英语专四复习大纲


    英语专四复纲
    III 完型填空(Part III Cloze)  
    1 测试求
    (a )全面理解短文容基础选择佳答案短文意思结构恢复完整
    (b)考试时间15分钟
    2测试形式 部分采项选择题篇约250单词 题材熟练难度中等短文中留出20空白空白题题四选项填空词涉语法词汇  
    3测试目 测试学生综合语言知识力
    IV语法词汇 (Part IV Grammar and Vocabulary)  
    1 测试求 (
    a) 掌握运<<纲>>规定四级语法容
    (b) 掌握<<纲>>规定基础阶段认知词汇(55006000)正确 熟练运中 30004000单词基搭配
    (c) 考试时间15分钟 
    2测试形式 部分采项选择题30道题题四选项题目中约50词汇词组短语法题余语法结构题  
    3测试目 测试学生掌握词汇短语基语法概念熟练程度  
    语法考查项目
    1 句引导词
    2 非谓语动词
    3 虚拟语气
    4 情态动词
    5 动词时态语态
    6 限定词(定代词)
    7 倒装
    8 谓致
    9 句子结构
    词汇考查形式
    1 单词辨析 1)形词辨析
               2)义词辨析
    2 短语辨析 
    3 词汇搭配 
    4 词法
    完形填空应试策略
    完形填空单选相处:①词汇知识
    ②语法知识
    完形填空单选处:
    ①篇章→文确定答案非单句确定
    ②篇章→逻辑关系→承接词  a句句间
    b段段间
    c意群意群间
    篇章作→词汇群→1词汇复现①原词复现
    ②义义词复现
    ③反义词复现
    ④源词复现
    ⑤义词复现:概述词
      义词复现:分述词
                       2 场现
                       3 修饰现
                       4 果现
                       5 结构现
    注意词汇知识运
       完形填空中词考查实词名词形容词动词副词等中相部分词汇题中选项间联系类题求考生应文语义入手根选项单词意思结构进行选择
    二 运篇章知识
       完整语篇篇容充实结构合理行文流畅短文赖词汇语法更篇章技巧作者助篇章技巧成文考生复现作者语言时样助篇章技巧完形填空毕竟单项选择作意思连贯结构完整语篇中篇章技巧完形填空解题中关重手段
    1运词汇复现技巧
    复现原词复现义词复现反义词复现概括词复现等完形
    填空中考生利文复现信息确定正确表达方式
    2 运词汇现技巧
      现指意义相互联系单词时出现语篇中语篇话题求相联词汇单词意义差语域适应文保证语篇谐性体性必话题中心解相关单词组成词汇链
    三 逻辑关系
       完整语篇应该符合逻辑文章逻辑关系取转承语正确转承语保证文章连贯谐保证文章逻辑效手段作者利转承语保证文章逻辑考生做完形填空时通文理解找适逻辑关系然选择正确转承语必掌握转承语法
    完形填空目阅读根阅读掌握信息恢复写作原貌转承语说求考生根文章语义发展逻辑关系确定适词语
    转承语连词连词般句子层面东西求考生理解句中句间语义联系转承语求考生掌握语篇层面东西考生需根语篇文逻辑关系确定适表达发方式转承语选择考生仔细阅读文章文容整体握
    四 根文章类型结构解答完形填空
       完形填空说明文议文说明文议文般采分类较果例证等方式谋篇正确握文章结构类型助文章理解助完形填空解答完形填空务正确理解短文基础现作者语言表达方式考生应注意加强文章谋篇布局分析
    段落类型知识仅利短文理解帮助考生掌握文章语义发展逻辑掌握文章细节容考生根段落类型提供信息确定完形填空选项
    1 根段落类型确定适转承语
    2 根段落类型寻找复现现信息
    3 段落类型入手握文章容
      完形填空首先阅读理解果考生解段落结构模式掌握文章具体容十分帮助
     
    总结:完形填空力提高语言知识词汇知识句法知识语法知识篇章结构知识基础时词汇学中应注意话题中心培养词汇现意识外进行阅读时注意分析类文章叙事逻辑时加强写作训练语言力发展综合力发展程听说读写项偏废
     
    语法知识
    虚拟语气Subjunctive mood  
    虚拟语气表示说话观愿假设怀疑推测等
    ()虚拟语气简单句中法
    1 虚拟语气口语中语气显较客气委婉通常谓语should would could might加动词原形构成
    1)陈述法
    I should like to have a talk with you
    I would like to say a few words about it
    2)提出请求邀请
    Would you mind opening the door
    Could you come and see me tomorrow
    3)提出建议劝告
    You might as well tell me the truth
    You’d like some coffee wouldn’t you
    4)提出问题
    What would you advise me to do
    Could you tell me your telephone number
    2 虚拟语气简单句中表示祝愿诅咒禁止命令等
    1)动词原形
    Long live the Communist Party of China 中国产万岁
    God bless you 愿帝保佑
    God damn you 该死
    Heaven forbid 天容
    Somebody fetch a basin of water 谁盆水
    Everybody come in 家
    2)may句首动词原形
    May you be happy
    May you succeed
    (二)虚拟语气if条件状语句中法
    1现情况假设现事实相反
    句情态v+ v原形   
    句v式(be→were)
    2情况假设  事实相反   
    句情态v+ have done(v现完成式)     
    句had done (v完成式)
    3情况假设太实现情况
    句情态v+ v原形  
    句①v式(be→were)
          ②should + v原形
          ③were to + v原形
    虚拟语气中常情态动词:would should might could
    Eg  If they had time they would study Russian too
         If I were you I should go and see the doctor at once
    I could have met her if I had come a few minutes earlier
    If she hadn’t got up late she wouldn’t have been late for school
    If it rained tomorrow the sports meet would be put off
    If it should rain tomorrow the sports meet would be put off
    If it were to rain tomorrow the sports meet would be put off
    ① 省if
    书面语正式文体中句中were should had
    省ifwere should had放提语前
    Eg   If it were not for their support we would be in a very difficult position
    →Were it not for their support we would be in a very difficult position
    If I had left a little earlier I would have caught the train
    →Had I left a little earlier I would have caught the train
    If it should rain tomorrow what would we do
    →Should it rain tomorrow what would we do
    ② 错综时间
      时候条件句表示动作句表示动作发生时间致(发生现发生)种句子称错综时间条件句(Conditional Sentence of Mixed Time)时句中谓语动词形式应时间变化
    Eg  If you had seen the doctor in good time you would be quite all right now
        If we hadn’t repaired the roof last summer the living room would be wet now
    (三)wish宾语句
    wish宾语句中表示实现愿
    句通常I wish 句列形式:
    1现事实相反目前未实现愿
    句v式(be→were)
    2事实相反未实现愿     
    句 ①had done(v完成式)
           ②情态v+ have done(动词完成式)
    3太实现愿      
    句情态v + v原形
    注:①果wish改wishedthat句动词形式变
    ②动词hopethat句陈述语气虚拟语气
    Eg   I wish I were young again
    Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and a different planet
    I wish you had told me sooner
    I wish you would have called yesterday
    I wish they would tell us the truth
    (四)特殊v宾语句中
       特殊v表示命令建议求请求坚持等意义动词宾语句中动词形式:(should) + v原形
          动词常见:ask require request suggest propose order advocate agree command demand direct insist advise prefer second urge move recommend permit allow intend desire beg forbid decide arrange etc
      Eg  He suggested that we should start at once
           Would you prefer that I ___ with you
           A am going to fishing        B will go fishing
           C would go fishing          D go fishing
    We desire that the tour leader ____ us immediately of any change in plans
    A inform         B informs    
    C informed       D had informed
    1 述动词名词位语句表语句中求相形式虚拟语气
       advice agreement requirement request suggestion proposal order demand insistence preference second urge motion recommendation permission intention desire etc
    Eg  His suggestion was that we should start at once
       The order soon came that all civilians should evacuate the village
       We knew his insistence that he do the work himself
    I second Mr Green’s motion that the meeting be put off until next week
    2述动词形容词that语句求相形式虚拟语气
    advisable desirable preferable urgent …
    It is advisable that you (should) go to see a doctor
    It is desirable that you (should) speak the language fluently
    3 述动词动式引出语句中求相形式虚拟语气
       It is decided that…
       It is arranged that…
    Eg  It is recommended that the project ____ until all the preparations have been made
        A not be started     B will not be started
        C is not started      D is not to be started
    (五)as ifas though引导方式状语句中
    真实方式状:He looks as if he is young (He is really young)
    虚拟方式状:
    1现事实相反
    句—v式(be三称waswere通常were较)
    2事实相反
    句—v完成式(had done)
    3事实相反太发生
    句情态v (might) + v 原形
    Eg  He talks as if he were a scholar  (In fact he is not a scholar)
         He speaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes (Actually he didn’t see it at all)
    It looks as if it might rain
    (六)lest for fear that in case (惟恐免防)引导目状语句中
    句中谓语动词should + v 原形
    lest 引导目状中should 常省略
    in case 引导目状语句真实虚拟两种真实条件句中虚拟语气例:Take an umbrella in case it rains
    Eg  I’ll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me
         He jotted the name down for fear that he should forget it
         Here’s some money in case you should need it
         He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain
        I had to restrain him lest he should give us away(约束暴露)
    He put his coat over the child for fear that lest he should catch cold
    He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy’s hands
    I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind
    (七)whatever whoever no matter what类代词副词(词组)引起步状语句中句谓语动词
    may加动词原形构成
    Whatever defects he may have he is an honest man
    I won’t let you in whoever you may be
    No matter what you may say I am determined to do what I think is right
    Come what may we will go ahead
    时果指动作may面动词完成式
    The party was a success however inadequate the preparations may have been
    You mustn’t be proud however much you may have achieved
    (八)It is + adjn + that…等结构语句中
    句谓语动词should 加动词原形should 省略(果动作发生should 加动词完成式)里形容词表示重性必性性命令请求建议等
