学英语必看英语语法手册(全)


    英语语法手册
    学英语必英语语法手册(全)
     
     
    整理英语语法手册全集需背诵记忆静心阅读遍收获
     
    [英语语法手册]关词类句子成分
    根词形式意义句中功词分干类做词类句子功部分构成部分做句子成分
    学词学发音拼法意义记词类更重解词关系句中作什句子成分China is in East Asia(中国位东亚)句中China单词属词类名词句子中作语
     
    词类(parts of speech)
    英语词通常分十类:
    1)名词(noun缩写n)事物名称pen(钢笔)English(英语)life(生活)
    2)代词(pronoun缩写pron)代名词词we()his()all(全部)
    3)形容词(adjective缩写adj)修饰名词great(伟)honest(诚实)difficult(困难)
    4)数词(numeral缩写num)表示少第词four(四)eighteen(十八)first(第)eighth(十八)hundred(百)
    5)动词(verb缩写v)表示动作状态write(写)walk(行走)think(想)
    6)副词(adverb缩写adv)修饰动词形容词副词词quickly(快)often(常)very()
    7)冠词(article缩写art)说明名词指物词aan()the()
    8)介词(preposition缩写prep)表示名词(代词)句子里词关系from()in(…)between(…间)
    9)连词(conjunction缩写conj)连接词短语句句子词and()because()if(假)
    10)感叹词(interjection缩写int)表示感情oh(噢)aha(啊哈)hush(嘘)
     
    少词属词类work(工作动词名词)fast(快形容词副词)since(连词介词)等
     
    句子成分(members of the sentence)
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    英语语法手册
    英语句子语部分谓语部分组成具体讲列六种句子成分:
    1)语(subject)句子说明事物句体I study English(学英语)中I
    2)谓语动词(predicate verb)说明语动作状态I study English中study
    3)表语(predicative)放连系动词表示语身分特征I am a student(学生)中studentOur classroom is clean(教室干净)中clean
    4)宾语(object)表示物动词动作象I study English中English介词面名词代词做介词宾语They don't work on Sunday(星期天工作)中Sunday介词on宾语
    5)定语(attribute)限定修饰名词代词He likes to drink co1d milk(喜欢喝冷牛奶)中co1d
    6)状语(adverbial)修饰动词形容词副词He works hard(努力工作)中hard
     
    [英语语法手册]英语词法句法
    1词法(morphology)词法研究象种词形式法
    英语词类形式变化:名词代词数格性形式变化动词称时态语态语气等形式变化形容词副词较等级形式变化
    2句法(syntax)句法研究象句子组成部分安排规律
    [英语语法手册]词类句子成分关系
    句子里定句子成分定词类担现句子成分通常词类担列述:
    语:名词代词
    Beijing is the capital of our country北京国首(名词Beijing作语)
    She is fond of sports爱运动(代词She作语)
    谓语动词:动词
    My brother rides his bicycle to work哥哥骑行车班(动词rides作谓语动词)
    表语:名词代词形容词
    His father is a doctor父亲医生(名词doctor作表语)
    The lesson is easy and Short课书容易短(形容词easyshort作表语)
    That classroom is ours教室(代词ours作表语)
    宾语:名词代词
    I love music热爱音乐(名词music作宾语)
    The medicine is good for her药效(代词her作宾语)
    定语:形容词
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    英语语法手册
    Li Hong is an excellent teacher李红位老师(形容词excellent作定语)
    状语:副词
    Our monitor does well in English班长英语学(副词well作状语)
     
    [英语语法手册]短语句句子
    短语(phrase)具定意义构成句句子组词做短语短语句子里单独作句子成分短语种类书列短语名称:
    a)定式短语(infinitive phrase)He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(喜欢午饭读报)中to read newspapers after lunch
    b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase):
    Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆家里利健康)中staymg indoors all day
    c)分词短语(participial phrase):
    I saw many people walking along the lake(见许湖边散步)中walking along the lake
    d)介词短语(prepositional phrase):
    He came by bus(公汽车)中by bus
     
    句(clause)含语部分谓语部分表达定概念成独立句子组词做句句句子里作句子成分般连词关
    系代词关系副词引导
    句句中作语表语宾语定语状语等句子成分
    a)语句(subject clause)What I want to say is this(说点)中what I want to say
    b)表语句(predicative clause)This is what I want to say(说)中what I want to say
    c)宾语句(object clause)I have said what I want to say(说完说话)中what I want to say
    d)定语句(attributive clause)This is the thing I want to say(说)中I want to say
    e)状语句(adverbial clause)If you want to say somethingsay it clearly(假说什应说清楚)中if you want to say something
    句子(sentence)含语部分谓语部分较完整意义组词做句子
    句子结构身句子分:
    a)简单句(simple sentence)语部分谓语部分:
    The people's Republic of China was founded in 1949中华民国九四九年成立
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    英语语法手册
    b)列句(compound sentence)包括两两简单句中间常连词连接:
    Tom's father worked from morning till night but he got very little money汤姆父亲早干晚挣钱少
    c)复合句(complex sentence)含句:
    It's a long time since I saw you last久没见
    说话说话目句子分:
    a)陈述句(declarative sentence)叙述件事:
    I saw him yesterday昨天见
    b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)提出疑问:
    Did you see him yesterday昨天见
    c)祈句(imperative sentence)表示请求命令等:
    Please come in请进
    d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等种情感:
    What a beautiful voice she has嗓子啊
     
    [英语语法手册]词序(word order)
    词序词句子成分句子中排列序英语里词句子成分句子里位置较固定现句子成分虚词陈述句中般位置举例说明:
    1)语位置 陈述句基结构前面:
    We help each other互相帮助
    2)谓语动词位置 语:
    We go to school every day天学
    3)表语位置 连系动词:
    It's fine today天天气
    4)宾语位置 物动词介词:
    I like this place喜欢方(物动词宾语位置)
    There are many trees in this place方许树(介词宾语位置)
    5)定语位置 单词作定语般放修饰语前面短语句作定语放修饰语面:
    The school library has many books on agriculture校图书馆许关农业书(manyon agriculture修饰booksmanybooks前面on agriculture面)
    6)状语位置 修饰形容词副词状语放修饰语前修饰动词状语放动词前放动词动词宾语状语般须放宾语:
    The Summer Palace is very beautiful颐园非常美丽(very状语修饰形容词beautiful放beautiful前)
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    英语语法手册
    I know him well十分解(well状语修饰动词
    know放know)
    The students often go on a picnic学生常出野餐
    (often状语修饰动词go放前面)
    We take exercise every day天运动(every day状语修饰动词take宾语exercise)
    [注]关讲句子成分句子里位置详见第十六章
    关部分
    7)冠词位置 冠词名词前:
    I met a friend at the busstop公汽车站遇位朋友
    8)介词位置 介词般放名词代词前:
    There is a map of China on the wall墙幅中国图
    9)连词位置 连词般放类词短语句间:
    They worked quickly and efficiently工作速度快效率高
    He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty六十岁家样努力工作
    10)感叹词位置 感叹词常放句子前面:
    Ohit's you啊呀
     
    [英语语法手册]关英语名词
    定义
    什名词 表示事物点抽象概念名称词做名词:
    baby 婴 time 时间
    pencil 铅笔 socialism 社会义
    air 空气 Shanghai 海
    种类
    名词种类
    英语名词分两类:
    1)普通名词(common noun)普通名词某类某类事物某种物质抽象概念名称:
    soldier 士兵 water 水
    pupil 学生 health 健康
    machine 机器 pleasure 快乐
    2)专名词(proper noun)专名词团体方机构事物名称中实词第字母必须写:
    Lei Feng 雷锋 Karl Marx 卡尔·马克思
    London 伦敦 China 中国
    The Communist Party of China中国产
    The Great Hall of the People民会堂
    The Ministry of Foreign Affairs外交部
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    英语语法手册
    普通名词种类
    普通名词进步分:
    1)类名词(class noun)类名词表示事物属某类:
    tractor 拖拉机 panda 熊猫
    factory 工厂 teacher 教员
    2)集体名词(collective noun)集体名词物总称:
    class 阶级班 herd 兽群
    crowd 群 army 军队
    3)物质名词(material noun)物质名词表示物质具备确定形状体实物:
    steel 钢 gram 粮食
    fire 火 cotton 棉花
    4)抽象名词(abstract noun)抽象名词表示动作状态品质抽象概念:
    happiness 幸福 life 生活
    work 工作 whiteness 白色
    [注]名词分数名词(countable noun)数名词(uncountable noun)数名词单复数分数名词般分单数复数类名词集体名词般数抽象名词物质名词专名词般数少数名词作数名词作数名词意义:
    作数名词 作数名词
    glass 玻璃 玻璃杯
    paper 纸 报纸文件
    tin 锡 罐头
    copper 铜 铜币
     
    [英语语法手册]关英语名词格概述
    格(case)名词代词具形式变化表示词关系英语名词三格:格(nominative case)宾语(objective case)格(possessive case)英语名词格形式变化外格宾格没形式变化名词句中格宾格通句中作位置确定:
    My brother always misplaces his schoolbag弟弟常常乱放书包
    (brother语格schoolbagmisplaces宾语宾格)
    Every written sentence should begin with a capital letter书写出句子开头写字母(sentence句中作语格letter介词with宾语宾格)
    表示生命东西名词格
    表示生命东西名词(动物)末尾加's构成格放名词前作定语:
    John's friend约翰朋友
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    英语语法手册
    Xiao Wang's notebook王笔记
    children's books童读物
    my father's room父亲房间
     
    [英语语法手册]英语名词格修饰名词逻辑关系
    名词格逻辑修饰名词语修饰名词宾语
    1)名词格修饰名词逻辑语:
    the Party's concern of the younger generation年青代关怀
    the hatred of the soldiers for the enemy士兵敌仇恨
    2)名词格修饰名词逻辑宾语:
    the reactionary rule's overthrow反动统治推翻
    the occupation of the city by the enemy敌该城占领
    of+名词格
    面讲两种格形式结合起构成of'+格形式表示部分观念感情色彩种格做双重格:
    1)表示部分观念:
    a friend of my sister's ( one of my sister's friends)妹妹朋友a picture of Mr Wu's吴先生(具片中)张片(较:a picture of Mr Wu吴先生片片吴先生)
    2)表示感情色彩:
    this lovely child of your aunt's婶母爱孩子
    名词格修饰词省略
    名词格修饰词果前面已提省略免重复:
    The dictionary is not mine but Xiao Wang's词典王
    名词格面指点等名词惯省:
    I met him at the Johnson's (shop)约翰逊商店遇见
    I went to my uncle's (house) yesterday昨天叔叔家
     
    [英语语法手册]英语冠词
    冠词分定冠词(indefinite article)定冠词(definite article)两种般句子重音
    1)定冠词aan
    a) aan均单数名词前表示某类事物中相汉语强调数目观念
    b) a辅音前an元音前:a notebook笔记a cigarette支香烟an old man位老an English class堂英语课
    字母u读作[ju]时第音[j]辅音前面aan:a useful book书a university学字母h发音第音元音前面anaan hour [ən'auə]时an honest [ən' nist] person诚实
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    英语语法手册
    c) aan句中分弱读作[E][En]
    2)定冠词the
    a)表示某类事物中某某相汉语
    b)单数名词复数名词数名词数名词前面the
    c)元音前读[Ti]辅音前读[TE]the evening [Ti5vniN] (傍晚)the car [TEkB] (汽车)元音字母u发[ju]半元音字母y发[j]时读[əTE]the unit [TE5junit] (单位)the yard [TEjBd] (院子)
    英语中定冠词a (an)法
    1)指动物件事物属某类:
    Xiao Xu's father is a miner徐父亲矿工(工种)
    Give me a ballpen please请支圆珠笔(钢笔种类)
    2)指动物件事物:
    A steel worker makes steel钢铁工炼钢(意钢铁工炼钢)
    A triangle has three angles三角形三角(意三角形三角)
    3)指某某物具体说明物:
    He comes from a firm in Beijing北京某家公司
    A young man wants to see you青年见
    A car stopped in front of the gate辆汽车停门前
    4)定冠词指事物单位日斤等:
    Butter is 4 yuan a kilo黄油四元钱公斤
    He drove the car at 18 miles an hour行车速度时十八英里
    The Chinese Export Commodities Fair is held in Guangzhou twice a year中国出口商品交易会年**举行两次
    The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day 医生天吃三次药
    定冠词 the 法
    1)特指某()某()事物:
    This is the house where Lu Xun once lived鲁迅住房子(房子)
    The book on the desk is an English dictionary书桌书英语词典(特指桌书注意名词book on the desk短语限定)
    Cairo is the capital of Egypt开罗埃首
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    英语语法手册
    We plan to cut the wheat in these fields in three days' time计划三天割麦(特指里麦)
    2)指说话听话彼熟悉事物:
    Open the door please请开门(双方知道指门)
    The Manager is in his office理办公室里(双方知道指理)
    Let's meet at the railway station火车站碰头吧(双方知道指火车站)
    3)复述文提事物:
    Last week I read a story and a play The story is about the Second World War and the play about the life of university students周读篇事剧篇事关第二次世界战剧关学生生活
    4)表示世界独二事物 the sun太阳the moon月亮the earth球the sky天空the world世界
    5)定冠词the单数数名词前表示某类事物:
    The Chinese student of English is apt to make such mistakes中国学英语学生容易犯样错误
    The favourite fast food in the United States is the hamburger美国爱吃快餐汉堡包
    The compass was invented in ancient China古代中国发明指南针
    演奏乐器时乐器名称前常定冠词the:
    At the Children's Palacesome children learn to play the pianoothers learn to play the violin少年宫里孩学弹钢琴学拉提琴
    [注]语法书中the verb(动词)动植物学书中the elephant(象)the rose(玫瑰)等属类
    [注二]马动物面三种说法:
    A horse is a useful animal
    The horse is a useful animal
    Horses are useful animals
    6)表示阶级派名词前必须thethe Chinese Communist Party中国产the working class工阶级the bourgeoisie资产阶级the Labour Party(英国)工
    7)定冠词某形容词连形容词名词化代表某类物the poor穷the rich富the wounded伤员the sick病号the beautiful美丽事物
    8)序数词形容词高级表示方位名词前常定冠词the:
    Shanghai is the biggest city in China海中国城市
    January is the first month of the year元月年中第月份
    The sun rises in the east日出东方
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    英语语法手册
    9)面说法中惯须定冠词the:
    in the morning早午
    in the afternoon午
    in the evening晚
    to go to the theatre(cinema)剧院(电影院)戏(电影)
    专名词前冠词法
    专名词前般冠词Shanghai海Britain英国Edgar Snow埃德加·斯诺列种场合中常定冠词
    1)江河海洋山脉群岛名称前:
    the Yellow River黄河the Baltic(Sea)波罗海the Pacific (Ocean)太洋the Atlantic(Ocean)西洋the Xisha islands西沙群岛the Tianshan Mountains天山the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山
    2)含普通名词专名词前:
    a)某国名前:
    the People's Republic of China中华民国the United States of America美国(国名含普通名词定冠词:the Philippines菲律宾the Sudan苏丹)
    b)某机关团体等组织名称前:
    the National People's Congress全国民代表会the State Council国务院the United Nations联合国
    c)代时代名称前:
    the Tang dynasty唐the Warring States period战国时代
    3)某建筑物名称前:
    the National Art Gallery国家美术馆the Great Wall长城the Peking Zoo北京动物园the British Museum**博物馆
    4)报纸杂志旅馆等名称前:
    the People's Daily民日报the Reader's Digest读者文摘the Being Hotel北京饭店
    5)姓名复数形式前指家:
    The Lius have moved to Tianjin刘家已搬天津
    The Greens came to China for a visit last year格林家年中国访问
    抽象名词物质名词前冠词法
    1)抽象名词物质名词表示般概念时前面通常冠词特指时须定冠词试较:
    War is the continuation of politics战争政治继续
    Our battalion fought north and south during the Anti Japanese War
    营抗日战争时期转战南北
    He is fond of music喜欢音乐
    Did you like the music of the film喜欢影片音乐
    Science is making rapid progress in China中国科学正飞速发展
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    英语语法手册
    Physics is the science of matter and energy物理学研究物质量科学
    China is rich in oil 中国石油丰富
    The oil produced in Dagang is of firstrate quality港油田生产石油质量头等
    2)抽象名词物质名词果具体化表示具体情况动作某类物质时前面定冠词:
    It is a great joy to live in New China生活新中国真幸福
    Liu Hulan has an ardent love for the people and a deep hatred for the enemy刘胡兰热爱民痛恨敌
    Maotai is a famous Chinese liquor茅台种中国名酒
    She built a fire生火
    Have a smoke
    Nothanks I gave Up smoking long ago
    抽支烟吧
    谢谢早戒烟
    冠词场合
    1)专名词抽象名词物质名词前般冠词:
    Canada加Japanese日语love爱hatred恨glass玻璃water水
    2)名词前已作定语thisthatmyyourwhosesomeanynoeachevery等代词时冠词:
    That is my cap帽子
    I enjoyed every minute of it始终玩痛快
    I want this book not that one书书
    3)季节月份星期等名称前般冠词:
    Spring has come春天
    Winter is the best time for skating冬天溜冰季节
    Her little daughter was born in April 1987女1987年4月出生
    We have mathematics on Monday星期数学课
    [注]季节前时冠词in the spring春季然说in spring
    4)复数名词表示某类事物时冠词:
    I don't approve of cousins marrying赞成表兄妹结婚
    Books are my best friends书朋友
    5)称呼语前面冠词表示头衔职务(种职务般担)名词前面常冠词:
    What does this word mean Father词什意思爸爸
    Mrs Johnson is director of the office约翰逊太太办公室
    6)某固定词组里名词前常冠词:
    by air飞机at night夜间in fact事实in danger危险中after school放学at home家中in town城里to go to school学to go to bed睡觉to go to class课from door to door挨门挨户from morning till night早晚
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    英语语法手册
    7)三餐饭名称前常冠词:
    Have you had breakfast吃早饭
    After lunch we usually have a nap午饭般睡午觉
    What did you have for supper晚饭吃什
    [注]指特定餐食时须定冠词Come on or the dinner will be getting cold(快饭凉)
    8)球类运动棋类游戏等名词前冠词:
    My younger brother likes to play table tennis弟弟喜欢乒乓球
    Let's go and watch them play chess棋
    9)节日假日等名称前冠词:
    New Year's Day元旦 National Day国庆节
    May Day五劳动节 Children's Day童节
    Christmas Day圣诞节
    10)报纸文章标题常常省冠词:
    Letter from Beijing Women in Capital Cotton Mill 北京信:首棉纺厂妇女(文章标题letter前省定冠词a)
    Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板求增加工资谈判陷僵局(报纸标题bosses前省thedeadlock前省a pay increase talks前省the)
     
