cpu structure microcomputer protection does not develop to 5 years ti me to the multi cpu structure latter developed to the main line does not leave the module t he big modular structure the performance enhances greatly obtained the widespread applicati on Huazhong University of Science and Technology develops the microcomputer protection al so is from 8 cpu develops to take the labor controlling machine core partially as the foundati on 32 microcomputers protection
The Nanjing electric power automation research institute from the very beginning has develop ed 16 cpu is the foundation microcomputer line protection obtained the big area promotion a t present also is studying 32 protections hardware system Southeast the university develops t he microcomputer host equipment protects the hardware also passed through improved and th e enhancement many times The Tianjin University from the very beginning is the developmen t take more than 16 cpu as the foundation microcomputer line protection in 1988 namely star ted to study take 32 digital signals processor (dsp) as the foundation protection the control t he survey integration microcomputer installment at present cooperated with the Zhuhai Jin aut omatic equipment company develops one kind of function complete 32 big modules a module was a minicomputer Uses 32 microcomputers chips only to focus by no means on the preci sion because of the precision the ad switch resolution limit is surpassed time 16 all is acce pts with difficulty in the conversion rate and the cost aspect 32 microcomputers chips have t he very high integration rate more importantly very high operating frequency and computation speed very big addressing space rich command system and many inputs outlet The cpu re gister the data bus the address bus all are 32has the memory management function the memory protection function and the duty transformation function and (cache) and the floating number part all integrates the high speed buffer in cpuThe electrical power system the request which protects to the microcomputer enhances uncea singly besides protection basic function but also should have the large capacity breakdown i nformation and the data longterm storage space the fast data processing function the formid able traffic capacity with other protections the control device and dispatches the networking b y to share the entire system data the information and the network resources ability the high er order language programming and so on This requests the microcomputer protective device to have is equal to a pc machine function In the computer protection development initial per iod once conceived has made the relay protection installment with a minicomputer At that ti me because the small machine volume big the cost high the reliability was bad this tentativ e plan was not realistic Now with the microcomputer protective device size similar labor cont rolling machine function the speed the storage capacity greatly has surpassed the same year small machine therefore made the relay protection with complete set labor controlling machi ne the opportunity already to be mature this will be one of development directions which the microcomputer protected The Tianjin University has developed the relay protection installmen t which Cheng Vongtong microcomputer protective device structure quite same not less than one kind of labor controlling machine performs to change artificially becomes This kind of eq uipment merit includes has the 486pc machine complete function can satisfy each kind of f unction request which will protect to current and the future microcomputer size and structure and present microcomputer protective device similar the craft excellent quakeproof guards a gainst has been hot guards against electronmagetic interference ability may move in the very severe working conditions the cost may accept uses the std main line or the pc main line the hardware modulation may select the different module wilfully regarding the different prote ction the disposition nimble is easy to expand
Relay protection installmentcomputerizes is the irreversible development tendency How but to satisfies the electrical power system request well how further enhances the relay protection the reliability how obtains the bigger economic efficiency and the social efficiency still must conduct specifically the thorough research