    常见词:important essential vital necessary imperative natural strange proper advisable desirable preferable urgent incredible it is a pity it is a shame it is no wonder …
    It is imperative that we should practice criticism and selfcriticism
    It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible
    It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project
    It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings
    It seems incredible that he should have finished the work so soon
    It is quite natural that such fears should arise
    It is a great pity that he should be so conceited()
    (九)特殊句型
    1 It is + (highveryabout) time + that 句句中谓语动词式
    It’s about time that class began
    It’s high time they were taught a lesson
    2 S + would sooner would just as soon would rather had rather + that 句
    ①句中谓语动词式
    I would rather you came tomorrowyou didn’t do that
    ②句中虚拟语气形式wishthat句相
    (注意:would rather句中式表示现情况虚拟语气)
    I’d rather (that) he had been here yesterday
    I’d rather he were here now
    I’d rather he would be here tomorrow
    I’d rather you came next weekend
    I would (just) as soon that he had not spoken rudely to me
    3 表示惊奇喜悦怀疑满等意义形容词状语句中句中谓语动词should加动词原形完成式
    I am sorry we were surprised they were disappointed …
    I’m sorry that he should say so
    I’m surprised that I should be accorded such a hearty welcome
    (十)词短语引导虚拟语气
    1 If only + 句 
    1      现事实相反
    句—v式(be were)
    2      事实相反
    句—v完成式
    3      事实相反太实现
    句情态v + v原形
    Eg  If only I had a million dollarsI were a millionaire
         If only I hadn’t lost itI had studied computer at college
        If only I would go abroad
    2 But for + n (短语)without + n (短语)结构中句虚拟语气
    ①现事实相反句谓语动词情态v + v 原形
    ②事实相反句谓语动词情态v + v 现完成式(have done)
    but forif it were not for if it had not been for
    but thatbut for the fact that…
    but for面接名词but that面接句二者均表示没…
    意思
    Eg  Without air there would be no life at all
        But for your help we couldn’t have finished the task on time
        But that I saw it I could not have believed it
        She would have fallen but that I caught her
    3 事实陈述句 + orotherwiseor else +虚拟句
    ①现事实相反句谓语动词情态v + v 原形
    ②事实相反句谓语动词情态v + v 现完成式(have done)
    Eg  I was ill that day Otherwise I would have taken part in the parade
    二非谓语动词
    非谓语动词非动词特征动词特征
    非动词特征:
    定式—具n adj adv 特征句中担谓语外成分
    动名词—具n 特征句中作语宾语定语表语
    分词—具adj adv 特征句中作语表语宾补状语
    动词特征:语态部分时态变化宾语状语宾语状语起构成短语逻辑语
    区:动名词—名词惯性动作
    定式—次性动作
    分词:现分词—动作正进行表动
                分词—动作已完成表动
    ()定式
    1 形式:  to + v原形
      否定式:not to do
    动形式:般式—to do
              进行式—to be doing
              完成式—to have done
              完成进行式—to have been doing
    动形式:般式—to be done
              完成式—to have been done
    1)般式:定式表示动作谓语动词表示动作时发生者
    谓语动词表示饿动作发生
    I’m glad to see you(时发生)
    They invited us to come to a party(定式动作发生)
    2)完成式:定式表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作前
    I’m glad to have seen your mother
    I’m glad that I have your mother
    The enemy was reported to have surrendered
    It was reported that the enemy had surrendered
    3)进行式:谓语动词表示动作发生时定式表示动作正进行
    They are said to be building another bridge over the river
    It is said that they are building another bridge over the river
    4)完成进行式:谓语动词表示动作发生前定式表示动作直进行
    They are said to have been collecting folk songs there
    It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there
    ⊙关定式时态考试中测试般式进行式完成式区
    数试题正确答案设置完成式更理解掌握
    语法测试点研读较列句子
    They expected their son to do well in the examination
    They expected their son to be doing well during the examination
    They expected their son to have done well in the examination
    2 定式作
    ①作语
    Eg  To master a foreign language is not easy
        →It’s not easy to master a foreign language
    It’s the greatest happiness of life to love and to be loved
    注:定式(短语)作语通常转化成It + iswas + adjn + 定式(短语)
      中it 形式语(form subject)真正语面定式(短语)
    ②作表语
    Eg  Her wish is to be a teacher
         She seems to be happy
    ③作宾语
    Eg  He loved to listen to music
    I find it difficult to speak English fluently
    列物动词求定式作宾语:
    afford agree aim appear arrange ask care choose decide desire demand determine help hope intend learn manage mean offer plan pretend promise refuse seem strive tend wish …
    ④作定语
    Eg  He is the best man to consult with
    There is a lot of work to do
    注:定式通常作置定语vi加介词
    ⑤作状语
    a目状语
    Eg  I started early so as to in order to get there before dark
        so as to in order to 定式强调形式
    so as to句中
    in order to 句中句首
    否定形式:not to do
              so as not to do
              in order not to do
    b原状语
    Eg  We are proud to be members of this team
         We jumped with joy to hear of the good news
    c结果状语
    Eg  He is too young to go to school
    He is old enough to go to school
    I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left
    He behaved so foolishly as to make me think that he is out of his senses
    His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy
    so as to such as to
    so …as tosuch …as to
    sosuch 区:so + adj
                 such + n
    sosuch排序:so + adj + aan + n
    such + aan + adj + n
    Eg  Hers is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy
    Hers is so sad a story as to arouse our sympathy
    Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy
    ⑥作补语
    a宾补
    Eg  China expects everyone to do his duty
    I could make them understand me
    补:求定式作宾补动词:ask tell want expect invite allow forbid force oblige urge advise persuade…sb to do sth
    求省to定式作宾补动词:makehavelet sb do sth
    help sb to do sth 语直接参动作
    help sb do sth   语直接参动作
    Eg  This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily
         They always help me do my homework
    b补
    Eg  We were made to pay the money
    A man was seen to enter the house
    注:动语态转换
    S make sb do sth→sb be made to do sth
    S saw a man enter the house→A man was seen to enter the house
    S saw a man entering the house→A man was seen entering the house
    3 结构考点
    ①否定式
    You must promise never to do that again
    ② 疑问词+定式(作语宾语宾补表语)
    介词+疑问词+定式(作状语)
    Eg   Where to stay has not been decided yet(语)
      She doesn’t know what to do(动词宾语)
          He had no idea of how to do(介词宾语)
    I ask him where to get this book(宾语补足语)
      The question is which to choose(表语)
    I want a room with big windows through which to see the sea(状语)
    ③复合结构:for sb to do sth
    It is + adjn + forof sb to do sth
    (形容词表示性格特征行表现形容词时介词ofkind wrong polite wise…)
    Eg  The book is too difficult for the students to read
    There is no need for her to come
    It’s difficult for us to learn English well
    It’s kind of you to help me with my English
    ④独立结构:作插入语表示说话法or态度
    Eg  To be frank (with you) I don’t care much for your project
         They are so to speak grown up boys(说)
         He is not a bad man to be sure(固然)
         to be honest with you
         to tell you the truth
    ⑤分离定式:tov原形间插入adv
    Eg  She prepared to silently accompany him
    4 省略定式符号to情况(省to定式动词原形)
    ①had betterhad best (not) do
    would ratherwould sooner do sth than do sth
    would just as soon do sth as do…(宁愿…愿 …)
    may might (just) as well do…(……妨…)
    can not but do…()
    Eg  I would just as soon stay as go with him
    We may as well begin at once
    You may as well tell the truth
    We might just as well stay at home
    I can not but admire his courage
    ②感官动词役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补
    make have let + sbsth + do
    常见感官动词:see hear watch notice observe listen to look at feel etc