    [英语语法手册]代词
    定义 代词(pronoun)代名词词:
    代词句子中功
    a)名词样作语宾语表语b)代词形容词样作定语:
    a) I am reading The Arabian Nights读天方夜谭(作语)
    This is John Smith speaking(电话语)约翰·史密斯(作语)
    Can I help you帮忙(作宾语)
    That's all话完(作表语)
    b)His father is an eyedoctor父亲眼科医生(作定语)
    All men are equal等(作定语)
    3)格变化 代词格变化 I (格)me(宾格)Who谁(格)whom谁(宾格)某代词格whose谁other'ssomebody's某one's
    4)单复数形式 代词单数复数形式少数代词复数形式名词复数形式变化规相oneonesotherothers称代词物代词身代词指示代词等复数形式须记忆
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    英语语法手册
    5)没冠词 代词前般冠词少数例外:the otherthe othersa fewa little等
    种类
    英语列种代词:
    1)称代词(personal pronoun)
    a)格:Ihesheitweyouthey
    b)宾格:mehimheritusyouthem
    2)物代词(possessive pronoun):
    a)形容词性物代词:myhisheritsouryourtheir
    b)名词性物代词:minehishersitsoursyourstheirs
    3)身代词(selfpronoun):myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselvesoneself
    4)相互代词(reciprocal pronoun):each otherone another
    5)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun):thisthatthesethosesuchsame
    6)疑问代词(interrogative pronoun):whowhomwhosewhichwhat
    7)关系代词(relative pronoun):whowhomwhosewhichthat
    8)定代词(indefinite pronoun):somesomethingsomebodysomeoneanyanythinganybodyanyonenonothingnobodyno oneeveryeverythingeverybodyeveryoneeachmuchmanylittlea littlefewa fewotheranotherallnoneonebotheitherneither
    称代词概说
    表示'等词做称代词
    称代词法
    1)称代词格法
    a)作语
    I am a cook(炊事员) We are cooks
    You are a teacher(教师) You are teachers
    He is a barber(理发员) The yare barbers
    She is a nurse(护士)The yare nurses
    It is a cart(车) They are carts
    b)作表语
    It's I Ohit's you 噢
    [注]第称单数称代词I ()永远写(见面例句)
    [注二]口语惯说it's I (he she等)说It's me (himher等)
    2)称代词宾格法
    a)作物动词宾语
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    英语语法手册
    The dog bit him狗咬
    Our P T teacher taught us to swim yesterday体育老师昨天教游泳
    This is my new hat Do you like it 新帽子喜欢
    b)作介词宾语
    My brother often writes tome弟弟常写信
    They took good care of us微料
    3)称代词法 称代词身称数格外列特殊法:
    a)报刊编辑文章作者发表观点时常we代I (样our代my):
    We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding相信中国造船业会更发展
    In our opinion this is the best film of the year认年影片
    b)she代国家城市船舶飞机动物等表示亲切爱抚:
    That's the picture of the Dongfeng she is a 10000 ton class ocean going freighter万吨远洋货轮东风号片
    The dog waved his tail when he saw his master狗见摇尾巴
    c)北时代孩(child)婴(baby):
    The child smiled when it saw its mother孩见母亲笑
    d) they代般特they say中:
    They say there's going to be another good harvest this year说年丰收年
    物代词概说
    表示关系代词做物代词做代词格
    物代词法
    1)形容词性物代词作定语
    I love my work in the hospital喜欢医院工作
    How many students are there in his (her) class()班少学生
    There are many good teachers in our school学校许老师
    I saw a film lasts saturday Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains
    星期六电影名原游击队
    2)名词性物代词作语宾语表语
    a)作语:
    Our room is on the first floor and theirs is on the second 房间层二层
    Ours is a socialist country国家社会义国家
    b)作宾语:
    I didn't borrow her dictionary I borrowed his没字典
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    英语语法手册
    c)作表语:
    Whose pencil is this-It is hers谁铅笔

    These tools are ours工具
    [注]of+名词性物代词212of+名词格法完全样:
    a friend of mine朋友(表示部分观念意少朋友()中)
    this lovely child of yours爱孩子(感情色彩)
    身代词概说
    表示反射(指动作回射该动作执行者身)强调(加强名词代词语气)代词做身代词
    身代词法
    1)句中作宾语表示动作回动作执行者身:
    Please help yourself to some lea请茶(作help宾语)
    The girl is too young to look after herself女孩太顾(作look after宾语)
    He was always ready to help others he never thought of himself总帮助想(作thought of宾语)
    2)句中作名词代词位语加强名词代词语气作亲解句中置名词代词置句子末尾:
    You yourself said so样说
    The desk itself is not so heavy书桌身重
    I fixed the window myself窗户装
    相互代词
    表示相互关系代词做相互代词
    相互代词法
    1)作宾语:
    Do you often see one another彼常见面
    New and old students learn from each other新老学相互学
    John and Tom helped each other约翰汤姆相互帮助
    2)作定语时须格:
    We are interested in one another's work关心彼工作
    The students corrected each other's mistakes in their homework学生相互改作业中错误
    Students cut each other's hair学相互理发
    3)eachother时分开:
    Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home两彼劝说方留家里
    指示代词概说
    表示等指示概念代词做指示代词
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    英语语法手册
    指示代词:thisthatthesethoseitSuch事物same样样事物
    指示代词thisthesethatthose句中功
    指示代词thisthesethatthose句中法相名词形容词作语表语宾语定语:
    This is a plane架飞机(作语)
    Ohit's not that噢问题(作表语)
    How do you like these喜欢(作宾语)
    This book is about Chinese traditional medicine关中医书(作定语)
    指示代词insthesethat those法
    1)This (these)常指时间空间较事物that(those)常指时间空间较远事物:
    This is a sickle and that is an axe镰刀斧子
    These days are cold天冷
    In those days the poor people had a hard time日子里穷生活苦
    2)时thatthose指前面讲事物thisthese指面讲事物:
    I had a bad cold That's why I didn't come伤风厉害没
    Those two statements are not true两种说法真实
    What I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning English说:语音英语学中非常重
    chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words:A great life A glorious death毛席面话表彰刘胡兰:生伟死光荣
    3)时避免重复提名词常thatthose代:
    The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing **气候北京样(that代climate)
    The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970县1987年粮食产量1980年增加倍(that代grain output)
    Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai**出产电视机海样(those代television sets)
    4)Thisthat时作状语表示程度意谓:
    The book is about this thick书约厚
    I don't want that much
    It指时作指示代词指示代词it汉语中必译出

    Who is it――it's me谁
    Oh it's youLao Wang哦呀老王
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    英语语法手册
    Suchsame指示代词单复数形式相句中作:
    1)定语
    The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before外宾说没样美丽城市
    We are not talking about the same thing谈回事
    [注] such作定语时修饰名词前定冠词定冠词应放Such面第例
    2)相名词句中作语宾语表语等成分
    Such were his words讲话(作语)
    The same can be said of the Other article篇文章样情况(作语)
    Take from the drawer such as you need需什抽屉里吧(作宾语)
    His name and mine are the same名(作表语)
    [注]注意same前般须定冠词the
    疑问代词概说
    疑问代词who(谁格)whom(谁宾格)whose(谁格)what(什)which()等
    疑问代词特殊疑问句中
    疑问代词般放句首句中作某句子成分:
    Who is going to speak to us tomorrow明天谁讲话(who作语)
    Who told you so谁告诉(who作语)
    Whom are you talking about 说谁(whom作宾语句首时口语常who代whom)
    Whose umbrella is this 谁伞(whose作定语)
    What is that 什(what作表语)
    What did he say说什(what作宾语)
    Which is yoursthe blue pen or the redone蓝笔红笔支(which作语)
    [注]关疑问代词种法参77707772
    [注二]疑问代词whowhatwhich等面加单词ever强调语气表达说话种感情:
    What ever do you want底想什
    Who ever is she looking for 究竟找谁
    [注三]which表示定范围选择what没种限制:
    What do you usually have for lunch午饭通常吃什
    Which do you like best喜欢
    Which of you comrades come from the Northeast 志中间谁东北
    疑问代词引导间接疑问句
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    英语语法手册
    间接疑问句句中作语宾语表语等疑问代词身间接疑问句中担定句子成分:
    Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided谁负责项工作现没决定(疑问代词who引导语句身句中作语)
    Do you know what his name is知道什名字(疑问代词what引导宾语句身句中作表语)
    [注] what引导名词性句(语句宾语句表语句) 时间接疑问句:
    What he says is quite true讲话(what相that which引导语句句间接疑问句)
    Children do what the nurse tells them to do保育员孩子干什做什(what引导宾语句句间接疑问句)
    [注二] whateverwhoeverwhichever等词引导名词性句名词性句间接疑问句whateverwhoeverwhichever引导表示步状语句见15651572):
    They eat whatever they can find找什吃什(whatever引导宾语句句中作宾语)
    I've got plenty of books 1eftWhoever wants an extra copy can get one from me剩许书谁想(whoever引导语句句中作语)
    关系代词
    两种引导句句句连接起代词
    样代词方面句中作句子成分作语宾语定语等方面起连词作样代词关系代词疑问代词两种(关疑问代词见418)
    关系代词概说
    关系代词whowhosewhomthatwhich等引导定语句定语句中作语宾语定语表语方面代表句中定语句修饰名词代词(样名词代词做先行词):
    The man who is talking with Mr Brown is an eye Specialist布朗先生谈话眼科夫(关系代词who句中作土语先行词man)
    He is the comrade whom you have been looking for找位志(关系代词whom句中作宾语先行词comradewhom口语中般省)
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    英语语法手册
    The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter子海军位老木匠
    (关系代词whose句中作定语先行词man)
    The film which I saw last night is about a young teacher昨晚部电影说年轻教师事(关系代词which句中作宾语先行词film which口语中省略)
    This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon午飞东京飞机(关系代词that句中作语先行词plane)
    定代词概说
    指明代特定名词(形容词)代词做定代词定代词:
    some (数数)
    somebody 某
    someone 某
    something某物某事
    any(数数)
    anybody
    anyone
    anything事物
    no (数数)
    nobody
    no one
    nothing物
    all全体全部
    both两
    neither没物(指两中)
    none没物(指两)
    either(指两中)
    each
    every
    everybody家
    everyone
    everything事物切
    other (s)()
    another外
    much(数)
    many(数)
    few少(数)
    a few(数)
    little少(数)
    a little(数)
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    英语语法手册
    one(物)
    定代词法
    定代词代名词形容词句中作语宾语表语定语:
    1)作语
    Both of them are waiters俩男侍者
    Is everybody here
    2)作宾语
    I know little about the novel关说知道少
    I am speaking for myselfnot for others代表代表发言
    I was interested in everything that the old man told me位老告诉切感兴趣
    3)作表语
    That's all for today class is dismissed天讲现课
    This book is too much for me书说太难
    4)作定语
    Study well and make progress every day学天天
    He has some English books英文书
    china will become a powerful modern country in another twenty years二十年中国成现代化强国
    [注]定代词作位语状语:
    Wang and Li both made good progress王李两进步(位语)
    They all went to the Zoo动物园(位语)
    Are you any good at mathematics数学(状语)
    The meeting lasted some two hours会议进行两时左右(状语)
    复合定代词
    someanynoevery加bodyonething构成定代词做复合定代词
    1)复合定代词
    a) somebody 某 someone某
    something某物某事
    b) anybody anyone
    anything事物
    c) nobody no one
    nothing [5nQWiN]物
    d)everybodyeveryone家
    everything事物切
    2)复合定代词法
    a)复合定代词相名词句中作语宾语表语:
    Everything is made of elements东西元素构成(作语)
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    英语语法手册
    I have got nothing to say没什话说(作宾语)
    somethinganything区someany区样前者般肯定句者般否定句疑问句条件状语句中:
    Have you anything to say about this question No I haven't anything to say (I have nothing to say)(Yes I have something to say) 关问题什话讲没什话讲(话说)
    She told them something about her work谈关工作事(作宾语)
    b)复合定代词形容词修饰时形容词须放面:
    There is nothing wrong with the lathe车床没毛病
    is there anything important in today's newspaper天报纸什重消息
    I need somebody strong to help me需体格强壮帮助
     
    [英语语法手册]英语数词
    概说
    定义特征
    1)表示少第词做数词(numeral)
    2)数词定代词相似法者相形容词者相名词
    种类
    1)基数词 表示少词做基数词(cardinal numeral):one ()twenty(二十)hundred(百)等
    2)序数词 表示第词做序数词(ordinal numeral):first (第)twentieth (第二十)hundredth(第百)等
    基数词
    100基墓数词
    1 one[wQn] 11 eleven[i5levn]
    2 two[tu] 12 twelve[twelv]
    3 three[Wri] 13 thirteen [5We5tin]
    4 four[fC] 14 fourteen
    5 five [faiv] 15 fifteen [5fif5tin]
    6 six[siks] 16 sixteen
    7 seven [5sevn] 17 seventeen
    8 eight [eit] 18 eighteen[5ei5tin]
    9 nine[nain] 19 nineteen
    10 ten[ten] 20 twenty [5twenti]
    21 twentyone [5twenti5wQn] 60 sixty
    30 thirty [5WEti] 70 seventy
    40 forty [5fCti] 80 eighty
    50 fifty[5fifti] 90 ninety
    说明:
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    英语语法手册
    1)1319皆缀teen[5tin]结尾两重音注意thirteenfifteeneighteen发音拼法
    2) 2090第十位数整数均缀ty[ti]结尾
    3)十位数位数间须连字号:twentyone(二十)fiftyfive(五十五)ninetynine(九十九)等
    100基基数词
    100 hundred [5hQndrid]
    1000 thousand [5WauzEnd]
    1000000 million [5niljEn]百万
    100000000 hundred million 亿
    1000 million (billion)十亿
    499 four hundred and ninetynine(101999构成)
    3876 three thousand eight hundred and seventysix (10019999皆构成)
    57453 fiftyseven thousand four hundred and fiftythree(1000199999)皆构成)
    768 921 seven hundred sixtyeight thousand nine hundred and twentyone
    8641 457 eight million six hundred fortyone thousand four hundred and fiftyseven
    50 000 000 fifty million
    500 000 000 five hundred million
    5 000 000 000 five thousand million(five billion)
    50 000 000 000 fifty thousand million (fifty billion)
    说明:
    1)100100基数词须hundredthousandmillion billion等
    2)十位数百位数间andand情况850读作eight hundred fifty
    基数词法
    基数词句中作列句子成分:
    1)语
    Two plus nine is eleven二加九等十
    Four times six is twentyfour 四六二十四
    Three of them went to college last year中年三学
    (说the three of them意思三)
    2)宾语
    Give me two两
    3)定语
    There are nineteen students in our class班十九学
    My uncle bought two hand tractors recently叔叔买两台手扶拖拉机
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    英语语法手册
    (注)hundred(百)thousand(千)million(百万)作定语时律复数作名词(面of短语)时复数:
    Our country has a population of l200 million people国十二亿口
    There are three thousand students in the university学三千学生
    Rice has been cultivated in the East for thousands of years水稻东方已种植千年
    Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world玉米全世界千百万粮食
    4)表语
    She is just fourteen刚十四岁
    He was already forty when he began to learn English开始学英语时已四十岁
    序数词
    1-99基序数词
    序数词 缩写式 汉译
    first [fEst] lst 第
    second [5sekEnd] 2nd 第 二
    third [Wed] 3rd 第三
    fouth [fCW] 4th 第四
    fifth[fifW] 5th 第五
    sixth[siksW] 6th 第六
    seventh[5sevenW] 7th 第七
    eighth[eitW] 8th 第八
    ninth[nainW] 9th 第九
    tenth[tenW] 10th 第十
    eleventh 11th 第十
    twelfth[twelfW] 12th 第十二
    thirteenth 13th 第十三
    nineteenth 19th 第十九
    twentieth [5twentiiW] 20th 第二十
    fortieth 40th 第四十
    fiftyfirst 51st 第五十
    sixtysecond 62nd 第六十二
    eightythird 83rd 第八十三
    ninetyfourth 94th 第九十四
    说明:
    1)英语序数词119第(first)第二(second)第三(third)特殊形式外余均基数词加th [W]构成
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    英语语法手册
    2)序数词加 th 时拼法规:fiftheighthninthtwelfth
    3)十位整数序数词构成方法:先十位整数基数词词尾 ty 中y变成i然加eth [iW]
    4)基数词十变成序数词时仅位数变成序数词十位数变twentyone变成twentyfirst
    5)序数词缩写形式阿拉伯数码加序数词两字母构成:1st2nd3rd4th31st82nd93rd94th等
    序数词法
    序数词句中作列句子成分:
    1)语
    The first is better than the second第第二
    2)宾语
    He was among the first to arrive首批达
    3)定语
    China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964中国1964年10月爆炸第颗原子弹
    His father died in the Second World War父亲第二次世界战中死
    4)表语
    Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning杰克天早晨总第办公室
    [注]序数词前面常定冠词the
    分数数读法
    1)分数(fraction)分子基数词分母序数词复数
    1/2 one half [hBf] 1/3 onethird 2/3 twothirds
    1/4 onefourth one quarter [5kwCtE] 3/4 threefourths three quarters 2 35 two and threefifths
    2)数(decimal)
    05 zero [5ziErEu] point five 125 one point two five 3458 three point four five eight
     