22 networked
The computer network has become the information age as the information and the data com munication tool the technical prop caused the human production and the social life appearanc e has had the radical change It profoundly is affecting each industry domain also has provid ed the powerful means of communication for each industry domain So far besides the differe ntial motion protection and the vertical association protection all relay protections installment a II only can respond the protection installment place electricity spirit The relay protection functi on also only is restricted in the excision breakdown part reduces the accident to affect the s cope This mainly is because lacks the powerful data communication method Overseas alread y had proposed the system protection concept this in mainly referred to the safe automatic d evice at that time Because the relay protection function not only is restricted in the excision breakdown part and the limit accident affects the scope (this is most important task) but also must guarantee the entire system the security stable movement This requests each protectio n unit all to be able to share the entire system the movement and the breakdown information data each protection unit and the superposition brake gear in analyze these information and in the data foundation the synchronized action guarantees the system the security stable mo vement Obviously realizes this kind of system protection basic condition is joins the entire sy stem each main equipment protective device with the computer network that is realization mic rocomputer protective device networked This under the current engineering factor is completel y possible
Regarding the general non system protection the realization protective device computer netw orking also has the very big advantage The relay protection equipment can obtain system fail ure information morethen to the breakdown nature the breakdown position judgment and the breakdown distance examination is more accurate Passed through the very long time to the autoadapted protection principle research also has yielded the certain result but must realiz e truly protects to the system movement way and the malfunction autoadapted must obtain t he more systems movement and the breakdown information only then realization protection c omputer networked can achieve this point
Regarding certain protective device realization computer networkings also can enhance the pr otection the reliability The Tianjin University in 1993 proposed in view of the future Three Go rges hydroelectric power station 500kv ultrahigh voltage multi return routes generatrix one kin d of distributional generatrix protection principle developed successfully this kind of equipment initially Its principle is disperses the traditional central generatrix protection certain (with to pr otect generatrix to return way to be same) the generatrix protection unit the dispersible attire is located in on various return routes protection screen each protection unit joins with the c omputer network each protection unit only inputs this return route the amperage after transfo rms it the digital quantity transmits through the computer network for other all return routes p rotection unit each protection unit acts according to this return route the amperage and other all return routes amperage which obtains from the computer network carries on the generatri x differential motion protection the computation if the computed result proof is the generatrix i nterior breakdown then only jumps the book size return route circuit breaker Breakdown gene ratrix isolation When generatrix area breakdown each protection unit all calculates for exterior breakdown does not act This kind the distributional generatrix protection principle which reali zes with the computer network has the high reliability compared to the traditional central gen eratrix protection principle Because if a protection unit receives the disturbance or the miscalc ulation when moves by mistake only can wrongly jump the book size return route cannot ere ate causes the generatrix entire the malignant accident which excises this regarding looks lik e the Three Gorges power plant to have the ultrahigh voltage generatrix the system key posit ion to be extremely important