    [注:makehave + sbsth + done]
    ③连词(than as)介词(except but)前do某种形式省to反省
    Eg  He did not so much as say he was sorry
    I did no more than make a beginning
    I have no choice but to accept the fact
    I did nothing butexcept repair the farmtools
    My dog does everything except speak
    ④作表语定式语中do某种形式省to省
    Eg  All I did was (to) hit him on the head
    The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again
    The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again
    What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth
    (二)动名词
    1 形式:ving
      否定形式:not ving
    动形式:般式 ving
              完成式 having done
    动形式:般式 being done
              完成式 having been done
    复合结构:one’s doing
    2 作
    ①作语
    Eg  Seeing is believing
    There is no denying this
    It’s no usegooduseless crying over the spilt milk
    ②作表语
    Eg  His hobby is collecting stamps
    ③作宾语
    动词宾语 I have finished reading the book
    介词宾语 She is very fond of dancing
    ④宾补
    He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul
    Do you find staying here interesting→
    Do you find it interesting staying here
    动名词作宾补常转换成:
    vt(谓语) + it(形式宾语) + ving(动名词短语真正宾语)
    ⑤定语
    动名词作定语说明物性or途
    现分词作定语表明动作进行谓关系
    Eg  sleeping pills
         a sleeping child
    3 结构考点:否定式复合结构
    ①否定式 not ving
    ②复合结构 名词格物代词+动名词(作语宾语)
                名词通格代词宾格+动名词(非正式文体语中)
    Eg  It’s no use buying books but not reading them
         HisHim going there won’t help much
         John’sJohn coming here will get us out of trouble
         I don’t remember hishim giving me back that dictionary
         I don’t remember my wife’swife complaining about prices
    I heard of Miss Mary’sMary coming back
    附录:
    1动词需接动名词作宾语:anticipate appreciate involve remember forget forgive forbid imagine keep mind regret avoid consider discuss encourage finish like love resist delay admitrisk resume suggest advise allow permit deny dislike favor fancy endure enjoy escape excuse leave off overlook miss pardon postpone practice put off prevent prohibit quit recommend require resent recall tolerate understand stop …
    approach to doing be busy doing object to doing feel like doing can’t help doing prefer doing A to doing B…
    2介词形容词需接动名词作宾语:
    approach to doing on the point of doing busy doing object to doing feel like doing there is (no) point in doing…
    3 句式求动名词作宾语
      It’s no usegood doing…
      It’s useless doing…
    ⊙there to bethere being作介词宾语时区
    there to bethere beingthere be非谓语形式作介词宾语二者作介词宾语时唯区:果介词for面接there to be果介词面接there being
    It was unusual for there to be so few people in the street
    John was relying on there being another opportunity
    (三) 分词
    1形式  
    ①现分词
    般式:ving                       
    否定式   not ving                 
    动般式: doing
    动完成式: having done
    动般式: being done               
    动完成式: having been done
    ②分词
    般式 ved
    否定式 not ved
    动般式 veddone
    ③独立(格)结构     (with) + npron + 分词
    2作
    ①作表语
    My pencil was broken       (分词作表语→语状态)
    Her speech was quite stirring (现分词作表语→语性质)
    ②作定语
    A lost opportunity never returns
    The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary
    The material used is cement
    注分词(短语)作定语转化成定语句
    ③作状语分词(短语)作状语逻辑语必须句子语致
    a时间状语
    (When) Seeing the professor the students smiled and said good morning to him
    (When) Seen from the hill the city looks beautiful
    b原状语
    Being ill he stayed at home
    Convinced of the accuracy of the data I stuck to my opinion
    c条件状语
    Working hard you’ll succeed
    United we stand divided we fall
    d步状语
    Working very hard he did not feel a little tired
    Though beaten by the opposite team the players did not lose confidence (连词though→加强语气)
    e结果状语
    A letter has just come relieving her from anxiety
    New machines were installed thusthereby resulting in an increase in production
    (thusthereby→加强语气)          
    f方式状语
    Traveling by car the students visited many places
    Armed with MarxismLeninism the Party solved the problems one after another
    g伴状语
    The teacher followed by some students went onto the classroom
    They stayed at home all day giving the house a thorough cleaning
    ④补语
    a宾补 I am sorry I have kept you waiting
    I have my hair cut once a month
    (谓语v役v感官v)
    b补 She was seen going up stairs
         The work was left half done
    3结构考点
    ①分词短语作状语(逻辑语必须句子语致)
    Having worked for an hour he didn’t feel tired yet
    (现分词working现完成式)
    Having been questioned for an hour he admitted having stolen the money
    (分词questioned现完成动式)
    (having stolen动名词现完成式)
    ⊙现分词分词作状语时区
      般说现分词分词作句子状语时区:
    现分词表示动意思分词表示动意思
    Please fill in this form giving your name address etc
    He stood there surrounded by his three daughters
    ⊙分词作状语时时态
    1)般式:分词表示动作谓语动词表示动作时 
    时发生
    Seeing nobody at home she decided to leave a note
    As she saw nobody at home she decided to leave a note
    2)完成式:分词表示动作发生谓语动词表示动作前
    Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden
    After we had cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden
    ⊙ when while + 分词结构
      果谓语动词表示动作发生分词表示动作程中分词前面通常需加连词whenwhile样分词结构放句子前面放句子面
    Be careful when crossing the street
    Be careful when you are crossing the street
    While discussing the matter many people got very excited
    While they were discussing the matter many people got …
    ②分词独立格结构
    分词(短语)作状语时现分词分词般式完成式逻辑语必须句子语保持致否分词前必需语独立格说独立格结构分词作状语种特殊形式
    独立格结构特点:
    1)      独立格结构逻辑语句子语独立存
    2)      名词代词面分词形容词副词定式介词短语等谓关系
    3)      独立格结构般逗号句分开
    常考两种结构
    1) npron +(现)分词(短语)→作时间原条件方式伴状语
    2) with + npron + ① (现)分词(短语)→作时间原方式条件状语
    ②adj(短语)→作伴状语
                        ③prep phr →作伴状语
    注 2)常称with独立格结构
    解题关键分词v变化形式先分析句子否谓语考虑分词作状语果分词(短语)逻辑语句子语致考虑分词独立格结构作状语然动关系确定现分词分词考虑时态语态
    1      Being very poor in those days my father couldn’t send me to
    school(分词短语作状语)
    Because my father was very poor in those days he couldn’t send …
    2      Not having received an answer he decided to write another letter
    to her(分词短语作状语)
    Because he hadn’t received an answer he decided to write …
    3      Weather permitting we’ll have an outing tomorrow(独立结构作状语)
    If weather permits we’ll have an outgoing tomorrow
    4      All things considered her paper is of greater value than yours
    (独立结构作状语)
    If all things are considered her paper is of greater value …
    时状 Class being over the students went home
         Her supper finished she went out for a walk
    原状 Her mother having fallen ill she had to do the housework
    His leg badly hurt he had to be sent to hospital
    条状 We shall have an outgoing tomorrow weather permitting
    More time given he would be able to do better
    方状 She related her adventure in Australia her eyes sparkling with joy
    Her eyes fixed on the fire she did some serious thinking
    伴状 She came home greatly pleased her daughter running forward to meet her
         The undercarriage pulled up the plane flew out of sight
    With独立格结构例句
    With the question being settled we went home
    The boy can’t do his homework with his sister singing in the room
    With her well taken care of I left very relieved
    With Mr Smith taking the lead they decided to set up a joint enterprise
    With both arms outstretched she met her son running towards her
    My room was on the second floor with its broad window overlooking the square

    The boy lay in bed with his leg injured
    He went out with the window open
    She went away with a book in her hand
    三动词时态语态
    I 时态
    时态考查项目
    1 完成时
    2 现完成进行时
    3 完成时
    4 般现时(表示客观事实科学真理)
    答题  句中时间状语
    句谓语动词先关系
    语境