    [英语语法手册]年月日时刻表示法
    年月日表示法
    1)年代 年代前in:
    (in) 897读作 (in) eight hundred and ninetyseven
    (in) 1961读作(in) nineteen sixtyone (in nineteen hundred and sixtyone)
    (in) 1905读作(in) nine teen and five
    (in) 1800读作(in) eighteen hundred
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    英语语法手册
    2)月份 月份开头第字母须写表示某月时月份前面介词in面月份附缩写式:
    (in) January Jan月 (in) April Apr四月
    (in)February Feb二月 (in) May五月
    (in) March Mar三月 (in) June六月
    (in) July七月(in) October Oct十月
    (in) August Aug八月 (in)December Dec十月
    (in) September Sept九月 (in)November Nov十二月
    3)日期 序数词(前面须the)表示某日前面介词on:
    (on) the first 日 (on) the eighteenth 十八日
    (on) the thirtyfirst 三十日
    4)某年某月某日
    in September 1954 (读作in September nineteen fifty four)1954年9月
    On May 171960(读作on May (the) seventeenth nineteen Sisty )1960年5月17日
    On October 1 1949 (读作On October (the) firstnineteen forty nine)1949年10月7日
    [注] the twentiesthe thirties等表示十年代in the nineties of the last century(世纪九十年代)
    时刻表示法
    1)英语表时刻前at:
    We get up at six (at six o'clock)六点起床
    They begin work at eight八点开始工作
    2)说点分列方法表示:
    a)表示点分介词past分数须半时(包括半时):
    eleven past seven七点十分
    a quarter past eight 八点刻
    half past nine九点半
    b)表示点差分介词to分数须半时(包括半时):
    two to seven七点差两分
    a quarter to eight八点刻
    eighteen to nine九点差十八分
    [注]读时间表课时间表行车时间表时直接表数字读日常生活中讲时刻样说法:
    7:15读作seven fifteen 11:30读作eleven thirty
    9:20读作nine twenty 3:53读作three fiftythree
     
    [英语语法手册]形容词
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    什形容词
    形容词(adjective)修饰名词表示名词属性词常放修饰名词前:
    a lovely baby爱婴
    the beautiful picture幅美丽图画
    modern history现代历史
    形容词法
    形容词句中作:
    1)定语
    He is a good boy孩子
    The Chinese Communist Party is a great party中国产伟
    2)表语
    The film is both moving and instructive部电影感动富教育意义
    I am very glad to see you见高兴
    3)宾语补足语 宾语起构成复合宾语:
    Have you got everything ready for the journey 行装准备
    We keep our rooms clean and tidy常保持房间整洁
    4)相名词 某形容词前定冠词the变成名词化形容词句中作语宾语等:
    The young are active青年积极动(the young作语)
    The blind can learn to read with their fingertips 盲够指尖学阅读书籍(the blind作语)
    He has a keen sense of the new新鲜事物敏锐感觉(the new作宾语)
    [注] 述三例中the young the young peoplethe blind the Blind peoplethe new the new things(参347)
    [注二]The sun rose red(旭日升起)中形容词redDon't marry young(早婚)中形容词young语补足语
    形容词位置
    形容词常放修饰名词前关形容词时置问题(见1618)形容词修饰名词形容词序修饰名词关系密切程度决定般说关系密切*修饰名词关系较疏远离修饰名词较远:
    a large wild plant株野生植物
    a simple musical instrument种简单乐器
    a small fierce dark brown animal种凶深褐色动物(注意dark修饰brown)
    例子中形容词间非列关系第例中1argewild非列1arge修饰wild plant表列关系形容词间须逗号and:
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    a strong swift horse匹壮快马
    many happy and healthy children幸福健康童
    a short and militant article篇简短力文章(militant词较长放short英语里安排形容词位置种方法)
    形容词较等级形式
    英语形容词较等级(degrees of comparison)般两:较级(comparative degree)高级 (superlative degree)较等级形容词通常称原级(positive degree)形容词较级形式:形容词 + 缀 er 单词 more + 形容词高级形式:形容词 + 缀 est 单词 most + 形容词
    [注] 形容词较等级加erest成音节分读作[E][ist]o:
    原级 较级 高级
    tall [tCl] taller[5tClE] tallest[5tClist]
    happy [5hApi] happier[5hApiE] happiest[5hApiist]
    thin [Win] thinner [5WinE] thinnest [5Winist]
    fine [fain] finer [5fainE] finest [5fainist]
    [注二] 果形容词原级词末发音字母r加erest时r发[r]音:
    near [niE] nearer [5niErE] nearest[5niErist]
    clear [kliE] clearer[5kliErE] clearest [5kiErist]
    果形容词原级词末发音[N]加erest时[N]音加[g]音:
    strong [strCN] stronger [5strCNgE] strongest [5strCNgist]
    long [lCN] longer [5lCNgE] longest [5lCNgist]
    [注三] 形容词般没较等级:
    right wrongwoolenwooden
    规变化
    原级 较级 高级
    good
    we11健康 better best
    bad 坏差 worse worst
    many more most
    much
    little 少 1ess 1east
    far 远 fartherfurther farthestfurthest
    形容词前加1essleast表示较:
    interesting趣 difficult 难
    less interesting 较趣 less difficult 较难
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    英语语法手册
    least interesting 趣 leas difficult难
    形容词较级法
    较级二者较结构:含形容词较级句+属连词 than 引导句(句中常省意义句相部分):
    Li is older than Zhou 李周年纪(句中省is old)
    There are more children in this nursey than in that one托孩子托(句中省 there are children)
    After two years' physical trainingshe is healthier and stronger
    两年体力锻炼(前)健康强壮(注意里省句than she was)
    We are much better off than ever before生活时候(than省we were)
    Paul weighs less than harry保尔体重哈利轻
    Mary is less clever than Jane玛丽简聪明
    [注] 汉语说**气候**英语必须加that译:
    The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou
    [注二]英语较级常译作较……等等汉语更…汉语更…须stilleven表示:
    This book is even more difficult than that one书书更难
    [注三]情况汉语较等字眼英语须较级:
    Will the younger people give their seats to old people请年轻座位老年
    形容词高级法
    形容词高级二者较结构般:定冠词the+形容词高级+名词+表示范围短语句:
    Peter is the oldest boy of them all彼群男孩中年纪(介语短语of them all表示范围)
    London is the biggest city in Britain伦敦英国城市(介词短语in Britain表示范围)
    Mt Qomolangma is the World's highest peak珠穆朗玛峰世界高峰 (注意里表示范围名词格 the world's)
    This is the best film (that) I have ever seen电影(that口语中般省略that句表示范围)
    [注]形容词高级名词果前面已提省:
    This novel is the best (that) I have ever read说中
    [注二]口语中形容词高级二者较:
    This is the shortest of the two roads两条路中条路
    [注三] 形容词高级作表语表品质时前定冠词the:He is happiest when he is working工作时愉快
     
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    英语语法手册
    [英语语法手册]副词
    什副词
    副词(adverb)修饰动词形容词副词等说明时间点程度方式等概念:oftenhere里veryquickly快
    副词构成
    1)身副词now现there里rather颇
    2)形容词加词尾1y变firmly坚决happi1y幸福
    3)形容词形
    early adj 早 early adv 早
    high adj 高 high adv 高高
    long adj 长长久long adv 长久
    副词种类
    副词分列种:
    1)普通副词(ordinary adverb):together起wellseriously认真slowly慢carefully心
    2)疑问副词(interrogative adverb):when时wherehowwhy
    3)关系副词(relative adverb):wherewhen
    4)连接副词(conjunctive adverb):then然sothere{orehowever然hencethus样nevertheless然otherwise否still然
    副词法
    副词句中作:
    1)状语(副词句子中功)
    It is raining hard雨(副词hard作状语修饰动词is raining)
    Don't drive too fast车子开太快(fast副词作状语修饰动词drive副词too修饰副词fast)
    He speaks English quite well英语讲相(well修饰动词speaksquite修饰副词well)
    This is a fairly useful tool件相工具(fairly修饰形容词useful)
    He has always helped his sister with her homework帮助妹妹做家庭作业(always修饰动词has helped)
    She often went there常(oftenthere均副词修饰动词went)
    Perhaps he will telephone later许会电话(perhaps副词修饰全句)
    2)表语
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    英语语法手册
    Is he up起床没
    She is out出
    3)定语
    Life here is full of joy生活充满欢乐(here修饰名词life)
    副词位置
    1)修饰动词时三种位置
    2)修饰形容词副词时须放修饰词前:
    It is a rather difficult job件颇困难工作(rather修饰形容词difficult)
    He runs very fast跑快(very修饰副词fast)
    3)副词作定语时般放修饰名词:
    The peasants there are busy digging a canal now里农民现正忙修水渠
    On my way homeI met groups of Young Pioneers回家路遇见成群少先队员
    副词较等级
    形容词形副词形式变化形容词完全相词尾1y结尾副词(注意early词1y副词词尾)须moremost外须注意面例词中wellbadly规变化:
    原级较级 高级
    hard 努力harderhardest
    fast 快faster fastest
    well better best
    badly 坏 worseworst
    early 早 earlier earliest
    quickly 快 more quicklymost quickly
    happily 快乐 more happily most happily
    副词较等级法
    1)副词较级法形容词较级相似:
    David drives faster than anyone I know卫开车知道快
    She plays table tennis better than I乒乓球(句中省略play table tennis)
    Mr Martin usually gets to the office earlier than others马丁先生办公室通常早
    They speak less fluently but more correctly than we do讲流利正确
    2)副词高级法副词前the外(the)余形容词高级相:
    I work fastest when I'm under pressure压力时工作快
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    英语语法手册
    He swims the best in Class One班游泳
    较等级特殊法
    两种形式
    形容词副词较级高级两种较等级形式意义
    举例说明:
    1)Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world 罗马世界古老城市
    Her eldest daughter is a school teacher女教员
    My elder brother is in college He is two years older than I 哥哥学两岁
    [注]olderoldest说明年纪事物年代久远美国英语里表示长幼
    2)They reached the place later than we达晚
    Twenty years later he returned to his home village 二十年回家乡
    3)Who spoke last谁发言
    What is the latest news about the sports meet关运动会什消息
    asasnot so asnot asas
    1)表示相等asas
    2)表示相等not soasnot asas:
    1)This knife is as sharp as that one刀样快
    Bill is as tall as I 尔般高
    Is this bag of soyabeans as heavy as that one袋豆袋样重
    You know as well as I do样明白
    [注]注意as面形容词作定语定语修饰名词定冠词a时冠词a须放形容词German is as difficult a language as English(德语英语样难学)样词序适soI have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin before(未见桂林样美丽方)
    2)tian An Men Square was not so big as it is now天安门广场没现样
    The Atlantic Ocean is not as big as the Pacific ocean西洋没太洋
    表示倍
    twice (两倍)three times(三倍)等加asas

    New York is ten times as big as my home town纽约家乡十
    The output of the paper mill is now three times as high as it was in 1966家纸厂生产九六六年增加两倍
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    英语语法手册
    This river is twice as long as that one条河条河长倍
    Asia is four times as large as Europe亚洲欧洲三倍
    [注]表示倍面说法:
    Three times three is nine三三九
    He is twice my age年龄倍
    This lake is four times the size of that one湖湖四
    The irrigated area in this province is four times bigger than in l978省灌溉面积1978年增加三倍(four times bigger than four times as big as)
    Our county's agricultural output this year is 5 per cent higher than that of last year县年农业产量年增长百分五
    表示程度
    muchfarstillevena 1itt1enoanya great deal等状语修饰形容词副词较级:
    The Yellow River is longbut the Changjiang River is even longer黄河长长江更长
    We are much better off now生活
    She sings far better than the others唱
    Wang is taller than Zhang Li is still than Wang 王张高李王高
    [注]注意面说法:
    I couldn't move a step further连步走动
    The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual会议常开两钟头
    He is a head taller than I高头(说He is taller than me by a head)
    They got there earlier than we by twenty minutes早二十分钟达里
    The students of the university have increased by 100 per cent since l978
    学学生九七八年增加倍
    Do you want any more Yesgive me two more

    Have you any more tickets SorryI have no more
    票 -起没
    [注二]形容词高级 + possibleimaginable等词强调语气:
    I think he is the best possible man for the job认做工作合适(说the best man possible)
    Swimming in winter is the best form of exercise imaginable冬泳运动方式(说the best imaginable form)
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    英语语法手册
     
    [英语语法手册]英语精品较级
    [vip]较级 + and + 较级
    (面接than句)表示越越:
    The days are getting longer and longer白天越越长
    He is becoming more and more interested in sports 运动越越兴趣
    The more the more 法
    意思越…越…:
    The harder you workthe more you Will learn越努力越学
    The greater the mass of a bodythe greater is its inertia物体质量越惯性越
    The more you eatthe fatter you get吃越长越胖
    The morethe better越越
    more thanless than
    两固定词组分表示少:
    There are more than three hundred households in this village村子三百户家
    The finished the Work in less than a year年完成项工作
    Our country has established diplomatic relations with more than one hundred countries国已百国家建立外交关系
    no more thannot more than
    no more than意思not more than意思试较:
    There are no more than ten tickles left 剩十张票 (票少含义)
    The experiment was done by not more than 5 persons 做试验五(没少含义客观说明数目)
    This room is no bigger than that 房间 (两房间含义)
    This room is not bigger than that one房间 (没两房间含义)
    [注]注意not … Any more thanno morethan面句子中法:
    They cannot do the impossible any more than we can样做事情
    He is no more diligent than I am样勤奋
    no less thannot 1ess than
    no less than意思亚not less than意思少试较:
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    英语语法手册
    There were no less than a thousand people at the meeting
    会千(会含义)
    There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting
    会少千(没会少含义)
    This song is no less popular than that one首歌受欢迎亚首歌(两首歌受欢迎含义)
    This song is not less popular than that one首歌受欢迎程度首差(纯粹较定两首歌受欢迎含义)
    All the betterso much the better
    类说法更…含义:
    If that is soall the better果真更
    If he will comeso much the better果愿意更
     
