绿色化学原则
- 1. 綠色化學的原則Anastas & Warner (1998) 的十二條原則 (化工技術, 9(12), 128, 2001) 盡量避免廢棄物的生成, 從源頭防治污染 盡量使得製程中所採用的原料, 進入最終產品之中 盡量使得所使用與產生的物質對人體健康和環境無毒無害 盡量使得產品具有高效的功能與最低的毒性 盡量避免使用溶劑, 分離試劑等助劑, 如不可避免時, 也要選用無毒無害的助劑
- 2. 綠色化學的原則 (2)盡量降低製程的能耗, 最好在溫和的溫度與壓力下進行 在技術可行和經濟合理的前提下, 降量採用可再生資源代替消耗性資源 盡量避免使用與產生不必要的衍生物 盡量選用高選擇性的催化劑, 這比使用化學劑量助劑更優越 改用溫和的生物製程 (酵素: 生物觸媒) 進量使產品在其成功終結後, 不會永存於環境中, 要能分解成無害的物質
- 3. 綠色化學的原則 (3) 儘量在製程中即時線上監控, 有可能產生的有害物質,並儘量避免產生這些有害物質 儘量使用與產生可降低意外事故如洩漏, 爆炸,火災等的化學品
- 4. 綠色化學Green Chemistry替代性原料 無毒性/低毒性替代性溶劑 H2O新觸媒 更有效率生物程序 生物觸媒替代性產品 提升製程效率
- 5. Design Safer Chemicals藉由分子設計概念, 使用各種合成化學 (organic/ inorganic)得到比較安全的化學品。 早期focus: efficacy of chemicals, i.e. 效用好, 成本低; 如今修正為: 必須注重對環境與與健康安全的影響與衝擊 (or 毒性) Green Chemistry is a source prevention approach; new chemical structural design safe and efficacious existing chemicals (toxic) structural redesign safe and efficacious
- 6. General ApproachesReducing absorption; Use of toxic mechanism Use of structural-activity relationship Use of isosteric replacement Use of retrometabolic designIdentification of equally efficacious, less toxic chemical substitutes Elimination of the need for associated toxic substancesACS, 640, 1996
- 7. 減少吸收 – 降低效應 毒性物質之生物化學: 知其原因, 才有對策 影響吸收的因素: physicochemical factors – molecular size, MW, dissociation constant, solubility, lipophilicity, physical state (G, L or S), particle size; 細胞膜內含有lipid, 所以lipid solubility 在腸胃內吸收角色重要; 表面積(m2) 吸收層厚度(m) 血流速(L/min) 皮膚 1.8 100-1000 0.5 小腸 200 8-12 1.4 肺部 140 0.2-0.4 5.8 Designing safer chemicals, ACS 640, 1996
- 8. Toxic MechanismElectrophilic chemical substancesElectrophilic metabolites (from metabolism)Reactions with nucleophiles With defensive systemReactions with nucleophiles Of non-defensive cellular Molecules, DNA, RNA, etc excretion toxicityPath I Path II
- 9. Structural Modifications1-(alkoxy)-2-propanol R-O-CH2-C(CH2)-HOH1-(alkoxy)-1-propanol R-O-CH(CH2)-CH2OHNo toxicityToxicityHexane2,5-dimethyl hexaneNeurotoxicityNo toxicity expected; BP增加40oC藉由改變新陳代謝路徑達成降低毒性效果
- 10. Use of Structure-Activity Relationship 近年來分子模擬的主要工作; sometimes called structure – property relationship; From qualitative relationship to quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR); 後者定量關係之建立可以靠 (i) correlation; or (ii) molecular simulation; 用於發展藥物的技巧
- 11. Some ExamplesPolyeoxylated nonylphenols: as surfactants/emulsifiers; Glycidyl ethers: as reagents for synthesis;
- 12. Isosteric Replacements 一個新的定義: isosteres – chemical substances, atoms, or substituents that possess near equal or similar molecular shape and volume, approximately the same distribution of electrons, and which exhibit similar physicochemical properties.範例: 三者皆為液體, 12 & 41 沸點皆為 81oC;
- 13. Metallized azo dyes: M= Cr (toxic) M = Fe 色澤類似, 但不具毒性
- 14. Other Techniques retrometabolic design: soft drug 觀念, i.e. 該物質很容易被新陳代謝作用轉換掉, e.g. hydrolysis step; 因而毒性降低 Equally useful, less toxic substitutes: 例如 acetoacetate 取代isocyanate in sealant and adhesive; isothiazolones for organotin as antifoulant for ships; 等 Elimination of the need for associated toxic substances: 該物質本身無毒, 但其輸送儲存時會用到毒性物質,e.g. 油漆, 水性比油性好, no or less VOC;
- 15. Designing Biodegradable Chemicals p.157-171, ACS 640, 1996; Microbial degradation is the major loss mechanism for most organic chemicals; 一般會增加生物分解阻力者: (a) 含鹵素, esp. Cl, F; (b) 太多支鏈, branched, such as quaternary C or tertiary N; (c) nitro-, nitroso- azo- arylamino groups; (d) polycyclic residues, 尤其是超過三個以上; (e) aliphatic ether bonds, C-O-C; 生物法合成的東西大概都可以被生物分解;
- 16. Biodegradable Chemicals (2) 比較喜歡: 引入oxygen in the form of hydroxyl, aldehydic, carboxylic; unsubstituted linear alkyl chains (>4) and phenyl rings; TPBS: tetrapropylene akylbenzene sulfonate; LAS: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate 後者比前者容易被生物分解 (一般用途: 清潔劑)
- 17. 前: Ethoxylated ethanaminium quaternary ammonium salt 後: ester analog of previous compound; 比較容易為生物分解
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