    时态呼应 (the sequence of tenses)
       时态呼应指句中谓语动词时态受句中谓语动词时态影响须采定时态达两者逻辑关系致
    ()句谓语动词时态现时时
    句谓语动词根实际情况种时态
    She says  she is a college student
             she was a college student
             she will be a college student
    Has he told you when he is to leave for Beijing
    Will you tell me when you finished the work
    (二)句谓语动词时态
    1 句谓语动词动作句谓语动词动作时发生
       句般时进行时
    She told me she was a teacher
    He said he was studying English
    2 句谓语动词动作发生句谓语动词动作前句完成时完成进行时
    She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly
    out of carelessness
    Betty said that she had been waiting for my call
    3 句谓语动词动作发生句谓语动词动作句时进行时完成时
    He said that he would come back the next day
    She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train
    He told them that he would have finished by six o’clock
    4 句谓语动词动作发生句谓语动词动作前句中表示某具体时间状语句般时
    He told me that he was born in 1959
    My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917
    5
    句说明客观事实科学真理现然成立句般现时
    Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun
    (三)句动作时时间状语句条件状语句中句谓语动词般现时代时句般时
    I will be a teacher when I grow up
    What shall we do if it snows
    II语态
    语态 动语态动语态
    ()动语态考查项目 (1) 动语态进行式
                     (2) 动语态完成式
                     (3) 定式动式
    需注意 动变动加to
    (二) 具动意义动结构(该动语态情况)
    1 语+谓语+宾语+分词(作宾补)结构中
       谓语动词役动词感官动词
    Eg  I had the machine repaired
    I didn’t hear my name called
    2 系表结构中
    Eg  The flowers smell sweet
    The food tastes nice
    3 语+vi + (adjadv)结构中
      vi open shut sell wear blow work move lock cook wash clean read write draw make burn eat blame photograph etc
    Eg  The goods sells well
         The door blew open
         The door can’t shutlock
         This material has worn thin
         The food is ready to eat
         This kind of rice cooks quickly
         She doesn’t photograph well
         Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal
         The mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass
    4  sth wantneed to be done       sb want (sb) to do
       sth wantneed doing
       sth require doing
       sth be worth doing be worthy to be done
                         be worthy of sth
                         be worthy of doing
    Eg  The house needswants repairing
         The book is worth reading
    四谓致
    谓致:谓语动词称数语致
    ()谓致**
    1 语法致原 单→单谓
    复→复谓
    2 意义致原  (1) 单形→复谓
    Eg  The volleyball team are playing magnificently   
        The old are respected in China
    (2)复形→单谓
    Eg  This works was built in 1982
    Economics was taught by Prof Li
    Is the United States a big country
    (3)词作语时单v时复v
    Eg  All possible means have been adopted
    Every means has been tried
    3 吸引原
    ①邻原 Neither…nor…
                  Either… or…
    …or…
                  Not only…but also…
                 There be 句型
                 Here引导句子
    Eg Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you
         Here are some pieces of paper and a pen for you
    ②第语致
    语 (together) with…
             along with…
    as well as…
    likeunlike…
    butexcept…
    rather than…
    as much as…
    no less than…
    besides…
    including…
    in addition to…
    …not…
    等引导短语时谓语动词单复数语单复数定第语致
    Eg  An iron and steel works with some satellite factories is to be built here
         An expert together with some assistants was sent to help in this work
          The room with its furniture was rented
          The teacher as well as the students was excited
          I as well as you am a football fan
    He no less than you is my friend
    I rather than him am to blame
    I not you am wrong
    You not I are wrong
    No one except my parents knows anything about it
    (二)单数谓语动词情况
    1 eacheitherneither复合定代词做语
    Eg Is there anything in the box
    Neither is good
    2 整体数目时间价值重量…等复数n做语
    Eg  Twenty minutes is not enough
    Three feet is a yard
    Fifteen dollars is the price
    999 is a large number
    3 数名词动名词定式句做语
    (what句根句义定)
    What he said is correct
    What he left me are but a few old books
    4 单数名词+ and +单数名词结构表示种概念事物
      确定结构表示种概念事物
    第二名词前冠词 第名词前没冠词
    Eg  The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof
    A knife and fork was placed before every guest
    The poet and writer is one of my friends
    Butter and bread is usually eaten with smoked salmon
    Truth and honesty is the best policy
    The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor
    To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness
    Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit
    5 形复单义词做语
      headquarters works news ics结尾学科名词国名运动项目
    politics mathematics physics
    the United Nations the United States
    Eg  The news was very exciting
    Their headquarters is at the foot of the mountain
    6 eachevery修饰名词做语
    eachevery +单数数名词+eachevery+单数数名词结构做语
    Eg  Every hour and every minute is important
    Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future
    Every man woman and child is an important being
    7 more than one +单数数名词结构
    many a +单数数名词结构做语
    more +复数名词+than one结构 many +复数名词结构中谓语动词复数形式
    Eg  More than one question was asked
         More members than one are against your plan
    Many a student likes popular songs
    Many students like popular songs
    8 名词格名词省略种情况般指商店工厂住宅做语时动词般单数the baker’s the barbar’s the carpenter’s the Zhang’s …
    Eg The doctor’s is on the side of the street
        My uncle’s is not far from here
    注:表示店铺名词般作集体名词作语时谓语动词复数
    Eg Richardson’s have a lot of imported goods to sells
    9      a series of a species of + n结构作语时谓语动词单数
    注意:series species 单复数形式相果series species前atwo类表示复数词谓语动词复数
    Eg  A series of actions is repeated over and over again
         There are two series of experiments chemical and physical
    (三)复数谓语动词情况
    1 and 连接两名词做语 (表示概念事物时两名词前冠词限定词)
    both…and…短语做语
    Eg  The professor and the scientist give us lectures every week
    2 集合名词做语
    ①集合名词做语谓语动词求复数
    cattle police people mankind poultry militia vermin
    Eg  The police have caught the burglar
    Cattle are selling at reasonable price
    ②集合名词做语谓语求单数
    machinery equipment merchandise jewelry
    Eg  How much machinery has been installed
    ③集合名词做语成整体时谓语动词单数
    强调成员时谓语动词复数
    family team committee crew staff audience club class company crowd enemy government group public population …
    Eg  His family is going to have a long juourney
    The whole family are watching TV
    The population in China is very large and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers 
    3 the + adj 表示类做语
    Eg  The old are respected in China
    4 all none some any more most等定代词the rest the majority做语修饰指代数名词时求复数谓语修饰指代数名词时求单数谓语 None but 短语视名词定
    Eg  Most of his friends are rich
    Most of his time is spent playing
    All are agreed
    All goes well
    None but the brave man deserves a reward
    None but the fools are prepared to believe that
    5 分数百分数 half修饰数名词做语时谓语动词复数
                      修饰数名词做语时谓语动词单数
    Eg  More than 70 of the surface of the earth is covered withby water
        Threefourths of the students in our class are League Members
    one and a half +复数名词one + 单数名词+and a half
    果表示时间距离重量谓语动词单数
    果表示数量谓语动词复数
    Eg  One and a half miles has been covered
    One and a half apples were left in the plate
    6 名词性物代词做语时 视义定
    Eg  His is a new bike His (books) are new
    Ours are old bikes
    7 such the same起指示代词作时应根指容决定单复数
    Eg  Such is our plan
    Such are his words
    8 关系代词who that which等定语句中做语时谓语动词数应句中先行词数致
    Eg  Those who want to go please sign your names here
    Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun
    one of +复数名词+whowhichthat引导句结构中关系代词whowhichthat先行词复数名词one句中动词应该复数形式