By above may know microcomputer protective device may enhance the protection performan ce and the reliability greatly this is the microcomputer protection development inevitable trend
23 protections control survey data communication integrations
In realization relay protection computerizing with under the condition the protective device is in fact a high performance the multipurpose computer is in an entire electrical power syste m computer network intelligent terminal It may gain the electrical power system movement an d breakdown any information and the data from the net also may protect the part which obta ins it any information and the data transfer for the network control center or no matter what a terminal Therefore each microcomputer protective device not only may complete the relay protection function moreover in does not have in the breakdown normal operation situation al so to be possible to complete the survey the control the data communication function that i s realization protection control survey data communication integration
At present in order to survey the protection and the control need outdoor transformer substa tion all equipment like the transformer the line and so on the secondary voltage the electric current all must use the control cable to direct to Lays the massive control cable not only must massively invest moreover makes the secondary circuit to be extremely complex But if the above protection the control the survey the data communication integration computer inst allation will install in outdoor transformer substation by the protection device nearby by the p rotection device voltage the amperage is changed into after this installment internal circulation the digital quantity will deliver through the computer network then might avoid the massive control cable If takes the network with the optical fiber the transmission medium but also m ay avoid the electronmagetic interference Now the photoelectric current mutual inductor (ota) and the photovoltage mutual inductor (otv) in the research trial stage future inevitably obtaine d the application in the electrical power system In uses ota and in the otv situation the prot ective device should place is apart from ota and the otv recent place that is should place by the protection device nearby Ota and the otv light signal inputs after this integration installm ent in and transforms the electrical signal on the one hand serves as the protection the com putation judgment On the other hand took the survey quantity delivers through the network May to deliver from through the network by the protection device operation control comman d this integrated installment carries out the circuit breaker operation from this the integrated i nstallment In 1992 the Tianjin University proposed the protection the control the survey the correspondence integration question and has developed take the tms320c25 digital signal pro cessor (dsp) as a foundation protection the control the survey the data communication integr ation installment
24 intellectualizations
In recent years the artificial intelligence technology like nerve network the genetic algorithms the evolution plan the fuzzy logic and so on all obtained the application in electrical power system each domain also started in the relay protection domain application research The n erve network is one nonlinear mapping method very many lists the complex nonlinear probl em with difficulty which the equation or solves with difficulty the application nerve network sid e principle may be easily solved For example exhibits in the situation in the transmission line two sides systems electric potential angle to occur after the transition resistance shortcircuits is a nonlinear problem very difficult correctly to make the breakdown position from the prot ection the distinction thus creates moves by mistake or resists to move If thinks after the ne twork method passes through the massive breakdowns sample training so long as the sampl e centralism has fully considered each kind of situation then in breaks down time any all ma y correctly distinguish Other like genetic algorithms the evolution plan and so on also all hav e its unique solution complex question the ability May cause the solution speed these artificia I intelligence method suitable unions to be quicker The Tianjin University carries on the nerve network type relay protection from 1996 the research has y