    [英语语法手册]动词
    动词概说
    1)动词(verb)表示动作状态词
    a)表示动作:swim游泳push推
    b)表示状态:havebe
    2)英语动词时态语态语气等形式变化
    限定动词非限定动词
    否语限定分动词限定动词(finite verb)非限定动词(nonfinite verb)两类
    1)限定动词 限定动词作句子谓语动词语限定称数变化:
    He is a tractor driver拖拉机手
    Facts are more eloquent than words事实胜雄辩
    We have friends all over the world朋友遍天
    An apple falls by the force of gravitation心吸力苹果落
    2)非限定动词 非限定动词动词定式动名词分词三种句子里单独作谓语动词语限定没称数变化:
    I am pleased to meet you高兴相识(动词定式)
    Smoking is harmful to the health吸烟身体害(动名词)
    I heard them singing the Internationale听见唱国际歌(分词)
    Spoken words are often more powerful than writing语言文字更力(分词)
    实义动词连系动词情态动词助动词
    含义分动词实义动词(notional verb)连系动词(1ink verb)情态动词(modal verb)助动词(auxiliary verb)四类
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    英语语法手册
    1)实义动词 实义动词完全词义独立作谓语动词:
    The sun shone brightly this morning天早晨阳光灿烂
    He likes to go for a long walk on sundays喜欢星期日出作长距离散步
    We have a big TV set in the club俱乐部台电视机
    2)连系动词 连系动词句中作谓语动词面表语英语连系动词be()seem(似)look()keep(保持)become(变成)get(变)grow(变)feel(感)turn(变变成)appear(显)remain(旧)等:
    It is never too late to mend改嫌晚
    It was a close game场球赛分接
    The children in this nursery look very healthy托孩子起非常健康
    Keep quietplease请安静
    The tape recorder seems all right台录音机没毛病
    Later he became a doctor成名医生
    The problem remained unsolved until last year问题年解决
    [注]面句子中comego连系动词:
    The old man's dream has come true位老梦想实现
    Something has gone wrong with the truck卡车出毛病
    [注二]连系动词seem appear等面常to be:
    The new text seens to be easybut actually it is rather difficult篇新课文容易实相难
    She appears to be the girl's sister似女孩姐姐
    3)情态动词 情态动词can ()may (许)must(必须)等式couldmight等表示力义务必猜测等说话语气情态情态动词动词起构成谓语动词
    [注]关情态动词详见第十章
    4)助动词 助动词shallwillhavebeshouldwonld do等动词起构成种时态语态语气等动词形式否定疑问等结构中谓语动词
    物动词物动词
    否需宾语分实义动词物动词物动词两类
    1)物动词 面必须宾语意义完整实义动词做物动词(transitive verb):
    I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion相信委员会会考虑建议
    How long can I keep the book Harry asked哈里问:书久
    Dr Bethune set us a good example 白求恩夫树立榜样
    Crude oil contains many useful substances原油含许物质
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    英语语法手册
    2)物动词 身意义完整面须宾语实义动词做物动词(intransitive verb):
    Birds fly鸟会飞
    It happened in June 1932件事发生九三年六月
    My watch stopped表停
    She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening 昨天晚会发言
    3)兼作物动词物动词 英语里少实义动词兼作物动词物动词样动词两种情况:
    a)兼作物动词物动词时意义变试较:
    Shall I begin at once立刻开始(begin作物动词)
    She began working as a librarian after she left school毕业图书馆理员(began作物动词)
    When did they leave Chicago什时候离开芝加哥?(leave 作物动词)
    They left last week 周离开(left 作物动词)
    b)兼作物动词物动词时时意义相:
    Wash your hands before meals饭前洗手
    Does this cloth wash well 布起洗
    4) 汉语较 时英语动词物物法汉语法样请注意列两种情况:
    a)动词英语里作物动词汉语作物动词arrive达agree意1isten听英语里动词面常接介词:
    We arrived at the railway station at noon中午达火车站(at省)(较:We reached the railway station at noon)
    Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest兴趣听讲课(to省)(较:We all heard the lecture)
    Do they agree to the plan意计划(to省)
    b)动词英语里作物动词汉语里作物动词serve…服务
    Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly童教全心全意民服务
     
    短语动词
    动词常某词类起构成固定词组形成谓短语动词(phrasal verb)动词样短语动词分物物两种短语动词作整体般动词样
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    英语语法手册
    1)动词 + 介词 类短语动词作物动词面须宾语:
    The small boy insisted on going with his parents男孩坚持父母起
    Do you often listen to broadcasts in English 常听英语广播
    Look at the children Aren't they lovely着孩子爱呀
    We stand for selfreliance张力更生
    类短语动词depend on (upon)(*)wait on (服侍)look for (寻找)deal with()look after(料)wait for(等)等
    2) 动词+副词 类短语动词作物动词作物动词:
    I always get up as soon as the bell rings 总铃起床(物)
    Look outthere's a car coming 心汽车(物)
    Have you handed in your exercises already 已交练(物)
    Please don't forget to put on your coatit's cold outside请忘记穿外衣外面冷(物)
    类短语动词物 put out (扑灭) eat up (吃光)putdown(放)物set off (出发)come up(走)go on(继续)
    [注] 动词+副词类短语动词面第类动词 + 介词处:动词+ 介词作物动词面须宾语动词 + 副词物物作物动词宾语称代词身代词时副词放宾语:
    Please wake me up at five tomorrow请明天早五点唤醒
    If you have done your exercisesplease hand them in果练做完请交
    She doesn't normally behave like thatshe's putting it on通常表现装出
    [注二] 类短语动词少兼作物物动词:
    He took off his hat when he entered the office
    进办公室脱帽子(物)
    The plane took off at seven sharp
    飞机七点整起飞(物)
    Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting
    查理电话尼尔问开会时间(物)
    If you can't comeplease ring up and let us know请电话告诉声(物)
    3) 动词 + 副词 + 介词 短语动词动词 + 副词加介词形成种短语动词类短语动词作物动词:
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    英语语法手册
    Do not give up hope We must go on with the experiment
    失必须继续试验(go on with继续)
    He came up to me走前(come up to走)
    类短语动词:look down upon(起)do away with(掉)put up with(忍受)等
    4)动词 + 名词 + 介词 类短语动词物
    He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet宴会宾客握手
    Young pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in afterschool activities 少先队员常少年宫参加课外活动
    Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice注意仓库里稻谷温度
    Her job is taking care of the babies工作顾婴
    类短语动词:put an end to (结束)take notice of (注意)catch hold of (抓住)lose sight of(见)make use of(利)等
    动词基形式(principal forms of the verb)
    1) 英语动词四种基形式 动词原形(room form of the verb)式 (past tense form) 分词 (past participle)现分词 (present participle)四种形式助动词起构成动词时态语态语气
    原形 式 分词 现分词
    work worked worked working
    write wrote written writing
    have had had having
    do did done doing
    2) 动词原形 动词原形词典中般动词形式behavedoworkstudy等
    3)动词式分词构成规规两种规动词(regular verb)式分词原形面加词尾ed构成
    [注] 少数双音节动词重音第音节双写末尾辅音字母然加ed:
    5travel-traveled 5level-1evelled
    5total-totaled 5model- modelled
    美国英语双写辅音字母traveltraveled
    规动词(irregular verb)式分词形式规动词数较常必须熟记规动词表见书附录
    4)动词现分词 动词原形加词尾ing构成
    构成方法:
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    英语语法手册
    a)般情况直接加 ing:
    gogoing standstanding站立
    ask-asking answer answering回答
    study-studying学 bebeing
    seeseeing
    [注] 名词复数动词第三称现般时加s(es)动词末尾辅音字母 + y时y变直接加ingstudying [5stQdiiN]fly flying [5flaiiN]carrycarrying [5kAriiN]
    [注二] 动词结尾辅音字母r时加ingr必须发音:
    enter [5entE] -entering [5entEriN]进入
    answer [5BnsE]-answering[5BnsEriN]回答
    wear [wZE] - wearing [5wZeriN]穿
    b)发音e结尾动词掉e加ing:
    comecoming writewriting写
    take-taking becomebecoming变成
    c)动词闭音节单音节词重读闭音节结尾音节词末尾辅音字母时辅音字母须双写然加ing:
    Sit-sitting坐 runrunning跑
    Stopstopping 停止beginbeginning开始
    admitadmitting 承认 forget-forgetting忘记
    [注] sendthinkaccept等动词闭音节重读闭音节结尾末尾辅音字母辅音字母双写应直接加 ing:sendingthinkingaccepting
    [注二] 少数双音节动词重音第音节双写末尾辅音字母然加ing:
    5traveltraveling 5levellevelling
    5totaltotaling 5modelmodelling
    美国英语双写辅音字母travel-traveling
    d)少数ie止结尾动词须ie变作y加ing:
    diedying死 tietying捆缚系
    lielying躺说谎
    [注]少数c结尾动词变式现分词时须先c变ck然加 eding:
    picnic picnicked picnicking
    traffic trafficked trafficking
    [英语语法手册]般时态
    现般时基法
    l)表示现存惯常发生动作存状态常every daytwice a week(周二次)often (常)usually(通常)always(总)seldom(少)sometimes(时)等时间状语连:
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    英语语法手册
    She is our English teacher英语老师
    He takes a walk after supper every day天晚饭散步
    The children go to school at seven every morning孩子天早晨七点学
    2)表示语特征性格力等:
    He workshard工作努力(:勤劳)
    Does she like sports爱运动(:运动爱者)
    The children draw well孩子会绘画(表示力)
    3)表示客观事实普遍真理:
    The sun rises in the east太阳东方升起
    Two plus two makes four二加二等四
    Knowledge is power知识力量
    现般时法
    l)时间条件状语句中表示动作:
    When they leave school they will go to work in Tibet毕业**工作
    If You see himwill You tell him to ring me叩果见电话
    We'll visit the cotton mill if it is fine tomorrow果明天天晴
    参观纺织厂
    2)表示安排计划动作(般限某表示移动动词gocomeleavestart等):
    The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning 火车午十点钟开出
    When does the Japanese Youth delegation leave for Xian 日青年代表团什时候西安
    Supper is at five today天五点开晚饭
    3)引书籍报刊作者时般须现般时:
    Marx says that a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life马克思说外国语生斗争武器
    The story describes how a Young scientist develops a new theory事描写青年科学家建立新理
    4)句中谓语动词时态宾语句谓语动词般须时态宾语句说客观真理谓语动词须现般时:
    Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun伽利略坚持球绕太阳运行说法
    [注] 图片说明电影说明事重述戏剧舞台说明报纸标题事题目常现般时说般时态描写生动现般时现时态
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    英语语法手册
    5)某常句子中表示具体现时间发生动作存状态(常发生动作存状态):
    What time is it now 现点钟
    The patient is much better now病现
    What is Shanghai like now 海现情况
    面感叹句中须现般时:
    Here he comes (注意here必须句首)
    There goes the bell 铃响(注意there必须句首)
    般时基概念
    般时(past indefinite tense)表示动作状态种动作状态限次常性:
    He went to town yesterday昨天进城(次性动作)
    The weather was warm last month月天气暖
    When I was Young I took cold baths regularly年轻时常洗冷水浴(常性动作)
    般时形式
    l)概说 般时规规动词式表示be外余动词没称数变化种动词否**构般疑问结构现般时否**构般疑问结构相
    2)动词be 第称单数第三称单数was余were
    3)动词have 律had没称数变化
    4)行动词 律式没称数变化现般时肯定否定般疑问简略答语等四种结构
    般时法
    l)表示动作状态 常带yesterdaytwodays agolast weekin l958等时间状语when等连词引导时间状语句:
    We had a good swim last Sunday星期天游泳游真痛快
    She suddenly fell ill yesterday昨天突然病倒
    2)叙述连续发生件件事:
    He got up early in the morningfetched waterswept the yard and then went out to work早起早水扫院然出劳动
    3)表示段时间常反复发生动作:
    When my brother was a teenagerhe played table tennis almost everyday弟弟十岁时天乒乓球
    [注] 表示常反复动作would加动词原形used to加动词原形:
    When he was a child he would go skating every winter孩子时年冬天滑冰
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    英语语法手册
    Mr Higgins used to have a big house in downtown黑根斯先生市区座房子
    My elder brother used to be in the PLA He is now a police officer哥哥解放军现警官
    4)条件时间状语句中表示动作:
    They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him说果听什关消息通知
    He promised me that when he went to the bookstore he would get me a copy of the Selected Stories of Lu Xun答应书店时候买鲁迅说选
    般时基概念形式
    般时(future indefinite tense)表示某时刻动作状态某段时间常动作状态般时助动词shall(第称)will(第二三称)+动词原形构成美国英语什称律will现般时肯定否定般疑问简略答语等四种结构中
    般时法
    1)表示动作状态常表示时间状语连:tomorrow(明天)next week(周)from now on(现开始)in a month(月)in the future()等:
    My daughter will be twelve years old tomorrow女明天整十二岁
    He will come to see you the day after tomorrow天
    The indoor swimming pool will be open to the public from October 16室游泳池十月十六日起开放
    He will go to the technical training class every other day隔天技术训练班学
    I shall go back to see my childhood friends in the summer vacation暑假回时朋友
    Today we shall have a report on the situation in Africa天关非洲形势报告
    2)表示常发生动作:
    We shall work in this factory everyday天工厂工作
    表示说法
    1)be going + 动词定式''口语中常表示算决心做事发生事:
    We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History参观中国历史博物馆(表算)
    Little Wang studies very hardhe is going to try for a scholarship王学非常努力争取获奖学金(表决心)
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    英语语法手册
    Look at those clouds It's going rain瞧云雨(表估计)
    The wall is going to collapse 墙倒塌 ()
    2) go come leave start等表示移动动词现进行时表示发生动作
    3)be about + 动词定式表示发生动作:
    The English evening is about to begin英语晚会开始
    We are about to leaveso there is no time to visit him now离开现没时间
    4)be + 动词定式表示安排计划动作等(参1023):
    The boys are to go to school next week男孩子周学
    He and I are to meet at the Shanghai Railway Station约定海火车站见面
    I'm to be home before midnight午夜前回家
    般时基概念形式
    般时(futureinthepast indefinite tense)表示某时间言发生动作存状态
    般时should(第称)would(第二三称)加动词原形组成美国英语什称律would
    般时法
    般时常宾语句中:
    I rang up to tell my aunt that I Should leave for Los Angeles next Monday电话告诉姑母星期洛杉矶
    Michael said that about twenty agronomists Would come here in a few days迈克尔说天约二十农艺师里
    They wanted to know when you would finish the article想知道什时候写完篇文章
    We asked him where we Should go to work next week 问周干活
    [注]实际运中动作常816中种说法时表示
     
    [英语语法手册]关词类句子成分
    基概念
    进行时态(continuous tense)表示现某时刻某段时间正进行发生动作
    种类形式
    进行时态现进行时进行时进行时进行时四种均助动词be四种般时态形式加现分词构成
    般时态进行时态区
    般时态进行时态区二:
    1)般时态通常表示常动作状态进行时态表示某时刻某段时间正进行着动作:
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    英语语法手册
    We read newspapers every day天读报
    She is now reading the newspaper现正读报
    2)般时态表示语固特征力等进行时态表示语某时刻某段时间进行具体动作:
    He sings well唱
    He is singing a folk song唱首民歌
    [注] 动词进行时态例表达状态感情感觉某动词通常般时态进行时态例know(知道)般进行时态类动词be()have()1ove (爱)hate(恨)want(想)1ike(喜欢)think(认)believe(相信)see(见)hear(听见)等
    现进行时基概念
    1)现进行时表示时刻(说话说话时)正进行动作表明动作什时候开始什时候结束汉语常(正)着表示种时间关系:
    What are you doing
    -I'm doing some washing干什洗衣服
    Look It is snowing瞧着雪哩
    She is drawing a map画张图
    Are they listening to the music
    -NOthey are listening to the radio听音乐听收音机
    2)现进行时表示现阶段正进行着动作然时刻动作进行:
    He is working on a paper写篇文
    They are compiling a dictionary编词典
    3)现进行时时表示发生动作意图算含义(gocomestay1eavestart等表示移动动词):
    He is corning to see you tomorrow明天
    They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday星期天十三陵
    They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday星期天带孩子动物园
    What are you doing next Sunday I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter星期天干什妻子女野餐
    进行时基概念
    进行时(past continuous tense)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening 昨晚八点钟正练提琴
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    英语语法手册
    When Walter arrived homehis sister was doing her homework沃尔特家时妹妹正做作业
    Pat was watching TV all evening 帕特整晚电视
    进行时形式
    进行时was(第三称单数)were (余称数)加现分词构成
    进行时基法
    表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作特定时间须时间状语表示:
    She was reading an English magazine when I came in进时英文杂志
    It was getting dark天黑
    They were working all day yesterday昨天整天工作
    We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night昨晚七点九点扫礼堂
    I met him when he was crossing the street街时碰见
    进行时法
    1)表示移动动词gocomestartstayleave等进行时表示发生动作:
    They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai 想知道什时候海
    She asked whether he was starting then ext day问否第二天动身
    2)动词go进行时态加动词定式表示某时间发生动作(较8243):
    They said they were going to set up a nursery说设立托
    She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition说外宾参观海工业展览会
    The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us班长宣布新老师讲话
    3)进行时描写事发生背景:
    It was a dark night The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank it was Xier She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house漆黑夜晚风刮厉害雨年轻妇女突然出现河岸喜刚黄世仁家里逃出
    般时进行时法较
    般时通常表示发生单纯事实进行时表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作强调程中进行动作展开情景试较:
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    英语语法手册
    We built a bridge last winter冬修座桥(意冬做件事桥已修)
    We were building a hydroelectric station last winter冬修水电站(意冬直修水电站修完否详)
    I wrote a letter home last night 昨晚写封家信(意)昨晚做件事信写完)
    I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night 昨晚美国笔友写信(意昨晚直写信定写完)
    进行时基概念形式法
    进行时(future continuous tense)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作
    1)进行时形式助动词be式shall be(第称)will be(第二三称)加现分词构成美国英语律will
    2)进行时法
    a)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou明天时候飞**途中
    What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning 明天午八点钟做什
    I hope you won't be feeling too tired希太累
    We'll be watching television all evening整晚电视
    b)表示客观情况决定动作者安排发生动作:
    We'll be having tea after dinner as usual通常样晚饭喝茶
    The leaves will be falling soon树叶快会脱落
    I'll be seeing him in the office tomorrow明天办公室会见
    We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning明天开会
    I'll be taking my holidays soon久度假
    进行时墓概念形式法
    进行时(futureinthepast continuous tense)表示某时间言某时刻某段时间正进行动作
    1)进行时形式should be(第称)wonld be(第二三称)加现分词构成美国英语律wonld
    2)进行时法
    a)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day问第二天十点钟干什
    They said that they would be expecting us the next week说星期等
    b)表示某时间计划进行动作:
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    英语语法手册
    He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting说开会
     
