2. Purposes for making presentationsTo demonstrate: a service, product, system.
To create: an image, strategy.
To entertain: colleagues, outside people.
To sell: a concept, product, idea.
To represent: a group, company, department.
To promote: an attitude, a way of working.
To suggest: a solution, a new concept.
12. Preparation checklistObjectives: recheck that you have defined your objective correctly.
Structure: does your presentation have a clearly identifiable structure?
Content: is all said that needs saying?
Sequence: is it logical? Are all links and summaries appropriate?
Time: is sufficient time available for all you want to say?
Balance: is each section weighted correctly? Check the priorities of your arguments and facts.
Conclusion: does it make people sit up and agree with you? Is it punchy?
Objectives: do all the above work towards achieving your objectives?
13. 第二节 演讲的结构一、Structuring a presentation 演讲的结构
An effective presentation structure includes: 1. Use an effective opening 开场白
2. Give a preview 主要论点的预览
3. State your main points clearly
主要论点的严格界定
4. Use an effective closing 结束语
14. 1. Use an effective opening 利用有效开场白 Goals 目的 Techniques 技巧 ● Use humor 运用幽默 ● Refer to the unusual 谈谈非同寻常之处 ● Refer to the familiar 谈谈大家都熟悉的事 ● Use audience motivation techniques 运用鼓动听众技巧
17. 2. Give a preview 预览主要的论点
3. State your main points clearly 明确阐述主要论点
Follow your preview 严格遵循演讲预览
Limit your main points 限制主要论点的个数
Use explicit transitions 使用清晰的承接词
Provide internal summaries 做阶段性小结
4. Use an effective closing 使用有效的结束语
Give a summary 做个总结
Refer to the opening 前后呼应
End with the action steps 以行动方案结尾
Refer to audience benefits 谈谈对听众的好处
20. 二、Questions and answers 问答过程 1. When to take questions 何时接受提问 ☆ Questions after the presentation 演讲后提问 ☆ Questions during the presentation 演讲过程中提问 2. How to take questions 如何接受提问 ☆ Prepare in advance 作好事前准备☆ Show your understanding 表示出对听众的理解 ☆ Stick to your objective and your organization 按照自已的目标和计划行事 ☆ Keep everyone involved 让每个人都参与
21. 3. What to say if you don’t know the answer 不知道答案时应该说些什么 ☆ If you don’t know 如果对答案一无所知 ☆ If you need some time to think 如果需要时间思考 4. How to answer difficult questions 如何回答难以回答的问题 ☆ Confusing questions 含义不明确的问题 ☆ Controlling questions 具有控制权的问题 ☆ Hostile questions 不友善的问题
22. 三、Special speaking situations 一些特殊的讲话场合1. Manuscript speaking 照讲稿讲话 ▲ Use “spoken style” 使讲稿“口语化” ▲ Write and edit 撰写与编辑 ▲ Prepare the manuscript 讲话稿的准备 2. Impromptu speaking 即席讲话 ▲ Anticipate 事先预料 ▲ Keep your remarks short 发言要简短 ▲ Organize as well as you can 尽量有条理 ▲ Relate to experience 与你的经验拉上关系
23. 3. Team presentations 团队演讲 ▲ Organize as a whole 从整体出发进行组织 ▲ Provide content transitions between speakers 不同演讲人之间要有承上启下的转折 ▲ Use visual aids consistently 使用统一一致的视听辅助工具 ▲ Rehearse and deliver as a group 作为集体进行试讲和实际演讲 ▲ Answer questions consistently 协调统一地回答问题 4. Media and telecommunications 通过传播媒体和远程设备演讲 ▲ Preparing in advance 作好事前准备 ▲ Using audio devices 使用音响设备 ▲ Being on camera 面对摄像机
24. EXERCISE: Prepare a short presentation to last five minutes. Your audience are your classmates, and the subject matter is about something that you have a deep interest in or about which you hold a strong conviction.
26. The use of your voiceIs your voice boring?
Do you speak in a monotone, or vary your pitch?
Is the speed of your delivery constant? Varied?
Do you drop your voice at the end of a sentence?
Is your breathing right? Do you run out of breath in the middle of a sentence? (It’a probably too long then!)
How do you make a point or emphasize a key issue? Do you raise your voice? Do you speak more slowly? More quickly? Do you repeat it?
Do you use long words? Short words? Long sentences? Why? When?
Are your words within the vocabulary of your audience? Do they understand you?
After your next presentation, ask a friend in the audience for constructive feedback on the above points.
30. Your body languageDo you talk to the audience, or to the screen behind you?
Do you actively seek eye contact with specific members of the audience? Do you sweep over them or fix them beadily in the eye?
Do you know who the decision makers are, and speak primarily to them?
Do you tend to concentrate on looking to the right or left, to the front or back of the audience?
Are your gestures congruent with your message? Too exaggerated? Are you too stiff?
Do you have any distracting mannerisms?
Are your movements simple? Or do you pace like a caged tiger?
Are you natural? Are you yourself?
Do you create barriers between you and your audience?