    one前the only等修饰语时关系代词先行词one复数名词句动词应该单数形式
    Eg  This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked
          She was the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting
    9 疑问代词who what which做语时谓语动词根说话表达意思决定单复数
    Eg  Who lives next door It is Xiao Li
    Who live next door It is Zhang and Liu
    Which isare your bookbooks
    What produce(s) heat
    10两部分构成名词表示衣物工具做语时谓语通常复数形式glasses clothes trousers shoes compasses chopsticks scissors等果语 a kind of a pair of a series of等加名词构成时谓语动词般单数形式
    Eg  A pair of shoes was on the desk
    11单复数形名词做语时意义致原作单数意义时谓语单数反谓语复数类词:means works species Chinese Japanese sheep deer

    Eg  A sheep is over there
    Some sheep are over there
    TheThis glass works was set up in1980
    TheThese glass works are near the railway station
    五反义疑问句
    陈述句(肯定) 简短疑问句(否定)
    陈述句(否定) 简短疑问句(肯定)
    1 陈述部分语指示代词thisthatthesethose时疑问部分语分itthey
    This is an English book isn’t it
    These are not English books aren’t they
    2 陈述部分语复合定代词
    everythingnothingsomethinganything时疑问部分语it
    Eg  Everything is ready isn’t it
    3 陈述部分语复合定代词
      everybodyeveryonesomebodysomeoneanyoneanybody
      nobodyno one时疑问部分语they he
    Eg  Everybody knows it don’t they doesn’t he
    4 陈述部分语定式动名词短语句时 疑问部分语it
    Eg  Seeing is believing isn’t it
         Where to hold the meeting hasn’t been decided has it
         What he said is true isn’t it
    5 陈述部分含宾语句时 疑问部分句保持应
    陈述部分I thinksupposebelieveimaginesuspect 等时 疑问部分句保持应注意否定转移
    Eg  He said he would come didn’t he
    I don’t think he is wrong is he
         You think he is funny don’t you
    6 陈述部分语one时 疑问部分语正式场合one非正式场合you
    Eg  One shouldn’t be selfish should one should you
    7 陈述部分含否定意义词时疑问部分肯定形式(带否定前缀词肯定 疑问部分否定形式)
    never hardly seldom scarcely rarely few little nobody nothing…
    dislike disagree unsuccessful unkind…
    Eg  You have never seen her before have you
    Few teachers came did they
    We’ve got nothing have we
    She was unsuccessful wasn’t she
    He disagreed didn’t he
    8 陈述部分I’m…结构时疑问部分aren’t I
    Eg  I’m wrong again aren’t I
    I’m younger than you aren’t I
    9 陈述部分含表示 含义 havehashad时疑问部分have形 do形
    Eg  You have a brother don’t you haven’t you
    She hasn’t any English books has she does she
    10陈述部分祈句
    (1) Let’s …  shall we
    (2) Let us… will you
    (3)形式祈句(肯定否定)疑问部分will you (时won’t youwould you)
    Eg  Come to my office will you
    Don’t open the door will you
    11 陈述部分I wish 表示愿时疑问部分may I
    Eg  I wish to go to the party may I
    12 陈述部分had better would rather 等词时疑问部分 had would
    Eg  You’d better set off at once hadn’t you
    13陈述部分ought to时疑问部分oughtn’t shouldn’t
    Eg  He ought to take care of the child oughtn’t he shouldn’t he
    14 陈述部分used to时疑问部分usedn’t didn’t
    Your mother used to sit on this chair usedn’t she didn’t she
    15陈述部分 must
    表示必须疑问部分mustn’t
    表示必时疑问部分needn’t
    表示定想必(推测)时疑问部分must 根must动词含义采响应形式
    We must finish the work before dark mustn’t we
    You must go and have a look needn’t you
    You must be very tired aren’t you
    You must have seen the film haven’t you
    You must have seen the film last week didn’t you
    陈述部分mustn’t 表示禁止时疑问部分般must 时may
    You mustn’t walk on grass must you
    16 话中第二完整短句重复第话然样肯定否定形式引出附加疑问句表示第说话意赞成满惊讶反驳等
    I’m sure you shan’t find a single mistake in the book
    Oh I won’t _____I
    A will       B shall     C won’t      D shan’t
    六句引导词确定
    句引导词通常起两作①引导连接句
    ②句中作某种成分
    答题:句中做什成分表达什意义
    (1)      语句
    引导词:属连词—that whether
            连接代词—what which who whom
            连接副词—when where why how
    1 That he is always ready to help others is known to all
    2 In some countries ____ is called equality doesn’t really mean equal right for equal people
    A which         B what     C that         D one
    答案 B
    (2)      宾语句
    引导词:属连词—that whether if
            连接代词—what which who whom(词尾加ever加强语气)
    连接副词—when where why how
    1 By success I don’t mean ___ usually thought of when that word is used
      A what is   B that we    C as you     D all is
    2 We agreed to accept ___ they thought was the best tourist guide
      A whichever     B whoever    C whatever    D whomever
    3 The basic features of communication process are identified in one question who says ___ through what channel to whom
      A what    B how     C when       D such
    4 Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders ___ will happen on her private life
      A this   B that    C it   D what
    5 They always give the vacant seats to ___ come first
      A whoever   B whomever      C who     D whom
    答案:ABADA
    (3)      表语句
    引导词:属连词—that whether if
            连接代词—what which who whom
            连接副词—when where why how
    That’s what they did why I didn’t come
    The question is whether we shall stay or not
    how we can get there
    who he is
    whom he is looking for
    The reason is (that) he is ill
    (4)      位语句
    引导词:属连词—that whether
            连接副词—when where why how
    that—意义做成分省略
    位语句修饰名词称先行词
    常见先行词:idea fact news hope belief thought doubt question…表示建议命令请求词(句中虚拟语气)
    The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the results 
    There was the question where we were to go
                        what we were to do
                        when we were to start
                        how we could get there
                        why we should help them
    区:位语句—解释说明先行词
            定语句—修饰限定先行词
    1 There are signs ___ restaurants are becoming more popular with families
      A that       B which      C in which       D whose
    2 The mere fact ____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur
      A what    B which    C that    D why
    答案 AC
     
     
    (五)定语句
    1定语句引导词起三作:
    1      连接作
    ②句中作某种成分
    ③代先行词(句中先行词代词)
    2引导词:关系代词—that which who whom as whose
             关系副词—when where why→介词+关系代词which
            n短语+句:the momenteach timethe distance…+…
    that which 先行词事物句中作语宾语
    who whom:先行词句中作语宾语
    whose:先行词事物句中作定语
    as—先行词the same such修饰先行词身the same such
      引导非限定性定语句代整句子句中作语宾语
    I still remember the day when on which I met her for the first time
    That was the year when in which he was born
    This is the room where they lived for ten years
    that which they lived in for ten years
    in which they lived for ten years
    As is well known Rome is not built in a day
    As we all know Rome is not built in a day
    ①This is the city ___________
    A I like to visit it most          B I like to visit most
    C I most like to visit           D I most like to visit it
    ②Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers ____ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women
    A whose      B which      C that       D what
    ③The hours ____ the children spend in their oneway relationship with TV people undoubtedly affect their relationships with reallife people
    A when        B on which      C that      D in which
    答案:BAC 
    3that:①先行词包括包括物
    ②先行词前定代词修饰先行词身指物定代词复合定代词时
    ③先行词前表示唯概念词修饰时
    ④先行词序数词adj高级修饰时
    ⑤先行词疑问pron时
    He talked loudly of the men and the books that attracted him
    All that glitters is not gold
    There is littlenothing that I can do
    He is the only person that is reliable
    Who that have studied with him do not admire him
    Nothing is difficult for one who sets his mind to it
    4 介词+关系代词
      定pron数词+介词+关系代词whichwhomwhose+n
    解题:①介词关系代词(先行词)固定搭配
    ②介词句中某词固定搭配
    1      Agriculture was a step in human progress ___ which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age
    A to      B for     C in       D from 