    [英语语法手册]进行时态
    进行时墓概念形式法
    进行时(futureinthepast continuous tense)表示某时间言某时刻某段时间正进行动作
    1)进行时形式should be(第称)wonld be(第二三称)加现分词构成美国英语律wonld
    2)进行时法
    a)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day问第二天十点钟干什
    They said that they would be expecting us the next week说星期等
    b)表示某时间计划进行动作:
    He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting说开会
    般时态进行时态区
    般时态进行时态区二:
    1)般时态通常表示常动作状态进行时态表示某时刻某段时间正进行着动作:
    We read newspapers every day天读报
    She is now reading the newspaper现正读报
    2)般时态表示语固特征力等进行时态表示语某时刻某段时间进行具体动作:
    He sings well唱
    He is singing a folk song唱首民歌
    [注] 动词进行时态例表达状态感情感觉某动词通常般时态进行时态例know(知道)般进行时态类动词be()have()1ove (爱)hate(恨)want(想)1ike(喜欢)think(认)believe(相信)see(见)hear(听见)等
    现进行时基概念
    1)现进行时表示时刻(说话说话时)正进行动作表明动作什时候开始什时候结束汉语常(正)着表示种时间关系:
    What are you doing
    -I'm doing some washing干什洗衣服
    Look It is snowing瞧着雪哩
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    英语语法手册
    She is drawing a map画张图
    Are they listening to the music
    -NOthey are listening to the radio听音乐听收音机
    2)现进行时表示现阶段正进行着动作然时刻动作进行:
    He is working on a paper写篇文
    They are compiling a dictionary编词典
    3)现进行时时表示发生动作意图算含义(gocomestay1eavestart等表示移动动词):
    He is corning to see you tomorrow明天
    They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday星期天十三陵
    They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday星期天带孩子动物园
    What are you doing next Sunday I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter星期天干什妻子女野餐
    进行时基概念
    进行时(past continuous tense)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening 昨晚八点钟正练提琴
    When Walter arrived homehis sister was doing her homework沃尔特家时妹妹正做作业
    Pat was watching TV all evening 帕特整晚电视
    进行时形式
    进行时was(第三称单数)were (余称数)加现分词构成
    进行时基法
    表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作特定时间须时间状语表示:
    She was reading an English magazine when I came in进时英文杂志
    It was getting dark天黑
    They were working all day yesterday昨天整天工作
    We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night昨晚七点九点扫礼堂
    I met him when he was crossing the street街时碰见
    进行时法
    1)表示移动动词gocomestartstayleave等进行时表示发生动作:
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    They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai 想知道什时候海
    She asked whether he was starting then ext day问否第二天动身
    2)动词go进行时态加动词定式表示某时间发生动作(较8243):
    They said they were going to set up a nursery说设立托
    She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition说外宾参观海工业展览会
    The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us班长宣布新老师讲话
    3)进行时描写事发生背景:
    It was a dark night The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank it was Xier She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house漆黑夜晚风刮厉害雨年轻妇女突然出现河岸喜刚黄世仁家里逃出
    般时进行时法较
    般时通常表示发生单纯事实进行时表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作强调程中进行动作展开情景试较:
    We built a bridge last winter冬修座桥(意冬做件事桥已修)
    We were building a hydroelectric station last winter冬修水电站(意冬直修水电站修完否详)
    I wrote a letter home last night 昨晚写封家信(意)昨晚做件事信写完)
    I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night 昨晚美国笔友写信(意昨晚直写信定写完)
     
    [英语语法手册]进行时态
    进行时墓概念形式法
    进行时(futureinthepast continuous tense)表示某时间言某时刻某段时间正进行动作
    1)进行时形式should be(第称)wonld be(第二三称)加现分词构成美国英语律wonld
    2)进行时法
    a)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day问第二天十点钟干什
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    英语语法手册
    They said that they would be expecting us the next week说星期等
    b)表示某时间计划进行动作:
    He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting说开会
    般时态进行时态区
    般时态进行时态区二:
    1)般时态通常表示常动作状态进行时态表示某时刻某段时间正进行着动作:
    We read newspapers every day天读报
    She is now reading the newspaper现正读报
    2)般时态表示语固特征力等进行时态表示语某时刻某段时间进行具体动作:
    He sings well唱
    He is singing a folk song唱首民歌
    [注] 动词进行时态例表达状态感情感觉某动词通常般时态进行时态例know(知道)般进行时态类动词be()have()1ove (爱)hate(恨)want(想)1ike(喜欢)think(认)believe(相信)see(见)hear(听见)等
    现进行时基概念
    1)现进行时表示时刻(说话说话时)正进行动作表明动作什时候开始什时候结束汉语常(正)着表示种时间关系:
    What are you doing
    -I'm doing some washing干什洗衣服
    Look It is snowing瞧着雪哩
    She is drawing a map画张图
    Are they listening to the music
    -NOthey are listening to the radio听音乐听收音机
    2)现进行时表示现阶段正进行着动作然时刻动作进行:
    He is working on a paper写篇文
    They are compiling a dictionary编词典
    3)现进行时时表示发生动作意图算含义(gocomestay1eavestart等表示移动动词):
    He is corning to see you tomorrow明天
    They are going to the Ming tombs this coming Sunday星期天十三陵
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    They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday星期天带孩子动物园
    What are you doing next Sunday I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter星期天干什妻子女野餐
    进行时基概念
    进行时(past continuous tense)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    I was practicing the violin at eight o'clock yesterday evening 昨晚八点钟正练提琴
    When Walter arrived homehis sister was doing her homework沃尔特家时妹妹正做作业
    Pat was watching TV all evening 帕特整晚电视
    进行时形式
    进行时was(第三称单数)were (余称数)加现分词构成
    进行时基法
    表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作特定时间须时间状语表示:
    She was reading an English magazine when I came in进时英文杂志
    It was getting dark天黑
    They were working all day yesterday昨天整天工作
    We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night昨晚七点九点扫礼堂
    I met him when he was crossing the street街时碰见
    进行时法
    1)表示移动动词gocomestartstayleave等进行时表示发生动作:
    They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai 想知道什时候海
    She asked whether he was starting then ext day问否第二天动身
    2)动词go进行时态加动词定式表示某时间发生动作(较8243):
    They said they were going to set up a nursery说设立托
    She said the foreign guests were going to visit the Shanghai in dustrial Exhibition说外宾参观海工业展览会
    The monitor announced that our new teacher was going to speak to us班长宣布新老师讲话
    3)进行时描写事发生背景:
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    英语语法手册
    It was a dark night The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank it was Xier She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house漆黑夜晚风刮厉害雨年轻妇女突然出现河岸喜刚黄世仁家里逃出
    般时进行时法较
    般时通常表示发生单纯事实进行时表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作强调程中进行动作展开情景试较:
    We built a bridge last winter冬修座桥(意冬做件事桥已修)
    We were building a hydroelectric station last winter冬修水电站(意冬直修水电站修完否详)
    I wrote a letter home last night 昨晚写封家信(意)昨晚做件事信写完)
    I was writing a letter to my pen friend in America last night 昨晚美国笔友写信(意昨晚直写信定写完)
    进行时基概念形式法
    进行时(future continuous tense)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作
    1)进行时形式助动词be式shall be(第称)will be(第二三称)加现分词构成美国英语律will
    2)进行时法
    a)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou明天时候飞**途中
    What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning 明天午八点钟做什
    I hope you won't be feeling too tired希太累
    We'll be watching television all evening整晚电视
    b)表示客观情况决定动作者安排发生动作:
    We'll be having tea after dinner as usual通常样晚饭喝茶
    The leaves will be falling soon树叶快会脱落
    I'll be seeing him in the office tomorrow明天办公室会见
    We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning明天开会
    I'll be taking my holidays soon久度假
    进行时墓概念形式法
    进行时(futureinthepast continuous tense)表示某时间言某时刻某段时间正进行动作
    1)进行时形式should be(第称)wonld be(第二三称)加现分词构成美国英语律wonld
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    英语语法手册
    2)进行时法
    a)表示某时刻某段时间正进行动作:
    He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day问第二天十点钟干什
    They said that they would be expecting us the next week说星期等
    b)表示某时间计划进行动作:
    He said he could not come because he would be haying a meeting说开会
     
    [英语语法手册]完成时态
    现完成时基概念形式
    现完成时(Present perfect tense)表示动作发生现情况关系发生动作说明现情况
    现完成时动词have (has) + 分词构成
    现完成时基法
    1)表示动作现止已完成刚完成汉语常表示:
    I have finished my work工作做完
    We have set up many new factories in this area区建立许新工厂
    She has read all these books书读完
    2)动作完成表示验结果汉语常表示:
    Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House 话剧傀儡家庭
    YesI have seen it twice两遍
    I have learnt to drive学开车
    The man has lived in China中国住
    [注] 注意be面句子中意义:
    Where have you been -I've been to the laboratory实验室
    Have you ever been to Hangzhou ―NoI've never been there**没
    How have you been-I've been well thank you身体谢谢
    现完成时般时区
    现完成时般时表示完成动作现完成时强调动作现关系现产生结果影响等般时表示动作发生般表示现关系试较:
    1)I have lost my pen钢笔丢(意没找现没笔)
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    英语语法手册
    She lost her pen yes today昨天笔丢(笔昨天丢现找否没说明)
    2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition农业展览会(强调知道容)
    I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week周参观农业展览会(说明周参观展览会件事)
    3) Who has opened the door 谁门开(现门开着)
    Who opened the door 谁开门(指现关现门关着开着没说明)
    4) A:Have you had your lunch 吃年饭没(意现饿)
    B:YesI have吃(意现饱吃)
    A:When did you have it 什时候吃(说话感兴趣吃动作发生什时候)
    B:I had it about half an hour ago约半时前吃
    现完成时法
    1)表示动作发生直延续现甚继续延续时常since引导短语句for引导短语连(for时省)
    How long have you been in Beijing -I have been in Beijing for four years北京呆久北京呆四年
    Isaac's father has been a school teacher since 1968 艾萨克父亲九六八年教师
    We haven't had a vacation for a long time久没放假
    Three years have passed since we left school毕业已三年
    [注]面句子中句谓语动词现般时:
    It is three years since I began to work on the state farm国营农场工作已三年(美国英语has been例)
    It's a long time since I saw you last久没见
    2)条件时间状语句中表示完成动作
    I'll go with you when I have finished my home work做完作业块
    We'll wait here until you have Written the letter里等写完信
    Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years学完两午懂英语许会
    现完成时时间状语问题
    1)现完成时说明现情况现时态表示时间状语yesterday1asr monththree years agoin l960等连时间状语时态连表示动作现完成时表示时间副词justbefore连:
    He has just come刚
    We have seen the movie before前电影
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    英语语法手册
    2)现完成时常表示确定时间副词alreadynevereveralwaysyetnotyetoften等连:
    Have you ever been in a plane 坐飞机
    The new books have not arrived yet新书没
    The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory西沙群岛直中国领土
    Have you heard from him yet 接信
    They have already finished their experiment已做完试验
    Many westerners have never seen a giant panda许西方没见熊猫
    We have often been to the Summer Palace常颐园玩
    3)现完成时包括现时间状语连nowtodaythis monththis year等:
    We have planted many fruit trees this year年种果树
    Have you seen Benny today 天见尼
    We've had a lot of rain this summer年夏天雨
    说话感兴趣段时间发生某动作动作现关系时须时态:
    The conference opened this month会议月开幕
    Their farm set up a pumping station this year农场年新修抽水站
    现完成时疑问副词wherewhyhow连通常疑问副词when连
    (when般时态连):
    Where have you been (询问情况说Where did you go问点)
    Why have you turned off the radio 干收音机关(强调现关系意收音机关着说Why did you turn off the radio强调关收音机动作)
    完成时完成时基概念形式
    完成时(past perfect tense)表示某时间动作前已完成动作简言完成时表示时间完成时助动词had + 分词构成
    完成时法
    1)完成时表示某时间动作前业已完成动作时间bybefore等介词短语时间状语句表示:
    By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons周末止已学十课书
    He had learned some English before he came to the institute学院前学英语
    I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice没电影片子已两次
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    英语语法手册
    When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest复完功课休息会
    I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her妹妹买花送
    In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before展览厅里见许未见油画
    2)完成时表示某时间开始直延续时间动作常for(时省)since构成短语since引导句连:
    It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months天旱月昨天雨
    By the I read his new book I had known him for a long time读新书时早知道
    He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since1980 说7980年家乡变样
    [注]whenbeforeafteras soon as等连词引导句表示动作句动作紧接时两动作均般时表示:
    We had breakfast after we did morning exercises做完早操吃早饭
    When I finished supperI took a walk晚饭散步
    The train started to move just before he reached the platform月台时火车刚开走
    They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields里开始耕
    完成时基概念形式
    完成时(future perfect tense)表示某时间前完成动作形式shall(第称)will(第二三称)加have加分词构成美国英语律will
    完成时法
    完成时表示某时间前已完成动作:
    By the end of this week I shall have finished the book周末读完书
    By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine明天时候修台机器
    The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home回家时孩子已睡
    When you come tonight at eight o'clockI shall have written my paper晚八点钟时会写完文章
    By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years明年老师已教二十年英语
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    英语语法手册
     
    [英语语法手册]完成进行时态
    完成时
    完成时(past future perfect tense)表示某时间前已完成动作形式should(第称)Would(第二三称)加have加分词构成美国英语律Would
    法举例:
    He said he would have paid me back the money by the end of the week说周末前钱
    We told him that we should have returned to the camp by four o'clock告诉四点前回营
    I hoped she would have finished the work before I got back希回前做完活
    种类
    完成进行时现完成进行时完成进行时完成进行时完成进行时四种
    现完成进行时法
    1)表示动作某时间开始直延续现现动作已终止然进行着:
    I have been waiting for you for two hours等两刊(动作延续)
    It has been raining for three hours雨已三时(动作延续)
    He has been working on the paper all day整天写文(动作否延续文决定)
    How long have you been learning English I have been learning English for two years英语学久学两年(动作延续)
    Why are you so dirty - I've been playing football身样脏刚踢足球(动作延续)
    2)现进行时态动词behave likeloveknowseehesr等样现完成进行时现完成时:
    She has been ill for a long time已病久
    I have not seen you for ages久没见
    现完成进行时现完成时较
    1)现完成时表示动作现止已完成现完成进行时表示动作然继续:
    I have been reading Lu Xun this week周直读鲁迅著作(然读)
    I have read A Madman is Diary this week周读狂日记(周开始读已读完)
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    英语语法手册
    I have read The story of Ah Q before前读阿Q正传(历)
    2)现完成时强调动作结果现完成进行时强调动作直接结果:
    Now we have cleaned the roomwe can move the things in房间已扫东西搬进(强调终结果)You look so tired What have you been doing 累样子干什着(强调直接结果)
    完成进行时(past perfect continuous tense)
    1)完成进行时形式律had been + 现分词称数区
    2)完成进行时法 完成进行时表示动作某时间前开始延续时间动作进行已停止:
    He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours说等两时(动作延续)
    The baby had been crying for fifteen minutes when her mother came in妈妈进时婴直哭十五分钟(动作进行)
    It seemed to her that the boys had been shouting for a long time似觉男孩直喊久(动作进行)
    The teacher had been teaching for forty years by the time he retired位教师退休前直教四十年书(动作进行)
     
    [英语语法手册]谓时态致
    定义
    某句(宾语句)中谓语动词时态常常受句中谓语动词时态影响做时态致(sequence of tenses)
    句中谓语动词现时态时
    句中谓语动词需时态:
    He says his father is (waswill be)an engineer说父亲(做)工程师
    Can you tell me when you finished (will finish) the work 否告诉什时候完成(会完成)项工作
    句中谓语动词时态时
    句中谓语动词般须时态分面三种情况:
    1)果句里谓语动词表示动作句谓语动词表示动作时发生句须般时进行时:
    He told me he was unwell告诉舒服
    She said her brother was reading a magazine at the moment 说弟弟正读杂志
    2)果句谓语动词表示动作发生句谓语动词表示动作前句须完成时:
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    英语语法手册
    He said he had posted the letter说已信发
    Our teacher told us he had been to lndia老师说印度
    3)果句谓语动词表示动作句谓语动词表示动作句谓语动词须时态:
    They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall 知道什时候参观长城
    He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school说毕业演员
    [注]句谓语动词时态须注意面两种特殊情况:
    1)句说明果般真理客观事实现时态:
    The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round老师告诉学生球球形体
    Somebody told me you an a writer告诉说作家
    2)句果表示某具体时间状语谓语动词表示动作发生句谓语动词表示动作前般般时完成时:
    The teacher told his pupi1s that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in l921 老师告诉学生中国产九二年海诞生
    My father told me that my grandfather was born in l900父亲告诉祖父生九OO年
     