ielded the preliminary result M ay foresee the artificial intelligence technology must be able to obtain the application in the r elay protection domain by solves the problem which solves with difficulty with the conventiona I method
Since the founding of China's electric power system protection technology has undergone four times With the rapid development of power systems and computer technology communications technology relay technology faces the further development of the trend Domestic and international trends in the development of protection technologies computerization networking protection control measurement data communications integration and artificial intelligence which made protection workers difficult task but also opened up the activities of vast
继电保护发展现状
摘回顾国电力系统继保护技术发展程中概述微机继电保护技术成提出未继电保护技术发展趋势：计算机化电网络化保护控制调查结果显示数通信体化工智化
关键词继电保护现状发展继电保护未发展
1继电保护发展现状
电力系统迅速发展继电保护断提出新求电子技术计算机技术快速发展断继电保护技术发展注入新活力继电保护技术利40年时间里已完成发展4历史阶段
建国国继电保护学科继电保护设计继电器制造工业继电保护技术队伍约10年时间里走先进国家半世纪走道路50年代国工程技术员创造性吸收消化掌握国外先进继电保护设备性运行技术建成支具深厚继电保护理造诣丰富运行验继电保护技术队伍全国继电保护技术队伍建立成长起指导作阿城继电器厂引进消化时国外先进继电器制造技术建立国继电器制造业60年代中国已
成继电保护研究设计制造运行教学完整体系机电式继电保护繁荣时代国继电保护技术发展奠定坚实基础
50年代末晶体继电保护开始研究60年代中80年代中晶体继电保护蓬勃发展广泛釆时代中天津学南京电力动化设备厂合作研究500kv晶体方高频保护南京电力动化研究院研制晶体髙频闭锁距离保护运行葛洲坝500 kv线路结束500kv 线路保护完全国外进口时代
期间70年代中基集成运算放器集成电路保护已开始研究80年代末集成电路保护已形成完整系列逐渐取代晶体保护90年代初集成电路保护研制生产应处导位集成电路保护时代方面南京电力动化研究院研制集成电路工频变化量方高频保护起重作天津学南京电力动化设备厂合作研制集成电路相电压补偿式方髙频保护条220kv500kv线路运行
国70年代末已开始计算机继电保护研究高等院校科研院起着先导作华中理工学东南学华北电力学院西安交通学天津学海交通学重庆学南京电力 动化研究院相继研制原理型式微机保护装置1984年原华北电力学院研制输电 线路微机保护装置首先通鉴定系统中获应揭开国继电保护发展史新页微机保护推广开辟道路设备保护方面东南学华中理工学研制发电机失磁保护发电机保护发电机变压器组保护相继19891994年通鉴定投入运行南京电力动化研究院 研制微机线路保护装置1991年通鉴定天津学南京电力动化设备厂合作研制微机相电压补偿式方髙频保护西安交通学许昌继电器厂合作研制正序障分量方髙频保护相继 19931996
年通鉴定原理机型微机线路设备保护具特色电力系 统提供批新代性优良功齐全工作继电保护装置着微机保护装置研究微机保护软件算法等方面取理成果说90年代开始国继电保护技术已进入微机保护时代
2继电保护未发展
继电保护技术未趋势计赏机化网络化智化保护控制测量数通信体化发展
21计算机化
着计算机硬件迅猛发展微机保护硬件断发展原华北电力学院研制微机线路保护硬件已历3发展阶段：8位单cpu结构微机保护问世5年时间发展cpu结构发展总线出模块模块结构性提高广泛应华中理工学研制微机保 护8位cpu发展工控机核心部分基础32位微机保护
南京电力动化研究院开始研制 16位cpu基础微机线路保护已面积推广目前研究32位保护硬件系统东南学研制微机设备保护硬件次改进提高天津学开始研制16位cpu基础微机线路保护1988年开始研究32位数字信号处理器(dsp)基础保护控制测量体化微机装置目前已珠海晋电动化设备公司合作研制成种功齐全32位模块模块型计算机釆32位微机芯片非着眼精度 精度受ad转换器分辨率限制超16位时转换速度成方面难接受更重32位微机芯片具髙集成度髙工作频率计算速度寻址空间丰富指令系统较输入输出口cpu寄存器数总线址总线32位具存储器理功存储器保护功务转换功高速缓存(cache)浮点数部件集成cpu
电力系统微机保护求断提高保护基功外应具容量障信息数长期存放空间快速数处理功强通信力保护控制装置调度联网享全系统数信息网络资源力高级语言编程等求微机保护装置具相台pc机功计算机保护发展初期设想台型计算机作成继电保护装置时型机体积成高性差设想现实现微机保护装置相工控机功速度存储容量超年型机成套工控机作成继电保护时机已成熟微机保护 发展方天津学已研制成微保护装置结构完全相种工控机加改造作成继电 保护装置种装置优点：（1)具486pc机全部功满足前未微机保护种功求尺寸结构目前微机保护装置相似工艺精良防震防热防电磁千扰力强 运行非常恶劣工作环境成接受（3)采std总线pc总线硬件模块化保护意选模块配置灵活容易扩展继电保护装置微机化计算机化逆转发展趋势更满足电力系统求进步提高继电保护性取更济效益社会效益尚须进行具体深入研究
22网络化
计算机网络作信息数通信工具已成信息时代技术支柱类生产社会生活面貌发生根变化深刻影响着工业领域工业领域提供强力通信手段目前止差动保护联保护外继电保护装置反应保护安装处电气量继电保护作 限切障元件缩事影响范围缺乏强力数通信手段国外早已提出系统保护概念时指安全动装置继电保护作限切障元件限制事 影响范围(首务)
保证全系统安全稳定运行行求保护单元享全系统运行障信息数保护单元重合闸装置分析信息数基础协调动作确保系统安全稳定运行显然实现种系统保护基条件全系统设备保护装置计算机网络联接起实现微机保护装置网络化前技术条件完全
般非系统保护实现保护装置计算机联网处继电保护装置够系统障信息愈障性质障位置判断障距离检测愈准确适应保护原理研究已长时间取定成果真正实现保护系统运行方式障状态适应必须获更系统运行障信息实现保护计算机网络化做点
某保护装置实现计算机联网提高保护性天津学1993年针未三峡水电站500kv超高压回路母线提出种分布式母线保护原理初步研制成功种装置原理 传统集中式母线保护分散成干(保护母线回路数相)母线保护单元分散装设回路保护屏保护单元计算机网络联接起保护单元输入回路电流量转换成数字通计算机网络传送回路保护单元保护单元根回路电流蛍计算机网络获回路电流量进行母线差动保护计算果计箅结果证明母线部障跳开回路断路器障母线隔离母线区外障时保护单元计算外部障均动作种计算机网络实现分布式母线保护原理传统集中式母线保护原理较髙性 果保护单元受干扰计尊错误误动时错误跳开回路会造成母线整切恶性事象三峡电站具超高压母线系统枢纽非常重
述知微机保护装置网络化提高保护性性微机保护发展必然趋势
23保护控制测跫数通信体化
实现继电保护计算机化网络化条件保护装置实际台高性功计箅机整电力系统计算机网络智终端网获取电力系统运行障信息数获保护元件信息数传送网络控制中心终端微机保护装置完成继电保护功陣正常运行情况完成测蛍控制数通信功实现保护控制测量数通信体化
目前测量保护控制需室外变电站设备变压器线路等二次电压电流必须控制电缆引控室敷设量控制电缆量投资二次回路非常复杂果述保护控制测量数通信体化计算机装置安装室外变电站保护设备旁保护设备电压电流跫装置转换成数字量通计算机网络送控室免量控制电缆果光纤作网络传输介质免电磁干扰现光电流互感器(ota) 光电压亙感器(otv)研究试验阶段必然电力系统中应采otaotv情况保护装置应放距otaotv方应放保护设备附 otaotv光信号输入体化装置中转换成电信号方面作保护计算判断方面作测SS通网络送控室控室通网络保护设备操作控制命令送体化装置体化装置执行断路器操作1992年天津学提出保护控制测量通信体化问题研制tms320c25数字信号处理器(dsp)基础保护控制测量数通信体化装置
24智化
年工智技术神网络遗传算法进化规划模糊逻辑等电力系统领域应继电保护领域应研究已开始[7]神网络种非线性映射方法难列出方程式难求解复杂非线性问题应神网络方法迎刃解例输电线两侧系统电 势角度摆开情况发生渡电阻短路非线性问题距离保护难正确作出障位置判造成误动拒动果神网络方法量障样训练样集中充分考虑种情况发生陣时正确判遗传算法进化规划等独特求解复杂问题力工智方法适结合求解速度更快天津学1996年起进行神网络式继电保护研究已取初步成果预见工智技术继电保护领域必会应解决常规方法难解决问题
3结束语
建国国电力系统继电保护技术历4时代着电力系统高速发展计算机技术通信技术进步继电保护技术面着进步发展趋势国外继电保护技术发展趋势：计算机化网络化保护控制测量数通信体化工智化继电保护工作者提出艰巨务开辟活动广阔天
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