    2      It is useful to be able to predict the extent ____ which a price change will affect supply and demand
    A from      B to        C for         D with  
    3      I bought a dozen eggs ____ broke when I dropped the box at the door
    A six eggs               B six eggs of them
    C six of them            D six of which
    4      He introduced me to his students ___ offered to go with me as a guide
    A one of them      B one student        
    C one of whom     D one of which
    5      The residents ____ had been damaged by the fire were given help by the Red Cross
    A all of their homes       B all their homes
    C whose all homes        D all of whose homes
    6      This is the theory ____ which his experiment is based
    A from        B to       C on       D for
    答案:ABDCDC
    (六)状语句
    1 时间状语句
    常见引导词:when while until till as before after since whenever
    as soon as once each every time…
    no sooner…than…
    hardly scarcely…when…
    考点:
    when—正时…
    before after It is a long time before after …
    since It iswas …since…(完成时)…
    until till ①not…until…
    ②强调句式:It iswas not until+句+that +句
    ③not提句首句子倒装→
    Not until+时间状语(句)+部分倒装句
    no sooner…than… & hardly scarcely…when…
    ①时态:句完成时句时
    ②否定副词提句首句子部分倒装
    1) I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ____ I
    heard voices
    A as        B when     C after     D while
    2) No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ____ we all sat down to rest
      A when      B then     C than     D until
    3) Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores and this is especially true ___ it comes to classroom tests
      A when       B since      C before      D after
    4) A man escaped from the prison last night It was a long time ____ the guards discovered what had happened
      A before    B until      C since      D after
    5) You see the lightning ____ it happens but you hear the thunder later
      A the instant            B for an instant 
    C on the instant         D in an instant
    6) It was almost 10 years ___ I had seen her last time
      A before     B after       C when       D since
    答案:BCAAAD
    2点状语句
    常见引导词:where wherever
    Boys always go to swim where the water is deep
    Where there is a will there is a way
    3 原状语句
      常见引导词:because as for(列句) since that in that now that
                 seeing (that)…  given (that)…
    She was disappointed that her services had been overlooked by her superiors
    Given her interest in children
    Given (that) she is interested in children I’m sure teaching is the right career for her
    Seeing (that) he was better they didn’t send for the doctor
    because着重指直接原理引导句全句重心直接回答why问题组词中语气强放句首放句
    Just because I don’t complain you mustn’t suppose that I’m
    satisfied
    He had to ask his neighbor for a ride because his car was being repaired
    as口语中词引导句时句全句重心句附带指出原理语气becausesince弱通常句首放句说明原般方知道
    As he wasn’t ready in time we went without him
    We remained at home as it was raining
    for着重指附加推断理根解释连接相独立列句句首
    I asked her to stay to tea for I had something to tell her
    since放句首句时as义步含义着重指双方均已熟悉稍加分析明白理时指产生行动然原口语中较少
    Since everyone is here let’s begin our class
    Since we’ve no money we can’t buy it
    4 结果状语句
    常见引导词:so(列句) that so that… so…that… such…that…
    It was so cold that the river had frozen
    It was such an interesting story that I couldn’t stop reading it
    5目状语句
    常见引导词:that so that… in order that…
    lest for fear that… in case…(虚拟语气)
    Man does not live that he may eat but eats that he may live
    Here is my telephone number so that you can call me when you arrive here next time
    They had to get up very early in order that they wouldn’t miss the express train
    I’ll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me
    He jotted the name down for fear that he should forget it
    Here’s some money in case you should need it
    6 条件状语句
    常见引导词:if unless asso long as in case on condition that
    providing provided (that)…
    suppose supposing (that)…
    You can’t pass the exam unless you work harder
    If it rains tomorrow I will go to school by taxi
    I can lend you my dictionary as long as you can keep it clean
    Please let me know in case he comes
    She would be prepared to come to the party provided providing that she could bring her daughter
    Supposing Suppose all the doors were locked how would you get into the house
    7 步状语句
    常见引导词:though although as even if though while
    for all that(…)whether…or…
    no matter +特殊疑问词 特殊疑问词+ever
    Even if it is raining very hard he would still go to take care of the young trees in the schoolyard
    He is a good comrade for all that he may have shortcomings and faults
    注:
    1      as引导步状语句须倒装语序
    倒装情况:a句中作表语adjn提句首表语单数数名词提前时省略(掉)定冠词
              b句中作状语adv提句首
              c时句中谓语动词原形提句首
    Difficult as the work was it was finished on time
    Child as he is he can speak English fluently
    Much as I respect him I can’t agree to his suggestion
    Fail as he did he would try again
    2      though引导步状语句倒装倒装although引导步状语句倒装
    Very late though it was they went on working
    Though it was very late they went on working
    Air exists everywhere although we can’t see it
    3      no matter+特殊疑问词 特殊疑问词+ever引导步状语句句中时虚拟语气:may+动词原形直接动词原形时倒装语序
    注意词序:no matter how however + adjadv +…
    no matter what whatever + n +…
    However rich people are they always seem anxious to make money
    No matter what difficulties we may have we have confidence in ourselves
    Whatever may come we won’t leave the work half done→
    Come what may we won’t leave the work half done
    Whoever you be you have no right to do such a thing
    4      whether…or…引导步状语句常省略whether动词原形be提句首
    Be rich or poor he is kind to everybody (Whether he is rich or poor)
    Be friend or foe the law regards him as criminal (Whether he is a friend or a foe …)
    8 方式状语句
    常见引导词:as as if though(时虚拟语气)
    When in Rome do as the Romans do
    He looks as if he is ill (He is really ill)
    He talks as if he were a scholar  (In fact he is not a scholar)
    He speaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes (Actually he didn’t
    see it at all)
    It looks as if it might rain
    9 较状语句
    常见引导词:as so…as… …than… The more… the more…
    the same…as… the same as… such…as…
    He knew about the newcomer as much as I did
    He finished the exam earlier than his classmates did
    She is the same age as you
    We are not such fools as to believe him
    The harder you work the more achievement you will make
    注意:
    1      排斥问题
    China is larger than any other country in Asia
    China is larger than any country in Africa
    2      代问题:oneonesthatthose
    较句中避免重复常thatthose oneones代前面出现名词:that指物one指指物 that代数名词单数数名词those代数名词复数one代数名词单数ones代数名词复数重复名词面of短语时常thatthose代重复名词前形容词修饰时常oneones代
    The up trains are fuller than the down ones
    The engine of your car is better than that of mine
    3      较象致谓致时态等问题
    The population of China is larger than America (wrong)
    The population of China is larger than that of America
    4      倍数表达法a倍数+较级+than
    b 倍数+ n+ as +原级+as
    倍数+ as +原级+ n+ as
    c倍数+ n短语(the + n+ of)
    d倍数+ that of
    e倍数+ what句
    注意:to→增加… by→净增…
    The room is three times as large as that one
    房间房间三倍
    The room is three times larger than that one
    房间房间三倍(房间四倍)
    This river is four times the width of that one
    条河条河宽三倍
    That city is now almost ten times its original size
    现座城市原十倍
    The area of that continent is about twice that of this one
    洲面积倍
    They produce 1000 cars with a total value more than 20 times what it was in 1980
    生产千辆汽车总产值1980年二十倍
    5      级修饰语