    [英语语法手册]助动词
    助动词形式作
    1)英语常助动词(auxiliary verb)shallwillshouldwouldbehavedo等助动词般词义单独作谓语动词助动词句中作帮助构成种时态语态语气否定疑问结构等:
    China has entered a great new era 中国已进入伟新时期(帮助构成完成时态)
    Some boys are playing on the grass 男孩正草玩 (帮助构成进行时态)
    Mother is written by Gorky 母亲高尔基写 (帮助构成动语态)
    We Shall have the football match if it does not rain果雨赛足球(帮助构成时态否**构)
    Do you see my point 明白意思(帮助构成疑问结构)
    [注]否**构中not须放助动词面
    2)助动词加not般简略式口语中:
    is notisn't would notwouldn't
    are notaren't [Bnt] have nothaven't
    was not wasn't has nothasn't
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    were not weren't [wEnt] had nothadn't
    shall notshan't [FBnt] do notdon't [dEunt]
    will notwon't [wEunt] does notdoesn't
    should notshouldn't did notdidn't
    be
    助动词
    be形式变化动词bebe作助动词法列种:
    1)be动词现分词 构成种进行时态:
    The driver is cleaning the car司机擦车
    Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan昨天午讨新计划
    Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction国妇女社会义建设中正起着重作
    2) be动词分词 构成动语态:
    A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon许消费品尼龙作
    The Flower Show is usually held here in October 花展通常10月举行
    The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd影院三月三日起修理部停止营业
    3)be加动词定式 列种法:
    a)表示未安排计划:
    The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow代表团定明天海
    I'm to be home before midnight午夜前定回
    b)表示必命令问方意志:
    You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow明天交练
    Where am I to put these tools 工具应该放什方
    What is to be done办
    c)表示canmay相仿:
    I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight断定晚否
    My key is nowhere to be found找着钥匙
    d) be + about + 动词定式表计划:
    The meeting is about to begin会议开始
    have
    式hadHave (had)作助动词分词起构成种完成时态:
    I have known Mr Smith for four years认识史密斯先生已四年
    He has not made up his mind yet没决定呢
    A woman came in with a babywho had just swallowed a safety pin妇女带进刚吞进针婴
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    [注] have简略式'vehas简略式'shad简略式'd
    I'veyou'vehe'sI'dwe'dhe'dthey'd等
    do
    式diddo (did)作助动词列法:
    1)构成现般时般时疑问句否定句:
    Do you know each other 两认识
    How do you find the climate here 觉里气候样
    She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual早饭没医院常班
    2)构成否定祈句:
    Don't be so careless粗枝叶
    Do not hesitate to come when you need help困难
    3)加强陈述句祈句语气:
    I do think he is right确实认
    Do come often定常呀
    Do askif you have any questions果问题务必提出
    4)倒装句中:
    Only then did I understand the importance of science时解科学重性
    Never did I expect to see him there未想会里
    5)代动词避免重复较常简略答语中:
    Does he also study geography学理 ――Yeshe does学理
    Did it snow a lot last week ――Yesit did星期雪
    He works even harder than you do 功
    [注] 面句中do应唤作代词初学者方便放助动词项
    shallWill
    助动词
    shall身没词义第称时态中(现will代)般时中shall接动词原形:
    I shall think it over考虑
    Don't worry We shall tell you all about it担心会告诉
    助动词
    will身没词义第二三称时态中will般时中接动词原形:
    He will be twentyfive years old next month月二十五岁
    You will have an examination in English tomorrow明天英语考试
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow天气预报明天雨
    shouldwould
    助动词
    shouldshall式身没词义第称时态中(现would)should般时中接动词原形:
    We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night 告知天夜里见宝岛
    助动词
    wouldwill式身没词义第二三称时态中would般时中接动词原形:
    He said that he would always remember that day说永远记住天
    [英语语法手册]情态动词概述
    特征
    1)情态动词(modal verb)身词义表示说话语气情态词义完全单独作谓语动词般动词原形起构成谓语动词
    2)情态动词表示情态:命令允诺请求拒绝愿愿意义务必力敢需等
    3)情态动词(ought外)助动词shallwillshouldwould样面动词定式般皆带
    形式变化
    1)没称数变化第三称单数现时变化:
    I can We can
    You can You can
    He
    They can
    She can
    It
    2)情态动词式少数式原形相
    a)式情态动词:
    may would
    can ―― could
    may―― night
    shall should
    have to had to
    b)式变情态动词:
    must must (had to)
    ought to ought to
    needneed
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    dare dare(dared)
    3)数情态动词面动词进行式完成式动形式:can(maymust)be doingcan(maymust) have donecan(maymust)be done等
    否定式
    情态动词助动词样面直接否定词not现情态动词否定式否定式简略式(简略式口语中)列举:
    shall notshan't [FBnt]
    will notwon't [wEunt]
    can notcan't [kBnt]
    must notmustn't [5mQsnt]
    should not shouldn't
    would not wouldn't
    could not couldn't
    dare not daren't [dZEnt]
    need not needn't
    疑问句中法
    情态动词疑问句中法助动词相:
    May I ask you a question 问问题
    Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute 字典会
    Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant 想参观重型机器厂
    注意have to疑问句中位置:
    Do you have to go out today 天定出
    Does he have to finish the work tomorrow 明天非做完项工作
     
    [英语语法手册]情态动词--can could
    cancould
    can词义
    表示体力脑力方面力客观:
    Can you ride a bike YesI can骑行车骑
    Can Mr Smith use chopsticks Nohe can't 史密斯先生会筷子会
    Most women here can read and write now里数妇女识字会写字
    In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields 中国荒山变成良田
    can否定句疑问句中时
    种句子中can常意谓表示猜测推理:
    It surely can't be six o'clock already 已六点钟吧
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    英语语法手册
    You can't be hungry so soonTom You've just had lunch 顿姆饿快刚吃午饭
    She cannot be so careless 粗心
    Where can he be 会什方呢
    What can he mean 会什意思呢
    It surely can't be six o'clock already 已六点钟吧
    [注] can加动词进行时态表示:
    What can he be doing all this time 直会干什呢
    She cannot be playing pingpong now现乒乓球
    [注二] 日常会话中can代may表示允许may较正式:
    You can drop in any time 时串门
    Can I use your basin of courseyou can脸盆然
    You can have my seatI'm going now走坐座位吧
    Could
    couldCall式表示关1)力2)(否定疑问句中):
    1)We were sure that he could do the work 肯定做工作
    He was a farmhand He could not afford to send his son to school 雇农供起子学
    2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true时说事真
    [注] could代can表示现语气较婉转:
    could you wait half an hour请等半时
    could you please ring up again at six 六点钟请电话
    could we visit a kindergarten I've been wanting to see one ever since I came to China访问幼园中国直想幼园
    [注二]表示力已完成具体动作时须were (was) able (to)could:
    I am glad we were able to catch the train 高兴赶火车未完成具体动作could not:
    I am sorry we couldn't (weren't able to) catch the train遗憾没赶火车
    can形式
    can现式can式could两种形式表示现般般两种时态时表示时态(包括)须be able加动词定式表示:
    With their help we shall be able to finish the work in a few days 协助会天完成项工作
    They have not been able to come to Boston 没波斯顿
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    Mr Johnson rang up just now to Say that he won't be able to come over this evening约翰逊先生刚电话说天晚
    cancould否定疑问句中
    can (could)否定疑问句中面动词原形完成式时表示发生事件性could较can更加表示说话肯定语气:
    Can he have left already 会走
    Could she have forgotten my address 会址忘记
    It couldn't have been henry He has gone to the factory 亨利已工厂
    Surely she can not have arrived so early 然早里
    [注] could加动词完成式时时表示完成事实没实现动作:
    You could have done the work better做更(事实做)
    You could have got the early train搭早班火车(事实没搭)
     
    [英语语法手册]情态动词must
    must
    must词义
    must表示必须应:
    I must leave at 900必须九点钟离开里
    Soldiers must obey orders士兵必须服命令
    You must get to the stallion before three o'clock 必须三点钟前达车站
    You must come earlier tomorrow明天早点
    must否定式
    must否定形式must not表示应该
    许语气较强烈:
    We mustn't waste our time 应该浪费时间
    Passengers must not walk across the railway line旅客横穿铁路
    You mustn't miss that modern balletIt is extremely good 错现代芭蕾舞剧极
    One must not divorce oneself from the masses应该脱离群众
    [注]说必须need not:
    Must we hand in our exercises today -NoYou needn't必须天交练 必天交
    must表示
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    英语语法手册
    must现式通常表示现时表示(间接引语中):
    He told us we must all be ready by nine告诉九点钟前准备
    It was too late to go backwe must go on太晚回继续前走
    [注] have to (必须)表示种时间:
    I am afraid You will have to wait a while等会
    At every step I had to pull my legs out of the snow走步双腿雪中拔出
    must表示说话事物推测
    may肯定相汉语定准:
    He must be in the library now 现准图书馆
    The old man must be over seventy now老准七十岁
    She must know how to do farm work 定懂样干农活
    You ate very little at breakfast today You must be hungry now
    天早餐吃少现定饿
    [注] must加动词原形进行式表示现发生动作推测定准意思:
    She must be working on the experimental plot现定试验田里工作
    must加动词原形完成式
    说明事物推测表示定准意思:
    I mailed the letter two weeks ago She must have received it
    两星期前发信定已收
    She must have studied English before 前定学英语
    How did you know about it Somebody must have told you 知道事定告诉
     
    [英语语法手册]情态动词may might
    maymight
    may表示允许请求
    May I come in -Yesdo 进请进
    May I borrow you raincoat 雨衣
    You may go now 现走
    You may ring us up any time during office hours办公时间时电话
    [注] may表示允许否定形式must not(应该许):
    May I take this book out of the readingroom -Noyou mustn't 书出阅览室 行
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    may表示说话猜测认某事情许发生
    We may call on you this evening许天晚
    She may not go to the concert tonight晚听音乐会
    The news may or may not be true 消息许真许真
    [注] may感叹句中表示祝愿愿:
    May you succeed祝成功
    May you have a pleasant journey路安
    mightmay式
    The speaker said we might ask him any question作报告说提问题
    He said he might go to the Palace Museum on Sunday 说星期天参观宫博物院
    [注]night代may表示现语气较婉转客气更加肯定:
    He night not come today天许
    Might I make a suggestion 提建议
    [注二]might表示现时表示规劝:
    You mightpay more attention to spoken English更注意英语口语
    You might shut the windows The wind is blowing so hard outside关窗户吧外面风
    may (might)加动词完成式
    表示推测认某事情发生里maymight指might较含蓄委婉更加肯定(常肯**构):
    Nick may (might) have gone to the library尼克图书馆
    Our manager may (might) have gone to Harbin last weekend
    理周末已**
    She may (might) have missed the plane许没赶飞机
    [注] maymight常so thatin order that引导目状语句中(现英语中常can):
    Write is in simple language in order that everybody may understand it 家懂简明文字写
    He diedso that others night 1iye牺牲
    [注三] might加动词完成式说明某事情没实现含劝告甚责备意思:
    You might have told me earlier早点告诉
    You might have been more careful加心
     
    [英语语法手册]情态动词--have to
    have to
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    have to加动词原形
    表示必须概念must更含客观条件必须做意思较时态:
    Mr Johnson has to work very hard to earn a living约翰逊先生谋生拼命干活
    I had to leave the party early last night I wasn't very well昨晚早点离开晚会舒服
    We will have to get up very early tomorrow明天必须起早
    I shall have to go to the clinic today for my bad cough咳嗽厉害天必须诊疗
    [注]口语中I have got toyou have got to等:I have toyou have to Have I got toDo I have to两种疑问形式均
    [英语语法手册]情态动词shall
    shall
    shall作情态动词第二三称
    表示说话方命令警告允诺威胁等概念:
    You shall do itwhether you want to or not 愿意愿意必须做项工作(命令)
    You shall have the book as soon as I finish it书完(允诺)
    You shall pay for it定会受惩罚(威胁)
    疑问句中情态动词shall第三称
    表示说话征求方意见方请示:
    What shall I do now 现该做什
    Shall we go for a walk 散步
    Shall he come tomorrow 明天
    [英语语法手册]情态动词should
    should
    情态动词Should表示劝告 建议 时
    时should常译作 应:
    We Should learn about the computer and make full use of it应该解计算机加充分利
    You should listen to the doctor's advice应听夫话
    You should study the article care fully 应细心学篇文章
    should表示 预测
    They should be here by now现
    The reference book should be in the readingroom参考书阅览室里
    should时表示说话感情惊奇愤怒失等
    Why should I go 干(满)
    I am sorry that he Should be so obstinate遗憾竟样固执(失)
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    英语语法手册
    It's strange that it should be so hot today怪天热(惊奇)
    should动词完成式时
    时句子指事情果肯定句常说明某件事应完成未完成果否定句表示发生应发生事情:
    You should have stopped at in red light 见红灯应该停车
    You Should not have gone back to work without the doctor's permission应未医生许回工作
    He Should have come earlier 应早点
     
    [英语语法手册]情态动词will
    Will
    情态动词Will
    称表示 意志意愿决心允诺等:
    I will try 愿试
    I will do my best 定力
    We will never do it again 永远会做事
    Which will you fake
    Who will go with me 谁愿
    will疑问句中子第二称时
    时句子表示说话方提出请求询问:
    Will you please explain the sentence once more请句子解释遍
    Will you have western food or Chinese foodMr Smith 史密斯先生吃西餐中餐
    Will you pass me the butter 请黄油递
    注意面句中won't表请求:
    Won't you come in 请进
    [注] 条件状语句中须现般时表will作情态动词表意愿时条件状语句I'll be glad if you will come(愿会高兴)
    [注二]will面句子中 I suppose(猜想)probably(概):
    This will be the room you are looking for 概找房间
    You will remember the story I told you the other day概记天讲事
    [注三]will时表示种惯动作状态:
    Water will boil at 100 degrees Centigrade水总摄氏100度煮沸
    Boys will be boys男孩子总男孩子
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    英语语法手册
     
    [英语语法手册]情态动词would
    Would
    will式称表示时间意志愿 决心等:
    He declared that he would do everything to help us 说切帮助
    I told peter that I would go along wit him告诉彼块
    All in e doctors and nurses told Dr Bethune not to give his own blood to the wounded but he wouldn't listen护士劝白求恩夫血输伤员听
    would表示现时间时
    时would表达说话身意志方提出请求均较will婉转:
    Would you tell us something about yourself 请谈谈
    Would you like to have a glass of wine 喝杯酒
    Would you please tell me the way to the nearest busstop 请告诉公汽车站走
    Would you mind helping me with my packing 请帮行李
    [注]日常会话中I would like toI should like to说I would like简略式I'd like:
    I should (would) like to have a look at the new television set想架新电视机
    I'd like to borrow a copy of Alice in Wonderland爱丽丝漫游奇境记
    Would表示惯发生动作
    I found that retired persons would often go to the park to play chess发现退休常公园里棋
    When he had a problem to solvehe would work at it until he found an answer问题解决时总想办法直找答案止
    [英语语法手册]情态动词ought
    ought
    ought种形式面须带to动词定式Ought表示义务必做某件事表示劝告:
    You ought to follow the old man's advice应听位老话
    You oughtn't to smoke so much应抽烟太
    You ought to go to the clinic at once You don't look well脸色应该马医务室
    [注]ought表示应该语气should 强
    ought加动词定式完成式时
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    英语语法手册
    指动作肯定形式(ought to have done)表示某件事该做未做相should have done否定形式(ought not to have done)表示件该做事情发生相should not have done:
    He ought to have done the exercise more carefully练应作更细心
    I ought to have returned these books to the library last week 星期应书图书馆
    You ought not to have been so rude该样粗鲁
    You ought not to have taken his skates without asking him该没许冰鞋走
     
    [英语语法手册]情态动词dare
    dare (敢)
    法动词dare否定句疑问句中时法情态动词样dare身变化面动词定式带to:
    They dare not tell the truth敢说真话
    Dare he admit his mistake 敢承认错误
    He dared say no more敢说
    dare肯**构中时面动词定式加to:
    Young people should dare to thinkdare to speak and dare to act青年敢想敢说敢干
    [注]否定句疑问句中dare作实义动词助动词do帮助面动词定式带to:
    Do they dare to do it 敢做事
    The enemy did not dare to come out after dark敌夜间敢出
    [注二]注意面两种动词揉合起说法:
    I didn't dale come敢
    Who dares stop me 谁敢阻拦
    [英语语法手册]情态动词need
    need(需)
    法dare完全相否定句疑问句中情态动词样身变化面带to动词定式肯定句中时实义动词样面动词定式带to第三称单数现般时加s时态变化:
    Need we return the magazines today天需杂志回
    Every member needs to pay only a little money a year to get medical care成员年需缴点钱医疗
    You need not write down your translation You may do it orally 必写翻译练口头做行
    [注]dare样否定句疑问句里need实义动词相助动词to do帮助面动词定式必须带to:
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    英语语法手册
    Do they need to take any tools with them -No they don't need to需带工具 需
    He did not need to go there early that day 天必早
    need面名词作宾语时
    完全作实义动词表示需缺乏某件事物时变化般实义动词完全相:
    I need a dictionary需字典
    You need a haircut 该理发
    Do you need a fountainpen 需支水笔
    I don't need a new jacket 需件新茄克衫
    Mary looks triedshe needs a rest 玛丽累需休息
    Needn't加动词定式(带to)完成式时
    指已做勿须做动作:
    You needn't have watered the vegetablesas it is going to rain满必浇菜天雨
    You needn't have brought your umbrella We are going by taxi满必带伞坐出租汽车
    [注]注意didn't have todidn't nee to常表示未做勿须做动作:
    I didn't have to interpret it for herfor she knows Chinese勿须翻译懂汉语
    I didn't need to take a taxi it is only five minutes walk to the station车站须走五分钟需坐出租汽车
    [注二] used tohad better作情态动词情态动词used to表示惯现已惯(would表惯时含义):
    When I was youngI used to play football时常踢足球
    He didn't use to come (usedn't to)常
    Did he used to come (说used he to)常had better表取意应该:
    We had better go now 走吧
    You'd better stop now现应该停(长辈had better)
    Hadn't we better go now 现走(had better般肯定疑问句)
     