    a较级:表示方超方程度数量时较级前表示程度状语even still yet rather  no a lot lots a (good) bit a little (bit) a great good deal slightly still much many all the any far by far等数词表示数量词(组)修饰较级
    He is a head5cm taller than Tom
    注意:by far通常强调高级较级时般放较级面放前面应二者中间加the
    He is taller by far than his brother
    He is by far the taller of the two brothers
    B高级:高级序数词much by far nearly almost by no means not quite not really nothing like far and away very(修饰most)等词语修饰very置定冠词者物代词加强语般置定冠词前
    She put on her very best dress
    The Pacific is by far the largest ocean
    This hat is by farmuchnearlyalmostnot nearlyby no meansnot quite
    nothing like the biggest
    How much did the second most expensive hat cost
    10 类状语句
    常见引导词:whatas(数字间类)
    A is to B what C is to D 固**构表示AB关系CD关系具性果ABCD数字时as取代what表示例相等
    The people is to the Party’s army whatas water is to fish
    民军队离开民象鱼离开水
    Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body
    智力脑犹视力躯体
    Twelve is to three as four is to one
    123等41
    Reading is to the mind what as exercise is to the body
    读书思想运动身体样
    Leaves do for plants whatas lungs do for animals
    叶子植物作正肺动物作样
    The blueprint is to the builder whatas the outline is to the writer
    蓝图建筑设计师象提纲作家样
    七语序
    词序—adj排序adv排序定语状语句中位置
    句序—倒装省略
    (1)      adj排序
    前置:单adj作定语
    置:①单adj修饰定代词 adv作定语时
    ②短语句作定语时
    前置定语排列序:限定词+数词+描绘性adj+名词定语+修饰词
    限定词序—前位限定词(allbothhalf)+
    中位限定词(冠词指示代词定代词物代词)
    数词:基数词序数词(二者存)
    描绘性adj序:性状质量+长短+新旧冷暖+颜色+国
    名词定语序:材料+动名词+名词
    (2)      adv位置
    1 确定时间点adv—句末句首
    2 程度adv修饰词前(enough外)
    I know him quite well
    He didn’t work hard enough
    3 方式adv置v前
    He read the newspaper quickly
    He quickly shook his head
    He can honestly say that we have done our best
    4 疑问adv 句首
      连接adv关系adv—句子句短语开头
    5 定时间adv—句首句中
    Eventually the girl stopped crying
    Then we came back
    6 频率adv助动词情态动词实义动词前
    She can always come on time
    I have never done such a thing
    He has sometimes been coming late
    7 果adv&修饰句子adv句首句中句末
    Therefore it is necessary for you to accept their invitation
    Their products therefore cannot satisfy our need
    They can’t understand the English language anyway
    8果句中两类更副词时先序程度副词—方式副词—点副词—时间副词排列
    She worked very hard here yesterday
    We saw her distinctly there last week
    9果句中两两时间点副词时先序排列
    The girl was born on Dec 10 1970 in Auckland New Zealand
    (3)      语序
    然(正常)语序:S + V + …
    倒装语序:
    作分①语法结构倒装—疑问句there be句型sonorneither句型省if虚拟句步状语句祝愿句引语中某说
    ②修辞倒装—强调衡句子结构衔接紧密
    形式分①部分倒装—助动词情态动词提语前实义动词原形留语
    ②完全倒装—谓语动词全部提语前
    1 here there then now位句首语代词动词be come go fall lie stand…(全部倒装)
    Here comes the bus
    2 否定意义词短语提句首部分倒装
    never seldom little few hardly scarcely rarely…when… not until
    … not only…but also…(连接列语时倒装)no sooner…than… under no circumstance by no means in no way at no time in no way in no case on no accounts no + n …
    3 only引导状语提句首时—部分倒装
    4 表示方位方状语提句首(语代词)—全部倒装
    Out ran Tom
    5 作点状语介词短语提句首[谓语v(半)系动词]
    —全部倒装
    Along the both banks of the river are old buildings that can tell the history of the city
    Before us lay a stretch of grassland
    6系表结构中强调表语提句首—全部倒装
    So small was the mark that I could hardly see it
    7 情况:often many a…提句首部分倒装
    To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze
    八情态动词
    (1)      辨析&注意事项
    1 can & be able to ①义者更时态
                     ②式could—惯力
    was were able to—某时力
    We were able to get there before the meeting began
    2 may否定式must not
    May I smoke here   –No you mustn’t
    3 must否定回答needn’tdon’t have to
    4 ought to & should义前者语气更(重)强表示责义务等客观素应该者表示观法
    You are his brother You ought to take care of him
    You should tell the truth
    5 need dare法:作情态v + v原形
                作实义v + to do…    
    6 must & have to 前者表观法者表客观素更时态
    (2)      法考点
    1 表示说话情感态度
    2 表示推测might may can must (must否定推测can’t)
    现状态般现推测—情态v + v原形
    刻动作推测—情态v +v进行式 (be doing)
    发生事情推测—情态v +v完成式 (have done)
    You seem very tired today You must have stayed up late last night
    3 虚拟(轻微责备):情态v + v完成式 (have done)
    肯定应…实际没…
            否定该…实际…
    You could have done better
    You might have passed the examination
    You oughtn’t to have been so careless
    We have a washing machine You needn’t have washed the clothes by hand
    词汇知识
    构词法
    三种:转化合成派生
    (1)      转化法 (Conversion)
    词种词类转化种词类构词方法转化法转化词含义原词密切相关读音变变化(双音节词)
    (二) 合成法(CompoundingComposition)
    (三) 派生法(DerivationAffixation词缀法)
    通词前面面加词缀生成新词构词方法派生法词缀两种加词前面前缀通常改变原词含义加词面缀通常改变原词词性
    词根rootbase 前缀prefix 缀suffix
    1 常见前缀意义
    1)anti 反抗防
      antibiotic antiimperialist anticolonial antibody
    2)arch
    archreactionary archenemy archbishop archcriminal
    3)auto (动)
      automobile automatic autobiography
    4)bi 双
      bicycle bilingual bilateral
    5)by 旁副次
      bystander byproduct byelection byeffect
    6)co
      cooperation coworker coexistence
    7)counter 反
      counterrevolutionary counterattack counterclockwise
    8)de 否定
      demilitarize decentralization demobilize
    9)dis 否定(做相反动作)
    disappear discover disorder dislike disarmament
    10)en em 成
       enable enlarge enslave encourage embed
    11)ex 前外
       exsoldier expresident exwife export
    12)extra 外
      extraordinary extracurricular extraofficial
    13)for fore 先前预
        forward foresee forearm foretaste foreman
    14)for 禁弃
        forbid forget forgo(摒绝放弃)
    15)hydro 水
        hydroelectric hydroplane
    16)in im il ir 非
      informal impossible immoral irregular illegal
    17)inter 间相互
       interview international interchange(交换互换)
    18)mal 恶
         maltreat malnutrition malpractice
    19)micro 微放百万分
         microfilm microphone microsecond
    20)mid 中
         midday midnight midautumn midterm
    21)mis 误
    mislead misunderstand misuse mistaken misfortune
    22)mono 单
    monotonous monochrome monolingual monosyllabic
    monopoly monologue
    23)multi
    multinational multipurpose multicoloured multilateral
    24)neo 新
        neocolony neocolonialism neoclassical
    25)non 非
         nonexistent nonsense nonstop nonsmoker
    26)post
         postwar postgraduate
    27)pre 先
         prewar prerevolution prepay
    28)pro 赞成亲善代
         proAmerican proconsul(代理领事) pronoun
    29)pseudo 伪
         pseudonym pseudoscience
    30)re 重复
         reunite review reread retell
    31)semi 半
    semiconductor semicolonial semiweekly semifinal
    32)sub 次
         substructure subway subdivide subheading
    33)super 超
    supermarket superprofit superpower superstructure
    34)sym syl syn
         synonym sympathy symphony syllable
    35)tele 远
    telephone telescope television telegramtelegraph
    36)trans 横转移
    transport translate transplant
    transformation(变化) transoceanic
    37)tri 三
         triangle trichord tricar
    38)ultra 外极超
         ultraviolet ultraleftist ultramicroscope
    39)un
         unable untrue unfair unjust
    40)uni 单
         uniform unilateral unisex unique unicycle
    41)vice 副
         vicedean vicepresident vicegovernor
    42)over
         overdo overestimate oversimplify
    43)under 够
         underfeed underestimate underground
    44)self 动()
         selfservice selfcorrecting selfstarter
    45)mini 特
         minibus miniskirt minicab
    46)hyper 超分
         hypertension hypersensitive hyperactive
    47)poly
    polytechnic(种工艺综合性工艺学校工业学校学)
    polysemy(词义) polychrome
    polygamy(配偶夫妻妻夫)
    2 常见名词缀意义
    1)–age 状态集合
       marriage shortage teenage
    2)–al 动作性质状态
      signal arrival withdrawal approval refusal
    revival(复兴) renewal(更新)
    3)–an 语
       American Russian Italian African
    4)–ance 性质状态动作
       importance appearance acceptance
    5)–antent
      assistant defendant(告) student merchant
    6)–ate 职务动作涉象…盐酸
    doctorate(博士头衔) consulate(领事职位期)
    electorate(全体选民) legate(节者)
    precipitate(沉淀物) sulphate(硫酸盐)
    7)–ationition 动作
        preparation competition repetition
    8)–cide 杀
       insecticide suicide
    9)–cracy 统治
       democracy aristocracy bureaucracy
    10)–craft 技巧工艺飞行器
         handicraft aircraft
    11)–dom 状态领域
          kingdom freedom wisdom
    12)–ee (动)
         employee absentee trainee
    13)–eer
          engineer volunteer mountaineer
    14)–enceency (抽象n)
    currency dependence excellence frequency
    consequency
    15)–er 机器
       fighter thinker writer washer harvester
    16)–ese 语
      Chinese Japanese Hunanese Viennese Vietnamese
    17)–ess 女性
      actress princess goddess shepherdess tailoress
    18)–ette 女性    
    cigarette kitchenette dinette usherette
    19)–ful 量
          handful armful mouthful spoonful
    20)–graph 书写录
          telegraph photograph
    21)–hood 身份境遇状态
        childhood livelihood(生计) likelihood neighborhood
    22)–ian
          Christian guardian musician technician
    23)–ice 抽象n
          justice service
    24)–ing 物体概念
          building feeling painting wedding
    25)–ion 抽象n
          expansion discussion decision
    26)–ism 义教
         feudalism Buddhism imperialism
    27)–ist 义者
          artist socialist communist
    28)–ity 抽象n
          possibility capability equality
    29)–let …
          booklet streamlet leaflet bracelet
    30)–ling …(时轻蔑义)
          duckling sapling(幼苗树苗)
    31)–logy 学科
    geology(质学) philology(语言学)
    biology psychology
    32)–man
          postman countryman Frenchman
    33)–ment 运动结果
          judgment government movement payment
    34)–ness 状态性质
         tiredness correctness carefulness
    35)–or 机器
         tractor accelerator editor inventor
    36)–ryery 行工作质工作点货物种类境遇
      bravery nursery cookery(烹调) drapery(布匹绸缎) slavery ministry(部) peasantry农民(总称)
    37)–ship 状态身份
    sportsmanship hardship friendship apprenticeship
    kingship leadership
    38)–sion 动作状态
       tension revision
    39)–th 结果程
         truth depth wealth health
    40)–tion 动作状态
         attention action
    41)–ty 抽象n
         cruelty specialty loyalty certainty
    42)–ure 结果动作
         procedure departure
    43)–y抽象n
         discovery difficulty modesty inquiry
    3 常见形容词缀意义
    1)–ableible 够
          tolerable sensible receptible
    2)–al
          additional national cultural
    3)–an (语)
         Russian Asian African European
    4)–antent
         arrogant excellent diligent
    5)–ary
         secondary honorary imaginary revolutionary
    6)–ate
        passionate affectionate fortunate collegiate
    7)–ed
         talented skilled dogged manysided
    8)–en
          golden woolen wooden
    9)–ern 方
         northern southern eastern western
    10)–ese ()
          Vietnamese Viennese
    11)–fold 倍
         twofold manifold
    12)–ful
         hopeful beautiful useful helpful
    13)–ial
          editorial racial material dictatorial
    14)–ian ()
         Canadian Christian
    15)–icical (意义)
        electricelectrical historichistorical
    poeticpoetical typical grammatical
    16)–ish 属稍微
         bookish childish selfish British yellowish
    17)–ististic (义)
         artistic idealistic materialistic
    18)–ive 性倾
         active attractive impressive
    19)–less 
         fearless meaningless
    20)–like
         childlike fatherlike homelike
    21)–ly 品质
         weekly daily friendly comradely lovely
    22)–most
         foremost topmost utmost
    23)–ous
         nervous glorious superstitious
    24)–some 引起适易
         troublesome tiresome quarrelsome
    25)–ward
         backward inward outward
    26)–y 充满性质
         rainy handy mighty icy
    4 常见动词缀
    1)–ate       isolate consolidate facilitate formulate
    2)–en        deepen strengthen shorten
    3)–ify       purify classify simplify intensify uglify
    4)–izeise   realize modernize criticize mechanize
    5 常见副词缀
    1)–ly        quickly swiftly highly
    2)–ward(s)   forward backward upwards
    3)downwards
    4)–wise      likewise otherwise clockwise
    6 常见数词缀
    1)–teen      1319
    2)–ty        20 30 40 … 90
    3)–th        4th 5th 6th …
    7前缀引起词类变化
    1)en + nadj→v   endanger enslave enlarge
    2)be + nadj→v   belittle befriend behead
    3)a + n→adjad   asleep aboard aside ashore
    away awake ablaze
    4)a + v→v        arise awake arouse abide await
    5)out + vi→vt     outrun outlive outshine outvote
    6)out + vi→n      outcome outlet outlaw outlook
    二 次构词法
    ()截短法(ClippingShortening)
    1 截头             
    telephone→phone aeroplane→plane
    2 尾
    exam lab ad dorm pop photo kilo gym
    3 截头尾
      refrigerator→fridge influenza→flu
    4 词 → 词
            nylonstockings→nylons
            popular song singer→popsinger
            threedimensional film→ThreeD
    (二)拼缀法(Blending)
    词部分(全部)+词部分(全部)
    1 首+尾    
    motor + hotel→motel boat + hotel →botel 
    smoke + fog→smog    breakfast + lunch→brunch
    Oxford + Cambridge→Oxbridge
    2 首+首   international + police→interpol
    communication + satellite→comsat
    formula + translation→FORTRANFortran
    Psychological + Warfare→Psywar
    motor + pedal→moped
    situation + comedy→sitcom
    American + Indian→Amerind
    Science + fiction → Scifi
    3 全+尾   air + hotel→airtel   
    car + barbecue→carbecue
    auto + utopia→autopia
    lunar + astronaut→lunarnaut
    slim + gymnastics→slimnastics
    work + welfare→workfare
    jazz + discotheque→jazzotheque
    Nixon + economics→Nixonomics
    travel + catalogue→travelogue
    4 首+全   medical + aid→medicaid
    medical + care→ medicare
    medical + chair→ medichair
    helicopter + pad→ helipad
    television + viewer→ televiewer
    television + diagnosis→ telediagnosis
    psychological + warrior→ psywarrior
    helicopter + car→ helicar
    (三)缩写词缩略词(Abbreviation)
    a shortened form of a word often one used in writing
    特征:缩写标志符号
    Eg Mr Mrs Ms Dr prof Apt Rd St Ave No
      am  pm  ADAD  BCBC   kg  km  dl
    m  dm  cm mm  TVTV  FL  PA S N E W
    (四)首字母缩略词(Acronym)
    Eg WTO—world trade organization
    UNESCO—United Nation’s Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
    OPEC—Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
    APEC—Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Group
    VIP—very important person
    SAR—special administration region
    IQ—intelligence quotient
    AI—Artificial Intelligence
    SARS—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
    UFO—unidentified flying object
    FBI—Federal Bureau of Investigation
    CID—Criminal Investigation Department
    CIA—Central Intelligence Agency
     
     
    卷面形式考试时长
    TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORSTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS        [130MIN]
    GRADE FOUR
    PART I     DICTATION                                               [15 MIN ]
    PART II    LISTENING COMPREHENSION                             [15 MIN]
    SECTION A CONVERSATIONS  (1 10)
    SECTION B PASSAGES  (1020)   
    SECTION C NEWS BROAOCAST (2030)     
    PART III CLOZE (31—50)                                    [15 MIN]
    PART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY  (5180)               [15 MIN]
    PART V   READING COMPREHENSION  (8190)              [25 MIN ]
    PART VI WRITING                                                [45 MIN]
    SECTION A COMPOSITION    [35 MIN]
    SECTION B NOTEWRITING    [10 MIN]
     

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