    [英语语法手册]语气概述
    语气种类
    1)语气(mood)语气种动词形式表示讲话某行事情法态度
    2)语气种类语气分列三种:
    a)直陈语气(indicative mood)表示讲话认说话事实:
    There are two sides to every question问题两方面
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    英语语法手册
    Jinzhou is famous for its apples**产苹果闻名
    Comrade Zhang Side had a deep love for the Party张思德志怀深厚爱
    b)祈语气(imperative mood)表示讲话方请求命令:
    Bring along your exercise books tomorrow明天练带
    Make yourself at home请便客气
    Don't move 许动
    Don't be late迟
    Be quiet 请安静
    c) 虚拟语气 (subjunctive mood)
    [英语语法手册]虚拟语气 A
    虚拟语气
    虚拟语气种特殊动词形式表示说话说话事实种愿假设怀疑建议猜测纯粹空想等:
    If I were not so busyI would go with you假太忙会起(表示假设)
    I wish Lao Li were hereH6 would know how to fix the machine老李会知道样机器修(表示愿)
    He suggests that we should all go to see the film建议电影(表示建议)
    虚拟语气动词形式
    较特殊列七种:
    1)动词原形(切称数)
    2)动词式(切称数be式were)
    3) had + 分词(切称数)
    4) should + 动词原形(切称数)
    5) should have + 分词(切称数)
    6) should (第称)Would(第二三称) + 动词原形
    7) should(第称)Would(第二三称) + have + 分词
    [注]述某动词形式直陈语气某动词形式相法表示时间概念完全两样二者切混淆
    虚拟语气常表示条件句表示结果句中
    虚拟语气条件句结果句中法
    1)表示现事实相反条件结果::
    If I Were you I should go and see the dentist at once 假话会马牙科医生
    If they were no gravity we should not be able to walk 假没引力行走
    If they had timethey would study Italian too 假时间话会学意利语
    If She knew GermanShe would read Marx and Engels in the original假懂德语会读马克思恩格斯原著
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    英语语法手册
    He would tell me if he knew but he does notknow anything about it 假知道话会告诉点知道
    2)表示事实相反条件结果:
    If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station果早知道会车站接
    If you had come a few minutes earlieryou would have met him早分钟话见
    If She hadn't been so strict with herself she wouldn't have made such great progress求严格会样进步
    If the child had fallen through the ice he would have drowned 假孩子掉冰窑里定会淹死
    3)表示事实相反条件结果法表示现事实相反条件结果相:
    If it Were Sunday tomorrowmy brother would go skating at the Beihai Park果明天星期天弟弟会**公园滑冰
    If you dropped the glassit would break杯子掉会碎
    What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire -It Would bum纸放火会样纸会烧着
    [注]表示事实相反条件句中were to + 动词原形(较正式常书面体中)should + 动词原形:
    If you were to come tomorrowI might have time to see you果明天话许会时间见
    If I were to see her tomorrowI would tell her about your decisions 明天见决定告诉
    If it should rain tomorrowwhat would we do明天万雨办
    If you should meet Georgetell him I want to see him见乔治告诉见
     
    [英语语法手册]虚拟语气 B
    if条件句结构
    笔语中条件句时连词werehadshould移语前句没werehadshould般样做:
    Should he cometell him to ring me up电话
    Were I in your positionI would go果处位
    Had they not helped usour experiment would have failed 果没帮助试验会失败
    [注]时虚拟条件条件句介词短语动词定式等表示:
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    英语语法手册
    without contradiction nothing would exist 没矛盾没世界
    We could not have done the work well without your help没帮助做工作
    It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace颐园游泳倒意
    All this would have been impossible ten years ago切十年前
     
    [英语语法手册]虚拟语气 C
    虚拟语气情态动词
    虚拟结构(句句)常情态动词式couldmightwou1d等加带to动词定式带to动词定式完成式作谓语动词情态动词表示虚拟结构外身独立意思:
    If I were youI Would go果愿意
    If he were herehe might agree with you假里会意
    I Would help you if I could 假够话定帮助
    If it had not been for their helpwe could not have succeeded 果没帮助成功
     
    [英语语法手册]虚拟语气 D
    时条件句中动作结果句中动作发生时间致
    时动词形式应根表示时间加调整:
    If he had followed the doctor's advicehe Would be quite all right now时听医生话现会痊愈(句说明句说明现)
    If I were youI Would have gone to the theatre假会话剧(句时间包括现句说明)
    If you hadn't helped meI couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now假没帮助时完成工作现干哩(句说
    明句说明现)
    直陈语气表示条件结果
    现代英语里直陈语气表示条件结果直陈语气条件结果表示事实事实性较虚拟语气:
    If it rains tomorrowwe shall not go out假明天雨话出
    The dog won't attack you if you sit still果安静坐着狗会咬
    If the train leaves at eight thirtythere is no time to lose 火车果八点半开抓紧时间
    If the rain stopsI'll go for a swim雨停游泳
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    英语语法手册
     
    [英语语法手册]虚拟语气 E
    省句句虚拟结构
    虚拟结构中句句时形式省略意义存
    1)省条件句虚拟结构:
    That would be fine太(省if you should do it类似条件)
    You might stay here forever永远呆里(省if you wanted协类似条件)
    I would not have done it会做件事(省if were you类似条件)
    [注]虚拟结构中省句时容易找出:
    Who would have thought of it 谁会想样呢
    2)省结果句虚拟结构(常表示愿):
    If he were here假里该啊
    If I had never married果未结婚
    种结构常if only开头:
    If only I could help you 假帮助该啊
    If only I were ten years younger年轻十岁该啊
    If you would only try harder努力试(only置would等助动词)
    [注]时if only表条件表愿:
    If only I had known earlierI'd have sent you a telegram知道早点会拍电报
     
    [英语语法手册]虚拟语气 F
    虚拟语气法
    虚拟语气语句中
    It is natural(necessarystrangeimportant) that类句型里that引导语句中谓语动词常should加动词原形:
    It is quite natural that he should think so样想然事
    It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us 真奇怪没通知走掉
    It is necessary that the question should be settled at once必须马解决问题
    It is important that we should speak politely 说话礼貌重
    It is imperative that we should practise criticism and selfcriti cism 应进行批评批评
    虚拟语气宾语句中
    列两种宾语句须虚拟语气:
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    英语语法手册
    1)动词wish宾语句(常常省连词that)表示实现愿句中动词式表示现事实相反(面第二例句)完成式表示事实相反(面第三四例句):
    I wish I were a pilot愿飞行员
    I wish I knew how to operate the machine会操作架机器该啊 ( I'm sorry I don't know)
    I wish he hadn't gone没走该( I'm sorry he has gone)
    We wish you had come to our New Year's party真希参加新年联欢会( but you did not)
    动词wish果式面宾语句动词虚拟语气形式变式完成式:
    She wished she knew how to play golf 愿会高尔夫球 (事实相反)
    I wished I hadn't been so forgetful Then I shouldn't have missed the concert样忘事该会听音乐会(事实相反)
    [注]时宾语句中wouldmight加动词原形表示实现愿:
    I wish hemight stay with me希住起
    He wishes I would go with him希起
    I wish you would be quiet希安静
    2)动词demand(求)suggest(建议)order (命令)insist(坚持)propose(建议)等面宾语句should(称)加动词原形表示虚拟语气:
    I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight建议晚开会
    The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question席提议讨问题
    Most students insist that they should have more English classes 数学坚持英语课
    [注]种结构should尤美国动词原形(称)面三例holddiscusshaveshould holdshould discussshould have:
    I suggest that we make a new expertinent建议进行新试验
    I propose that the matter be put the vote at once提议问题马付表决
    虚拟语气状语句中
    as ifas though引导状浯句表示较方式时句中谓语动词常虚拟语气动词形式动词式(bewere)had + 分词:
    My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child 母亲料孤孩子样
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    英语语法手册
    You speak as if you had really been there谈真里似
    注意面句中as if句作表语:
    It looks as if it might rain天雨似
    [注]连词lestin case引导状语句中谓语动词虚拟语气例见15331530
    虚拟语气定语句中
    It is time (that)…句型中定语句里谓语动词常虚拟浯气表示动词形式动词式:意思该干某件事时间已晚:
    It is time we left该走
    It is time we went to bed该睡觉:
    It is time we summed up our results该总结成绩
    虚拟语气简单句中
    面虚拟语气简单句中较常见两种情况皆表祝愿:
    1)动词原形1iveLong live…中:
    Long live the Communist Party of China 中国产万岁
    Long live the people 民万岁
    (1ive虚拟语气种动词形式改lives)
    2)May句子开头(正式文体中):
    May good luck be yours祝利
    May you be happy祝快乐
    May you do even better 祝取更成
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 A
    非限定动词
    种类意义特征
    1)非限定动词(verbal)动词定式动名词分词三种
    2)非限定动词限定动词基区
    a)限定动词句子中单独作谓语动词非限定动词句中单独作谓语动词
    b)限定动词形式语称数致非限定动词形式受语称数限制:
    He likes to sing
    喜欢唱歌
    They like to sing
    喜欢唱歌
    限定动词like受语称数限制形式语致第句likes第二句like非限定动词sing受种限制形式语改变
    The man walking in front was carrying a flag
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    英语语法手册
    走前面着面旗子
    The men walking in front were carrying flags
    走前面着旗子
    限定动词be受语称数限制形式须语致第句was第二句were非限定动词walking受语限制形式语改变
    3)非限定动词双重性
    a)非限定动词动词特征:
    (a)果非限定动词物动词须宾语
    (b)非限定动词状语修饰
    (c)非限定动词语态时态变化
    b)非限定动词非动词特征相名
    词形容词等句子里作词类作句子成分
    非限定动词双重性举例:
    He promised to do it tonight答应天晚做(非限定动词to do动词性质表现宾语状语tonight非动词性质表现作promised宾语)
    I am sorry to have disturbed you扰起(to have disturbed动词定式to disturb完成式说明非限定动词时态变化非限定动词动词性质)
    I saw many people spreading manure in the fields见许里施肥(非限定动词spreading现分词宾语manure状语 in the fields)
    There is no time to be lost必须抓紧时间(to be lost动词定式to lose动式说明非限定动词语态变化非限定动词动词性质)
    4)非限定动词短语带宾语状语非限定动词
    词组称非限定动词短语:
    I have no time to finish that long novel this week周没时间读完长篇说(定式短语)
    Forgetting the past means betrayal忘记意味着背叛(动名词短语)
    Members wishing to see the play are requested to notify Li Min be fore Saturday愿意戏会员请星期六前通知李敏
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 B
    动词定式
    意义形式特征
    1)基概念形式动词定式(infinitive)种非限定动词定式符号to加动词原形构成动词定式动词特征时名词形容词副词特征
    2)动词定式动词特征
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    英语语法手册
    a)果动词定式物须宾语:
    He wants to study Japanese想学日语(动词定式to study面宾语Japanese)
    b)动词定式状语修饰:
    The rain continued to fall heavily雨继续(动词定式to fall面状语heavily)
    动词定式加宾语状语构成动词定式短语二例中to study Japaneseto fall heavily
    3)动词定式非动词特征
    法动词定式具名词形容词副词特征句子中作语表语宾语定语状语
    1)语
    To lean out of the window is dangerous身子伸出窗外危险
    To talk with him is a great pleasure谈话件非常愉快事
    To die for the people is a glorious death 民死死犹荣
    动词定式短语作语时放谓语动词面句首引词作语法语述两句改:
    It is a great pleasure to talk with him
    It is a glorious death to die for the people
    注意常It is+形容词+动词定式短语样句型:
    It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study必须订学门课程计划
    It is not difficult to learn a foreign if you spend time and effort on it 花时间功夫学门外国语难
    It's just impossible to see that and not weep见种情景哭根(注意weep前省to免重复)
    2)表语
    Her wish is to become an astronaut愿成名宇航员
    Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks计划两周完成项工作
    His only desire was to be useful to the country唯愿做国家
    3)宾语物动词常动词定式作宾语动词want(想)wish(想)like(喜欢)decide(决定)help(帮助)pledge(保证)begin(开始)forget(忘记)learn(学)ask(求)等等动词定式般作介词宾语:
    He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area做山村教师
    Do you like to watch football matches 喜欢足球赛
    Learn to walk before you run先学走学跑
    We decided to make changes in our plan决定计划做修改
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    英语语法手册
    动词定式作某形容词宾语形容词通常ready(准备愿意)eager(急)anxious(急)等学方便包括able(够)sure(定)glad(高兴)sorry(难)afraid(怕)free(意)pleased(高兴)determined(决心)willing(愿意)等:
    He is sure to succeed肯定会成功
    How do you do I'm glad to meet you 见高兴
    The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate男孩子女孩子渴学会滑冰
    4)定语动词定式作定语时须放修饰名词代词:
    He is always the first one to get up总第起床
    I have a few words to say on this question关问题句话说
    They are discussing ways to guarantee high output正讨保证高产量办法
    After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghummillet and corn清明节正播种高梁谷子玉米时节
    5)状语动词定式作状语时般放修饰动词
    a)表示目
    He went to Beijing to study in 1988九八八年北京学
    He went to Paris to learn French巴黎学法文
    [注]强调动词定式表示目时动词定式变in order to ()so as to(便)加动词原形:
    We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears常听广播便加强听力训练
    In order to learn acupunctureshe practiced on herself every day学针灸天身试验(注意in order to放句首)
    We must have good soil so as to grow roses种玫瑰花土壤
    [注二]动词定式放句首表示目更加明显突出:
    To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods成教师定教学方法
    To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves保卫祖国必须强息
    [注三] 注意作句子独立成分惯语to begin with(首先)to conclude()to be sure(然)to tell you the truth(老实说)等
    b)表示结果
    My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter祖母活亲眼女出生
    A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed年回家里发现乡面貌改变
    [注] 时tooto(太…)结构表示结果办:
    He is too young to join the army太年轻参军
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    英语语法手册
    It was too coldto go out last night昨晚太冷法出
    [注二] 动词定式only连时常表示未预料结果:
    I went to see him only to find him out料出
    I hurried to the post officeonly to find it was closed匆忙赶邮局料已关门
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 C
    含动词定式复合宾语
    动词定式作复合宾语中宾浯补足语种复合宾语结构动词get(请)ask(请求)order(命令)persuade(说服)advise(劝告)like(喜欢)want(想)tell()know(知道)help(帮助)call on(号召请求)等等:
    He got someone to repair the door请修理门
    I persuaded my brother to change his mind说服弟弟改变意
    The doctor advised him to take a good rest夫劝休息
    某物动词复合宾语中动词定式须省掉too动词:make()let()see(见)
    watch()hear(听)have()feel(觉)等动词help定式to省掉保留:
    Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China古洋中
    He let me go home回家
    We must have someone repair the refrigerator必须修电冰箱
    I heard him speak in the next room听池隔壁房间里讲话
    Mother is helping pat (to) clean her shoes妈妈正帮蓓蒂刷鞋子
    [注]述句子变成动语态时动词定式to须保留
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 D
    动词定式否**构
    动词定式否**构定式符号to前加not成:
    He decided not to go home决定回家
    The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice教师警告学生薄冰滑冰
    I told him not to open the door开门
    疑问词 + 动词定式
    疑问代词whowhatwhich疑问副词whenwherehow等加动词定式构成种特殊动词定式短语句子中作语宾语表语等成分:
    When to start has not been decided时动身尚未决定(作语)
    They told her where to find her little brother告诉里找弟弟(作宾语)
    The teacher showed the students how to do the exercise老师教学生做练(作宾语)
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    英语语法手册
    He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation提高英语语音想(作介词宾语)
    动词定式复合结构for + 名词(代词宾格) + 动词定式
    种结构中for身意义名词(代词宾格)形式for宾语逻辑说动词定式语种定式复合结构句子里作列成分:
    1)语
    For us to learn foreign languages is important学外语说重
    句中for us逻辑to learn foreign languages语种结构作语时简单动词定式结构样般引词讧代表放句首for + 名词 (代词宾格) + 定式放句末:
    It is important for us to learn foreign languages
    It is necessary for us to learn from each other必须相互学
    2)表语
    It is for you to decide决定
    3)宾语
    Can you arrange for a car to take us there安排辆汽车送里
    4)定语
    There is a lo to work for us to do工作做
    5)状语
    The policeman blew his whistle for the carts to stop警察吹哨辆车停(作目状语)
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 E
    动词定式般式表示时间关系
    1)动词定式般式表示动作谓语动词表示动作时发生:
    I saw him go out见出(sawgo out两动作时发生)
    Would you help me put things in order before we leave离开前帮整理东西(would helpput时发生)
    2)情况动词定式般式表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作:
    I hope to see you again希见(to see动作发生hope)
    The boy said he wanted to be a scientist男孩说想做科学家(to bewanted)
    动词定式时态形式
    动词定式通常三种时态形式现write例:
    般式to write进行式to be writing
    完成式 to have written
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    英语语法手册
    动词定式完成式法
    动词定式完成式表示动作发生限定动词表示动作前:
    I am sorry to have kept you waiting起久等(to have kept发生am表示时间前)
    She seems to have read the book before书(to have read发生seems表示时间前)
    The battery appears to have run down组电池已完(to have run down发生appears表示时间前)
    面句子中动词定式表示动作没完成:
    We were to have met at ten约定十点钟见面(结果未见面)
    动词定式进行式法
    动词定式进行式表示动作正进行谓语动词表示动作时发生:
    He see ms to be recovering康复
    When he came inI happened to be lying on the bedreading 进时候碰巧正躺床书
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 E
    动词定式动语态
    动词定式两种动语态形式:
    般式to be written
    完成式to have been written
    例:
    The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth步做事土运走
    No harm seems to have been done似没造成损害
    分裂定式
    时定式符号to动词原形间插入副词种现象做分裂定式(split infinitive)插入动词定式副词惯定式动词连起:
    He likes to half close his eyes喜欢半闭着眼睛
    Our object is to further cement friendly relations between the two countries目进步加强两国间友关系
    At first he wasn't interested in bookkeepingbut later he began to actually like it起初会计工作没兴趣倒喜欢起
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 F
    动名词
    意义形式特征
    1)动名词(gerund)非限定动词种动词原形加词尾ing构成现分词形动名词动词名词特征
    2)动名词动词特征:
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    英语语法手册
    a)动名词宾语:
    I have finished repairing that machine修完台机器
    b)动名词状语修饰:
    They have started working in the appleorchard已开始苹果园里劳动
    动名词加宾语状语构成动名词短语两例中
    repairing that machineworking in the appleorchard
    3)动名词名词特征 句中作语宾语等:
    Getting up early is a good habit起早惯(动名词getting up作语)
    The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics外宾喜欢中国杂技(动名词seeing作宾语)
    法动名词作语表语宾语定语等
    1)作语:
    Seeing is believing百闻见
    Reading aloud is very important in learning English学英语朗读重
    Looking down on women is feudal ideology轻视妇女封建意识
    [注]面结构中引词讧作形式语意义语动名词放句末:
    It's no use over spilt milk牛奶翻哭没(作益悔没)
    It's no good talking about it谈
    2)作表语:
    Her job was looking after the pigs工作喂猪
    His hobby is collecting stamps爱集邮
    [注] 动名词作表语时进行时态相混淆试较:
    She was washing clothes (进行时)
    正洗衣服
    Her job was washing clothes (动名词)
    工作洗衣服
    3)作宾语:
    a)作直接宾语beginstartstopfinishlike等动词面:
    please stop talking请讲话
    You must practise reading English aloud应练朗读英语
    b)作介词宾语:
    My sister is fond of reading novels姐姐喜欢说
    We're tired of having the same kind of food everyday天天吃样饭菜感厌倦
    Instead of going to Zhongshan parkthey went to the ZOO没中山公园动物园
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    英语语法手册
    Mr Bush earns his living by teaching布什先生教书生
    He was punished for stealing偷盗受惩罚
    4)作定语:
    My father works in a printing shop父亲印刷厂工作
    Our school built a swimming pool last summer学校年夏天修建游泳池
    Our teacher uses a very good teaching method教师教学方法
    动名词否**构
    动名词否**构not加动名词组成:
    Trying without success is better than not trying at all试验没成功试验
    He Hated himself for not having worked hard悔恨没功
    动名词复合结构
    物代词名词格加动名词构成动名词复合结构动名词复合结构中物代词名词格逻辑语动名词逻辑谓语动词种结构句中作语宾语等:
    Your going there will help a lot里事情帮助
    (your going there作语)
    Please excuse my interrupting you请原谅断(my interrupting you作excuse宾语)
    Do you mind my smoking抽烟(my smoking作mind宾语)
    Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang's coming to see her刘娘高兴王(Wang's coming作介词about宾语)
    We are looking forward to the expert's coming to speak to us盼位专家作报告(the expert's coming作look forward to宾语)
    [注]口语中种结构中名词格通格代词物代词宾格面第二五两句改变:
    Please excuse me interrupting you
    Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang coming to see her
    面举例:
    His father agreed to him becoming an enginedriver父亲意做火车司机
    DO you remember me and my mother coming to see you记母亲
    Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them海潮月亮太阳吸引海水引起
    动名词时态
    1)动名词时态形式
    般式writing
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    英语语法手册
    完成式having written
    2)动名词般式动名词般式表示动作谓语动词表示动作时发生谓语动词表示动作:
    Children enjoy watching colour TV 童喜欢彩色电视
    (enjoywatching时)
    Would you mind opening the window and letting a little a air in请开窗子透透气 (openingletting发生mind)
    注意面两句中动名词表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作前:
    Do you remember cutting rice on the state farm 记国营农场割水稻事 (cutting发生remember前)
    I shall never forget seeing Lu Xun for the first time in 1932永远会忘记九三二年第次见鲁迅情景(seeing发生 forget前)
    3)动名词完成式动名词完成式表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作前
    I regret having been unable to write to you earlier抱歉未早点写信
    His leg showed no symptom of having been injured腿受伤
    We were overjoyed at the news of China haying launched another manmade satellite听中国发射颗造卫星时高兴
    动名词动语态
    动名词两种动语态形式:
    般式being written
    完成式having been written
    例:
    This picture shows a child being beaten by a Japanese soldier张片孩子遭日兵毒
    The meeting was put off without his having been consulted会议延期未商量
    动名词动词定式较
    结构两者点:动名词前介词名词(代词)格修饰定式前通常介词更名词(代词)格修饰动名词动词定式实际运中列点值注意:
    1)动名词表示动作意义较般抽象时间观念强指某次动作动词定式常表示某具体动作:
    The students like playing football学生喜欢踢足球(常性爱)
    Would you like to play football this afternoon天午愿意踢球(指次动作)
    2)动词定式表示动作逻辑语常常句子里名词代词动名词表示动作逻辑语句子里名词代词指般物:
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    英语语法手册
    She hates to trouble you愿意麻烦(to trouble逻辑语she)
    She hates smoking喜欢吸烟(smoking逻辑语定she)
    3)动词:stoprememberforget接动名词接动词定式意义试较:
    Stop talking讲话(talking宾语指停止讲话动作)
    Stop to think about it for a moment停想(to think目状语指停便想想)
    I remember seeing him记见(已见指动作)
    You must remember to post the letter忘寄封信(没寄指未动作)
    4)某物动词面动名词作直接宾语动词定式中常finish(作完结束)avoid(避免)enjoy(享受)mind(意反)insist on(坚持)object to(反)give up(放弃)practise (实践练)put off(延期)等:
    We all enjoy listening go Beethoven's symphonies喜欢听贝芬交响乐曲
    We should avoid making grammer mistakes in our exercises应练中避免犯语法错误
    The doctor says I must give up smoking医生说必须戒烟
    Would you mind repeating what you have just said重复刚说话
    5)某物动词动词定式作直接宾语常want(想)wish(希想)hope(希)agree(意)promise(允诺)mean(算)decide(决定)expect(期)manage(设法)pretend(假装)等:
    I hope to visit China again希访问中国
    I wish to take this opportunity to make up for the lessons I have missed想趁机会拉课补
    Teachers and students managed to set up a laboratory师生设法修建实验室
    6)某物动词动名词动词定式作直接宾语中常begin(开始)start(开始)continue(继续)like(喜欢)hate(恨)prefer(宁愿)等:
    When did you begin learning (to learn) typewriting什时候开始学字
    They continued working (to work) after the meal饭继续工作
    二者形式相动名词动词性质(时态语态变化宾语状语)没复数前面冠词名词化动名词(verbal noun)法般名词完全样:没动词性质单复数形式前面冠词试较:
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    英语语法手册
    She likes reading Jane Eyre喜欢读简·爱(动名词)
    The reading of The Dream of the Red Chamber took her about two weeks花差两周时间读完红楼梦(名词化动名词)
    They started cleaning their room at six六点钟开始扫房间(动名词)
    They gave the classroom a good cleaning教室扫(名词化动名词)
    reading阅读(作动名词名词化动名词)
    readings读物(名词化动名词)
    writing写作(作动名词名词化动名词)
    writings作品(名词化动名词)
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 G
    动名词现分词作定语时区
    动名词作定语时修饰名词逻辑没谓关系该名词动作现分词作定语时修饰名词逻辑谓关系该名词动作试较:
    reading materials阅读材料(reading动名词作定语逻辑materials决非reading语reading materials materials for reading)
    leading comrades领导志(1eading现分词作定语逻辑comradesleading语leading comrades comrades who lead)
    动名词作定语例子:
    a readingroom阅览室
    drinking water饮水
    a writing course门写作课
    a sleeping car卧车(火车中睡觉车厢)
    the gettingup bell起床铃
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词  H
    分词
    意义特征
    1)分词(participle)种非限定动词兼动词形容词特征
    2)分词宾语(仅限现分词)状语分词宾语状语起构成分词短语
    形式
    分词现分词分词两种现分词动词原形加词尾ing构成规动词分词动词原形加词尾ed构成规动词分词定规
    现分词分词区
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    英语语法手册
    现分词分词区表现语态时间关系
    1)语态:现分词表示动意思分词物动词变表示动意思试较:
    surprising感惊讶(动)
    surprised感惊讶(动惊讶)
    an exciting story令兴奋事(动)
    excited spectators激动观众(动引起激动)
    a moving film部感动影片
    A moved audience受感动观众
    A tiring journey累旅行
    A tired football player累足球运动员
    He told us many interesting things last night昨夜告诉许趣事情
    She is interested in astronomy天文学兴趣
    分词物动词变表示动作已完成没动意味:
    fallen leaves落叶
    the exploded bomb已爆炸炸弹
    a retired miner退休矿工
    returned students国留学生
    2)时间关系:般说现分词表示动作正进行分词表示动作已完成试较:
    the changing world正变化着世界
    the changed world已起变化世界
    boiling water正开水
    boiled water已煮开水(凉开水)
    developing countries发展中国家
    developed countries发达国家
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 I
    分词分词短语法
    1) 作定语作定语分词果单词般放修饰名词前:
    I'm reading a very interesting book读趣书
    He likes to drink cold boiled water 喜欢喝凉开水
    分词短语作定语时般皆放修饰名词面功相定语句:
    China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world中国发展中社会义国家属第三世界
    ( which belongs to the Third World)
    The man sitting it the corner is my brother坐角落里兄弟( who is sitting in the comer)
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    英语语法手册
    Most of the people invited to the party did not come邀请参加晚会数没( who were invited to the party)
    2)作表语
    The opera is very moving and instructive歌剧动教育意义
    The cups are broken杯子破
    He is married已结婚
    [注] 分词作表语时相形容词进行时态动语态中分词混淆起形式相似意义加辨试较:
    Lei Feng's spirit is inspiring the people all over the country 雷锋精神鼓舞着全国民(现进行时)
    His report is inspiring 报告令鼓舞(现分词作表语)
    The road was completed by the PLA men条路解放军战士修成(动语态)
    The road is completed条路已筑成(分词作表语)
    3)作状语分词意义作状语表示时间原方式伴情况等
    a)表示时间(意义相表示时间状语句):
    Looking out of the windowI saw groups of children passing by the house窗口出见成群孩子房子前面走( When I locked out of the window)
    Heatedthe metal expands种金属加热膨胀( When it is healed)
    Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary开抽屉出词典( He opened the drawer and took两动作接着)
    [注]果强调分词短语谓语动词表示时间关系分词短语前whenwhile等连词:
    While working in the factory ( While I was working in the factory)I learnt a lot from the workers工厂工作期间工里学东西
    When heatedthe metal expands种金属加热膨胀
    b)表示原(意义相表示原状语句):
    Feeling tired I telephoned and said I couldn't come to a hospital of Chinese medicine感
    累电话说( Since I felt tired)
    Thinking that Chinese medicine might helphe went to a hospital of Chinese medicine想中医许效家中医医院治病( As he thought that)
    Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder太形势鼓舞更加努力工作( Since they are inspired by)
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    英语语法手册
    c)表示方式伴情况结果(种法没相状语句代):
    He came running back to tell us the news跑着回告诉消息(方式)
    She stood there waiting for the bus站等公汽车(伴情况方式)
    The child fellstriking head against the door and cutting it孩摔跤头门碰破(结果)
    He went out slamming the door走出砰声门关(伴情况)
    The lichens came borne by storms衣暴风雨带(方式)
    分词否**构
    现分词否定式not加现分词构成:
    Not knowing what to doshe went to the teacher for help知道该办请老师帮助
    I left at noonnot staying for lunch中午走没留吃午饭
    分词表否定时常助un等前缀表示:
    The boy was left uncared for孩子
    含分词复合宾语
    分词作复合宾语中宾语补足语种复合宾语动词seewatchhearsetkeepfindhaveget等等:
    We saw them walking across the road见穿条马路
    We heard the children singing I Love Beijing's Tian An Men听见孩子唱爱北京天安门
    I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt发现乡全部改建
    haveget面复合宾语中宾语补足语分词表示动作完成:
    We must get the television set repaired必须电视机修(请修)
    I had my watch mended in town城里修表(修)
    If we have shortcomingswe are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized果缺点怕批评指出(请指出)
    have复合宾语中分词动作时定完成表验:
    He had his arm broken手臂折断(弄折弄折)
    [注]述句子结构变动语态时语宾语互换位置外分词动面第二例句变:
    They were seen walking across the road
    The children were heard singingI Love Beijing Tian An Men
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    英语语法手册
    [注二]现分词复合宾语中动词定式复合宾语中意义稍者指事情全程目仅仅说明发生件事前者指正继续动作部分目该动作时进行情景呈现读者前含义相进行时态:
    I saw him go upstairs见楼(见楼整程说明楼件事)
    I saw him going upstairs见走楼(见楼动作部分说明楼情景)
    I was working in the room all morning· I heard somebody All knock at the next door整午房间工作听见敲隔壁房间门(听见敲门整程)
    When I went back to the roomI heard her practicing singing in the next room回房间时听见隔壁房间练歌(听见部分回房间前已开始唱)
     
    [英语语法手册]非限定动词 J
    现分词时态
    分词没时态形式变化里讲现分词时态形式
    1)现分词时态形式
    般式writing
    完成式having written
    2)现分词般式表示动作谓语动词表示动作时发生谓语动词表示动作前发生:
    Working together with Dr Bethunewe learnt a lot from him
    白求恩夫起工作期间学东西
    (workingleamt时发生)
    Knowing that they were going abroad next week they began to make preparations知道星期出国开始作准备(knowing发生began前)
    He came up to mesayingGlad to see you again前说道高兴见(saying发生came)
    3)现分词完成式表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作前常常作状语表示时间原:
    Having done his homeworkthe schoolboy began to write his diary学生做完作业开始写日记(having done his homework发生began前表示时间)
    Not haying done it right I tried again没做试
    (not having done发生 tried前表示原)
    现分词动语态
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    英语语法手册
    般式being written
    完成式haring been written

    This is one of the many dams being built the river河修筑许水坝
    Being surroundedthe enemy troops were forced to surrender敌军包围迫投降
    Having been asked to stayI couldn't very well leave家请留离开
    独立结构(absolute construction)
    分词短语表示动作逻辑语种语皆句中找:
    The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher站边年轻妇女新英语老师(分词短语standing over there逻辑语 the young woman)
    Having finished his workhe went out to play volleyball做完工作出排球(having finished his work逻辑语he)时分词短语独立语种语常常名词代词(格)放分词短语前种结构做独立结构独立结构常作状语书面语中:
    The dark clouds having dispersedthe sun shone again乌云已散太阳普(时间状语)
    We shall thresh the wheatweather permitting天气话麦(条件状语)
    Their room was on the first floorits broad window overlooking the park房间二层楼房间里宽窗户俯视着公园(伴情况状语the first floor英国指第二层楼美国指第层余类推)
    We redoubled our effortseach man working like two加倍努力工作干两活(方式)
    Almost all metals are good conductorssilver being the best of all金属良导体银导体(伴情况)
    The meeting overwe all left the room会议结束离开房间(时间状语注意over前省being)
    This donewe went home做完事回家(时间状语)
    She gazedher hands clasped to her breast双手*胸前凝视着
    [注]分词短语独立存句中没逻辑语已变成惯语必须熟记:
    Generally speakingthis book is not very difficult总说书难
    Judging from what you sayhe has done a very good job话工作做错
    第1页
     
    英语语法手册
    Considering that he has been in china for only a yearhe speaks Chinese well考虑中国年中国话讲错
    类似惯语尚talking of (谈起)speaking of (谈)等引导分词短语
    [注二]英语里种较口语化with + 名词代词宾格 + 分词 (形容词介词短语)结构作状语表示伴情况:
    He fell asleep with the lamp burning 没熄灯睡着
    She gazed with her hands clasped to her breast双手*胸前凝视着
    述结构中分词形容词介词短语代:
    He sleeps with the windows open even in winter冬天开着窗户睡觉
    A girl carte in with a book in her hand位姑娘手里着书走进(笔语中说:A girl came inbook in hand)


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